Phall 111 .... ,,' '" '\. ,,' ').,

NHUNG VAN DE VA KET QUA CUA

TAM Li HOC D~V HOC

1 - Helmke, A. & Weinert, F. E. (1

ban dau t - la cac nng h.,rc nh

dllng den m{H lo

Bang 1 : Ctiong nhom d~c dif\'m d6i vj thimh Heh a nha dan ~. Moi ttll'ng gia dinh cua h~)C sinh va s ho tn,i cua cha mc~

4. Clc nang IljC sieu nhan thvc cua hoc sinh.

5. Slj tting Ulc c li6n quan dcn hoc t{j p cua

vien - ht)c

6. Chfnh silch cua (dicu tm (1 MI)J 7. S()

x. Van tntllng. 9. Nhi0t tinh cua cha m~ trong C,le vi n de ('1 nhil ltl1tJng. I !

10. Vi-;c tCl chuc k6 h()~lCh gic'mg d

yeu 10 di truycn, nhLi'ng slj khac nhau lrung n()i dung kieh I

eLJi\ mCd tnn'mg Lre nh('l, xl1e sWlt CLJ(l vi~c h{j Ln.1 thCmg qua

cha 01(,.' lrong dlng vi0c (\ nhil trl(ng CLJH tre cm V;I /

u(m gi

biet VC liep thu. Il(u giu va SLr dung hicu biel clJa b[m lhn

nhEim mue dIch giili quyeL thl)ng minh dte van dc). Nhvng

ngoai nl, viC;c ph

tn.n'mg. Tnli li.li. SI./ tht \'tl viec lri gi,k C

co n t(l('1 n lai nhng nrtng J~tc

:308

U c

cac y

,24

.22

3k ,47 ,17

,14 ,07

15 ,25

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,24 ,44 ,12

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khng ft

ee

Kh:ii qut nhitng sieu phan u nh tn1dn2: (Fraser v

tit

(';Ie nhflfl W

2.1. hinh ClI{f ve hoc ci nh

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:J r; ::::I,.--j ~ Z IJ~)~, 9: ::J.: ~. r") ( ::J r. ;J..;: 2.'- _. e \J? ::l::r C:'::' : ""':: CJ3. ;:J r,

fJQ ~> -.::i '..... ::r c.; 11Q:::r i CI;.1 ~ 0/., r:::;J.'::1 r;,;,

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313

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l

2,.-1. /\;!O hinh hue trip Cl/li G/ilser

hlip e

-!2 ~

< -f= ,,", ,:::

6 '-'

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=

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:;:;: -,. C Ci

u :;,."" -Cil C

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OJ)

C

~..c:

;~ :E ~ E !

{Q. "5 ":J '= Ci ~

.:;, C

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u:;,. u

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n() ngL(l'1i (a cng ph;, y den nhicu p d{) g{m btl vdi nhilu dUI Gic i ljw!n h(: cUc nhn tti ljuyet dinh va tieu

n. Dicu dU\1C dc dir tdi CI,] the (1 dy lcl

- SlJ' qUyCl dj th{mg ljUi1 net vc d5c

diem xu hudng nh;~n y chi CU,1 hoc sinh trong mCi i ljuan h(- vd i dc nh hu('1ng ('; . nh trUt1ng (dc yeu

di truycn, Gle d ieu ki('n ljUi1n h~ m(li In1t1ng,

vi tri trong nhl~lm I:X1n cu tui'ii, hu vi tnmg Iht'1i

nhan roi v.v.)

n lfeh vc d

___

U ':t U

C ~":

-.,

tao rieng, dVI.iC thc che ha : trttl'mg "(

1966, t1'. 1(5). Tuy nhiC:n. lmng thl'jj gj,1n n C

- Tl! cuoi chien lr,mh lhc gi(ii lhU' 2, C

3.1.3. Crich xem xCI sir Iri(~n (/116('

TU(in!:! Lu nhlt (',/ nhicu nudc (1 CHLB DLi'c tu nhng

nm 60 cn!:! C() Sl( ml'i n1ng mi.mh me: ptl(~m vi du t;~u

hai va cap ha. Chi rieng gia 19KO va 19K7. s() hoc sinh tot

nghiGp u:lp hai d L[mg tU' 39 l~n 460i:, sC) ')l nghi~p cap ha

tti 22 len 29(/i: Llnh thco Lting nft m sinh vdi xu hLtt'fng liep

tuc Wng Jen (nh()m dll an Bo cao gin dvc. 19HO : nh6m

nghicn cLi'u B

9(5) neu nt ny. vi~c t()i UU h()(\ nhng dicu ki~n do lao

cho m()i n}..(u('ii du dU(il; luyen !-x) th;'lnh m(Jt mlJC lieu chfnh

xu v tieu chwln kicm xct SlJ hicu dn ch cua

n thn.

