NTP1101_2011Handbook

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2011 TCNA Handbookfor Ceramic, Glass, and

Stone Tile Installation

Eric AstrachanTile Council of North America

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The Handbook Committee is a

collective of industry experts

Manufacturers

Sales/distribution

Labor

Related industry associations

Consultants

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TCNA facilitates the Handbook

process

TCNA receives submission

Subcommittee reviews submission

Submission revised as needed

Handbook Committee votes on submission

Committees comments and suggestions incorporated intofinal version

TCNA experts help rewrite the submission

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This revision year

Handbook tripled in size

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Operation Handbook Overhaul!

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Handbook Committee

NTCA & MIA Committees

TCNA Technical Committees

TCNA Staff

Ms. Stephanie Samulski whocontributed more than 3000hours to this project

Thank you:

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Whats in the Handbook?

Product Selection Guides

Ceramic Tile

Glass Tile

Natural Stone Tile

Setting Materials

Grout

Backer Board

Membrane

Green Building Considerations

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Field and Installation Requirements

Substrate requirements

Lighting

Mortar Coverage

Installation flatness and lippage (ANSI and MIA)

Grout joint size/patterns (ANSI and MIA)

Accessibility Wet area guidelines

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Ceramic Tile Selection GuideANSI A137.1 summarized

Definitions

Quarry

Pressed floor

Porcelain Mosaic

Glazed wall

Performance requirements

Breaking strength, bond strength, crazing, etc.

Abrasion Resistance

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Grade, Sampling

Required tests

Water absorption (ASTM C373)

SCOF (ASTM C1028)

Stain Resistance

Mounting Requirements

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Aesthetic Classifications V0V4

Dimensional requirements

Natural

Calibrated

Rectified

More precise than ISO

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Glass tile selection and installation guide

Definitions

Cast

Fused Low Temperature

Performance criteria

Impact Resistance, Thermal shock, Abrasion Resistance, etc.

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Emphasis on setting materials

Better mortars needed

Longer cure times

Uniform mortar depth (flat substrate)

Mortar alkalinity of cementitious mortar with

low-temperature-coated glass tiles

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Some installation tips

Do not fill hollow-shaped pieces

Flat substrate

required for uniform

mortar depth

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70 methods now include

glass tile as a materials option Selection Guide info reiteratedas bullets

Service Rating

Membrane Options

Materials

Selection of glass tile Selection of grout and mortar

Movement joints

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Natural Stone Tile Selection

and Installation Guide

Handbook installation methods/systems forinstalling tile are already being used for stone

NTCA sought stone-specific methods

Clarify which methods are OK

Highlight main selection and installation

considerations and precautions

Make it more obvious natural stone is different

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Primarily authored by Chuck Muehlbauer,

Technical Director for Marble Institute of America

Emphasis on selecting stone for the givenapplication



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Natural stone defined

has been harvested from its in-situ position, cut andmachined without altering the natural fabric

has a nominal thickness of less than and no facialdimension greater than 2

Does not include agglomerates and other

engineered products or stone that does not meetthe dimensional requirements



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Water-sensitivity

Acid Sensitivity

Fiberglass mesh reinforced stone

Soundness of Marbles

Filled Voids in Travertine

Pinholes in Marble

Variation in Abrasion Resistance



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Delamination

Anisotropy

Shading and Variation Efflorescence

Water Spots

Stone Finishes Staining issues

Sealers, impregnators, and color enhancers



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Voids/holes, often filled w/cementitious orresinous filler

Particularly for cross-cut tiles, many voids canexist just below finished surface, preventing

detection and filling in the factory.

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Concentrated load or point load will fracture thethin shell of stone

High-heeled shoes and wheeled carts arecommon offenders

Maintenance to fill voids as they appear overtime will be required when such stones used.

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Pinholes in marble

Many marbles have pinholes visible in the faceof the material.

As many as 100 or more per square foot.

Not a defect

Proper sampling required

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Expectation of Shading and Variation

Stone is a product of nature with inherentvariation in color, shade, and character

Piece to piece variation is characteristic andacceptable

Several pieces should be supplied as a sample

Samples should be current Range of stones actually supplied should be reviewed

and accepted prior to installation.

