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n§T>anyaÀ¶m {dR>mo~mMo amÁ¶ ‘hmamîQ>mÀ¶m bmoH$OrdZmda hOmamo dfmªnmgyZ Amho. hmo¶gi,

¶mXd, ¶dZ, ‘amR>o Am{U B§J«O amOdQ>r Amë¶m {Z ¶oD$Z Joë¶m. na§Vw, {dÇ>bemhr ‘mÌ pñWa Amho. Ûmnma ¶wJmÀ¶m eodQ>r H¥$îU égyZ Joboë¶m ép³‘UrMm emoY KoV ÛmaHo$hÿZ n§T>anya ¶oWo Ambo. ˶mdoir ˶m§Mo dmñVì¶ Jmonminya ¶oWo hmoVo. ép³‘Ur‘mVm ˶mdoir qXS>rídZ ¶oWo VníM¶m© H$arV hmoVr. {VÀ¶m VníM¶}Mm §J hmoD$ Z¶o ¶mMm {dMma H$éZ lrH¥$îU Amnbm bmS>H$m ^³V nw§S>{bH$ ¶m§À¶m oQ>rbm Jobo. nU, nw§S>{bH$ AmB©d{S>bm§À¶m godoV ‘½Z

hmoVm. hr godm g§në¶m{edm¶ ‘r CR>Uma Zmhr, Ago åhUV nw§S>{bH$mZo lrH¥$îUmH$S>o EH$ drQ> ’o$H$br. ˶mda C o amhm¶bm gm§{JVbo. {~Mmam lrH¥$îU ^³VmMr Amkm nmiV {dQ>oda C^m am{hbm. ‘mÌ, nw§S>{bH$mMr AmB©-~m~m§Mr godm g§nbr Zmhr. nw§S>{bH$mZo gm§{JVë¶mà‘mUo lrH¥$îU AmOVmJm¶V ³Vm§gmR>r lr {dÇ>b qH$dm nm§Sw>a§J ZmdmZo H$Q>oda hmV R>odyZ C^m Amho.

n§T>anya 1770 dfmªnyduMo Amho Ago {XgVo. M§Ð^mJoÀ¶m Vramdarb ¶m VrW©ñWimbm EH$ doJir gm§ñH¥${VH$ à{VîR>m àmá Pmbr. n§T>anya ho ^maVmVrb A˶§V n{dÌ, A˶§V {චd à{gÕ VrW©joÌ Amho. ^mJdV Y‘m©Mo AmÚnrR>, gd© g§Vm§Mo ‘mhoaKa, X{jUoMr ÛmaH$m, X{jUoMr H$mer åhUyZhr n§T>anyaMr AmoiI Amho. n§T>anya ho ‘hmamîQ> amÁ¶mVrb gmobmnya {OëømVrb Am{U ^r‘m ZXrÀ¶m COì¶m H$mR>mda dgbobo VrW©ñWmZ Amho. ‘ÜdmMm¶©, am‘mZ§X, lrkmZoída ‘hmamO, Zahar gmoZma, Jmoam Hw§$^ma, MmoIm‘oim Zm‘Xod ‘hmamO, goZm Ýhmdr, H$mÝhmonmÌm, OZm~mB©, EH$ZmW ‘hmamO, g§VloîR> VwH$mam‘ ¶m g§Vm§Zr Amnë¶m A §Jm§VyZ nm§Sw>a§JmMo ‘hÎd Jm{¶bo Amho. n§T>anyabm {Z˶Zo‘mZo ¶oUmam dmaH$ar g§àXm¶ hm qhXÿ Y‘m©V Agboë¶m ^maVmVrb AZoH$ ^³Vr g§àXm¶m§n¡H$s à‘wI Agm g§àXm¶ Amho. ˶mMo Cnmñ¶ X¡dV nm§Sw>a§J AgyZ, ˶m§Mo bmImo AZw¶m¶r AmhoV. dmarMm àKmV "VwH$mam‘' AmXr g§Vm§À¶m H$mimnmgyZ Mmby Amho. EH$Xer d«Vmbm ¶mV ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. earam§Vr gd© Ad¶dm§Zm {dlm§Vr {‘imdr d ˶mdoir Ho$di "am‘H¥$îU har' ¶mMm On H$amdm d {MÎmewÕr, EH$mJ«Vr H$amdr, Ago åhQ>bo Amho. AmfmT> ewÕ EH$mXerbm d H$m{V©H$ EH$mXerg n§T>anyabm OmD$Z {dÇ>bmMo Xe©Z ¿¶mdo, Ago g§Vm§Zr gm§{JVbo Amho. g§Vm§Zr dmaH$ar g§àXm¶mMr ‘wio IoS>çmnmS>çmn¶ªV Imob éO{dbr AmhoV. g§Vm§Zr Y‘© AmUyZ Vmo PmonS>rn¶ªV nmohmoM{dbm.

