OJOPM20110100003_77490781

7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullojopm2011010000377490781 112

Open Journal of Organic Polymer Materials 2011 3 8-19doi104236ojopm201111002 Published Online October 2011 (httpwwwSciRPorgjournalojopm)

Copyright copy 2011 SciRes OJOPM

Improving Functional Characteristics of Wool and Some

Synthetic Fibres

O G Allam National Research Centre Textile Research Division Dokki Cairo Egypt

E-mail omaimaalaamyahoocom

Received August 22 2011 revised September 28 2011 accepted October 5 2011

Abstract

The present article reviews recent developments in different treatments that confer functional characteristicson wool and some synthetic fibers such as acrylic polyamide and polyester of these functionalities mentionis made of shrinkage-resistance felt proofing ant pilling antimicrobial surface properties (hydrophilic soil

-resistance water and oil-repellency) self-cleaning anti odor and flame retardant The article also illustratesnanotechnology applications to improve and or to induce some of these properties Improvement of these properties can give the fibres an important position between the textile fibres which make them more con-venient in different uses

Keywords Functional Wool Synthetic Fibres

1 Introduction

The different types of textiles are (A) natural fibres suchas cotton wool and silk) and (B) man-made fibers syn-thetic fibres (polyester-polyamide-acrylic) regenerated

cellulosic fibres (viscose) and their blend fibres All fibers types are negatively affected by the economic slumpWorld wool production has continued downward fallingin 2008 from about 3 to 116 million tons Appro-ximately world wool production is 13 million tons per year On the other hand the global production trend insynthetic fibres has been recently increased especially

polyester fibres as shown underThere are considerable amount of textile deficiencies

Therefore different methods of treatment are needed toimprove them

Textiles are sometimes finished by chemical processes

to change their characteristics In the 19th century andearly 20th century starching was commonly used to makeclothing more resistant to stains and wrinkles

Recently with advances in technologies such as pe-rmanent press process finishing agents have been used tostrengthen fabrics and make them wrinkle free

More recently developed permanent treatments basedon metallic nanoparticles for making textiles more res-istant to water stains wrinkles and pathogens have led toadditional advancements Textiles received a range of tre-atments before they reach the end-user from formal-

dehyde finishes (to improve crease-resistance) to biocidesfinishes and from flame retardants to dyeing of manytypes of fabris the possibilities are almost endless

However many of these finishes may also have detri-mental effects on the end user Consequently presence of

chemical treatment quality control and testing methodsare of utmost importance [1-4]

The rapid growth in textile industry and in their end-uses has generated many opportunities for the appli-cation of innovative chemical finishes Hence it is im-

portant to show the functional characteristics of wool andsome synthetic fibres such as felting amp shrinkage pillingmicrobial surface characteristics etc

Organically grown fibres can be treated with toxic ch-emicals for the lsquoproofingrsquo mentioned above and thesechemicals can cause health and environment problems [5]

2 Functional PropertiesWith respect to wool there are two main deficienciesshrinkage (felting) and pilling that should be eliminated toThis could be achieved by varied treatments and methodsof application namely chemical enzymatic cyclodextrinsericin and plasma treatments as outlined below

21 Shrinkage-Resistance

211 Chemical Treatments

Felting and shrinkage constitute wool disadvantage

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O G ALLAM 9

The hydrophobic nature and scale structure of thewool fiber led to the fiber to move towards their root endunder mechanical action in the wet state [6]

Many methods and chemical treatments have beendeveloped for preventing shrinkage of wool fibres The

first is coating with resins such as polyamide epichloro-hydrin or grafting polymers onto wool fibres The secondis morphological modification of the cuticular cells bychemical or physical treatment [7]

Wool fibers were rendered shrink-proofing without ca-using any damage to the hydrophobic nature of the scalesurface through treating them with glycerol polyglycidylether (GPE) in concentrated salt solutions

The role of GPE is not to chemically modify the fibresurface but to crosslink the cuticular cells to prevent th-eir edges from prominence in aqueous media Excellentshrinkage resistance can be imparted to wool by applying

GPE in saturated NaCl (sodium chloride) solution in the presence of a reductive agent such as Sodium metab-isulfite (Na2S2O5) while the hydrophobic nature of thesurface remains unchanged [7]

In addition as treatment for shrinkage in wool fabricsodium methoxide or sodium hydroxide at low concen-tration in a 2-propanol medium was used [8]

Moreover dichlorodicyanuric acid (DCCA) oxidationconfers a negative charge on the wool fibre surface gen-erally attributed to conversion of cysteine amino acids tocysteic acid and the formation of cystine sulfonic acid[9-12] Additionally DCCA is one of the oldest chlorin-ating reagents for imparting shrinkage resistance to woolThe 5 DCCA hydrogen peroxide treatment improvesshrinkage resistance by 54 and whiteness by 63when compared to untreated fabrics [13]

212 Enzymes

Enzymes are biocatalysts or activators which can speed upchemical processes that otherwise run slowly The most of enzymatic processes are combined with chemicals or

plasma radiations A proteolytic enzyme derived from the bacterium streptomycin fradiae has been applied on wool to improve its shrinkage resistance properties

Shrink reduction is greater with less intense washing

treatments Although there is a certain amount of shri-nkage reduction in severe washing methods the effect isnot sufficient for practical purposes [14]

Pretreatment of the wool with proteolytic enzyme papain improve shrinkage resistance to wool tops

This process may be considered as a zero-absorbableorganohalogens (AOX) shrink-proofing treatment [15]

It was established that alkaline hydrogen peroxidesystem that includes dicyandiamide gluconic acid andtriton surfactant used alone or followed by enzymetreatments control shrinkage in wool fabrics to 30 and

12 respectively [16]Shrinkage of wool fabric can be controlled by oxida-

tion and protease treatment however strength loss usu-ally results There is reasonable expectation that by ap-

plying transglutaminase (TG) to oxidized and enzymati-

cally treated wool strength can be increased [17]

213 Cyclodextrins

Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides These mole-cules are able to form inclusion complexes with a largenumber of organic molecules The properties of cyclo-dextrins enable them to be used in a variety of differenttextile applications Cyclodextrins may act as auxiliariesin washing and dyeing processes They could be madenew functional properties for textiles [18] Cyclodextrinsare interesting in the optimization of textile technologiesas well They have been used to remove surfactants from

the goods or to enhance activity of enzymatic processes infinishing processes like degumming desizing or felt-freefinishing of wool [19]

214 Sericin

Sericin is a biopolymer of molecular weight ranges be-tween 10-300 k Da About 50000 ton of sericin is pro-duced annually during degumming of silk Utilization of sericin is limited to some nontextile uses eg antioxi-dant in the field of medicine cosmetics and food anti-

bacterial products for diapers and wound dressing [2021] Recently Sericin is found to be efficient in felt

proofing wool fibers especially in the presence of acrosslinker such as Dimethylol Dihydroxy Ethylene Urea(DMDHEU) Dimethyl Dihydroxy Ethylene Urea(DMeDHEU) or Epichlorohydrin (ECH) The feltingresistance of wool fibres treated with the system Hydro-gen peroxide (H2O2) Sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) ser-icinECH is the same as the felting resistance obtained byusing commercially available synthetic polymers Beinga relatively cheap natural biodegradable polymer pro-duced from renewable resources sericin is an acceptable

base for felt proofing treatments of wool tops [22]

215 Plasma

Plasma as a very active tool can be used to modify thesurface of substrate known as plasma activation or plas-ma modification to impart some desired properties [23]

Molina et al have treated wool fabric with water va- por plasma which was produced in a radio-frequency(RF) reactor with 100Pa and 100W at different treatmenttimes The wool shrink tendency was clearly reduced[24] There are many different ways to induce the ioniza-tion of gases such as Glow-Discharge Corona Dischargeand Dielectric-Barrier Discharge It is published that theoxygen plasma treatments by using a glow discharge