Gitio Ir) pluwng uw su d{/( x h(ji \'(1 c(1I1

kl/()ng dang d(iH n' ml x

Vdi vi~c dinh danh nha tnJng 1

giCra eile lru'ng la

I chi I,l lrlnh d(,) lrung

hlnh vc eile th~1 nh tfch (1 nh lrV(1ng hay St! gi:lnl hdl nhting

khuc bi(;t kh(mg mong mU(ln ve lhfInh lfch gitia eile hoc sinh '.'

NgV('ij ta qu,ln lm ricng l

Kct LJUc'1 d() m~)i len SL( dlndang Umg 10n ('j mlrc cau

ph;l i tim hicu ... Ck d lIH('ml! va rieng hiC~l CLIil

ki~'n hoc lCI p eLlc lnmg cho nh Idp hoc" (Femi . 191-:2. Ir. 2W)).

Nhv kh(lng

d(:n lhanh

nh'nL': dieu kien h()c'" .,

n lhan ilnh

chlrc nhii trLt(mg nt) d ho;;lc nhling dicu ki0n hoc giln lien vt)'i hlnh lhlrc d(~) mCll c

v ly n day h()c Slavin, 191.;7 ; !99() 1990 ; Rosenhaum, I Nhung vi(;c h(; thelng nhil tn('1ng d

cuu lhl/c nghil;:m

nhicu nghicn cuu lwmg quan

[(,1 i hUn.

hlli;1ch chu l-x:n Ci;1

phi~m sai 15m. thi sc

va nh'ng ngU{'1i kh{ic (I d5 nghicn CULI 62 Idp

4 co s() h()c sinh mt)i Ilip trung binh dl1('1c thay d6i mt dich lhang (16, 23, :;0 hoac Tmng mi n[lm h()c

then, dc hoc sinh va u:iau vicn d la i d uefc lx) trf vo, ~ ,. hip c m6t quy m{j khac. eLlC ctmg C~ ducfC dLIng de do l

m()t phv

vi\;c ch() lhay ding vil)c chi so silnh chung gili'd ccle !p c() d{l

Idn kh,k nhau nhvng khtmg ch y lt1i cclc hicn sCi git'lm loe I;) khtmg phu hdp vdi deli lL((jng ... Ai dtli ht'1i ph

ngli' n':lO, cc1c ht)C sinh mIlk ngo i (1 trong nhm cac cm cung

tu6i chan ha vi nhau hay hj ph;ln hi(:t deli XV ViI nhCrng mau

thuiln xung dt 11 ngm] i nhu trung tham nh

hoc sinh, cua ki'p hoc v h(: thong nh lrVl'ing (Weinert &

Ziclinsh 1977 : Treiher & WeinerL 19i-\5, Weinerl &Hclmke,

1Sli-\7). Vf du, neu so sanh kel Lju,\ cua cac lrac nghi(:m lhanh

lfch khach Ljuan v('ii cc dicm so ma cac gin vien da cho (\

h()c sinh lhutK cac lp khac nhau lhi ngu(1'i la sc nh(m lh5y

Cl) nhCing sv kh,lc hi(:l dang kc. Chung phan nao la hu qUm quy chieu: lrinh dC)

nang Ivc va su phan hO lhilnh tfeh (1 mt)l I(l'p "mh hu()'ng den vi(:c lV danh gia va dnh gi ngu(\i khc cua h()c sinh

(Rheinherg & Enslrup, 1 lien Ljuan den lhnh lfch v

nhCing lhnh lfeh (1 nh lrU(1'ng (Dreesmann. 19i-\3

Weinslein, 1975l).

_ Hi(:u qU{l cua c,lc yeu lO lhuCK hoan dnh de chuycn

thanh su ki(:n d nhCing chu(1ng lrinh hanh vi chuan hl'>a . .

nhu v(ly d6i v(l'i ca gio vien cng nhu h()c sinh. Xct vc mi) t hlnh {mh thc hi(:n ()' hen ngo la ch5l lu(.)'ng l(lp lhc hay ch51 IU(.1ng du()c ca nhan

ldli nghi(:m cua l'p hoc v6i lu cach la mol h(: lhong xa hoi.

