[ Optical Fiber Communication ]?
[ Optical Fiber Cable ]
.
1] 1960 LASER HOCKHAM KAO
60 200dB/ 20dB/ ,
[ ] .
2] 1970 20dB/ CORNING , LASER
1.18dB/ .
3] [ 1.2 ~ 1.7 ] ,
, 0.2dB/ 100 ~ 200
.
4] 155Mbps 622Mbps , 2.5Gbps
, 10Gbps 100Gbps , Tbps
.
:
:
:
Optical Fiber
*
: .
.
[ EDFA ] [ DCF ]
.
: .
: .
Optical Fiber
O / E
E / O
O F R : Optical Fiber Repeater ( )
D C F : Dispersion Compensation Fiber ( )
EDFA : Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier ( )
1-2.
1970 (,,)
1976 1.3 (,)
1977 VAD ()
1977 (,)
1979 ()
1980 ()
1981 (,)
1983 ()
1977 (KETRI)
1977 (KAIST)
(- )
(- )
90Mbps/s (KT)

Optical Fiber



[ 2-1 ] .
1] : 2 Glass [Core clead] Wave guide
Multi mode - Step Index, Gladed Index
Single mode
2] : Fusion splice [ ] Sleeve splice [ ] Epoxy molding [ ]
3] : Optical Connector [ ]
SC Connector ST Connector FC Connector
D4 Connector Biconic Connector MU Connector
4] : Optical Coupler [ ]
Wave guide .
5] : Optical Repeaters
E/O O/E .
6] : Transmitter [] Receiver []
Digital Analog Signal Fiber Digital
Analog
Transmitter : LD [Laser Diode]
LED [Light Emitting Diode]
PIN [Partially Integrated Network : ]
Optical Fiber
2-2
,

, , .
“1” “0” .
1] , 125 8bit 2 .
, .
.
2]
, , ,
[ Coherence ] .
ASK [ Amplitude Shift Keying ], FSK [ Frequency Shift Keying ] PSK
[ Phase Shift Keying ] . ASK , , FSK
, PSK .
Optical Fiber

(LED, LD)


(PA, APD)



2-3
,
[ Optical Soliton Wave Transmission System ]
[ Wavelength Division Multiplex System ] .
1]
, , ,
[ ] .
, 3
. ,
. , ,
.
. [ Erbuim ]
Gbps km .
2]
.
[ Time Division Multiplex ] , 10Gbps
. , 10Gbps ,
.
.
.
.
Optical Fiber
1] : , , FAX,
2] : CATV, HDTV, , .
3] : , B-ISDN .
4] :
, ,
.
*
- .
-
: 2 ,
1 .
: , ,
.
: , , , ,
.
.
, , ,
.
[ . ]
, , CATV
1km 550MHz

*





3.
3.1
. [ 3-1 ]
[ Core ] , [ Clad ] 2 .
1.463 ~ 1.467,
1.45 ~ 1.46 . ,
.

8um ~ 50um
Optical Fiber

. .
, ,
, .
, [ Preform ]
[ Drawing ] .
MCVD [ Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition ], OVPO [ Outside Vapor Phase Oxidation ], VAD
[ Vapor Phase Axial Deposition ] .
3-2.
, ,
. 3 .
. θi θr ,
. .
θi θr [ Snell’s law ] .
[ 3-2 ] n1 θi n2 θr
n1, n2 .
Sin θi n2
[B]
[ 3-2 ]
θr
. θi ,
[ ] .
θc θr . [ 3-1 ] .
n2
n1
,
.
,
, [3-3]


θ θc
.
.
θ ,
θo [3-3] .
noSin θo nlSin ( π/ 2- θc) = nlCos θc = nl2 - n22 -------------[ 3-3 ]
[3-3] ,
.
3-3.
,
.
, . .
Optical Fiber


1]
[ Multi Mode Fiber ] .
(2a) 50 ~ 60 , .
[ 3-4(a)] (n1)
n1 n2
. 10MHz.km .
[ 3-4(b)]