7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM


10

222 Enzymes generator of four types of wool fibre having different di-ameters decreases felting [25] It has recently been sh-own that anti-felting behavior of wool fibres was impr-oved using Argon (Ar) plasma treatment as shown as thefollowing Figure 1 [26]

Wool fabric can modified with ecologically acceptableUV-assisted enzymatic treatments to reduce its pillingwith an acceptable loss in weight and strength of the fab-ric [29] Pilling is undesirable property that affects han-

dle and appearance of fabrics and a serious problem for textile industry [27] Using Hexanediol or pentaerythritolto crosslink acrylic fibres that contain the methyl acrylate group improved the pilling performance of acrylicfibres [3031]

a) Untreated b) No 1 Sample was placed on the cathode Ar gas

was used for 7 minc) No 2 Sample was placed on the cathode O2 gas

was used for 7 mind) No 3 Sample was placed on the Anode O2 gas

was used for 7 min 23 Antimicrobiale) No 4 Sample was placed on the Anode N2 gas

was used for 7 min Textiles have long been recognized as media to supportthe growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungiThese microorganisms are found almost everywhere inthe environment and can multiply quickly when basic

requirements such as moisture nutrients and tempera-ture are met Most synthetic fibres due to their high hy-drophobic are more resistant to attacks by microorgan-isms than natural fibres [32]

22 Anti-Pilling

Pilling of wool is a physical phenomenon that takes placeon the surface of a garment The pills are formed duringwear and washing by the entanglement of loose fibres

present on the surface [27]The application methods of antimicrobial agents and

some of the most recent developments in antimicrobialtreatments of textiles use various active agents such assilver quaternary ammonium salts polyhexamethylene

biguanide triclosan chitosan dyes and regenerable N-halamine compounds and peroxyacids [33]

221 Plasma

Plasma treatment of textile fabrics and yarns was inves-tigated to improve pilling

A thin film (Si Ox Cy Hz ) was deposited on knittedwool fabrics by plasma low pressure using hexamethyld-isiloxane as the monomer and argon and oxygen as feedgases to reducing pill formation of wool [28]

Methods of anti-microbial treatment of fibers include(1) Grafted copolymers (2) Synthetic dyes (3) Qua-

(a) Untreated

(b) No 1 (c) No 2

(d) No 3 (e) No 4

Figure 1 Sample description

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O G ALLAM 11

ternary ammonium compounds (4) Chitosan (5) cyclo-dextrins (6) plasma

231 Grafted Copolymers

In order to obtain textile materials with antimicrobial performances the following procedures are used (1)impregnation of the fibrous material with a solutionsuspension or emulsion of the bactericidal (fungicidal)

product (2) padding of an antimicrobial product from itssoluble state into an insoluble one on the fibrous material(3) binding of an antimicrobial product on the fibrethrough chemical bonds (ionic coordinative covalent)(4) immersion of a bactericidal product either in thespinning solution or melt during preparation of thechemical fibers To have antimicrobial wool textile mate-rials methods based on binding of a bactericidal product

to functional groups of the fibrous material throughchemical links are used Chemical binding of biologicallyactive products on wool fibres is performed either bysynthesis of grafted copolymers (bactericidal products

bind to the wool keratin) or by applying antimicrobialdyes (acridines aminoacridines quinones methylene

blue etc) The fabrics obtained by wool grafting demon-strated good ionic exchange properties [3435]

232 Synthetic Dyes

Some synthetic dyes are used in textile industry egmetallic dyestuff and have been specifically made withantimicrobial activity

New series of azo disperse dyestuffs prepared by thereaction of sulphanilamidodiazonium chloride derivativeswith indan-1 3-dione gave excellent dyeing and antim-icrobial results on wool and nylon [36]

Novel cationic dyes were synthesized showed varyinglevels of antimicrobial activities depending on their structures but when applied to acrylic fabrics the antim-icrobial durability generally did not last for more thanfive washes [37]

233 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have been

widely used as disinfectants [38] The attachment of QAC to a textile substrate is believed to be predomi-nantly by ionic interaction between the cationic QACand anionic fibre surface Therefore fibres such as acri-lan and orlon which contain carboxylic or sulfonategroups QAC can be directly exhausted under near boil-ing conditions

Similarly the glutamyl and aspartyl residues in wool provide carboxylic groups Exhaustion of (QACs) ontowool can render it antimicrobial with durability to 10launderings [39-41] In general durable antimicrobial

properties could be achieved on acrylic fabrics bychemical incorporation with quaternary ammonium saltssuch as cetylpyridinium The study found thatcetylpyridinium concentration affected the adsorption

process and antimicrobial properties of acrylic fabricsThe cetylpyridinium chloride could form ionic interac-tions with anionic groups on acrylic fibres which con-tribute to durable antimicrobial functions [42]

Other synthetic fibres such as nylon 66 contain fewer reactive sites and are quite resistant to chemical modifi-cation procedures including antimicrobial finishing Sunand his colleagues have dyed out the fabrics first withacid dyes before application of QACs under alkalineconditions The ionic interaction between the dye mole-cules and the QAC was strong to provide a semi durableantimicrobial finishing [4344]

234 Chitosan

Chitosan was found to inhibit the growth of microbes[4546] It is a naturally available biopolymer which isnow increasingly being used as a functional finish ontextile substrates to impart antimicrobial characteristics

Henna a natural dye with proven bactericidal propertieswas applied on wool fabrics along with chitosan to impartantimicrobial characteristics [47] Acrylic antimicrobial fibres were prepared by coating chitosan on chemicallymodified acrylic fibres [48] The chitosan-modifiedacrylic fibres showed excellent antimicrobial activityagainst Staphylococcus aureus compared with the un-treated original acrylic fibres The modified acrylic fibrestreated with chitosan showed high durability to launder-ing probably due to strong ionic interaction between chi-tosan and the modified The direct antimicrobial finishingof acrylic fibres may have applicability both in sport wear and biomedical textiles field by providing some addi-tional functions of odor control [49] Moreover water-

borne polyurethane is prepared and reacted with chitosanas chain extender The Prepared polyurethane chitosanwas studied as antimicrobial agent of acrylic fabrics [50]

235 Cyclodextrins

Cyclodextrins (CDs) play a significant role in the antim-icrobial agents for Polyamide fabrics [5152] It wasfound that the treatment with 30-50 gl Cyclodextrin (CD)or monochlorotriazinyl cyclodextrin (CD-T) has en-hanced the antimicrobial activity the highest antimicro-

bial activity was imparted upon treatment with CDT thanCD [53] The addition of quaternary ammonium saltsincreases the antimicrobial activity [54]

236 Plasma

As some life styles have become more active sportswear


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O G ALLAM12

active wear and casual wear may become more easilycontaminated by perspiration leading to bacterial growthand body odors [55] especially synthetic fabrics Plasmatreatment can take the place of the traditional chemical

processes However Plasma technologies still find diffi-

culties in being widely accepted by the textile industry[56] Plasma grafting is grafting of molecules on the ma-terial surface after Plasma activation [57]

The properties of polyester fabrics grafted with chito-san oligomerspolymers after being activated by atmos-

pheric pressure plasmas were evaluated The antibacte-rial effect was most evident when the surface of fabricswas activated by atmospheric pressure plasma for 60 to120 seconds and grafted with chitosan oligomers [58]

24 Hydrophilicty Soil-ResistanceWater-Repellency Oil-repellency

There properties could be imparted to wool and other fibres through

(1) Chemical (2) Enzymes (3) Cyclodextrins (4) Ca-sein (5) Plasma treatments as cited below


It is well known that surface characteristic of fibres playan important role in the functional and aesthetic propertiesof their fabrics and many surface modifications bychemical treatments are able to improve textile propertiesExposure of reactive chemical functional groups throughcontrolled surface lipid removal provides a means for co-valent attachment of novel molecular entities to the woolfibre surface

The surface modification of wool by means of aque-ous hydroxylamine treatment was investigated [59]

