X aiym kym. dNm uyL ajjm ipil yizi. y b ijinib ebijp Rim ebiijp Rim yR aidryL. ipbil oiil Ri eyiyjk yRy yindryL. i jpin i oiil, oi upyL, eyebiyL, uiebiyL Ri aiijp edryL.

oiil X

yRl i

ipb iik|L dyL:

1. oiil enbl en enjp Ri ai }r;

2. eyebiyb ajpebiyL, uebiyL Ri

eyiyL ai er; Rm

3. oi upyj ajbm yN }r.

jp

2

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19

oiil mbyi

oiil, iebij mbm vr aiil j. oveb ebijm im eb R oiyL ibnyin. elb ebiym iebiyjp nyin. apiebij aiil jil mbybl oi ebijp Ri mbyi eij Rp eRid en } b. embnjb ebiyil em j im jib oipilj. ebiin oinyj jy ey an apjil em j ajiblbn iNm o m. myijp im jk|m em jk|m evib ibyL ikyin. iim avbi; imeb oi j bl eik ybdm yj oiil. aR| i apjyL ajk eybN aRin uibl oiyin ipj ikyik ybdyiibm. oipkybl eppem elb oiyjm on ibl ik|ji oiil lr yL |ikiybL ek yi r. mbl i o ael. iebijk yR|meb il sRyin ikyl amebij emjby uiky ibji m|m. i ebiin iky ajijm, ikyi jm ai eybLR| n amebij byebibyk eybNibr ep iyibryib app ip yik eybLl iNm. ip yik eybNbl amebiin iky ajiyL iRjybyi jypdp ijyL ini e eiby m. amebij em jj il yik eybNryL e jj apjbyk eybN i lr. ibl ar i aj byebibyk eybNbr im jib bdk|m. on i ebijp iyin iil dN bL yibl amebij uipp ibl i m. an amebiin oiyj jypi ibyk yR ijilj. mbl ej ir ijy bypjp e m? bm a ybjm, jm dbk|by m. ai ijj bm ijil eiil aj m.

2.1

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20

ebiil ln uiib amebijk yRy nbl oikyjjk yRk eybN bn jyil nj eyibn.

(a) oipyin jy avpyin ebil ijyj aiipbjybl i ebiil uL oiyL evb eyin enj jypi eiil ur eybLbn.

(b) i ebiil ybpm li oiyj aRil onib onk|L ebr, ebil ijyj mby jypi ai eybLbn.

(c) in apjil amebij ei abl k eybL m.

oi ebiil elb uirym ipilj. oveb ebiim iRi oiyi ikyin. i ebiyil kyilb ebiyL ibnm. mbl oiiil yik eybNk|p i oi en oni yijb. apjj eiil jypi avebiin ipj abl aieybL m. an iz t i myiin t i enjp ir uiini eiil ai eybLbn. apiRi ilbk| iNm onbyi ibnm. oij mbm jil n jyL kyibj. ajb: a. eiy oiil (Acoustic Phonetics) iil, iebiin eiy njj (Physical Properties) mbyyinr. oipyin ajybl a|L ybRkyil uNb|m airi abl mybil uL ybRil uNb|m airi myi ijyj mbyyinr. oi ajyby m iRj a ykyibm. imjil,

oij mb ibk yiym, yk|, eiym iRil iRim ij.

m. iydebiil (Auditory Phonetics) i ij iyd|m njj apjbyk eybN

ebij mby. i ar njkiyR bm. iljjbl i oi mbyik|p ebn.