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Expectation of Shading and Variation

Dry laying pieces before installation helpsensure a pleasing blend

Not always feasible

Not required or expected unless specified inwriting by the project superintendent orowner

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Handling Shading and variation

Blend material from multiple packaging unitsto distribute the variation throughout the

project and to avoid a blocking effect

For larger projects, may not be feasible toview pieces from the full lot

Project superintendant shall coordinate withthe tile contractor to determine viewing and

acceptance procedures

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Handling Shading and variation

Superintendant is the owners representative onthe jobsite and must identify issues immediately

Contractor is responsible for blending tiles, butnot for future issues arising over shade differences

or individual stone pieces

Suppliers typically will not address issues of shadevariation and acceptability after installation.

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Selection of other materials

Use epoxy mortar for moisture-sensitive stoneand fiberglass mesh reinforced stone

Use white setting materials for light stones

Use unsanded grout for soft stones



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55 Stone Methods

Selection Guide info reiteratedas bullets

Service Rating

Limitations

Materials

Selection of stone tile

Selection of grout and mortar

Requirements

Prep by Other Trades

Notes

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Setting Materials Selection Guide

New medium bed mortar definition

ISO product specifications listed for eachapplicable setting material type

Example: latex/polymer modified

mortar can be specified perANSI A118.4 or ISO C criteria

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Grout Selection Guide

New Premixed Polymer Resin Grout definition

New epoxy emulsion grout definition

New section on stain-resistance and color consistencyof cementitious grouts

ISO product specifications listed for each applicablesetting material type Example: cementitious grouts can be specified per

ANSI A118.6, A118.7 or ISO CG criteria

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More on ANSI and ISO

TCNA Grout/Mortar Subcommitteedetermined minimum performance required

for each Handbook installation method

Materials must meet one or the other

Cannot be correlated Different properties are measured

Different tests used to measure properties

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More on ANSI and ISO

ANSI product standards available from TCNA

ISO products standards available from ISO

Handbook Appendix A

Provides key to ISO nomenclature

Provides testing/performance requirements forthe materials to meet the designations

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Green Building Standards and

Rating Systems Guide

LEED

CHPS

ICC-700

IGCC

Recycled content

Regional availability

Indoor Air Quality Exterior Contribution

Cleaning and

Maintenance Durability

Life Cycle Performance

Innovation

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Tile is the Natural Choice Brochure

Updated for 2011 Expanded to Encompass Tiled Finishes as a Whole Tiles and Installation Materials

General Information on EnvironmentalSustainability of Tiled Surfaces

Information on LEED and Other Green BuildingStandards/Rating Systems

12 Reasons to Choose Tile

Independent Life Cycle Cost Analysis of 17 FloorCoverings

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Important Field & Installation

Requirements

Maximum allowable deflection

Natural Stone on post-tensioned concrete

Natural Stone over wood substrates Proper spacing of wood subflooring and wood

underlayments

Subsurface tolerances

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Important Field & Installation

Requirements

Lighting

Coverage

Flatness and Lippage Grout joint size and pattern considerations

Accessibility

Wet Areas Guidelines

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Maximum Allowable Deflection

Code complianceIBC, IRC

Owner and design professionals responsibilityto plan for live and dead loads

Tile contractor not responsible for failures ofoverloading

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Floor Installation Weights

Dead LoadThe weight of materials ofconstruction incorporated into the building,including floors

Tile and installation materials are included

Design professional must also includesubstrate materials

Sometimes the tile is

the last straw

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Floor Installation Weights

Appendix B Assumptions used in calculations

Weights of individual installation components

Using the weights provided and Appendix B,design professionals can accommodate theweight of the installation method chosen,including when actual components weighmore or less than the typical weightsprovided

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Floor Installation Weights Examples

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Popular ANSI standards: Lippage

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Lippage in stone tile flooring is accentuated tighter joints

slight or no chamfer

high gloss, polished finish

Allowable lippage between adjacent units ofsmooth finished natural stone is 1/32

Lippage in Natural Stone

Installations

P l ANSI t d d

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At least 3 times the actual variation of facial

dimensions of the tile supplied

Not less than 1/16

To accommodate the range in facialdimensions, grout joint size may, of necessity,

vary from grout joint size specified

Popular ANSI standards:

Minimum grout joint width for

ceramic tile installations

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Tile with a 1/16 variation in facial dimensionsrequires a 3/16 or wider grout joint

1/16 (amount of variation)

.x 3

3/16

Based on field measurement of dimensions

Minimum grout joint widthexample

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Minimum grout joint width for

Natural Stone Tile Installations

Not less than 1/16

Stone is machined to size and generally hasless variation in facial dimensions

P l ANSI t d d

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Running Bond/Brick Joint Patterns

For tiles (square or rectangular) with any sidegreater than 15

minimum 1/8 grout joint for rectified tiles minimum 3/16 grout joint for calibrated tiles

P l ANSI t d d

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Increase the minimum width of the grout jointby the amount of edge warpage on the

longest edge of the actual tiles being

installed.

