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NHM 8THNH VIN Hunh Th Thy DuyCPN133464 Phm Th Mai ThoCPN122522 Nguyn Vn PhcCPN133508 Trn Vn PhngCPN133510Chau B Quanh NtCPN NI DUNG PHN LOI THNH PHN HA HC BIN I SAU THU HI QUY TRNH CH BIN MT S SN PHM T RAU QUI/ PHN LOI1/ PHN LOI RAURau l loi thc vt c ngun gc t cc thnh phn khc nhau ca cy. C th phn loi da vo cc yu t sau:Thc vt hc :H c , H bu b Vng i: Loi 1 nm: dn, b Loi 2 nm: bp ci, c dn Lu nm: h, mng tyMi trng sng:a m : u bp, tiu a mt: sp l, bng ci xanhNgun gc: Cy du nhp Cy bn xThnh phn s dng: y l cch phn loi c s dng ch yu trong thc phmPHN LOI. Gm:+ Rau n l: phn s dng l l, cha nhiu mui khong v vitamin do mng nc. Nh cc loi ci tha, ci tho, ci b xi, rau ngt+ Rau n thn: bc h, mngl loi rau ca mt s thn cy tho mc+ Rau n hoa: Hoa chui, hoa thin l, hoa in in, bng sng u c th dng lm rau.+ Rau n qu: Rau n qu thuc h Bu b nh bu , b ao . Cc loi qu khc nh mp, da, kh qua (mp ng), c tm, u bp v.v. Ngoi ra u xanh, xoi xanh, mt xanh cng c dng ch bin nh mt loi rau trong m thc Vit Nam.+ Rau n r c: Rau n r nh ng sen, rau n c c th gm c ci, c rt, C dn

PHN LOI + Rau n ht: u H Lan, cc loi u nh u xanh, u nnhNgoi ra cn c Rong to bin v cc loi nm n.2/ Phn loi qu:Theo ngun gc thc vt c:+Qa n: u que, c chua, to, da leo+Qa t hp qu: du, phc bn t+Qa kp a qu: thm, v.Theo cu trc thc vt :+Qa tht: u que, c chua+Qa gi: to, da leo, du, v.Theo tnh cht vt l:(gm qu tht v qu kh) + Qa tht Qua hch: qu o, qu mm xi.

PHN LOIQa mng Qa c miQa bu nm Dng qu to

+Qu kh (gm qu n v khn n)Khng n Qa b

Qa b ca b cng anh

PHN LOI Qu thc

Qu cnh (qu phong)

Qa hch (qu o)

PHN LOIN Qu ai Qu u

Qa ci

Qu nang

PHN LOI Theo mi trng sng Qa n i (mn, l.)

Qa a trung hi v cn nhit i (thanh long, xoi, u )

Qa nhit i (da hu, chanh, chui)

III/ THNH PHN HA HCHm lng nc+Bao gm nc t do v nc lin kt.+Trong rau qu hm lung nuc rt cao, trung bnh 80-90%( c khi n 93-97%). 80-90% hm lung nuc rau qu nm trong dch bo, phn cn li trong cht nguyn sinh v gian bo. thnh t bo, nuc lin kt vi protopectin, hemicelluloza.Lung nuc phn b khng u trong cc m.Nuc trong m bao che t hn trong nhu m. v d: trong cam , qut, hm lung nuc ca v l74,7%, cn trong mi ti 87,2%.+Nuc trong rau qu ch yu dng t do, trong cha cc cht ho tan, ch mt phn nh l dng lin kt trong cc h keo ca t boTHNH PHN HA HCGlucid hay carbonhydrat +l hp phn ch yu ca cc cht kh trong rau qu. Chng va l vt liu xy dng va l thnh phn chnh tham gia cc qu trnh trao i cht.Gluxit l ngun d tr nng lng cho cc qu trnh sng ca rau ti khi tn tr. ung t do trong rau qu ch yu dng D glicoza, D- fructoza v sacaroza, glucozid. Fructoza