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i. uipebiil (Articulatory Phonetics) i ij upyj ipby oipkyj

apjbyk eybN oiin ipj mbm. ivpym, aRin ajym i iiR|p embm onibl ipbl ivpyin ajyin apjil oij mby ei ib apjb jib|m. u, b iRin ajyj ai eybLR| aiyb iRiyL onm ijilj. ikyik ybdbl oveb im ivpyj ebiRi a oiyj ep m.

ebiil lryk| oij ikyp nm yiyL

elbm oipyi. iky miirym iz oiin ipj iRin apjiii ik|yinr.

oi upkyL

ij oipyin oiyj epReyni ajjyL al. aRin apj ebil uNm, im m|m. u, l, b ij uNp nyin. jdl bikyp nyi. ip n iRin j ebii m|m. iRin ebil Rjk yNbl ybbm. ybb ebilym iRiRyiji iyzyin. ielyL ekSi m, biybSiybp bn yb m. enbm iRin ebij mbl v u yi. jm 1.1 il ybdp oipyL.

2.2

1. oiil Ri eyiyjk |ipiy.

2. oij mbm jil n jyL kyibyk

ypjk |ipiy.

ei 2.1

X jp 2 oiil

22

a. iz (Lips) ij u em }r. iim, ydim oipybym

nyin. iin ebl em oiyj iebiyL (Labials) enyiibm. ydijm iijm ebik ybRj ajk ibm. iRiji o ii ijeij ajk eybN, avijei m ybRj ei akybRj ai eybm. eim ybRil iviN izyjm iyby ai eybm.

ydijm iRljm ebi ajib, aRiRyiji

ijeiidib ijy oiyj epbm. ivb em oiyjp liz oiyL (Labio-Dental) enibm. iN izyjm eii ikyi jk eybN epm oiyj iz ikeybiyL (Protruded Labials) enr.

m. l iRl ijm, ydzpl ijm ip nyin.

iplijyj bbm, ibm ebdib iRiji ijei idib, oiyj epbm. ivebiyjp lebiyL ebm.

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jm 1.1: oipkyL

i. aNm (Upper Palate) iRl ijin aii uLbk| jL yp |i

aNm. uLbkyij aik|m |i eby ik|m. iRl ijj aik|m |ij iNm (Alveolar ridge, Alveolum, Alveolar Region) enm, aRy |ij yjNm (Velum) enm, aNj nbyp iikybm. oipyil ilbj ajb. ydzbji ajm.

o. b (Tongue) oipyil jm, eim, dm, |ym mRj

up iib|m. bin evi |iyL evi oiyj epk ybby ikyin. mjybl, bj ib, biim, ijb, yjb, ab, ep |iybyp iik }bm.

ibjp l, aNin li iyL, iRib

ebip oiyj epbm. ibin uibl em

X jp 2 oiil

24

oiyj ib oiyL (Apicals) ebm. ibm lm ijbl em oiyL ibp lebiyL (Apico-dental), ibm iNm ijbl ik|m oiyL ib iN oiyL (Apico-alveolar). ibm ijNm ijbl ik|m oiyL ib ijN oiyL (Apico-domal). ibj il ydz en iN Ryk|m ijil j emm oiyL ibp lij oiyL (Apico-inter-dental). iRj ji lebi (Dental), iNebi (Alveolar), bj oi (Retro flex) lij oi (Interdental) enm }r.

ijbm, ijNm ijbl ik|m oiyj

ijb ijN oiyL (Lamino-Palatals) em, ijN oiyL (Palatals) em }r. yj bm, yj aNm ijbl ik|m oiyjk yjb yjN oiyL (Velar) ek }r.

u. uLbk| (Uvula) bil uLi apbyil eb|m jp|i i. ij

bil uL ybRibl ai eybm. n ebNjii ybR kyjin uLi elm bij (Velic) ajkyib ikyib i nyi.

q. nebNj (Pharnynx) i|bn kyj bil (Velic), ybRk|l (Trachea),

uk|l (Gullet), bypbj myi bn|m ikyin. e. kyj (Nasal Cavity) kyj bii ilibkyi en, ydi iyi kyil

yi. ybR in iby ibybm. ivb ybR kyj biby elmeb em oiyj keybiyL ebm. apeb bj sb o iil ajk eybLyiibm. avb ajk eybLb ybRj by ibym, kyj bibym eiimib em oiyj kyi bl eR oiyL (Nasalised Sounds) ebm. kyj biin ydi ik|m e oim, keybibyib, kyi bl eRbyib ei b.