P l ANSI t d d

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Example:

1/8 (baseline minimum for rectified tile)

+ 1/32 (edge warpage, long side of actual tile)

5/32 (average minimum grout joint allowed)

Some grout joints will be less/more than theaverage minimum to accommodate thespecific tiles supplied.

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when offset side is 18 or longer

For tiles (square or rectangular) where the sidebeing offset is greater than 18 (nominal) the

offset will be a maximum of 33% unless

otherwise specified by the tile manufacturer.

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when offset side is 18 or longer

If an offset greater

than 33% isspecified, specifier

and owner must

approve mock-up

and lippage.


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in Natural Stone Tile Installations

Not an issue due to warpage

IS an issue due to installation and unevensubstrates

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Increasingly large tiles have led to

NEW substrate flatness tolerances

for thin-bed methods

Old tolerance

in 10 and1/16 in 1 from

the requiredplane

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Increasingly large tiles have led to

NEW substrate flatness tolerances

NEW: For tiles with all edges shorter than 15

in 10 from the required plane no more than 1/16 variation in 12

NEW: For tiles with at least one edge 15 long 1/8 in 10 from the required plane

no more than 1/16 variation in 24

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Substrate Flatness for

Natural Stone Tile

Installed with a Thin-Bed Method

1/8 in 10

S b t t fl t f t b d

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Substrate flatness for mortar bed

and self-leveling methods

in 10 for ceramic tile and stone

Realistically, these methods can accommodateeven a little more variation, especially mortar

beds

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Ceramic Tile 80% in dry areas

95% in wet areas

Evenly distributed tosupport edges and corners

Natural Stone

95% with no voids exceeding 2 in

No voids within 2 of tile corners

All corners and edges fully supported

Back-buttering recommended

Mortar Coverage

A id E i M t d

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Avoid Excessive Mortar and

Non-Uniform Mortar Depth

Particularly for softer marbles, limestones,and travertines, uneven mortar shrinkage can

cause a fine but visible crack

Larger glass tiles also vulnerable

Medium-bed mortar can help, but is not

intended for truing or leveling

Substrate preparation, mortar bed, orself-leveling methods should be considered

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Wall Wash Lighting

Lights located at wall/ceiling interface ormounted on the wall

Produces shadows and accentuatesacceptable lippage and warpage

Same effect on floors from natural lighting

Does it Matter?

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Wall WashLighting -

Does itMatter?

You Bet!!!

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Environmental Classifications

Designations applied to each method

Res for residential

Com for commercial

Residential vs. commercial

Greater water exposure incommercial applications

To avoid confusion where floorshave a residential service rating

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Residential application that will not beexposed to moisture or liquid except forcleaning purposes.

Examples: Floors in rooms with no directaccess to the outdoors and no wet utilityfunction: living rooms, dining rooms, and

bedrooms; dry area ceilings, soffits,decorative/accent walls, fireplaces, somebacksplashes and some wainscots.

Res1 (Residential Dry)

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Commercial installation that will not beexposed to moisture or liquid except forcleaning purposes. Commercial cleaning andmaintenance practices typically generate

greater water exposure than residentialpractices.

Examples: Floors in areas with no direct accessto the outdoors and no wet utility function,such as hallways; dry area ceilings; soffits;decorative/accent walls; corridor walls.

Com1 (Commercial Dry)

Res2 and Com2

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Tile surfaces that are subjected to moisture or liquidsbut do not become soaked or saturated due to thesystem design or time exposure.

Residential examples: Floors in bathrooms, kitchens,mudrooms, laundry, and foyers, where waterexposure is limited and/or water is removed; somebacksplashes, some wainscots, some countertops

Commercial Examples: Floors in bathrooms andlocker rooms; some backsplashes and other walls,such as bathroom walls and wainscots where water

exposure is limited and/or water is removed.

Res2 and Com2

Limited Water Exposure

R 3 d C 3

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Res3 and Com3

Wet areas

Tile surfaces that are soaked, saturated, or regularlyand frequently subjected to moisture or liquids.

Residential examples: Shower floors; floors andother horizontal surfaces where water is notremoved or drained, such as some countertops; tubwalls and shower walls.