Tinh bt+l mt polyme l monomer l glucoza. Tinh bt do hai polysacarid khc nhau: amiloza v amilopectin. Nhn chung t l amiloza v amilozapectin trong a s tinh bt l . Tinh bt ng,np, go np gn nh l 100% l amilopectin, ca khoai ty, go t, ng t 78-83% l amilosepectin. Trong qu, amilosepectin khng c hoc c rt t, ring tinh bt chui c 83% l amilosepectin.THNH PHN HA HC+Tinh bt cha nhiu trong cc ht cc (60-75%), cc loi u( 50-60%), c ( khoai ty 15-18%, khoai lang 12-26%, sn%) Trong cc loi qu khc nhau, tinh bt u c nhng hm lung rt thp v thay i thao quy lut ring.Vi cc loi rau u, hm lng tinh bt tng ln trong qu trnh gi chn, ng thi hm lung ung gim i.Vi cc loi qu th nguc li, khi xanh tinh bt nhiu hn khi chn. +V d, chui tiu xanh khi gi cha 20.6% tinh bt, nhng khi chn ch cn 1.95%, trong khi hm lung ung tng t 1.44-16.48%.Cellulose+ trong rau qu cc phn v ( thnh t bo, v qu, v ht) v m nng . Cellulose c cu to mch thng, lin kt 2000 10000 phn t glucoza.Cc phn t celluloza hnh si lin kt vi nhau bng cu hydro to thnh b gi l mixen.Nhiu mixen lin kt thnh chm si. Nhng chm si lin kt vi nhau bng hexmicelluloza, protopectin to thnh m v rn chc v cng khi chng cn xanh.

THNH PHN HA HC+Hm lng celluloza trong qu l 0.5-0.7%, c khi ti 6% (da 0.8%, cam , bui 1.4%, hng 2.5%, i chn 6%); trong rau 0.2-2.% ( c , ci bp -1.5%, mng -3%) v c khi cao hn (da chut 4-5%)Pectin+ trong rau qu hai dng : ho tan v khng ho tan+Pectin d kt ta vi kim loi, to thnh pectat. T dung dch nuc, pectin c th b kt ta vi ruu, axeton, ete hoc benzene. Pectin kt hp vi tannin to ra hp cht khng tan v kt ta.+Cc loi rau qu khc nhau c hm lung pectin khc nhau: to 1.5-3.5%, chanh 2.5-4%, cam 3.5-12.4%, c rt, b ng 2.5%, ci bui 3.1%, v mi bi 5.8%, v ht 5.3%, b tp 5.2%, tp trung nhiu nht phn v.

THNH PHN HA HC+ Qu xanh: Protopectin (khng tan) to cngcho qu+ pectin tan trong nc cho dung dch keo

Hm lung m+ trong rau qu tuy khng nhiu, thung ch t 0.2 1.5% (tr chui tiu 1.8%, nhm rau u v ci 305 -505%) nhng ng vai tr quan trng trong trao i cht dinh dung.

THNH PHN HA HC+Trong rau qu cc hp cht nit nhiu dng khc nhau: protein,axit amin, axit nucleic, ammoniac v mui, nitat,glucozit c cha nit (xolanin, amidalin, manihotin, xinigrin) v enzyme. Cc hp cht nit y khng bao gm cc cht khng phi l sn phm thu phn protein hoc t tng hp thnh protein, v d: cc hp cht phenol v ancaloit d trong thnh phn ca n cng c nit.Cc cht bo+Cht bo trong rau qu tp trung nhiu ht, nm ch trong mt vi loi qu (gc, b). Cht bo thng i km vi sp, to thnh mng mng bo v ngoi v. Hm lng cht bo lc l 44,5%, cm da gi 35,1%, qu b 23%. Cht bo ca rau qu thng cha hai acid bo no l acid panmitic 31% v acid stearic 4,5% v ba acid bo khng no l acid oleic 4,5%,acid linolenic 7%. Trong acid linoleic v acid linoleonic l cc acid bo khng th thay th c. V vy, cht bo trong rau qu va d tiu ha, va l thnh phn rt cn trong khu phn n hng ngy

THNH PHN HA HC+Cht bo trong rau qu tp trung nhiu ht,nm ch trong mt vi loi qu (gc, b) l c tht qu. Cht bo thng i km vi sp,to thnh mng mng bo v ngoi v. Hm lng cht bo lc l 44,5%, cm da gi 35,1%, qu b 23%.+Cht bo ca rau qu thng cha hai acid bo no l acid panmitic 31% v acid stearic 4,5% v ba acid bo khng no l acid oleic 4,5%,acid linolenic 7%. Trong acid linoleic v acid linoleonic l cc acid bo khng th thay th c. V vy, cht bo trong rau qu va d tiu ha, va l thnh phn rt cn trong khu phn n hng ngyCc cht khong :+Trong rau qu, mt phn nh cht khong dng nguyn t kim loi lin kt vi cc hp cht hu c cao phn t nh magie trong clorofin; lu hunh, photpho trong thnh phn ca protein,enzyme v lipoit; st, ng trong enzymeTu theo hm lung, cc cht khong trong rau qu chia ra cc loi:a lung, vi lung v siu vi lung.