Va, Aem ¶m ‘hmZ g§Vm§Mr ‘hVr nwT>rb {nT>rbm

‘mhrV ìhmdr ¶mH$[aVm {MÌnQ> g¥îQ>rZo g§Vm§Zr Oo H$m¶© Ho$bo, ˶mda {MÌnQ>{Z{‘©Vr Ho$br. ˶m‘ܶo "à^mV' {MÌnQ> H§$nZrZo "g§V VwH$mam‘' 7 Zmoìh§o~a 1936 amoOr àX{e©V Ho$bm. ^maVr¶ {MÌnQ>m§À¶m B{VhmgmV ¶m {MÌnQ>mZo ‘mZmMo ñWmZ {‘i{dbo. ìho{Zg ¶oWo 1937 gmbr Pmboë¶m OmJ{VH$ {MÌnQ> ‘hmoËgdmV "g§V VwH$mam‘'Mr gdm}ËH¥$îQ>> VrZ {MÌnQ>m§V {ZdS> Pmbr hmoVr. {dîUyn§V nmJZrg ¶m§Zr VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamOm§Mr y{‘H$m Ho$br hmoVr. Xm‘bo Am{U ’$Îmobmb ¶m§Zr {MÌnQ>mMo {X½Xe©Z Ho$bo hmoVo. g§V VwH$mam‘m§Mr {dÇ>b^³Vr, g‘mOmVyZ ˶m§Zm hmoUmam {damoY, ˶m§Mr {edmOr amOm§~amo~a Pmbobr oQ>, déZ ^m§S>Imoa nU ‘ZmZo ào‘i Agbobr ˶m§Mr nËZr AmdS>r. ho gd© g‘n©H$ arVrZo nS>Úmda {MVmabo hmoVo. ˶m‘wio hm {MÌnQ> AmOhr Aä¶mgH$m§gmR>r AmXe© dñVwnmR> Amho. ¶mVrb nmJZrg ¶m§À¶m y{‘Ho$Mo Jmê$S> AZoH$ XeHo$ àojH$m§À¶m ‘Zmda am{hbo Amho. BVHo$ H$s, ~è¶mM {R>H$mUr g§V VwH$mam‘ åhUyZ {dîUyn§V nmJZrg ¶m§MoM N>m¶m{MÌ bmdbo OmD$ bmJbo. gw§Xa à m g m { X H $ g§dmX {edam‘n§V dmerH$a ¶m§Mo, Va g§JrV Ho$edamd ^moio ¶m§Mo hmoVo. ¶mV Vã~b 29 JmUr hmoVr.

hmM "g§V VwH$mam‘' 1948 "à^mV'Zo qhXrV S>~ H$éZ nS>Úmda AmUbm. ¶mVbr JmUr g§JrVH$ma ñZohb ^mQ>H$a ¶m§À¶m ñdamV S>~ Pmbr hmoVr. CX¶ {MÌ ¶m g§ñWoV’}$ amOm ZoZo ¶m§Zr "VwH$m Pmbmgo H$ig' (1964) hm ‘amR>r {MÌnQ> {X½XeuV Ho$bm hmoVm. ¶mV Hw$‘ma {XKo Am{U gwbmoMZm ¶m§À¶m à‘wI y{‘H$m hmo˶m. Va, g§JrV ñZohb ^mQ>H$a

¶m§Mo hmoVo. amîQ>r¶ {MÌnQ> ‘hmoËgdmV gdm}ËH¥$îQ> ‘amR>r {MÌnQ>mMm nwañH$ma ¶mbm {‘imbm hmoVm. ‘amR>r{edm¶ H$ÞS> ^mfoVhr VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamOm§da {MÌnQ>{Z{‘©Vr Pmbr Amho.