jp 2 oiil W

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eyebiyL

oipyj i jybyp iikybm. (1) oipbn (Articulator). i v |jini ajyin oip. ivpij jm, eim b nbm. bk| (ib, ijb, yjb), ydiz ij oipbn, ij bin apby upyL. (2) oipj (Points of Articulation); i bin iR|i. iil ajb iyL a|m. iviyj, oipbn en ebbm. ivb oipbm, oip jm ebj oipim (Position of Articulation) enibm. ib o oipbn iNm o oipj ib iNm o oipim, eyebiyj, oipiib oip jjm (Manners of articulation) }i ik|r. oip jj tbyp iikybm. ajpebi, uebi, keybi, eybi, mebi en aj. oipiyil uL ibdbl oip jym im. oip jj apjbyk eybN iebiyj uir em, ey em iNbyp iipr. jdii eim ybRm, R oipybl ejy jm ini eimeb em oiyL uiebiyL. oipyL airib al ybRj ajib, al eim ybRj ai eyib ik|m oiyL eyebiyL. a. ajpebiyL (Stops) iRj epebiyL (Plosives) enm }r. ajpebiyL

ibnR| iN elyL kyibj. (1) ybR kyjin uLi elbb kyj bij nby ajk eybLl iNm. (2) bil eyb o iil

2.3

1. oipyin kyib upyin ijk }y. 2. aNm, iNm, ijNm, yjNm myiRin yijk |ipiy.

ei 2.2

X jp 2 oiil

26

Rim ajk eybLl iNm. i iNb ajpj ie ik|m eb ajpebi ikyi.

iNi ajpebiyjj ebi uyin bin (Hawaiian) ebi oni. iil oiz ajpebim /p/ yjb yjN ajpebim /k/ ikyin. bebn (Samoan), din (Fijian) ibn ebiyil ajpebiyL iNi ibm keybiyL nm, mm ikyin. mbl, bin ebiil keybim iNi. /b t k/ e i ajpebiyjj ebiyL uyil . bi ajpebi, ti ajpebiyjm uj ebiyL ii ikyin.

im iil /p b t d t t d c j k g/ ep ieb

ajpebiyL ikyin. iRil /p b/ oiz ajpebi; /palam/ m-o ij /balam/ ij; /t d/ ljpebi: /tapt/ "p" /darmo/ "rm" /t/ ib iN ajpebi. /patt/ "R" /t d/ bj ajpbn /tii/ 'iij" /dapa/ "pb"; /c j/ ijb ijN ajpebi; /cati/ "d" /jannal/ "nl" /k g/ yjN ajpebi. /kundi/ "|N|i"; /gundt/ "e|N" iRil ib iN oij i R tim oipj ajpebim oipib ajpebim ikyin. ebik| il oipj ajpebiyL i ebi ebRyii yin. aebRyin eNikjym iyk |j.

oiijil (Phonetic Level) ivebinyin uipil

ibyL ikyin. 'dkyi en eblmeb n uij a /k/ n yjN oiby /k/ ems bk| enm eblil [aa] en uij a /k/ ep in yjN oibym oikyin.

myiil /p b t d c j k g/ en ajpebiyL. a| oiz,

iNm, ijNm, yjNm e bnyi ibyL ikyin.

iim myiim [c j] en iNjm ajpebiyL

enyiibm. oi ijil aj ajpebiyL (affricates).

jp 2 oiil W

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ajpebiyb, oi iil ajpebijm uebijm amji ebr ijdni vebiibl uikypyin.

ajpebiil bbby bil eyb o iil

ybRj aj iyiibm. n ebNjim, oijyim ybRj aj ibm. iRj ji nebNj ajpebi em, oij ajpebi em }bm. oijyj ajk ybRj pbl oij ai b. mjybl, a ajpebi epebm oipib oibyi m.

uijpebiyL (Suction stops, implosives) Reb jy

bin uLi o ajpm, eii o ajpm ikyin. bb ajpebiyil ybR bin eii yi. uijpebiyil, uLi uL ajpj aik ydi eRij uN Ni, ei ajpj i, ybRj uLi uiyiibm. iRj b d e ii ipkym imi o jib eik ybdr. ii ebiil uijpebiyjk ybbm.