Commercial Examples: Tub walls, shower walls andfloors (not including gang showers), and somecommercial kitchen floors and walls.

Res4 and Com4

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Res4 and Com4

High Humidity, Heavy Moisture

Tile surfaces that are subject to continuous highhumidity or heavy moisture exposure.

Res4 and Com4

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Res4 and Com4

High Humidity, Heavy Moisture

Residential examples: Intermittent-usesteam shower walls, ceilings, and

floors; enclosed pool area walls.

Commercial examples: Continuous usesteam shower/steam room walls and

ceilings, enclosed pool areas,natatoriums, gang showers.

R 5 d C 5

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Res5 and Com5

High temperature air/water 125F

Tile surfaces frequently subjected to water orvapor equal to or greater than 125F

Residential examples: furnace and boiler areas

Commercial examples: Commercial saunas, furnaceand boiler areas, and some commercial kitchens

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Res6 and Com6: Exteriors

Tile surfaces exposed to exterior conditions. Whendesigning such installations, consider local climateand conditions including temperature andtemperature fluctuations, humidity and humidity

fluctuations, and freeze/thaw cycling. Residential examples: Exterior walls, balconies,

decks

Commercial examples: Exterior walls, balconies,

decks.

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Limitations of Classification System

Use and maintenance by owner may exceedsystem capacity

Owner and design professional responsible forselecting appropriate method

Tile contractor not responsible for moistureexposure exceeding methods limitations

Wet Area Guidelines

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Wet Area Guidelines

Inclusion of a drain w/waterproofingsloped to drain

Shower pan membranes

Open weep holes Complete wrapping of curb

Integrity of folded (not cut) in-corners

Vapor retarder membrane overlap

Thickness and cure time of liquid-applied and trowel-applied bonded

waterproof membranes

Wet Area Guidelines

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Greenboard and Mastic

No seam overlap

Grouted to tub

Plugged weep holesNails in curb

Relative to the amount constructed,

Nothing fails more often than shower pans(well, except steam showers)

Wet Area Guidelines

Th d li ti f til th d

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The duplication of tile methods

to create stone methods

unearthed inconsistencies,

unclear cross-referencing,

and unclear recommendations

Edi i l O h l

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Editorial Overhaul

Language standardized

Language placementstandardized to clarifyresponsibility

Cross references eliminated

Clarification of recommendations

Are upgraded materialsneeded?

Are upgraded materialsincluded?

I t t E i ti C t i

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Improvements to Existing Categories

Requirements and Preparation by Other Tradesimproved to better indicate tile specification

and installation versus specification and

installation of other materials

Notes, previously at bottom of pagenot clearif language was mandatory


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Recommended Uses and Limitations updatedfor relevancy to real-world considerations

Utilize mortar bed or thin-bed attributes?

On-ground and/or above-ground?

Ab d h d d

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Above-ground methods separated

to highlight important differences

Minimum performance mortar

ANSI A118.1 or ISO C1 for on-ground installations

ANSI A118.4 or ISO C2S1 for above-ground installations

Movement joints

Every 20 to 25 for on-ground

Every 8 to 12 for above-ground

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Above-Ground Cautions

Limitations: Requires additional consideration by design professional

to accommodate movement and/or deflection. Settingmaterials with improved bond strength and deformability

are required.

Requirements:

Above-ground installations are inherently more

susceptible to vibration and deflection. Grout and mortarmanufacturer to warrant suitability of installationmaterials.

Ab d C ti

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Above-ground Cautions

Preparation by Other Trades: When concentrated loads (scissor lifts, pallet jacks,

automobiles, forklifts, etc.) will be used on an

above-ground tile floor, the engineer and/orspecifier shall specify a substrate to accommodate

the concentrated loads. Owner/specifier is

responsible for protecting the tilework fromdamage, including allowing sufficient time for

installed materials to cure properly.

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Materials section now indicates if minimum

performance mortar must be upgraded toaccommodate porcelain, membranes, etc.

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Multiple options exist for membranes, mortars, grouts,and other materials and MUST BE CLEARLY SPECIFIED to

be included. If not specifically indicated, optional

materials are not included

and mortar/grout choice defaults to minimumperformance specification indicated. Consider each

system component and intended use to determineminimum requirements and specify options.