. 100MHz.km ~ GHz.km .
[ 3-5 ]
( a )
( b )
( c )
2a
n2
n1
2a
n2
n1
2a
n2
n1
n3
2]
(2a) ,
[ Single Mode Fiber ] . 9
.
[3-5 (b)] . [3-5 (b), (c)]
.
[ Dispersion Shift Fiber ] [ Dispersion Compasation Fiber ] .
0 1.3 , 0 1.55
, [ 10G ] .
.
3-4.
[ Optical Loss ] [ Dispersion ] .
, .
1]
.
.
,
, , ,
, [3-6] .
Optical Fiber
] [ Absorption Loss ]
, ,
.
,
.
, , , OH - .
1 ~ 10ppb [ parts per billion ] 1 ~ 10dB/km . OH - 2.7
, 1.38 OH -
20dB/km ppb .
0.8 1.7
Optical Fiber
] [ Scattering Loss ]

, , ,
. [ Rayleigh ]
[ Brillouin ] [ Ramman ]
.

, 4 1.0
.

.
[ EDFA ]
. , ,
.
]


. .
*
[ Microbending Loss ]
,
.
, . ,
.
[ Macro bending Loss ]


.
Optical Fiber
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
6 5 4 3 2 1 0


*
[ Splicing Loss ]
,
, , [ lateral offset ], [ end separation ],
[ tilt ] [ deformation of end surface ]
.
2]

, .
. .
.
, , .
, .
,
.
.
*
. [ Multi
Mode Step Index Fiber ]
[ High-order Mode ]

.


, .
[ Step Index
Fiber ] .

[Graded Index Fiber ]

.
n 1
n 2
*
] [ Material Dispersion ]
.
7 .
,
. ,
.
] [ Waveguide Dispersion ]
,
.
. ,
. .
,
.
3-5.
,
.
,
. , ,
, , , . [ Strand Type ],
[ Ribbon Type ], [ Slot Type ], [ Loose Tube Type ] ,
.
*
1]
] , .
] .
] .
] .
2
3 4 2
5
~
2
3
4
.
.
]
( 2 ~ 3 )
.
]
.
.



*
( : mm )

(1)
(2)
(3)
[ ]
[ D ] :
.
. [ 4-4 ]
PE ,
, PVC
[ 4-3 ] .
[4-4] .
PE PVC PE
.
PE (150kg / ) 3
.
.
.
]
. [ 4-2 ]
]
PE 30cm , 1.0m (, , )
.
Ø 36 mm
Optical Fiber
PE
24 . ( 1.0m )
.
. , .
] [ Plug ]
PE
.
.
]
Ø 4.0 mm PE .
3]
]
: ,
:
:
:
.
]
, ,
*
PE , ,
.
, , , , ,

. , ,
, . ,
2,000m, 3,000m .

]
, ∞ 8
, .
Optical Fiber
[ Outlet Side ]
[ Feeding Side ]
*

.
.
.
] ( )

.

.


.
Optical Fiber
] , .
] , .
] .
]
.
]
[4-8] .
] .
] ,
.
[ 4-8 ]
[ : Pulling Eye ]
] .
]
.
6]
] [ 4-5 ] , ,
.
] [ , , ] , [ 4-6 ] .



7]

, .
] .
] , , .
] , .
] ,
.
] .
] Pulling Eye ,
. [ 4-9 ]
] [ 1 ] .










.
: 0.6 m ()
: 1.2 m
: 3.4 m
]

( )
.
9]

.





( ), ( ), ( ), ( )
Optical Fiber
] ,
.
] 10m
.
4-2.
1]
] , , , ,
.
] ,
.
] ,
0.5dB/ .
] ,
.
2]
]
24, 36, 48, 72, 144 , ,
, , .
[36], [48], [72], [144] , [24] 72
.

[72]








,


[ OFS : Optical Fiber Storage ]
(

]
[ 4-8 ] .
:
3]
] M4 , , 4 .
] .
4]
]
(3.4m) ,
. , .
.
, .
,
, .
]
5]
]
,
(, ) .
, U .