242 Enzymes

Uses of enzymes available for application in textile wet processing

Continues to increase each year Clearly the use of various enzymes to carry out surface hydrolysis of poly-ester fibres to increase fibre hydrophilicity has been re-

ported The use of nitrile hydrates enzyme to modify the

surface of acrylic fibres converting the surface nitrilegroups into amide groups thereby increasing the hydro-

philicity and the antistatic properties of the fibres [60-64]

243 Cyclodextrins

On treating textile materials with cyclodextrin-containingfinishes the physically fixed cyclodextrins allow theeasy removal of sweat or sweat degradation productsfrom the textile by preventing their penetration into thefibre interior [65]

Wool and synthetic fabrics (polyester) were treatedwith deodorizing agents formulated with cyclodextrin toattain wash resistant and odor-absorbing propertiesAnumber of examples are given for permanent fixation of various cyclodextrin derivatives via functional groups

onto fibre surfaces including hydrophobically substitutedderivatives on synthetic fibres and cationically andanionically modified derivatives on polyamide fabric Thecyclodextrin derivatives contained functional groups suchas dihydroxypropyl hydroxyhexyl alkoxyhydroxypropyl

phenoxyhydroxypropyl carboxymethyl hydroxytrimet-hylammonium chloride and chlorotriazinyl [66]

244 Casein

Acrylic fibre due to its relatively cheap price and manysuperior characteristics such as soft wool-like handmachine washable dayable and excellent colour reten-

tion is used in the textile industry But acrylic fibre alsoexhibits some obvious disadvantages which greatly lim-its its further applications [68] A novel chemical modi-fication method of acrylic fibre was employed by graft-ing of caseinmdasha natural polymer-onto the surface of acrylic fibre The results showed that casein had beengrafted onto the acrylic fibre to improve the surface of acrylic fibre Moisture absorption water retention andspecific electric resistance were found to be improved ascompared with the untreated fibre [67]

245 Plasma

Plasma pretreatments are environmentally benign andenergy efficient processes for modifying the surface

chemistry of materials [68-69] And also they can beapplied to all kinds of fibres yarns or fabrics (such aswool polyacrylic polyamide and polyester) to givethese materials an extremely wide range of functionalities(anti-felting antistatic flame retardancy and ol-eophobicity) [70] Wool is partially-ionized in gas nor-mally generated by an electrical discharge at near ambienttemperatures

Plasma often considered as the fourth state of matteris composed of an ionized gas containing a mixture of

ions electron neutral and excited molecule and photonsThe main attraction of plasma in industrial processing isin the avoidance of chemical effluents beside rapid reac-tion times and high cleaning efficiency Many surface

properties of synthetic fibers can be successfully alteredusing plasma technology These surface properties in-clude wet ability dye ability and electrical conductivity[71]

In addition the harsher handle imparted by plasmamodification is improved with silicone treatment Theresults show that the plasma pretreatment modifies the


7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 13

cuticle surface of the wool fibres and increases the reac-tivity of the wool fabric toward silicone polymers [72]

Glow-discharge plasma treatments can be used for ac-tivation grafting deposition or etching wool fabric sam-

ples which have been treated with a trichloroethylene

solution of zonyl fluoro monomer in argon plasma toobtain high levels of water-and oil-repellency [73]

Moreover fabrics were treated in low temperature plasma to increase soil resistance

Polyacrylonitrile fabrics were directly treated inacrylic acid water and argon plasma Dye ability and

soil resistance of polyacrylonitrile fabrics were signifi-cantly improved by these methods and more hydrophilicsurfaces were created [74]

It was reported that nylon fabrics were treated withdifferent plasma gases exhibit a slight decrease in the air

permeability probably due to plasma action whereby

increasing the fabric thickness and a change in the fabricsurface morphology accrued The change in the thermal properties of the treated polyamide fabrics can be attrib-uted to the amount of air trapped between the yarns [75]

Polyamide fabrics have characteristics in terms of wa-ter-repellency smoother surface and wet ability whenthey were treated with tetra fluoronerthane low tempera-ture plasma [72] and treated with a low-tempe-rature oxygen plasma respectively [73] Polyester fabricshave also been treated with tetra fluoronerthane low tem-

perature plasma to modify the water-repellency [76] Thewet ability of polyester fabric was improved using a vac-uum ultraviolet excimer lamp [77]

Polyester fibres are usually dyed at a high pressure andhigh temperature Plasma treatments modify the fibressurfaces to improve dyeing characteristics Treatment ledto increase acid dye ability and decrease dye ability withdisperse dyes Polyester fibres treated in a glow dis-charge with acrylic acid can be dyed to deep colours with

basic dyesFurthermore the surface modification of polyester fab-

ric with metal salt before plasma treatment plays a vitalrole in improving light fastness [78] UV-laser pretreat-ment can be used to induce surface modification of

polyester and polyamide fabrics for high performance

[79]

25 Flame Retardancy

All textile fibers consist of long chains of polymeric ma-terials and the burning behavior of the fibers is deter-mined largely by the chemical properties of these mate-rials [80] Natural fibres are used in interior parts of

buses or cars or as seat fabrics for their comfort and dyeability properties but they are easily flammable

Wool is the most resistant to burning It is difficult to

ignite any flame spread slowly and is easily extinguishedThe residue is a low-temperature frigate non-sticking ash(unlink the acrylic polyamide and polyester fibers) [81]

Acrylic fibers are used mainly in the decorating andhome textile sectors in addition to the clothing sector

especiallly for knitted goods These fields of applicationare becoming increasingly important in terms of flame-

proofing regulationsThe developments in flame retardation of acrylic fi-

bers were produced by various methods for exampleincorporation of co monomers like vinyl chloride or vi-nylidene chloride through copolymerization using cer-tain modifiers in the spinning dope or in the spinning

bath and surface modification including finishingTreatment of acrylic fibers with hydroxyl amine hydro-

chloride hydrazine hydrate or dibutyl tin ethyl maleate produces flame-retardant acrylics fabrics [8283]

Bicomponent fibres have found considerable applica-tion in woven carpets because their increased bulk andcover offer advantages over traditionally used fibresImproved flame-resistant fibres incorporating halogencompounds have been developed to meet flammabilityrequirements for carpets [84]

26 Self-Cleaning Anti-Odor Oil-RepellencyWater-Repellency and Antimicrobial NanoTechnology Application

261 Nanoparticles

Recent developments of nanotechnology directed to applications in textile areas including fibres are consideredThe first commercial application of nano finishes isfound in textiles in the form of nanoparticles throughfinishing processes Nanotechnology can provide highdurability for fabrics because nanoparticles have a largesurface area-to-volume ratio and high surface energythus presenting better affinity for fabrics and leading toan increase in durability of the function

The present status of nanotechnology used in textilesto improve different functional properties of textiles suchas high-tech fibres self-cleaning anti-odor oil-repellencywater-repellency soil resistance wrinkle resistance

anti-static and UV-protection flame retardant improve-ment of dye ability antimicrobial and so on Some of these applications of nanoparticles to textiles are consid-ered [85]

As the particle size decreases the number of moleculesin the surface relative to the bulk increases giving newand unexpected properties This has been illustratedschematically in the following Figure 2 [94]

Major research and development successes in techni-cal applications for wool in the past five years haveopened up new and exciting opportunities for this old


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O G ALLAM


14

Figure 2 Schematic Representation of particle size and

surface at nano-scale

familiar fibre Nanotechnology is the science of self-re-gulating materials and processes that are controlled at themolecular level

It has improved the physical nature of the wool fibresurface to introduce particular functionalities such as

static control water-repellency etcSeveral methods can apply coating onto fabrics in-cluding spraying transfer printing washing rinsing and

padding Padding is the most commonly used Thenano-particles are attached to the fabrics with the use of a padder adjusted to suitable pressure and speed fol-lowed by drying and curing [8687]