THNH PHN HA HCCc vitamin+Nhiu vitamin ch c th tng hp uc trong thc vt, do vy rau qu l ngun cung cp vitamin rt quan trng v rt cn thit i vi con ngui. Rau qu giu vitamin A, C, PP,B1,B2, K..+Cc vitamin ho tan trong nuc quan trng l: vitamin C, vitamin P, axit folic, vitamin PP, vitamin nhm B v axit pantotenic.Cc citamin ho tan trong cht bo thung gp l vitamin A v vitamin K. Trong rau qu, vitamin C phn b khng ng u, thung tp trung gn v hay lp gn v, c khi 3-4 ln cao hn trong mu trung bnh. Tong li ci bp, hm lung vitamin C cao gp hai ln b (100 v 50mg %).Acid hu c+Acid hu c to cho rau qu c mi v c trng hn bt c thnh phn no khc.Acid hu c tham gia vo qu trnh oxi ho kh trong rau qu nh glucid v trong qu trnh h hp.V vy trong qu trnh tn tr lu di, gi tr cm quan v mi v ca mt s rau qu gim i r rt.

THNH PHN HA HCTHNH PHN HA HCTHNH PHN HA HCTHNH PHN HA HCNhm 2: carotinoit ho tan trong cht bo: mu t vng n +Caroten (mu da cam)+Licopen(mu ca c chua)+Xanthophyl (mu vng)+Xantin (mu ca t)Nhm 3: Anthocyanin : mu t n tm, ha tan trong nc, bin i mu theo pH+ pH acid + pH cao tm hoc xanh

THNH PHN HA HC Nhm 4 cht mu flavon tan trong nuc, c mu vng, Tuy nhin mt s flavon c mu xanh, tm v cng c mt s khc li khng c mu.

Cu trc phn t ca flavone(2-phenyl-1,4-benzopyrone)

Cu trc Isoflavan

THNH PHN HA HCCc cht thm+Cht thm hay tinh du, l cht bay hi, to ra mi c trng cho tng loi rau qu. Trong rau qu cht thm tp trung ngoi v nhiu hn trong tht qu. Cht thm uc tng hp trong qu trnh chn, t protein, glucid v cht bo, vitamin.+ Tinh du l hn hp ca cc ru, aldehyde, xeton, este, phelnol, acid hu c+ Lng tinh du trong rau qu rt t (0,0007 0,0013%)Ti 0,01%, hnh 0,05%, rau thm 0,05 0,5% (1%), qu c mi 1,5 2,5% v

III/ BIN I SAU THU HICht lng ca sn phm nng sn lun bin i v bin i rt ln, rt nhanh, d dn n h hng, gim cht lng v s lng. nh hng ln n cng nghip ch bin thc phm.+Khng nguyn liu ch bin: trong ma nghch khng c cy, tri ... cc mt hng sn xut t loi cy, tri nghch ma s b ngng hot ng. Khng ring g nc ta, trn th gii t nhng nc pht trin, ang pht trin k c nhng nc cha pht trin u ch tm n vn bo qun sau thu hoch. Bo qun c ngha l ct gi sao cho khng b h hng, khng b bin i cht, khng bin dng, khng bin i mu sc, mi, v, khng bin i thnh phn, nng . Cht lng ca sn phm thc phm ph thuc vo nhiu yu t. Thc phm l ngun cung cp dinh dng cho c th sng do rt d b h hng do cn trng, vi sinh vt xm nhp, do khng kh, nc, nh sng, nhit , tc ng c hay hc.BIN I SAU THU HICc dng h hng ca nng sn trong qu trnh x l v bo qunHa hc, ha sinh: s thy phn, s oxy ha, s ha nu, cc phn ng khc.S bin i thnh phn ha hc+ Cht bo: cht bo l thnh phn quan trng, cha nhiu nng lng nhng cht bo thng c nhiu bin i khng mong mun trong bo qun v ch bin thc phm.-S x phng ho cht bo thng dn n mi v l cho thc phm.- S oxy ho to thnh cc cht nh aldehyt, xeton, peroxyt. . .lm thc phm b i, kh.- S to phc cht lipoprotein lm gim gi tr dinh dng ca lipit v protein

BIN I SAU THU HIBIN I SAU THU HI+ Guxit: trong qu trnh thu phn to thnh dng. di tc dng ca vi khun to thnh ru ri thnh axit gy mi v kh chu cho thc phmS bin i cc cht mu - Trong qu trnh bo qun, di tc dng ca enzim v yu t mi trng, cht mu b bin i su sc. tu thnh phn c trong nguyn liu m mu sc c nhiu hng bin i gy h hng vi nhiu dng khc nhau. thng b mt mu hoc bin sang mu khc: mu nu en rau qu, mu hng ca tm, mu xm en ca c, tht, mu vng ca sa, go thc. . .