"g§V kmZoídam§'Mm H$mbI§S> VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamOm§À¶m AmYrMm, ~mamì¶m eVH$mVrb. "à^mV'Zo g§V kmZoída

(1940) hm {MÌnQ> {Z‘m©U Ho$bm. Xm‘bo ’$Îmobmb ¶m§ZrM ¶m {MÌnQ>mMo {X½Xe©Z Ho$bo hmoVo. ¶mV à‘wI

y{‘H$m emhÿ ‘moS>H$ ¶m§Zr Ho$bo hmoVr. hm {MÌnQ> 18 ‘o 1940 amoOr àX{e©V Pmbm. nwʶmVrb à^mV {WEQ>da ¶m {MÌnQ>mMr qàQ> Q>mi, ‘¥Xþ§J ¶m§À¶m JOamV AmUbr hmoVr. "‘w§~B© XÿaXe©Z'Mm ‘amR>r {MÌnQ>m§À¶m àjonUmMm ew ma§ 2 Am°³Q>mo~a 1972 amoOr ¶mM

{MÌnQ>mZo Pmbm hmoVm. qhXrV "g§V kmZoída' (1964) hm {MÌnQ> ~Zbm. ˶mVrb "Á¶moV go Á¶moV ObmVo Mbo, ào‘ H$s J§Jm ~hmVo Mbmo' ¶m JrVmZo

àM§S> bmoH${à¶Vm {‘i{dbr. gwYraHw$‘maZo (XmoñVr ’o$‘) kmZoída gmH$mabm hmoVm. ^mB© ì¶mg ¶m§Mo {X½Xe©Z

hmoVo, Va bú‘rH$m§V ߶maobmb ¶m§Mo g§JrV

hmoVo. ‘hoe H$moR>mao ¶m§Zr kmZmo~m§Mr ~mb y{‘H$m "g§V {Zd¥Îmr

k m Z o X d ' ‘ Ü ¶ o (1964) Ho$br hmoVr.

¶m {MÌnQ>mMo {X½Xe©Z ‘YwH$a nmR>H$ ¶m§Mo, Va gr am‘M§Ð ¶m§Mo g§JrV hmoVo. ¶mVrb JmUr IynM JmoS> hmoVr.

J{X‘m ¶m§Zr ¶mV H$‘mbM Ho$br. k m Z o í d a m § À ¶ m

boIZe¡brer OwiUmao "Zdb dV©bo Jo ‘m¶o COibm àH$mew, ‘Zm{M ¶o A§YmamMm hmoVgo {dZmew' ho JrV J{X‘m§Zr {b{hbo hmoVo, Am{U Amem ^mogbo ¶m§Zr Vo Jm¶bo hmoVo. "‘w§Jr CS>mbr AmH$mer, én nmhVm bmoMZr, gwI Omb| dmo gmOUr, qMVm H«$moY ‘mJo gmam VmQ>r CKS>m

kmZoídam' ho A §JXoIrb ¶mV hmoVo.à^mV {MÌg§ñWoZo "g§V OZm~mB©' (1949) hm

{MÌnQ> ~Z{dbm. ¶mV Zm‘Xodm§Mr y{‘H$m A{^ZoVm {ddoH$ ¶mZo, Va OZm~mB©À¶m y{‘Ho$V h§gm dmS>H$a hmo˶m. J{X‘m-gwYra ’$S>Ho$ hr OmoS>r JrV-g§JrVmgmR>r hmoVr. ¶ed§V noR>H$a ¶m§Zr "g§V Zm‘Xod' 1995 ¶m a§JrV {MÌnQ>mMr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br hmoVr. Zm‘Xod Am{U kmZoída g‘H$mbrZ Agë¶mZo ¶m {MÌnQ>mV ˶m§Mmhr g‘mdoe hmoVm. gwYra ’$S>Ho$ {Z{‘©V "{dÇ>b aIw‘mB©' (1951) ¶m {MÌnQ>mMo {X½Xe©Z noR>H$a ¶m§ZrM Ho$bo hmoVo. ¶mV g§Vm§Mr JXu hmoVr. ¶mVrb VwH$mam‘m§Mr y{‘H$m ~mbJ§Yd© ¶m§Zr Ho$br hmoVr. hr ˶m§Mr AIoaMr énoar y{‘H$m R>abr. XÎmm Y‘m©{YH$mar ¶m§Mm "{dRy> ‘mPm boHy$admbm' 1962 hm {MÌnQ> Ambm. ¶mV AéU gaZmB©H$ ¶m§Zr Zm‘XodmMr y{‘H$m Ho$br hmoVr. ¶mVrb OZm~mBªMr y{‘H$m gwbmoMZm