N C t i

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New Categories

Environmental Classifications

Typical Weight of Tile Installation

Service Rating

Rating from Floor Tiling Installation Guide

Membrane Options

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Optional Membranes

Optional crack isolation or waterproof membranepreviously mentioned in almost all methods

No mention that better mortar might be needed

No mention of possible affect on floor service rating

No mention of changed suitability

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Membrane Options

New category created to clarify types ofmembranes that may be used

When glass tile is used, check with glass tilemanufacturer for membrane options

Cautions user to check with membranemanufacturer for changes of method suitability

Exterior, moisture vapor transmission, chemicalresistance, above-ground use, etc.

N M th d d Si ifi t

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New Methods and Significant

Changes to Existing Methods

N ll th d W248

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New wall method: W248

Glass-matwater-resistant

gypsum backer board

Walls in dry areas,including tubs with

no shower head

New Floor Method: F250 Stone

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New Floor Method: F250 Stone

Unique to stone

For using backer board

over a wood substrate

Two layers of structuralwood panels required

due to discontinuity atseams in subfloor

Single layer permittedfor mortar bed

New Pool Method: P602

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New Pool Method: P602

For tanks that need tobe waterproofed

Cementitiouswaterproofing applied

Mortar bed bondedto waterproofing

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F125 Tile: Soft Materials Caution

Tiles that do not meet the breaking strengthrequirement of ANSI A137.1, such as Saltillo tiles,

can be subject to breakage from strain induced by

membrane movement or deflection over softer,compressible membrane material. Consult

membrane and tile manufacturers

Modified testing can be performed

F125 Stone: Soft Materials Caution

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F125 Stone: Soft Materials Caution

Stone tiles with reduced flexural strength, or naturalplanes of separation within the stone fabric may be

vulnerable to breakage either due to elongation

strain of the membrane or deflection over softer,compressible membrane materials. Consult

membrane manufacturer and stone supplier

Modified testing can be performed

EJ171 M t J i t

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EJ171: Movement Joints

EJ171 Mo ement Joints

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all expansion, control, construction, cold, saw-cut, isolation, contraction, and seismic joints inthe structure should continue through thetilework, including such joints at vertical surfaces.

If proprietary crack isolation membrane isspecified over saw cut joints to relocate amovement joint, contrary to EJ-171, the tilecontractor is not responsible for cracking in grout

joints or tile where tile has been installed overany such relocated movement joints, providedthe tile, membrane, and other materials areinstalled correctly;

EJ171 Movement Joints

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Where tile pattern falls diagonally across asaw-cut joint, relocation of the movement

joint is specifically not recommended because

of the reduced performance of the sealantwhen used in a saw tooth or other non-linear

fashion.

Steam Shower Revisions

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SR613

concrete/masonry

SR614 wood/metal

framed walls

Steam shower improvements

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Duration of use as a steam room or steam shower asdetermined by membrane manufacturer; lower membranewater vapor permeance decreases water vaportransmission

Bonded waterproof membrane (sheet, liquid, and trowel-on) must be continuous and must adequately limit vaportransmission into adjacent spaces and building materials,according to intended duration of use as a steam room orsteam shower.

Specify adequate insulation on walls and ceilings to reducecondensation.


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Specifier shall indicate how waterproofing andvapor retarding is to be achieved, includingdetails for membrane penetrations such aspenetrations for plumbing, lighting fixtures, etc.

Specifier shall also indicate where and how towaterproof curbs and jambs and wheremembrane terminates.

Seal all membrane penetrations with appropriate

sealant according to membrane manufacturersrequirements.

Steam Shower Improvements

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Use of softened water in steam showers and steam roomshelps reduce grout and tile staining due to iron and/or hardwater. Such stains may require harsh chemicals for removal.Select products suitable for water type and maintenancepractices that will be used.

Standard grouts will need to be periodically maintainedover the life of the steam shower.

Steam unit design must take into consideration the affect ofmoisture vapor transmission (MVT) on opposite side ofsteam unit walls. MVT can cause efflorescence and canaffect paints and other adhered finishes.

Steam Shower Improvements

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Contractors Listed by State

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Contractors Listed by State

Local, regional, or national availability

Residential or commercial

Number of certified installers

Individual certified installers also listed

alphabetically for consumer cross referencing

Thank You Certification Hosts!

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Thank You Certification Hosts!

Local testing makes certification accessible

CTEF Financial Sponsors

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Thank You Financial Sponsors!

WE NEED YOU!

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WE NEED YOU!

Distributors:

Please consider hosting a CTEF/CTI Session!

Installers:

Please consider getting certified!

The OnlyIndustry Recognized and Supported Program!!

Thank You!

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Thank You!

Documents

NTP1101_2011Handbook