NhCing thanh 10 quan lnmg cua khng khf 16p h()c lil : SV h()p

lac va tin c(ly giCia giao vien va h()c sinh ("sv gan h6") : Unh

hy n lrong hip hoc : vi(:c l1t'Jng nh51 ha vci'i cCmg vi(:c h()c t(l p

340 341

(nhti su gan ve kinh

khi c(~ n~): nhng LI

su tl1ung tllCLI, tricn vong ket

LI lh nh lich d U(K t r,\ i

tmng g) hoc C( 1i tmng

d ua va tu duy C

dVt1C d;inh gia GHl nhL( th6 nan di n'a. thl c kh{mg the

thlfC sll nghi ng ding vdi eile d0c diern vc tLrng t v

trien tri tut;:. Vi dl,l, mot du-a tre giili dV

12 -----------.~-

: .,1 ~fl 11 I5. M~ _IHl !l E~

2.

1. kJ

5 -----------i~~~---

4 --------------.~...

Tu6i Tuai Tuai thng

Lop

abcd abcd abcd

Cae thanh t1eh nM truong

Trinh d

!I

thuc ve cac em trai trong cac nang h.,rc thi gJaC - khng gian

vii tmin hqc. Thtl: hai. cc ctlOg trtnh nghien ctl:u so s

nhCtng lUlmg ph"in kco d,) i vc phcit lrien d;;ic (rung cho

gitli (Baumert 1992 ; S(\dkL:r. Sadker & Klein. 1(91). Ti:IL nhien.

Unh tr

th,'tnh C{ic th,'tnh ph{in u Imc Clm n,mg l~fC (Clrroll. II()m. 1

l;~l nh'ng kien lhLrc dung dc thc hi~n : cUc ki

nil thOI quen ViI chien IU\1C C(') lien qwm den phul1ng php

c(m qunn trong hlm nhicu (Mack, 19(5).

Nh'ng suy nghi IV tnn1'c den chi coi

quyet disu hicu biet nhu nhCtng nha trUt'1ng, tuy Sl/ pha t

quy dinh bt'1i vi~c p va lam rtl su pht tricn b

kht"mg Li u deii vi thhnh lfch (1 tnJl'1n,ll, (Xem lhem Hcckhauscn. lYXOj, v;\ cck yeu d(mg Cli. Y \',1 gi n,ll cung dng vai lr() quan lr(lng,

Tmng nh'ng nm g[ln duy gil1i khoa hoc d

cuc nhun h~ n1!hi ll/C hay y chi quyet djnh svc ch Y llch ('j nh;j

trv

Hinh nhlf la C

D1l0i day Ja sI.! phac h()

b;'ln thiln v m()t ben l CU" hnh vi ht)cnhl1 tac du doi

l~p, nhi~t tinh n thtfc cunu nhl1 C,1c thc\nh tieh

i "dinh trfin", de ph(ln~ Gkh ~i

Lavin (1965) eng nhu Sehidde. Krapp Viel Wintclcr (1992).

Sehiddc vii Sehreyer (1994). Theo do, tU(1ng quan trung

(du~fe Unh tren e(f SLi cae gia tri d SLra l

--va lai hii;n tri thuc mil lr(lng cu

h.lc du lhai dtl dicu chinh xlI' If V

--nghicn cuu kinh nghicm phong vc vai cua gia dlnh

nh vi cua cha mc trong trlnh x h()a cua ~m

cng chung minh dieu m6t cach ~ (dc nhln khai qua t

vc linh hlnh nghicn cuu, xin x~m Clarke- Stewarl, 1988

GoUfricd, 1984 : J()n~s, ]984 : Marjorihank,.'i, 1979).

Nhl1ng ngoai viCc danh gia th~o du Iw)n chung tarn

trqng cua gia dinh doi vdi SI! phat tricn nhi!\n thdc va

tlch 6 nha tru('1ng cua tre cm, SI/ nhifL trI 1

cho phcp udc lfnh djnh IU(.1ng dL(.1C ('I hu('mg cua thng minh cua cha mt; d6i vdi cac ket qu nh

& MeClacm, 19 khng thc n6i len dicu gl ve y nghIiI ma eae yeu t6 di lruycn v mi In.il'1ng Cl') thc e6 trong nhCrng

dieu ki(:n mi trvang da thnv d6i.