BIN I SAU THU HI S oxy haKhi c mt oxy, s oxy ho lm bin mu gy h hng mu sc ca thc phm. to iu kin mc mm, rlm tn tht cht kh ca nguyn liu, hoc oxy ho cht bo gy mi i, v ng cho thc phm, gy c thc phm. Sinh hc-bin i sinh l ca nguyn liu sau thu hoch, cn trng, vi sinh vt.Nguyn liu nng sn sau khi ri khi cy m vn tip tc h hp duy tr s sng v pht trin, nh h enzim ni ti cc qu trnh sinh ho vn tip tc xy ra. Ty vo kh nng hot ng ca h enzim c trong nguyn liu nng sn m mc v chiu hng phn ng xy ra nh th no. BIN I SAU THU HIBIN I SAU THU HIBIN I SAU THU HIBIN I SAU THU HI Bng : cc loi qu thuc nhm c v khn c h hp t bin.

Nhm qu c h hp t binNhm qu khng c h hp t binBCa caoChuio ln ht Mng cu ximViiMng ctXoiDau CamSu ringChm chmBIN I SAU THU HI- Cn trng pht trin trn nguyn liu thc phm, gy tn tht nng n nht, nu x l khng kp thi c th mt hon ton vt liu v ly lan nhanh chng, i vi cn trng trong bo qun nguyn liu c xem l dch bnh. Nhit , khng kh, nh sng, va chm c hc, cc yu t khc - Do va chm c hc+ Nguyn liu thc vt cng nh ng vt, trong iu kin thu hoch, vn chuyn v bo qun gy thng tn: b v, nt, b dp. . . du vt do tn thng c hc l con ng tt nht cho vi sinh vt xm nhp v pht trin, ng thi cc yu t khc nh oxy, nc. . . thm nhp theo, khi lng m tng, oxy tng to iu kin cho cc phn ng bi h enzim ni ti tng ln gy h hng nguyn liu thc phm. BIN I SAU THU HI+ Ngoi ra vt thng d rt nh nhng cng lm tng kh nng mt nc lm tn tht v khi lng, h hng v cu trc ca nguyn liu.- Do cc yu t vt l nhit , nh sng+Nhit l yu t ch yu ca mi trng, nh hng n hot ng sng ca nguyn liu .+ Theo nh lut Vant-Hoff, khi tng nhit ln 100C th tc phn ng tng ln khong 2 ln. Khi gim nhit xung n gn im ng bng th tc phn ng gim, cng h hp s gim dn. + Ngoi ra khi nhit tng n mc thch hp Enzim tng kh nng hot ng gy ra s bin i su sc trong vt liu thc phm

IV/ QUY TRNH CH BIN MT S SN PHM T RAU QUCch nu mt nhuyn trong thit b c c chn khng:- Trc tin, ngi ta tin hnh lai b sunfit trong pur v trn ng ni nu, sau mi cho vo ni c chn khng c c vi chn khng 600-670 mmHg.Trc khi c chn khng, cn un si hn hp trong p sut kh quyn vi pht tit trng, sau ny ng hp c th khng cn thanh trng. Cng c th nu sn phm ln 100oC giai on cui ca qu trnh.Cn lu l, tuy mt c hm lng ng cao song vn c th c mt s vi sinh vt pht trin c vi ng ca mi trng l 70%. V vy trong qu trnh ch bin, cn m bo v sinh thc phm tt c cc khu ch bin, nguyn vt liu v thit b.

QUY TRNH CH BIN MT S SN PHM T RAU QU- Bao b thng dng l thng g c dung tch 50 lt tr li, khay g c sc cha 15-20 kg, hoc hp st, l thu tinh.Trc khi cho mt nhuyn vo thng, nn lm ngui mt xung 50oC, v vi khi lng ln, mt lu ngui, d xy ra phn ng to thnh melanoidin lm cho sn phm b xm mu v hng v km.- Lm ngui mt tt nht l bng chn khng ngay trong ni c c chn khng hoc trong thit b lm ngui chn khng vi chn khng 600-670 mmHg tng ng vi nhit si ca mt l 50-60oC.- gim hao ht ca mt do ngm vo thng g, ngi ta thng lt thng bng mt ti polyetylen hoc trng mt lp mng parafin ln mt trong ca thng.