.
( ) ,
.
Optical Fiber
2 ~3cm ,
.
.
, .
(, ) → → →
]
, .
,
,
.
( ) , .
1 1
.

. ,
.
.
,
.
Optical Fiber

. ,
, .
. ,
, .
, .
: 1 ,
.
:
.
]
[ 4-10 ] OFCT-2
[dB] 9

[dB] 9

]
. ,
, .
(, : 6) .
, .
]

. , .
,
.
]
,
.
,
.
*
5.
( Core ) , ,
.
5-1. [ Core ]
Core ,
, Connector .
Core
[ Core ] : → → → [ Core ]
1]
,
Aron Alpha Cyanoacrylate .
] V [ V - groove ]
V
( 0.2 dB ) .
] 4
4
] 3
3 ,
.
]
*
2] [ Fusion Splicing ]

0.1dB
.
]

,
,
.
[ 5-1 ]
[ A ] V - groove
V - groove
V - groove substrate

( Cross section atjoint )
[ A ]
*
] : SC, ST, FC/PC, D4, BICONIC, MU, MT, DIN SC
.
]
5-2. [ Core ]
1] , .
2] [ SM ] Core
.
3] .
4] ,
.
5] , V
.
6] [ Core ] , , ,
.
7] [ Core ] , , .
8] [ Core ] .
9] 1 , 1 ,
.
10]
, .
Optical Fiber







11] V ,
.
] .
:
.
] .
12] OTDR ( )
.
Optical Fiber




*
13]
. , .
14] [ 5-5 ] .
15] OTDR , ,
.
[A]
[C]
[B]
[D]
[E]
.
.
, .



5-3.

.
1] OTDR ,
.
2] .
] [5-7 ] [A] , [B]
OTDR [A], [B] , .
] OTDR [A], [B] .
] ,
.
] , , [B]
. , [A] .


OTDR
3] .
] , ,
.
] .
4] , 2 ( 3)
1 .
5] OTDR , .
6] , , .
7] , .
] : 1m .
] : 2.5m, 1m ,
.
] , .
8] , ,
.
.
1] ,
,
.
*
2] 1
.
3] ,
.
4] ,
, .
5] ,
. , , .
6] .
6.
6-1.
Optical Fiber
0.40[dB]
- : ≤0.15[dB] x
- : 0.5[dB],


0.45 [ dB/km ]
0.25 [ dB/km ]
0.30 [ dB/km ]
0.80 [ dB/km ]
1300 ~ 1322
λcc ≤1260
9.5 [ ] ±8%
2 %
0.095 [ Ps/.km ]
1]
3]
Cut Back
4]
OFD - OFD
6-2.
≤ 0.24 [dB] ×
( = 0.3 [dB] )
= 0.14 [dB]
= 0.3 [dB]
+
= ---------------------------------------------------------
( A, B )
( A ) ( PE ) ( B ) ( PE )

1) SC : ( Subscriber loop optical fiber connector )
2) FC : ( Fiber transmission system optical fiber connector )
3) PC : ( Physical contact )
4) APC : ( Angle physical contact 8)
6-4.
1]
] ( ), , ( ,
, , ) ,
.
] [ 6-1 ] .

*
] .
] .
] .
[ Laser ] .
30 . ,
.

.
,
.
] ( , , )
.
[ , ]
[ Typical Setup of Attenuation Measurement Method ]
,
.
. ,
[ Insertion Method ] [ Cut Back Method ] .
[ POUT ]
1 ~ 2m ,
[ Pin ] , dB 10 log PIN/POUT .
Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber
[ PIN ] ,
, [ POUT ] .
.
, , ,
.

[ Back Scattering Method ] ,

[ 6-1 ] [ Oscilloscope ]
.

,

.
,

.
*
Optical Fiber
, .
, . ,

.
.
. ,
. [ 6-2 ]
[ 6-2 ] OTDR

No.2 →No.1
L21 = L + a12
L21 = L - a12


( 1.3 / 1.55 )
( )
.
[ 2 ] .
*

]
.
,
( )
.