Trn ILli. ngvLii La c(, thc n6i rang hi~n nay da Cl') SI! th()nl.!

nha I ('j eh(\ Jii nhCrng sV kh

5.3. Cac hien so ve I/i Ihe.

Tnmg tam nghien cU'u x h6i ha thien v[; xa hQi h()c gia

dlnh lu Cele d;)c dicm cau lnJc, dan so xii h6i h()c, ho;)c die

d;)c dicm vi the cua gia dinh. Ticu biCu cho Cc1 s(j hicu biel kinh nghi0m cua cac nghien cU'u lum nen 1.1 nhng so scac bien sc') d la mtJ hinh h(Jl tu (Zajonc, 1976, 19H3 ; Zajonc

& Marcus, 1

197P, : Steinkamp. 19(1). Tuy sV thUl'C vao ml)t tang lp nao

d la mC)t hien Stl dlj bao sV ph

nhiC:n. n va n ChV,l the "gi~1 i thich" dvt1c nh'ng Slj khac nhau

tmng nh'ng bien Stl nh0n thuc m,l nh'ng mai quan h(: dien

hlnh gi'a Slj thuoc v(lO mt wng Ip vi thanh tich t1 nha

trung chi cho tmy nh'ng Slj khac nhau tieu bicu. ve cci dlu

x hi trong cac dac dicm co y nghla doi vi thanh tfeh (i nha trung cua ha nh vi cha m~. vf dll vc mi;! t m i trung h

sang lt)C mt ph,ln nhl) oc tLr tt)ng the cac yeu ta tac dng lien ket vt'ii nhau tLr phfa gia dlnh l

Caldwell & Rock. 19!-\!-\ : Ettrich & Piontek. 1991 : Tnllkwind

& Wegge. 19!-\9 : Trudewind. Unzner & Schneider. 19!-\9) V;'I

cng khCmg di vilo ('(Ie nluJ/J1 ehllYl;n (vf du tre em c() nrlng

khieu cao. xem Heller. 1992 : Rost, 19(1).

Neu tim cach phan nhm m()t cch c y nghlil CC dilc diem qU

1 hCin nng eua hi1nh vi cha mc deli v(1i sl./ ph,ll lricn

lhnh lfeh ('j lrut'1ng eua con em hu : k feh lh ich, da y

tuu d{mg Cli V

Nhng sLr (Llnh gi

h(it hila tmng gia dinh, {ru/mg khng - dlwe chia se"

C

cng eho thay la kh{lng thc dung vCrng du(1c VI Bloom (1966),

S,IU himg chl)c niJm nghicn cuu tam Ir hoc su ph

m nhieu nm sau'! Dl') 1

ycu Lhtt.1C quan nH.;m nhu ] C(1 ehe cLla sI! ph l lrien

va eLI

cua ldp hQc. ca d,;mg thac nghit~n cau qua trlnh san pham

ln (,;JC mo hinh giang d':lY nh0n thae d d

cling nhl1 vi

!

tn!c tiep, t~p trung vao giao vien vdi phong cach giang di;lY thicn v~ tfnh chat ma, dan chu, 'co phoi hQ'p - x hQi va hvdng vao hoc sinh (xem thcm Tausch & Tausch, 1991).

Nhv da nhac derl, ngvt'1i k'1 da ket hQ'p cac phong caeh

giang di;lY dvQ'c djnh nghla thco hai el!c da vdi nhn cach cua

giao vien : "Trong so (nh'ng ngvt'1i tiep nh~n) cac phvling

phap - giang di;lY chinh thong ... , cae gilio vicn ... da dV(1C nMn

xCt la ~n tarn, ti mi, khach quan Vd cO ta chtk, trong khi ...

(cac giao vien khng chfnh thue) cO dc;-(e diem 121 san sang

hvdng ehu y sang di~u dV(,ie quan tarn tnrdc mih. quan tarn tdi hi~u qua bao trum hl1n la nh'ng chi tiet chinh xac, va khong thfeh cac ke ho;;tch ta chuc eMt che. Nh6m tnrde danh

gia eao tfnh tn)t tl!, Sl! tun thu quy sl! ehu y, dung gio, ban ghe dVC;1e sap xep c6 hang loi, cn nh6m sau

tl! gi

a) trong vi~c hlnh thanh nhfrng ki vQng anh hUl'1ng den hfmh

d(mg ve nh'ng ma nh'ng hoc sinh nao do co 16 se

lam, nhling gi can tin tUClng giao cho c,k cm Vd nh'ng thanh

lich ma chung co thc co gang di;l t dU

tW,mg Burn - out" ; xcm Guskcy & Passaro, 1994 ; Burnc, 1994) dan xcn 15 n nhau. M6i yuan h~ da dl1O'c chung minh r

th

--blnh vi nhli'ng d6 sai IGch nh6 giva cc ca nh[m, thl c m( phl1

--lu~n d

I

Be d;;1t dunh,ILI V;l t su cung [;lc dCmg V(1i nhClu.

dicu (h') et'm 1:1 thLi' I(lgic- ttlm li dLi'ng t'i S;lU chien Iucic pllan th6ng kl': phti hii::n - htli quy b(,i - : cng m(ll ticu chu5n

nhau nhung C(, thi:: (h((fc "gi~li thfch" h(ii rat nhicu "su' LJuy

clinh licu IU'(mg" CLIH dc bicn dL! bilO d lh,tm gia.