262 Polymer Anocomposites In this review we have compiled the current research in

polymer nano composite-based nano finishes for multi-functional textiles as shown in the next Figure 3 [94]

A simple method of obtaining a super hydrophobicsurface for wool textile finishing has been reported Thismethod involves devising a comb like polymer compris-ing acryl ate and organic siloxane

This combination can exhibit some unique characteris-tics like an increase of the cohesiveness and filmform-favoring properties Also the long Si-O-Si chainwith low surface energy can be utilized to enhance thewater-repellency [88]

263 Ag-Loading Nano SiO2

In wool fibre the free carboxyl groups of aspartyl andglutamyl residues are considered the most likely binding

sites for metal ions In this treatment silver nanoparticlesare applied to wool using typical fabric and garment dyesystems The original properties of the wool includinghandle and dye ability remain unchanged after thetreatment [8990]

Recently the wool fibre with Ag-Loading SiO2 nano-antibacterial agent was prepared by the method of photografting Under ultraviolet irradiation the structure of wool fiber was changed a lot of active groups wereformed and grafting with Ag-Loading SiO2 was realizedAnd antibacterial layer was formed on the surface of

wool fibre [91] Nano-Tex has developed two superior water and

oil-repellent products based on custom designed fluoro-carbon-containing polymers applied to all major apparelfabrics including wool polyester and naylon [92]

Chitosan polymer is antibacterial non-toxic biode-gradable and biocompatible Research work has been doneon the preparation of chitosansilver nanocomposites insolid forms such as fibres powders and films An emul-sion of chitosan-silver oxide nanoparticles can be easilyapplied onto textile fabrics using conventional pad-dry-cure process The finish was found to be durable and washfast as it remained effective after 20 washings [93]

In order to achieve desired level of antibacterial effi-ciency of polyamide fabrics the loading of the Agnanoparticles (NPs) after dyeing is recommended

In recent years methods and techniques of producing

antimicrobial acrylic fibres was studied using nano-anti-microbial materials The modified fibres are useful for clothing beddings and interior materials

Anti-bacterial nanosized silver turned out to be an ex-cellent antibacterial agent and to control the developmentof odor from perspiration for polyester fibres which arethe most widely used in textile industry such as surgicalmask diaper filter hygienic band and sportswear [94-98]

264 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles

The application of nano-particles to textile materials has

been the object of several studies aimed at producingfinished fabrics with different performances For exam- ple nano-sized silver (nano-Ag) Zinc oxide (ZnO) andtitanium dioxide (TiO2) nano particles has been used for imparting antibacterial properties and UV-blocking pro-

perties ZnO and titanium dioxide (TiO2) are nontoxicand chemically stable under exposure to both high tem-

peratures and UVTiO2 is one of the most popular and promising materi-

als in photo catalytic application due to its strong oxi-dizing power TiO2 is commercially available and easy to

prepare in the laboratory Nano-sized silver titaniumdioxide and zinc oxide are used for imparting self-clean-ing and antibacterial properties [99]

265 Smart Silver

Nano-Tex has developed two superior water and oil-repellent products based on custom designed fluorocar- bon-containing polymers as a water and oil repellent treatment that can be applied to all major apparel fabricsincluding wool polyester nylon rayon and blendsIt has announced the availability of smart silver perma-nent anti-odorantimicrobial for 100 wool This new

7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 15

Figure 3 Some possibilities of textile functionalization using polymer nanocomposites

product joins the current line of smart silver for polyesternylon polypropylene cotton and rayon Smart Silver thesmarter anti-odor and antimicrobial anti-odor perform-ance to fabrics without any compromises in fabric qual-ity

Smart silver is applied to wool using typical fabric andgarment dye systems Smart silver imparts anti-odor antimicrobial capabilities to wool through modifications

engineered at the molecular levelSmart silver is permanent safe and fully compatiblewith existing manufacturing processes for fibre and fab-rics Smart silver-enhanced fibers can be used to createodor-resistant undergarments hats gloves socksT-shirts sweaters carpets and more [100-102]

266 Nanoemulsions

Sandoperm SE1 oil liq produces nanoemulsions whichimpart an inner softness Applicable to polyamide and

polyester the hydroplilicity impart is classed as perma-nent to washing When applied on synthetic fabrics aso-called ldquosilky-touchrdquo can be obtained [64]

3 Conclusions

It has been possible within this review to discuss some of the functional characteristics of wool and synthetic fibres(acrylic polyamide and polyester) brought about by dif-ferent methods The latter are exemplified under

Wool was treated with glycerol polyglycidylether (GPE)in concentrated salt solutions In addition the use of so-dium methoxide or sodium hydroxide in a 2-propanol me-dium to over come shrinkage of wool DCCA (Di-

chlorodicyanuric acid) treatments improve shrinkage and pilling Finally chemical treatment followed by enzyme is better especially in industry

Enzymes are biocatalysts It can be used to overcomedisadvantages properties such as shrinkage pilling hy-drophilic etc for wool and synthetic fibers Sericin is a

biopolymer which can be used for effecting ant felting properties of wool Moreover casein a natural polymer

was carried and to improve the surface of acrylic fabricsThe application of cyclodextrins (CDs) on wool acrylic polyamide and polyester led to reduce shrinkage feltingand pilling Meanwhile this application led to antimicro-

bial hydrophilic soil-resistant etc Their use will in-crease because they are non-toxic and biodegrablethereby offering ldquogreenrdquo solutions to enhance these im-

portant functionalities for textilePlasma technology as a very active tool applied to

wool to modify the surface substrate In the long term theincreasing importance of environmental issues will fa-vour the use of this technology

Nanotechnology in the textile is mainly being tried

into areas of fibre formation and processing of fabric In processing area it helps in improving properties likewrinkle-resistance soil and water repellency antistaticantibacterial and UV protection Nano finishes lead toantibacterial and UV blocking properties given by silver (Ag) titanium dioxide (liO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nano

particles are usually used

4 Future Outlook

Improvement of functional characteristics of textile has


7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM16

been remained important to the textile industry Eco-nomic forces market demands and environmental con-cerns will shape the direction that chemical developmentfor functional characteristics will take Global competi-tions are requiring textile chemicals at lower cost by

reducing the amount of water to be shipped Often theuse of a textile chemical involves generating undesirableside effects Products that require less energy and water

perform these functional properties will be preferredsuch as plasma Textile industries see a promising futurefor plasma technology with the environmental and en-ergy conservation benefits in developing high-perfor-mance materials for the world market Cyclodextrins arenon-toxic and biodegradable there by offering ldquogreenrdquosolutions to enhance the properties and providing newfunctionalities to textile products Biopolymer such assericin etc is preferred to be used in order to improve

functional properties due to their cheaper price than other chemicals and environmentally safe In the futurenanotechnology will overcome the limitations of apply-ing conventional methods to impart certain properties totextile materials The improvements on the applicationareas of nanotechnology in textile industry such asanti-bacterial textiles antistatic textile flame-retardanttextiles etc will be increasing

5 References

[1] ldquoAn Introduction to Textile Termsrdquo August 6 2006 httpwwwtextilemuseumorgPDFsTextileTermspdf

[2] K E Perepelkin ldquoPrinciples and Methods of Modifica-tion of Fibers and Fiber Materialrdquo Fibre Chemistry Vol37 2005 pp 123-140doi101007s10692-005-0069-6

[3] S D Worley and G Sun ldquoBiocidal Polymersrdquo Trends

polymer Science Vol 4 1996 pp 364-370

[4] H Mucha D Houmlffer S Abfalg and M Swerev ldquoAntim-icrobial Finishes and Modificationsrdquo Melliand Interna-

tional Vol 4 2002 pp 53-56

[5] J Ellis ldquoDevelopment in the Shrink-Resist Processing of Woolrdquo Aachen Textiltagung No 122 1996 pp 113