¶m§Zr Ho$br hmoVr.g§V EH$ZmW ‘hmamO ˶m§À¶m Añn¥í¶Vm{damoYr

bT>m Am{U g‘mOmVrb Xm§{^H$Voda ˶m§Zr aMboë¶m ^méS>m§‘wio AmOhr OZ‘mZmgmV bmoH${චAmhoV. à^mV {’$ë‘ H§$nZrZo "Y‘m©Ë‘m' 1935 ¶m {MÌnQ>mV g§V EH$ZmWm§Mm OrdZnQ> XmI{dbm hmoVm. ¶mV ‘w»¶ y{‘Ho$V ~mbJ§Yd© hmoVo Am{U ˶m§Mm Vmo n{hbmM {MÌnQ>

hmoVm. ¶m {MÌnQ>mMo ‘yi Zmd "‘hmË‘m' hmoVo. ‘. Jm§YtMo h[aOZ CÕmamMo H$m‘ gwé hmoVo. EH$ZmWm§À¶m H$m¶m©bm Jm§YtMm Moham bmdyZ ˶m§Mo CXmÎmrH$aU H$aʶmMm hm à¶ËZ Agë¶mMr Hw$UH$U {~«{Q>em§À¶m H$mZr Joë¶mZo ˶m§Zr {MÌnQ>mMo Zmd ~Xbm¶bm bmdbo. ¶mM g§ñWoMm "g§V gIy' 1941 hm {MÌnQ> àX{e©V Pmbm. ¶mV à‘wI y{‘Ho$V h§gm dmS>H$a hmo˶m. hr H$hmUr ‘{hbm dJm©V A’$mQ> bmoH${චAgë¶mZo ˶m§Zr ¶m {MÌnQ>mMo CX§S> ñdmJV Ho$bo. ¶mM H$WmZH$mda AmMm¶© AÌo ¶m§Zr ˶mM dfu "nm¶mMr Xmgr' hm {MÌnQ> {X½X{e©V Ho$bm hmoVm. ‘mÌ, ¶mVbr gIy hr AbrH$S>À¶m H$mimVrb hmoVr. WmoS>³¶mV, g§VnQ>mMm gm‘m{OH$ nQ> ˶m§Zr Ho$bm.

¶mV gIwMr y{‘H$m dZ‘mbm ¶m§Zr, Va XþîQ> gmgyÀ¶m y{‘Ho$V XþJm© ImoQ>o hmo˶m. hm {MÌnQ> A’$mQ> JmObm.

¶mVrb "A§JUmV ’w$bë¶m OmB©-OwB© (g§JrV AÊUmgmho~ ‘mB©UH$a) Iyn bmoH${චPmbo hmoVo.

¶m{edm¶ g§V MmoIm‘oim, H$mÝhmonmÌm, g§V JmoamHw§$^ma, g§V am‘Xmg ¶m§À¶mdahr {MÌnQ> V¶ma Pmbo. ‘§Ji {MÌ g§ñWoH$Sy>Z "Omohma ‘m¶~mn' 1950 am‘ J~mbo ¶m§À¶m {X½Xe©ZmV {Z‘m©U Pmbm. ¶m {MÌnQ>mV nw.b. Xoenm§S>o ¶m§Zr g§V MmoIm‘oimMr y{‘H$m Ho$br hmoVr! nwb§Mr bmoH${à¶Vm H°$e H$aʶmgmR>r gmR>À¶m XeH$mV aU{OV ~wYH$a ¶m§Zr hm {MÌnQ> "hr dmQ> n§T>arMr' ¶m Zì¶m ZmdmZo àX{e©V Ho$bm. ¶mM ZmdmZo 1984 gmbr EH$m {MÌnQ>mMr {Z{‘©Vr gwê$ Pmbr hmoVr. ¶m {MÌnQ>mÀ¶m {MÌrH$aUmgmR>r 22 OyZ 1984 amoOr A{^ZoVo AéU gaZmB©H$ H$moëhmnyahÿZ n§T>anybm Hw$Qw>§{~¶m§gmo~V JmS>rZo {ZKmbo hmoVo. nU, ˶m§À¶m JmS>rbm AnKmV Pmbm Am{U ˶mV ˶m§Mm XþX£dr A§V Pmbm. nwT>Mr Mma df} hm {MÌnQ> S>ã¶mV Jobm. nwT>o AéU gaZmB©H$ ¶m§À¶m OmJr ~mi Ywar {MÌnQ>mV Ambo Am{U "n§T>arMr dmar' ¶m ZmdmZo {MÌnQ> àX{e©V Pmbm. a‘mH$m§V H$dR>oH$a ¶m§Mo {X½Xe©H$ hmoVo. "Y[abm n§T>arMm Mmoa' ho gw§Xa JmUo ¶m {MÌnQ>mV hmoVo. éT>mWm©Zo hm g§VnQ> ZìhVm, Vmo gm‘m{OH$ {MÌnQ> hmoVm. dmaH$è¶m§Mo ^md{díd ¶mV {MVmabo hmoVo. ¶m {MÌnQ>mMr H$Wm eaX VidiH$a ¶m§Mr hmoVr.