Chi c(l

nh,l

ngUyl Il) l /1U) Milli /lieu sl/til th~lnh lfeh ('1

(Fraser va nh'ng tc gi:1 khc. !lJH7 : Walhcrg.

405

490 ; 8.: LI )2uroglu, I 4S()). Mt) eh') quan Cl) eh in nh{) m hi0' n sC; c;l

n k0't \i nhau theu p sci n ning dLr(iC coi nh

Cl) qu,m h'; eh;") I che

nh lich {i nh trL(('ing : (I J C

d(') dul1e i thfch eh diu

qUCln

sinh di

xli lf thtmg tin nh tieh kem h( in vil

u (''I eht) ce

h()c dtii

hay In S(.'I d;) t lll'i

eiie hl)C

(''I ngU'('Ing ttll thicu vilo th('1i dicm sdm

VI.,I dLfl.'IC eh lhc coi nhLr khtmg

du(.'IC nli'il v lLlng hilo d6ng.

n cU'u

Lha

IinhSau nhng hou t dCmg

Vt!e nghicn eU'u ATI -

ng heln lI

vi

sV quy djnh liCu IU(1ng" khLic nhau ve tri thtmg minh va sV ce)

gang. d day. ngui La (Krug & Rheinberg. 1980 ; Mcycr, 1(84) l(lp lu~n ding m hinlt ket ll(Jp li1 cO s

~

L~p khng co hi0u qua (Benjamin va nh'ng tac gi khac. 1981 ;

Culler & Holahan, 1980) khng IO

cung Lrcn day (xem H.2, b;'d "Tai

ni(':m nham thu hl;p khoang cac.h

cua F.E. Wcincrt, F. W. Schradcr

sach nay).

nang dqy hqc - mt)t quan

hai kiCu m6 hinh 11 lu~n"

& A Hclmkc trong cuon

Hinh 2 d6 cho thay trinh dc) thanh llch bc) mon trung binh

cua mol ICip mOL m~t phl,l thuoc VdO chat Iwmg dqy hqc, nhvng mi;lt khac, dvCii d

Tinh dc th cua holm canh, lfnh V{lC va tuch di 1 Tfnh d

-----mCl t11" Vd tom tat. va (3) gia tri kfeh thieh eua ket qwi va sl/ yeu kern vc thanh tfeh trong hip the hi(:n thie biet r

7.4. Cc qua trlnh di'i?ll ha.

MOl dicm phc ph,:n tn;mg tarn deli vdi mCl hlnh qua trinh

- san pham la caeh nhln nh~n don gian eua n() ma theo d6.

eac quan hG "tNe tiep" va tuycn tinh gitia cae qw:i trinh d':lY

hoc va nhting tac d(mg eU

co nhCtng ml.,lc tieu d~~L ra Cel hJ'a chl.;m hay bti sung Lhem trong ph

phi th('ji gian d1,ly hqe 1) sc dl1

Tai Ii~u tham kbo va trieb dn

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Aiken, L.R. (1976). Update on attitudes and other affective

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Anderson, C.s. (1982). The search for school climate : A review

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Anderson. L.W. (Ed,). (1984), Time and sclwollearning. London & Canberra : Croom Helm,

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ArEn, M, (1984), Time, equality, and mastery learning. Review of Educational Research, 54, 65-86.

Asendorf, J, (1988), Chng ai giong ai ca : nhung sV khac nhau ve nhan cach hinh thanh nhu tM' nao '? Jtuttgart : Piper,

Atkinson, J,W, (974). Motivational determinants of intellecttlal performance and cumulative achievement. In J,W. Atkinson & ,J.Raynor (Eds,), Achieuement and performance (pp,389-410). Washington, DC : Winston.

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Baumert, J., Roeder, P,M., Sang, F. & Schmitz, B. (1986). Sv phat trien thimh Hch va 10l;l.i b nhung sV khac bi4ilt thanh Hch 0 cac IOp pho thng trung hQc. Tl;lP chi Ghio d1;1C hQc, 32, 639-600.

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