[6] R Makinson ldquoShrink Proofing of Woolrdquo New York

Marcel Dekker 1979 pp 264-338[7] U Ryo S Yutaka I hiraku S Munenori and M Takeki

ldquoShrink Resist Treatment for Wool Using MultifunctionalEpoxidesrdquo Textile Research Journal Vol 61 No 21991 pp 89-93 doi101177004051759106100206

[8] R Juliagrave J Solagrave and P Erra ldquoInfluence of Water in WoolTreatments with Sodium Methoxide in 2-Propanol Me-dium to Improve Shrink Resistancerdquo Textile Research Journal Vol 60 No 3 1990 pp 123-128doi101177004051759006000301

[9] R L Breier ldquoA New Enzymatic Ant felt and Ant pillingFinishing for Woolrdquo Proceedings of 10th International

Wool Textile Conference Aachen November 2000 p 4

[10] L Coderch M R Julia and P Frra ldquoModification of Wool Fibers Subjected to Shrink proofing Derivative processesrdquo Proceedings of 8th International Wool Textile

Research Conference Vol 4 Wool Organization of New

Zealand 1990 pp 370-379[11] L Coderch A Pinazo and P Erra ldquoDerivative Wool

Shrinkage Processingrdquo Textile Research Journal Vol 621992 pp 302-306

[12] J C Cosnard ldquoStructure Modification by Ant felt Treat-ments with Salts of Dichloroisocyanuric Acidrdquo Applied

Polymer Symposium Vol 18 1971 pp 701-706

[13] M C Jeanette J Yao and N Alberto ldquoDCCA Shrink Proofing of Wool Part 1 Importance of Antichlor Natio-nrdquo Textile Research Journal Vol 74 2004 pp 555-560doi101177004051750407400616

[14] A Riva J Cegarra and R Prieto ldquoThe Role of an En-zyme in Reducing Wool Shrinkagerdquo Journal of Society

dyers and colors Vol 109 1993 pp 210-213[15] H El-Sayed A Kantouch E Heine and H Houmlker ldquoDe-

veloping a Zero-AOX Shrink-Resist Process for WoolPart 1 Preliminary Resultsrdquo Color Technology Vol 1172001 pp 234-238doi101111j1478-44082001tb00068x

[16] M C Jeanette J Yao and G P John ldquoCombinedBleaching Shrinkage Prevention and Biopolishing of Wool Fabricsrdquo Textile Research Journal Vol 75 No 22005 pp 169-1764 doi101177004051750507500215

[17] M C Jeanette ldquoEnzyme mdash Mediated Cross Linking of Wool Part 1 Transglutaminaserdquo Textile Research Jour-

nal Vol 77 No 4 2007 pp 214-221

doi1011770040517507076327 [18] H J Buchman U Denter D Knitter and E SchollmeyerldquoThe Use of Cyclodextrines in Textile Processes mdash AnOverviewrdquo Journal of Textile Institute Vol 89 1998 pp554-561

[19] K Opwis E Bach H J Buchman D Knitter and ESchollmeyer ldquoStabilisierung Enzymatischer Tilvered-lungsprozesse Durch Cyclodextrinerdquo Melliand Textilber Vol 79 1998 pp 545-546

[20] S Sarovat B Sudatis P Meeslipa B P Grady and RMagaraphen ldquoThe Use of Sericin As an Antioxidant andAntimicrobial for Polluted Air Treatmentrdquo Review of

Advanced Materials Science Vol 5 2003 pp 193-198

[21] Y O Zhang ldquoApplications of Natural Silk ProteinSericin in Biomaterialsrdquo Biotechnology Advances Vol20 2002 pp 91-96doi101016S0734-9750(02)00003-4

[22] O G Allam H El-Sayed A Kant ouch and K Hag-gagldquoUse of Sericin in Felt Proofing of Woolrdquo Journal

of Natural Fibers Vol 6 2009 pp 14-26doi10108015440470802699802

[23] S Pane ldquoAcrylic Fabric Treated With Plasma for Out-door Applicationrdquo Journal of Industrial Textile Vol 312001 pp 135-145doi101106YVCC-FTJN-9K28-3974


7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 17

[24] R Molina ldquoSurface Characterization of Keratin FibresTreated by Water Vapour Plasmardquo Surface and interface

analysis Vol 35 2003 pp 128-135doi101002sia1510

[25] C W Kan ldquoDevelopment of Low Temperature Plasma

Technology on Woolrdquo The 6th Asian Textile Conference Innovation and Globalization Proceedings AugustHong Kong 2001 pp 22-24

[26] M Masukuni and I Norihiro ldquoRelationship BetweenAnti-Felting Properties and Physicochemical Propertiesof Wool Fibers Treated with Ar-Plasmardquo Textile Re-

search Journal Vol 89 2006 pp 687-694

[27] J O Ukponmwan Mukhopadhyay and K N ChatterjeeldquoPillingrdquo Textile Progress Vol 28 1990 pp 1-55doi10108000405169808688874

[28] M Raffaella L Guiseppina Riccardo M Giorgio RFabio M Alessio and V Espedito ldquoCharacterization of Plasma mdash Coated Wool Fabricsrdquo Textile Research Jour-

nal Vol 9 2009 pp 853-861[29] H El-Sayed and E El-Khatib ldquoModification of WoolFabric Using Ecologically Acceptable UV-Assisted Trea-tmentsrdquo Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotech-

nology Vol 80 No 10 2005 pp 1111-1117doi101002jctb1290

[30] P J Brown M Sultan and J H Nobbs ldquoCross LinkingAcrylic Fibres with Hexanediol and Pentaerythritolrdquo American Association of Textile Chemists and ColoristsVol 3 No 2 2002 pp 46-50

[31] M Isamu and O Shojiro ldquoChemical Modification of Jer-sey Prepared with Synthetic Fibres Modification of Acr-ylic Fibre-Wool Blendrdquo Kanagawa-ken Kogyo Shi-

kensho Vol 30 1971 pp 1-7[32] R Purwar and M Joshi ldquoRecent Developments in An-

timicrobial Finishing of Textiles A Reviewrdquo American

Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists Vol 42004 pp 22-26

[33] G Yuan and C Robin ldquoRecent Advances in Antimicro- bial Treatments of textilesrdquo Textile Research JournalVol 78 No 1 2008 pp 60-72doi1011770040517507082332

[34] C Diana O Simona and V Narcisa ldquoBiofunctionaliza-tion of Textile Materials by Antimicrobial Treatments ACritical Overviewrdquo Romanian Biotechnological LettersVol 15 No 1 2010

[35] M R Infante M Diz A Pinazo and P Erra ldquoMicrobialResistance of Wool Fabric Treated with Cbis-QuatsCompoundsrdquo Journal of Applied Bacteriology Vol 811996 pp 212-216doi101111j1365-26721996tb04503x

[36] A Z Sayed and M S A El-Gaby ldquoSynthesis of NovelDye Stuffs Containing Sulphonamido Moieties and Their Application on Wool and Polyamide Fibresrdquo Color

Technology Vol 117 2001 pp 293-297doi101111j1478-44082001tb00078x

[37] M H Ma and G Sun ldquoAntimicrobial Cationic Dyes

Part 3 Simultaneous Dyeing and Antimicrobial Finishingof Acrylic Fabricsrdquo Dyes and Pigments Vol 66 2005 pp 33-41 doi101016jdyepig200409001

[38] S R Karmakar ldquoChemical Technology in the Pre-Tre-atment Processes of Textilesrdquo Elsevier Amsterdam 19-

99 pp 15-17[39] T Zhao and G Sun ldquoAntimicrobial Finishing of Wool F-

abrics with Quaternary Amino Pyridinium Saltsrdquo Journal

Applied Polymer Science Vol 103 2006 pp 482-486doi101002app24986

[40] Z Ping and S Gang ldquoAntimicrobial Finishing of WoolFabrics Using Quaternary Ammonium Saltsrdquo Journal of