R ajpebiyL oij ajpebiib ij

m uN. aRj ps ts e eik ybdr. aeiky ii ebiyil, ijy oiyjk ybbm. i| kyj bil, oij, bil vim myi nijm aj, ijpd ybRj ebNjbm bbm ajk eybN il bjpjm in oij ajpjm ikyiibm.

ebdj oi (clicks) Reb jy. iil yjNjm,

aR| nL o ijm ajk eybN ijpd ybRj aib al eyizib ey, n ajpj il ikyiibm. ijy oiyj mpiiky bd ebiyil aiybyk ybNyiibm.

X jp 2 oiil

28

ajpebiyil ybRj ik|m jil ibyL ibnm.

}e il (sharp release) o jy. i| oipbj iyby ie dkyik ybRj eiiyiibm.

ib il Reb jy. i| lbik aj aiybkyik ybR ie iyby eiil yimm oipbj ikyiibm. ivb em ajpebiyj j ajpebiyL (aspirated stops) enyiibm.

nb jy uib il (affricated release) oipbj eby dkyi, ai iil ii ijij m ybRj ei, akybRj ai eyyiibm.

kiyb il (Nasal release) bb jy. i| bil uL ajpj ipR| n uLbkjy i ybRj kyjin uLi ei eiiyiibm.

uipil iby ob e upm, R upyL

iby odk|mib, bm o ebiil obm. yjN oij uik|meb uyjp ikyik eybNkybm. ivb em oiyL udn bl eR oiyL (Labialized Sounds) ebm. ivbi ijN bl (Palatalized) eR oiyL, yjN bl (Velarized) eR oiyL ep brkybm. aNbl eR ajpebiyj i ebiil ybbm.

m. uebiyL ybR m ijk |kyi, o i ikyin ibyk ybRj

ei, akybRj ai eymeb uebiyL ikyin. ivik| milbl epp ibn ik|bin a|p ikyin oijp iebi (Slit Fricative) enm, a |iik|bin |iebi (Groove Fricative) enm, ybRjp kybdl ei ai eymeb, aj |ebi (Lateral Fricative) enm }r. djby mby ajik|m ikyin ii em uebij djebi (Surface Fricative) enm }r.

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myiil /f s S/ e bn| oipib uebiym /v z Z/ e aRiRiyR bn| oipj uebiym, ikyin. ir /h/ enj oij uebiby (Glottal Fricative) uipr. iRL iNm iz l iebi; / / ib l iebi; /s z/ iNm ib iN |iebi; / / iNm ijb ijN djebi. |ebi dy (Nootka) bin (Salison) ibn aeiky ii ebiyil ybpyin.

ajpebik|k }i ibl, uebik|m udn bl

ijyjk }bm. iRil, oij uebi ayii ybpyi. k|ebi ij ebiyil ybpilj.

iiil /s z/ en iN |iebiyL ybpyin.

/aasaari/ "mbi" en ibn ebRyil ijil /s/ l ybbm. r iil, ebik| il ym m ebRyelbm /s/ ei uikypyin.

oi ijil, em iil uiryiji /p/j [] em,

/t/j [] em, /c/j [s] em, /k/j [] em uikyinibm.

ajpebiyim, uebiyim ybR jbl

iRj jebiyL (Obstruents) enm }r.

uiebiyL

uiekyin uipil n ebilyL ipj. (1) uyin m, (2) b, aNj ibkyi elm um, (3) b, nibkyi elm a. imnjm i kyj bij iib ajib jk eybLbm, bin ijpbm (tenseness), jbm, uiekyin nj bm. u uu o oo en uiryj uik|m eb uyL |iipjm, i ii e ee enm uiryj uik|meb uyL iiib al iRjybyib ipjm ybbm. ivb uyL |iem uiryj iz |iir (Rounded