QUY TRNH CH BIN MT S SN PHM T RAU QUNu ng mt vo hp st c ln (10 lt), khng cn thanh trng thm.Nu ng vo bao b nh th thanh trng 100oC.Mt ming ng-Mt ming ng ch bin t qu (ti, sunfit ho hay lnh ng) nguyn hay ct ming, nu vi ng, c pha hoc khng pha thm acid thc phm v pectin.

Qui trnh ch bin mt ming ng theo s sau:

QUY TRNH CH BIN MT S SN PHM T RAU QU

QUY TRNH CH BIN MT S SN PHM T RAU QU- Sau khi la chn phn loi v ra sch, qu c gt v b ht. Sau , tu theo qu to hay nh m nguyn hoc ct ming, ri chn trong nc nng hay nc ng long.Chn nhm mc ch chuyn ho protopectin khng tan thnh pectin ho tan tng ng cho sn phm, v vi qu sunfit ho cn kh SO2. Khng nn chn trong nc ng c, v nh vy s hn ch vic chuyn ho ca protopectin.Sau nu qu chn vi ng tinh th hay nc ng c c nng 70-75% theo t l qu/ng l 1/1-1/1,5 trong ni nu hai v hoc ni c chn khng; cch tin hnh ging nh nu mt ng.- Nu mt c thanh trng (ng trong bao b kn, dung tch nh) th nu n kh 68%. Nu mt khng thanh trng (ng vo bao b ln), nu n kh 72%.

QUY TRNH CH BIN MT S SN PHM T RAU QU- Trc khi ng vo thng g, cn lm mt ngui xung 50-60oC, vi mt km ng (nh mt m, mt du ty) phi lm ngui xung 40oC. Nu ng vo hp st hay l thu tinh th rt vo bao b di 1 lt cn thanh trng 100oC. Qui trnh ch bin mt s hp mt quMt da nhuyn:C th s dng ring tng ging da hoc pha ln c hai loi ch bin mt nhuyn. Yu cu chn ca da nh i vi ch bin nc da, nu da cha chn th sn phm c mu xu v hng v km thm ngon.Da tiu chun chn (khng cn phn loi theo kch thc) em ra trn my ra bn chi, ri ct hai u, t li, gt v, ra mt ging nh sn xut hp da nc ng.

QUY TRNH CH BIN MT S SN PHM T RAU QU- Sau em x ti, v ch trn my ch c l ry 1-1,5 mm thu c pur da, em c c vi nc ng 70% theo t l sau:+ Pur da: 300 kg+ Nc ng 70%: 100 lthoc vi ng tinh th theo t l:+ Pur da: 300 kg+ ng trng: 100 kg

QUY TRNH CH BIN MT S SN PHM T RAU QU- Lc u ht mt na nc ng vo ni c c chn khng, nng nhit nc ng ln 85-90oC ri mi ht dn pur da vo v tin hnh c c nhit 60-80oC chn khng 5,88-7,84.104 N/m2(0,6-0,8at). Khi kh ca hn hp trong ni c c t khong 50%, li ht nt nc ng cn li vo ni, ri tip tc c c n kh 63-64% th ph chn khng nng nhit sn phm ln khong 100oC tit trng. Khi kh t ti 66-67%, cho sn phm ra khi ni.-Rt mt c nhit khng di 70oC vo hp st s 8 sn vecni, ri ghp np v thanh trng theo cng thc 20-30-20/100oC.

QUY TRNH CH BIN MT S SN PHM T RAU QUMt chui nhuyn:Ngi ta ch dng chui tiu, c tiu chun ging nh i vi ch bin nc chui, sn xut mt chui nhuyn.Qu trnh la chn phn loi, ra qu, bc v, tc x, ra li, ch cng tin hnh ging nh ch bin nc chui. Pur chui c cha ngay vo thng c sn nc ng 70% c pha natri bisunfit sn phm b bin mu. T l phi ch nh sau:

QUY TRNH CH BIN MT S SN PHM T RAU QUPur chui: 100 kgNc ng 70%: 72,5 ltDung dch NaHSO3(cha 25-30% SO2): 0,15-0,2 ltCch tin hnh c c ging nh i vi mt da nhuyn.Khi mt nu xong, ng hp tht nhanh vo hp s 8 sn vecni, ghp np vi chn khng 300-350 mmHg, thanh trng theo cng thc 20-30-20/100oC

QUY TRNH CH BIN MT S SN PHM T RAU QU