Applied Polymer Science Vol 93 No 3 2004 pp1037-1041

[41] Z S Cai and G Sun ldquoAntimicrobial Finishing of AcrilanFabrics with Cetylpyridinium Chloriderdquo Journal of Ap-

plied Polymer Science Vol 94 2004 pp 243-247doi101002app20876

[42] C Zaisheng and S Gang ldquoAntimicrobial Finishing of Acrilan Fabrics with Cetylpyridinium Chloride AffectedProperties and Structuresrdquo Journal of Applied Polymer

Science Vol 97 pp 1227-1236

[43] Y H Kim and G Sun ldquoDye Molecules as Bridges for

Functional Modifications of Naylon Antimicrobial Fun-ctionsrdquo Textile Research Journal Vol 72 2002 pp1052-1056

[44] Y H Kim and G Sun ldquoDurable Antimicrobial NylonFabrics with Acid Dyes and a Quaternary AmmoniumSaltsrdquo Textile Research Journal Vol 71 2001 pp318-323 doi101177004051750107100407

[45] M Rinaudo ldquoChitin and Chitosan Properties and Appli-cationsrdquo Progress in Polymer Science Vol 31 2006 pp603-632 doi101016jprogpolymsci200606001

[46] S H Lim and S M Hudson ldquoReview of Chatoyant andits Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents and their Uses asTextile Chemicalsrdquo Journal of Macromol Science P-

olymer Review Vol 43 2003 pp 227-269

[47] V R Giridev J Venugopal S Sudha G Deepika and SRamakrishna ldquoDyeing and Antimicrobial Characteristicsof Chitosan Treated Wool Fabrics with Henna DyerdquoCarbohydrate Polymers Vol 75 2009 pp 646-650

doi101016jcarbpol200809003 [48] K So-Hyun L Taek Seung and P Wonho ldquoPreparation

of Antimicrobial Fibres Through Chemical Modificationof Acrylic Fibresrdquo Journal of the Korean Fiber SocietyVol 39 No 4 2002 pp 390-395

[49] G SUN ldquoBioactive Fibers and Polymersrdquo J V EdwardsT L Editors American Chemical Society SymposiumSeries No792 2001 p 37

[50] A Atef El-Sayed L K El Gabry and O G Allam ldquoAp- plication of Prepared Waterborne Polyurethane Extendedwith Chitosan to Impart Antibacterial Properties to Ac-


7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM18

rylic Fabricsrdquo Journal of Materials Science Materials in

Medicine Vol 21 2010 pp 507-514doi101007s10856-009-3900-4

[51] A E Toneli ldquoImproving Textiles with Cyclodextrinsrdquo4th Inter Conference Textile Research Division National

Research Centre Cairo 2007 pp 64-72[52] Y El Ghoul N Blanchemain T Laurent C Campagne

A El Achari S Roudesli M Morcellet B Martel and HF Hildebrand ldquoChemical Biological and Microbiologic-al Evaluation of Cyclodextrin Finished Polyamide Ingui-nal Meshesrdquo Acta Biomaterialia Vol 4 2008 pp 1392-1400 doi101016jactbio200802019

[53] A Bendak O G Allam and L K El-Gabry ldquoTreatmentof Polyamides Fabrics with Cyclodextrins to ImproveSome Propertiesrdquo Open Textile Journal 2010

[54] W D Schindler and P J Hauser ldquoChemical Finishing of Textilesrdquo Cambridge Wood Head Publishing Ltd Vol165 2004 doi1015339781845690373

[55] B Marcandalli ldquoApplication of Plasma Technology onTextilesrdquo 3rd International Conference Textile Research

Division National Research Centre Cairo 2006 pp635-638

[56] N Abidi and E Hequet ldquoCotton Fabric Copolymeriza-tion Using Microwave Plasma Universal Attenuated To-tal Reflectance mdash FITR Studyrdquo Journal of applied poly-

mer science Vol 93 2004 pp 145-154doi101002app20442

[57] T Wakida S Cho S Choi S Tokino and M Lee ldquoEf-fect of Low Temperature Plasma Treatment on Color of Wool and Nylon 6 Fabrics Dyed with Natural DyesrdquoTextile Research Journal Vol 68 1998 pp 848-853doi101177004051759806801110

[58] C Yu-Bin T Pei-Chiu W Mien-Win H Tien-Hsiangand H Shan-hui ldquoA Study on Chitosan Modification of Polyester Fabrics Fibers and Polymersrdquo Vol 9 No 32008 pp 1229-9197

[59] J M Susie P Jonathan W Caldell J H Anita C KatieM D Jolon and G B warren ldquoCovalent Modification of the Wool Fiber Surface The Attachment and Durabilityof Model Surface Treatmentrdquo Textile Research JournalVol 78 2008 pp 1087-1097doi1011770040517507087852

[60] I Holme ldquoEnzymes for Innovative Textile TreatmentsrdquoTextile Magazine No 3 2004 p 8

[61] A P Cavaco and G M Guumlbitz ldquoTextile Processing with

Enzymesrdquo Cambridge Woodhead Publishing 2003doi1015339781855738669

[62] G F Colbrie S Heumann and G M Guumlbitz ldquoBiotech-nology in the Textile Industry Enzymatic Modificationof Synthetic Fibersrdquo 2nd International Conference of

Textile Research Division NRC Cairo Egypt 11-13April 2005 pp 33

[63] H Uyama and Kobayashi ldquoEnzyme mdash Catalyzed Polym-erization of Functional Polymersrdquo Journal of Molecular

Catalysis Enzyme Vol 19 2002 pp 117-127doi101016S1381-1177(02)00158-3

[64] I Holme ldquoInnovative Technologies for High Perform-ance Textilesrdquo 3rd International Conference of Textile

Research Division NRC Cairo Egypt April 2-4 2006 pp 466-482

[65] S Joacutezsef ldquoCyclodextrins in the Textile Industryrdquo Sta-

rchStaumlrke Vol 55 2003 pp 191-196doi101002star200390050

[66] U Denter H-J Buschmann D Knittel and E Schol-lmeyer ldquoTechnology for Permanent Fixing of Cyclodex-trin Derivatives Onto Textile Fibersrdquo TextilveredlungVol 32 1997 pp 33-39

[67] J Zhao D Shanyi and T Guishan ldquoSurface Modifica-tion of Acrylic Fiber by Grafting of Caseinrdquo Journal of

Macromolecular Science Part A Pure and Applied C-

hemistry Vol 44 No 3 2007 pp 299-304doi10108010601320601077351

[68] B Marcandalli ldquoApplication of Plasma Technology onTextilesrdquo 3rd International Conference on Textile Proc-

essing State of the Art and Future Developments of Tex-

tile Research Division National Research Centre CairoEgypt 2006 pp 635-638

[69] T Wakida S Tokino S Niu H Kawamura Y Sato MLee H Uchiyama and H Inagaki ldquoSurface Characteris-tics of Wool and Poly Ethylene Terephthalate) Fabricsand Fiber Treated with Low-Temperature Plasma under Atmospheric Pressurerdquo Textile Research Journal Vol63 1993 pp 433-438doi101177004051759306300801

[70] T Oktem N Seventekin H Ayhan and E PiskinldquoModification of PAN Fabrics by in Situ-Plasma Polym-erisation Methodrdquo Melliand Textilber Vol 82 No 32001 pp E51-E53

[71] J Kang and M Sarmadi ldquoPlasma Treatment of Textile-synthetic Polymer-Based Textilerdquo American Association

of Textile Chemists and ColoristsReview Vol 4 No 112004 pp 29-33

[72] Y Joanne C Kwong M S Kwan and L S Kai ldquoCom- prehensive Study of Polymer Fiber Surface ModificationsParts Low Temperature Oxygen Plasma Treatmentrdquo P-olymer International Vol 53 2004 pp 634-639doi101002pi1278

[73] P Malcik and J petrovsky ldquoContribution to the PlasmaChemical Treatment of Textilerdquo Textile Vol 38 No 81983 pp 282-287