2.4

X jp 2 oiil

30

vowels) enm uyL uyL iiib al iRjybyib iky em uiryj iz |ib uir al iz ii uir (Unrounded Vowels) em }r. i enm uiryj ji uik|meb ydzbj, pbyk ydi i|jk ybbm. ib n aNii pi ni inibkyik ydi iyi ivebi ibyL eyin. ijp ibl u o ) a en uiryj uik|meb, yjb yjNii pi ydi i|jk ybbm. ibil ebiRdbl em I e a enm uiryj n iz ii uir em, yjbin ebiRdbl em u o ) a enm uiryjp in iz |i uir em }r. niryj iz|i uik|m eb y o e em iniryj iz ii uik|m eb uu 8 a em ji ii ydby eik ybdbr. bin p|i ilibkyi elmeb em uir ir t en uiryL uiryL. ij b ii ydzibkyi elmeb ji eyin. i u en iN oiym emeb bin avp |iyL aNj a urikyin. iRj il uir (High Vowels) ebm. iRj ajpir (Close Vowels) e myiir }r. aNiR|m biR|m ijei iyiibyin iRil i n izii il uir. u in iz|i il uir. ijpib a a enm uiryj uik|meb b bzikyi. iRjk ydir (Low Vowels) enibm. myiir iRj ipir (Open Vowels) enr. aNiR|m biR|m ijpd ei eibyin ijpd oiyj ii ydi ji ajjpir (Half Close Vowels) em, aj ipir (Half Close Vowels) em }r. ijpd n uiryj ii yii ji e ek |iidm iniryj o) ek |iidm er. uy oiil yy (International Phonetic Association) uiryj ivb |k ybdyi.

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a. k|ir (Nasal Vowels) b, u ijybl em e uiebijm bebibym,

keybibym uikybm. izebiil m,n,N, en eli ekyil m ebRyj elbm, bm eli eyyby uipilj. oRil k|irybyi iebRyj uikyinibm.

in s van d, m - mar en ebRyjk ybNy.

ijyin kyi bl eR uiryL. (Vowels with nasal twang, nasalized vowels) em }r. keybiyin iji m uiryjm ivbi iil uikyinibm. k|iryj, ek yii o j idib, e ii o ajbm idib er.

m. bjir-bir (Retrofiex Vowels) ibin ebiRbdbl nirym, yjbin

ebiRbdbl inirym, ijbin ebiRbdbl irym ibnyin. ij ebiRm eb bi iNj aib, jib ikybm. ivb em uiryj bjir al bir enr. iRj a, e ek ydi Liid er. aeikybil i |iyil shirt, third en ebRyil m // en uij bj uiby uikyin.

1. eyebiyL enbl en?

2. ajpebiyin yijk }y.

3. oiil enbl en?

4. ajpebiyL Ri i |ip ey.

ei 2.3

X jp 2 oiil

32

oiil, iebij mbm vr aiil. oipybl epp em elb oiyjm on ibl

ik|ji oiil lr yL |ikiybL ek yi r.

on i ebijp iyin iil dN bL yibl

amebij uipp ibl i m. iin ebl em oiyj iebiyL iebiyL enr. oipyin jm, eim, dm, |ym mRj

up bb|m. im iil eb ajpebiyL ikyin. ybR m ijk |kyi o i ikyin ibyk ybRj

ei, akybRj ai eymeb uebiyL ikyin.

uiekyin uipil n ebilyL ipj. aj

uyin m, b, aNj ibkyi elm m, b, nibkyi elm a.

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oiil kyj iebi eyebiyL oip ajpebiyL eiy oiil uebiyL iydebiil ybRk |by

keybiyL uipebiil uiebiyL aNm k|ir b iim bjir oij ib djebi

Nym (2005). ikyb ebiil. enj: lj ijm.

b. dibn (2005). ebiil. enj: lj ijm.

ybyn & .eb (1977), ebiil. enj: yib ipym.