.
) , ,
.
) .
, 2
( 3 ) 1 .
OTDR , .
, , .
, .
) : 1m .
) : 2.5m, 1m , .
*
Optical Fiber
, ,
.
4]

.
] OTDR ,
.
] .
[5-7 ] [A] , [B]
OTDR [A], [B] , .
OTDR [A], [B] .
,
.
, , [B]
. , [A] .
]
[ 6-3 ] OTDR , .
OTDR .
.
, . ,
.
.
*
OTDR
OTDR

S1
*
Optical Fiber
[ 6-4 ] OTDR ,
.
.
,
. , .
], ] .
] . ,
, ( ) ( )
.
] .
] OTDR , .
[ BLs ]
[ FLs ]
BLs : [ dB/ ]
n : [ ]
*
5]
,
.
] [ 6-5 ]
.
] , .
] , 3 .
] ( ) ,
( ).
] .
.

Optical Fiber
] , 3 (ai) ( Eai (A →B) ),
3 (ai) ( Eai (B →A) ) (Bai) .
3 3
ail + ………... + aiN ail + ………... + aiN
N N
[ , N : ]
Eai ( A →B ) + Eai ( B →A )
Eai = -----------------------------------------------------------------
N
] ,
.
Lt : [ dB ]
Lt = Lαk + nLsd + ( 0.5 * 2 )
L : [ km ]
αt : [ dB/km ] ( )
Lsd : [ dB ]
n : [ ]
0.5 * 2 :


*
Optical Fiber
] ( .
) .
.
( ) .
] “ [ #3 ] “ .
5]
( )
.
] . , .
] .
]
, .
] ,
.
] ], ] ,
.
] “ [ # 3 ] “ .
6]
,
, .
] .
*


[ # 2 ]





( ), ( ), ( ), ( )
→ : OTDR









→ :





→ :

7.

,
. , CATV
( Passive Components )
.
( Optical Filter ), ( Optical Coupler ), ( Optical Fiber Grating ),
( Optical Isolator ) .
7-1.
( Fabry - Perot ) ,
.
.
7-2.
, ( PLC : Planar Lightwave
Circuit ) . [ 7-1 ], , .
.
,
.
(WDM), CATV
( Splitter ) .
*
7-3.
Ge 244 UV
( Coherent ) UV
.
( Band pass filter, ),
, ( ) .
7-4.
, ( )
, ( )
.
, ,
.
Planar Substrate
Wave Guide
Y-Branching Unit
Fused Taper
P 0
P 1
P 2
[ ]
# 1

]
.
] .
] F1, F2 ………..
“ “, .
] - 10, 11 .


F1
150
:
] 2
2 3 4 5 6 7
] 3 4 2
3
4
4 5 6 7 8
] 5

9 10 11 6 8 10


: Optical Passive / Channel Multiplexer
: Fiber - Optic Converter
LD &
ATD series
: Average Splice loss of 0.016 dB ( SMF )
: Automatic loss estimate accurate to ±0.02 dB
: 66 fiber optic brangg grating sensor embedded in concrete structure
: ; Highway engineers
: LAN Splice & Termination Cabinets and Patch Panels, Attenuators
: Fiber Drop ( Pre - Terminated Cable )
: Stabilized Laser / LED Source, Power Meter
: Fiber Monitoring and Test System
: Interferometric Microscope
Aurora
: - TDM & DWDM
: Output Power ; +4, 16, 17, 19 dBm
: Tunerble Sources
:
FP LD ; 635 …….1630
SLED ; 800 / 820
: ; ( FLOMS )
: ; 400…….1700
: Laser Sources
; 780, 1300, 1550

Portable Type
: Discontinuity
: Attenuator
: Fusin Splicer
: 0.3 dB Insertion Loss
: 50 Microns Apex Offset
: 50 Nan0meters Fiber Undercut
&
UT 9005
UT Minipol