[74] T Oktem N Seventekin H Ayhan and E Piskin

ldquoModification of PAN Fabrics by in Situ-Plasma Polym-erisation Methodrdquo Melliand Textilber Vol 82 No 32001 pp E51-E53

[75] Y Joanne C Kwong M S Kwan and L S Kai ldquoLowTemperature Plasma-Treated Nylon Fabricsrdquo Journal of

Materials processing technology Vol 23 No 1 2002 pp 5-12

[76] H Watanabe and B Tomoko ldquoFluro Resin mdash ContainingModified Polyester Fibers with Improve SurfaceSmoothnessrdquo Japan KokaiTokkyo Koho JP 06 Vol 136 No 616 1994


7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM


19

[77] G Deepti S periyasamy and B Abhishek ldquoBasic DyeAble Polyester A New Approach Using a VUV Excimer Lamprdquo Coloration Technology Vol 123 2007 pp248-251

[78] L Kravets S Dmitriev A Gilman A Drachev and G

Dinescu ldquoWater Permeability of Poly (Ethylene Ter- phethalate) Track Membranes Modified by DC DischargePlasma Polymerization of Dimethylanilinerdquo Journal of

Membrane Science Vol 263 2005 p 127doi101016jmemsci200504012

[79] K Dierk and E Schollmeyer ldquoSurface Structuring of Synthetic Polymers by UV-Laser Irradiation Part IV Ap- plications of Excimer Laser Induced Surface Modifica-tion of Textile Materials Polymerrdquo International Vol 451998 pp 110-117

[80] M A White ldquoThe Effect of Chemical and Polymer Fin-ishing Treatments on the Flammability of Fabrics for P-rotective Clothingrdquo Fire safety Journal Vol 4 1981 pp103-108 doi1010160379-7112(81)90009-6

[81] X flambard S Bourbigot R Kozlowski M MuzyczekB Mieleniak M Ferreira B Vermeulen and F PoutchldquoProgress in Safety Flame Retardant Textiles and F-lexible Fire Barriers for Seats in Transportationrdquo Poly-

mer Degradation and Stability Vol 88 2005 pp 98-105doi101016jpolymdegradstab200402024

[82] L Danian Q Wen L Shiyan and Z Zeqing ldquoStructureand Flame Retardation Mechanism of Hydrazine andCopper Ion-Modified Modacrylic Fibresrdquo Zhongguo

Fangzhi Daxue Xuebao Vol 15 No 2 1989 pp 7-13

[83] T Jin-Shy ldquoThe Effect of Flame-Retardants on the Prop-erties of Acrylic and Modacrylic Fibresrdquo Journal of Ma-

terials Science Vol 28 No 5 1993 pp 1161-1167

doi101007BF01191947 [84] S E Fryer ldquoNew Developments in Acrylic Carpet Fibres

for Specific End-Usesrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers

and Colourists Vol 90 No 7 1998 pp 229-231 doi101111j1478-44081974tb03201x

[85] H C V Baeyer ldquoThe Lotus Effectrdquo Sciences Vol 402000 pp 12-15

[86] J H Xin and W A Daoud ldquoSmall-Scale Technologywith the Promise of Big Rewardsrdquo Technical Textiles In-

ternational Vol 3 2003 pp 13-15

[87] N A G Johnson E J Wood P E Ingham S J McNeiland I D McFarlane ldquoWool as a Technical Fibrerdquo Jour-

nal of the Textile Institute Vol 94 2003 pp 26-41

doi10108000405000308630626 [88] B T Zhang B L Liu X B Deng S S Cao X H Hou

and H L Chen ldquoFabricating Super Hydrophobic Sur-faces by Molecular Accumulation of Polysiloxane onWool Textile Finishingrdquo Colloid Polymer Science Vol286 2008 pp 453-457 doi101007s00396-007-1801-y

[89] G Freddie T Arai G M Colonna A Boschi and MTsukada ldquoBinding of Metal Cations to ChemicallyModified Wool and Antimicrobial Properties of theWool mdash Metal Complexesrdquo Journal of Applied Polymer

Science Vol 82 2001 pp 3513-3519

[90] http www Azonano Com ldquoNano horizons announcessmart silver anti-odor nanotechnology for woolrdquo June2007

[91] Xu Bingshe M Niu L Wei W Hou and X Liu ldquoThe

Structural Analysis of Biomacromolecule Wool Fiber with Ag-Loading SiO2 Nano-Antibacterial Agent by URadiationrdquo Journal of photochemistry and photobiology

A ChemistryVol 188 2007 pp 98-105doi101016jjphotochem200611025

[92] S Kathirvelu D S Louis and D Bharathi ldquoNanotech-nology Applications in Textilesrdquo Indian Journal of Sci-

ence and Technology Vol 5 2008 p 1

[93] G David and P P Anthony ldquoAbsorption of Nanoparti-cles by Woolrdquo Coloration Technology Vol 125 2009 pp 11-116

[94] G Sonar A Luiacutes A Teresa C Noeacutemia P S Antoacutenioand F M Esteves ldquoPolymer Nanocomposites for Multi-

functional Finishing of Textiles mdash A Reviewrdquo Textile Research Journal On line First published on March 92010

[95] JYeon S M Kyun and I K Jui ldquoElectrospun TiO2Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cellsrdquo Journal of

Nanotechnology Vol 15 2004 pp 1861-1865doi1010880957-44841512030

[96] I Vesva Š Zoran V Vesna M Darka J Petar NJovan and R Maja ldquoA Study of the Antibacterial Effi-ciency and Coloration of Dyed Polyamide and Polyester Fabrics Modified with Colloidal Ag Nanoparticlesrdquo

Journal of the Serbian Chemical Societ y Vol 74 No 32009 pp 349-357 doi102298JSC0903349I

[97]

Z Ping S Shu-ying W Bing Z Jian-bo and D Chao-hong ldquoDevelopment of Nano-Antimicrobial dry AcrylicFibres and Raschel Blanketsrdquo Maofang Keji Vol 42006 pp 38-40

[98] K Hiroki and N Hideo ldquoPhotocatalytic Active Antibac-terial Acrylonitrile Polymer Fibres Manufactured byHeat-Treating Acrylonitrile Polymer Fibres ContainingAnti-Bacterial Metal Compounds at pH 1-6rdquo KokaiTokkyo Koho JP 089968 2001

[99] N Hideo and N Tetsuo ldquoTrichlorophyton-InhibitingSilver-Containing Acrylonitrile Fibre Structuresrdquo KokaiTokkyo Koho JP Vol 45 2005

[100] H J Lee and S H Jeong ldquoBacteriostasis of NanosizedColloidal Silver on Polyester Nonwovensrdquo Textile Re-

search Journal Vol 74 2004 p 442doi101177004051750407400511

[101] S Y Yeo H J Lee and S H Jeong ldquoPreparation of Nanocomposite Fibers for Permanent Antibacterial Ef-fectrdquo Journal of Martial Science Vol 38 2003 p 2143doi101023A1023767828656

[102] http wwwnano-carecom ldquo Nano-Coating for Glass Per-manent Easy-to-Clean Coating Anti-Lime Hygienic Eff-ectrdquo January 2007

7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 9

The hydrophobic nature and scale structure of thewool fiber led to the fiber to move towards their root endunder mechanical action in the wet state [6]

Many methods and chemical treatments have beendeveloped for preventing shrinkage of wool fibres The

first is coating with resins such as polyamide epichloro-hydrin or grafting polymers onto wool fibres The secondis morphological modification of the cuticular cells bychemical or physical treatment [7]

Wool fibers were rendered shrink-proofing without ca-using any damage to the hydrophobic nature of the scalesurface through treating them with glycerol polyglycidylether (GPE) in concentrated salt solutions

The role of GPE is not to chemically modify the fibresurface but to crosslink the cuticular cells to prevent th-eir edges from prominence in aqueous media Excellentshrinkage resistance can be imparted to wool by applying