{dgmì¶m eVH$mVrb g§V gmB©~m~m, g§V JOmZZ ‘hmamO, lr ñdm‘r g‘W© Am{U g§V JmS>Jo~m~m ¶m§À¶m H$m¶©H$V¥Ëdma AZoH$ {MÌnQ> V¶ma Pmbo. AbrH$S>Mm H$mimV "XoD$i~§X' hm {MÌnQ> AbrH$SMm g§X © KoD$Z ~Zbm hmoVm. gܶm n§T>anya Am{U dmar ¶mda WoQ> {MÌnQ> ¶oV Zgbo Var {MÌnQ>mÀ¶m H$WmZH$mV ¶mMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. "b¶ ^mar', "E{bPm~oW EH$mXer', "dmar' ¶m {MÌnQ>m§VyZ ZdrZ {nT>rbmXoIrb ¶m g‘¥Õ dmaemMoM Xe©Z KS>Vo.

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~m°{bdyS>nQ>m§_Yë`m Z¥Ë`mbm Iè`m AWm©Zo ½b°_a {_idyZ {Xb§. "VoOm~'_Yë`m "EH$, Xmo, VrZ' `m JmÊ`m_wio _mYwar Xr{jV bmoH${à`VoÀ`m {eIamda nmohmoMbr. m JmÊ`mda {WaH$VmZm {VM§ Z¥Ë`H$m¡eë` nUmbm bmJb§ Agb§ Var Ë`m_mJo gamoO ImZ m§Mo AWH$ n[al_ hmoVo. gamoO ImZ `m§Zr ZìdXrM§ XeH$ JmOdb§. _mYwar, lrXodrbm "ñQ>maS>_' {_idyZ XoÊ`mV Ë`m§Mmhr _hÎdmMm dmQ>m hmoVm Ag§ åhQ>ë`mg dmdJ§ R>ê$ Z o. Ë`m§Zr _mYwargmo~V ~a§M H$m_ Ho$b§. "~oQ>m'_Yë`m "YH$ YH$ H$aZo bJm' m JmÊ`mM§ Z¥Ë`{X½Xe©Zhr Ë`m§ZrM Ho$b§ hmoV§. "A§Om_'_Yb§ "MZo Ho$ IoV _| Agmo', "XodXmg'_Yb§ "S>mobm ao S>mobm' Agmo qH$dm AJXr AbrH$S>À`m "H$b§H$'_Yb§ "V~mh hmo JE' ho JmU§ Agmo. gamoO ImZ `m§Mm "n[agñne©' bm^boë`m `m àË oH$ JmÊ`mM§ Iè`m AWm©Zo "gmoZ§' Pmb§. gamoO ImZ `m§Zr ~mbH$bmH$ma åhUyZ {MÌnQ>mV H$m_ Ho$b§ hmoV§. _mÌ, Ë`m§Zm Z¥Ë`mMr Iyn AmdS> hmoVr. Amnë`m `m H$bobm Ë`m§Zr Zdo Am`m_ {Xbo. ~m°{bdyS>_Ü o Z¥Ë`{X½X{e©H$m åhUyZ ñdV:bm àñWm{nV Ho$b§. AmOhr Z¥Ë`{X½X{e©H$m åhQ>b§ H$s gamoO ImZM AmR>dVmV. Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ A{^ZoÌtgmo~V H$m_ Ho$b§. _mÌ, _mYwargmo~V Ë`m§M§ doJi§M ZmV§ hmoV§. Ë`m§À`m ZmË`mMo ~§Y Iyn KÅ> hmoVo.

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