GPE in saturated NaCl (sodium chloride) solution in the presence of a reductive agent such as Sodium metab-isulfite (Na2S2O5) while the hydrophobic nature of thesurface remains unchanged [7]

In addition as treatment for shrinkage in wool fabricsodium methoxide or sodium hydroxide at low concen-tration in a 2-propanol medium was used [8]

Moreover dichlorodicyanuric acid (DCCA) oxidationconfers a negative charge on the wool fibre surface gen-erally attributed to conversion of cysteine amino acids tocysteic acid and the formation of cystine sulfonic acid[9-12] Additionally DCCA is one of the oldest chlorin-ating reagents for imparting shrinkage resistance to woolThe 5 DCCA hydrogen peroxide treatment improvesshrinkage resistance by 54 and whiteness by 63when compared to untreated fabrics [13]

212 Enzymes

Enzymes are biocatalysts or activators which can speed upchemical processes that otherwise run slowly The most of enzymatic processes are combined with chemicals or

plasma radiations A proteolytic enzyme derived from the bacterium streptomycin fradiae has been applied on wool to improve its shrinkage resistance properties

Shrink reduction is greater with less intense washing

treatments Although there is a certain amount of shri-nkage reduction in severe washing methods the effect isnot sufficient for practical purposes [14]

Pretreatment of the wool with proteolytic enzyme papain improve shrinkage resistance to wool tops

This process may be considered as a zero-absorbableorganohalogens (AOX) shrink-proofing treatment [15]

It was established that alkaline hydrogen peroxidesystem that includes dicyandiamide gluconic acid andtriton surfactant used alone or followed by enzymetreatments control shrinkage in wool fabrics to 30 and

12 respectively [16]Shrinkage of wool fabric can be controlled by oxida-

tion and protease treatment however strength loss usu-ally results There is reasonable expectation that by ap-

plying transglutaminase (TG) to oxidized and enzymati-

cally treated wool strength can be increased [17]

213 Cyclodextrins

Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides These mole-cules are able to form inclusion complexes with a largenumber of organic molecules The properties of cyclo-dextrins enable them to be used in a variety of differenttextile applications Cyclodextrins may act as auxiliariesin washing and dyeing processes They could be madenew functional properties for textiles [18] Cyclodextrinsare interesting in the optimization of textile technologiesas well They have been used to remove surfactants from

the goods or to enhance activity of enzymatic processes infinishing processes like degumming desizing or felt-freefinishing of wool [19]

214 Sericin

Sericin is a biopolymer of molecular weight ranges be-tween 10-300 k Da About 50000 ton of sericin is pro-duced annually during degumming of silk Utilization of sericin is limited to some nontextile uses eg antioxi-dant in the field of medicine cosmetics and food anti-

bacterial products for diapers and wound dressing [2021] Recently Sericin is found to be efficient in felt

proofing wool fibers especially in the presence of acrosslinker such as Dimethylol Dihydroxy Ethylene Urea(DMDHEU) Dimethyl Dihydroxy Ethylene Urea(DMeDHEU) or Epichlorohydrin (ECH) The feltingresistance of wool fibres treated with the system Hydro-gen peroxide (H2O2) Sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) ser-icinECH is the same as the felting resistance obtained byusing commercially available synthetic polymers Beinga relatively cheap natural biodegradable polymer pro-duced from renewable resources sericin is an acceptable

base for felt proofing treatments of wool tops [22]

215 Plasma

Plasma as a very active tool can be used to modify thesurface of substrate known as plasma activation or plas-ma modification to impart some desired properties [23]

Molina et al have treated wool fabric with water va- por plasma which was produced in a radio-frequency(RF) reactor with 100Pa and 100W at different treatmenttimes The wool shrink tendency was clearly reduced[24] There are many different ways to induce the ioniza-tion of gases such as Glow-Discharge Corona Dischargeand Dielectric-Barrier Discharge It is published that theoxygen plasma treatments by using a glow discharge


7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM


10










22 Anti-Pilling





221 Plasma




(a) Untreated

(b) No 1 (c) No 2

(d) No 3 (e) No 4


7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 11








232 Synthetic Dyes











234 Chitosan




235 Cyclodextrins



236 Plasma



7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM12












242 Enzymes






243 Cyclodextrins





244 Casein



245 Plasma








7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 13

















[79]

25 Flame Retardancy













261 Nanoparticles







7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM


14





























265 Smart Silver


7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 15





266 Nanoemulsions



3 Conclusions













4 Future Outlook



7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM16





5 References


























nal Vol 77 No 4 2007 pp 214-221










7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 17













































7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM18













































7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM


19
























Science Vol 82 2001 pp 3513-3519














[97]








7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM


10










22 Anti-Pilling





221 Plasma




(a) Untreated

(b) No 1 (c) No 2

(d) No 3 (e) No 4


7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 11








232 Synthetic Dyes











234 Chitosan




235 Cyclodextrins



236 Plasma



7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM12












242 Enzymes






243 Cyclodextrins





244 Casein



245 Plasma








7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 13

















[79]

25 Flame Retardancy













261 Nanoparticles







7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM


14





























265 Smart Silver


7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 15





266 Nanoemulsions



3 Conclusions













4 Future Outlook



7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM16





5 References


























nal Vol 77 No 4 2007 pp 214-221










7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 17













































7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM18













































7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM


19
























Science Vol 82 2001 pp 3513-3519














[97]








7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 11








232 Synthetic Dyes











234 Chitosan




235 Cyclodextrins



236 Plasma



7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM12












242 Enzymes






243 Cyclodextrins





244 Casein



245 Plasma








7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 13

















[79]

25 Flame Retardancy













261 Nanoparticles







7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM


14





























265 Smart Silver


7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 15





266 Nanoemulsions



3 Conclusions













4 Future Outlook



7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM16





5 References


























nal Vol 77 No 4 2007 pp 214-221










7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 17













































7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM18













































7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM


19
























Science Vol 82 2001 pp 3513-3519














[97]








7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM12












242 Enzymes






243 Cyclodextrins





244 Casein



245 Plasma








7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 13

















[79]

25 Flame Retardancy













261 Nanoparticles







7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM


14





























265 Smart Silver


7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 15





266 Nanoemulsions



3 Conclusions













4 Future Outlook



7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM16





5 References


























nal Vol 77 No 4 2007 pp 214-221










7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 17













































7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM18













































7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM


19
























Science Vol 82 2001 pp 3513-3519














[97]








7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 13

















[79]

25 Flame Retardancy













261 Nanoparticles







7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM


14





























265 Smart Silver


7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 15





266 Nanoemulsions



3 Conclusions













4 Future Outlook



7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM16





5 References


























nal Vol 77 No 4 2007 pp 214-221










7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 17













































7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM18













































7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM


19
























Science Vol 82 2001 pp 3513-3519














[97]








7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM


14





























265 Smart Silver


7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 15





266 Nanoemulsions



3 Conclusions













4 Future Outlook



7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM16





5 References


























nal Vol 77 No 4 2007 pp 214-221










7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 17













































7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM18













































7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM


19
























Science Vol 82 2001 pp 3513-3519














[97]








7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 15





266 Nanoemulsions



3 Conclusions













4 Future Outlook



7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM16





5 References


























nal Vol 77 No 4 2007 pp 214-221










7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 17













































7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM18













































7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM


19
























Science Vol 82 2001 pp 3513-3519














[97]








7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM16





5 References


























nal Vol 77 No 4 2007 pp 214-221










7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 17













































7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM18













































7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM


19
























Science Vol 82 2001 pp 3513-3519














[97]








7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM 17













































7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM18













































7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM


19
























Science Vol 82 2001 pp 3513-3519














[97]








7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM18













































7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM


19
























Science Vol 82 2001 pp 3513-3519














[97]








7302019 OJOPM20110100003_77490781


O G ALLAM


19
























Science Vol 82 2001 pp 3513-3519














[97]








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OJOPM20110100003_77490781