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Growthand

evelopment


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Growth and Development as aunitexpressesthe sumofnumerous

changesthattake place duringthe

life cycleof anindividual. The entire

course isadynamic processthat

encompassesseveral inter-relateddimensions.


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There is no universally accepted definitionof growth

J.S. Huxley The self multiplication of living substance.

Krogman Increase in size, change in proportion and

progressive complexity.

Todd An increase in size.

Meridith- Entire series of sequential anatomic andphysiologic changes taking place from thebeginning of prenatal life to senility


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Moyers Quantitative aspect of biologic developmentper unit of time.

Moss Change in any morphological parameter whichIs measurable

Profit Growth refers to an increase in size/number

Generally growth is irreversible. It is partially true as in thein the case of increase in the length of the body.

Growth may be reversible as seen in the case of increasein weight of the body . Though growth is generallyassociated with an increase in size and unidirectional ,yet some conditions involving regression are alsoconsidered to take place during growth. For example, theatrophy of the thymus gland


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Development


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Development refers to all the naturallyoccurring unidirectional changes in

the life of an individual from itsexistence as a single cell to its

elaboration as a multifunctional unit

terminating in death.

Development = Growth +

differentiation +translocation


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Development is characterized by changes incomplexity, a shift to fixation of function,

and more independence, all of which isunder genetic control, yet modified by theenvironment

The changes associated with agingi.e.,degeneration and senility areconsidered by some as a part ofmaturation, while others consider It aspart of development


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Differenti


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Differentiation is the change from ageneralized cell or tissue to one

that is more specialized. Thus

differentiation is a change in quality

or kind.

The stabilization of the adult stage

brought about by the growth &development iscalledMaturation


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Factors That Affect Growth

And Development


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1.Heredity

Heredity is the passing on ofcharacteristics from parents totheir children.

Children inherit some physicalcharacteristics from parents. If achild inherited shortness, he orshe will be short even with theproper nourishment.

The genes hence play a majorrole in the overall growth of aperson.


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2.Health

Health means being physically,mentally and socially fit.

A child who is healthy growsand develops faster than theone who is sickly.

Malnutrition may affect allaspects of growth including sizeof parts, body proportions,quality and texture of tissues,and onset of growth events.


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The effects of malnutritionare reversible to a certainextent as children have finerecuperative powers.

If the adverse effects arenot too severe, the growthprocess accelerates whenproper nutrition is

provided.This is termed ascatch-up growth.


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Good Food Habits Eat plenty of food from grains and

cereals. They are the food that giveyou energy. Eat protein-rich food. They are the

foods that make you grow. Eat fruits and vegetables. They are

foods that regulate your growth. Somevegetables are good if eaten raw.Others should be lightly cooked so thattheir nutrients will not be lost.

Eat less fatty, salty or sweet foods. Too

much of these can cause illnesses. Drink plenty of water. Your body parts

need water to do their work. Eat a balanced diet. A balanced diet

has the right kinds of food in the right

amount.


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3.Diseases

Some diseases may affect babies before they are bornor at birth. These diseases may affect some parts of thebody like the brain, in which case the child may becomeparalyzed or mentally retarded. Blindness may also

affect development of physical and social capabilities ofchildren.

Cerebral palsyis a disorder that affects a personsmovement and posture.

Immunization means injecting into the body a weakened

form of germs. SOME DISEASES SLOW DOWN ONES GROWTH

AND DEVELOPMENT.


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The usual minor childhood illness

ordinarily cannot be shown to have much effect onphysical growth.

Prolonged and debilitating illness however can have amarked effect on all aspects of growth.


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4.Family and

Surroundings Children grow up in a family. What children experience inthe family affect their growth and development. Childrenwho are loved grow up with a feeling of security. If theirphysical, emotional and social needs are provided

For, children grow up to be well-adjusted and confidentof themselves. Negative experiences in the family mayaffect children.

Surroundings affect children. If the place they live in ispolluted, children are likely to be sickly.

Family affects the growth and development of children. Asmall family can meet its basic needs.

Surroundings affect the growth and development ofchildren. A clean surrounding is good for ones health.


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5.Rest and Recreation

Recreation- an activity engaged in torestore strength and spirits after work.

It is an activity done for enjoyment.

Recreational Activities-Activities that youdo voluntarily because you like it to.

Rest and recreation help a child developphysically, mentally and socially.


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6.Socio- economic factors

Children brought up in affluent andfavorable socio-economic conditions showearlier onset of growth events.

They also grow to a larger size than

children living in unfavorable socio-

economic environment.


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7.Climatic and seasonal

effects Seasonal variation have been shown toaffect adipose tissue content and theweight of new born babies.

Climatic changes seem to have little directeffect on rate of growth.

8 P h l i l


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8.Psychological

disturbances Children experiencing stressful conditions

display an inhibition of growth hormonesecretion.

Psychological disturbances of prolongedduration can hence markedly retard

growth.


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9.Exercise

Exercises are essential for a healthy body,Strenuous and regular exercises have notbeen associated with more favorable

growth.

Certain aspects of growth such asdevelopment of some motor skills and

increase in muscle mass is found to beinfluenced by exercise.


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CONCEPTS OF GROWTH


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1.Concept of normality

Normal refers to that which is usuallyexpected, is ordinarily seen or is typical.

Normal refers to a range

Another aspect of cranio facial growth isthat normality changes with age.


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2.Rhythm of growth

Human growth is not a steady & uniform processwherein all parts of die body enlarge at the samerate & the increments of one year arc equal to

that of the proceeding or succeeding year This growth rhythm is most clearly seen in

stature or body height


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It is most intense and rapid during the first2 years.

There follows a slower increaseterminating in

Boys -10th to 12th year

Girls -no later than 10th year.


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3.Growth Spurt

Sudden increase ingrowth is termed

"growth spurt".

Periods when asudden accelerationof growth occurs.


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TIMINGS OF GROWTHSPURTS.

Just before birth

One year after birth

Mixed dentition growth spurt

Boys : 8-11 years

Girls : 7-9 years

Pre-Pubertal growth spurt

Boys : 14 - 16 years Girls : 11-13 years


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Significance. Growth modification by means of

Functional and orthodontic appliancesElicit better response during growth spurts.


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4.Differential growth

Different organs grow at different rates toa different amount & at different times.

1.Scammon's curve of growth

2. Cephalo-caudal gradient of growth


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1. General or Somatic curve

height, weight, skeleton,muscle

2. Genital slow in the pre-pubertal periodrapid atadolescence

3. Neural curvebrain, skull,eyes, earsdevelopment earlierthan any other tissuesororgansno adolescent spurt

4. Lymphoid curvetonsils, adenoids, appendix,

intestines,and spleenpre-adolescent maximum,followed byregression to adult value

1.Scammon's curve of growth


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1. Lymphoid curveLymphoid tissue

proliferates rapidly inlate childhood andreaches almost 200%of adult size

An adaptation toprotect children frominfection

By 18 yearsLYMPHOID tissueundergoes involutionto reach adult size.

2. Neural curve

Neural tissue grows

very rapidly andreaches adult sizeby 6-7 years.

Very little growth of

neural tissue occursafter 6-7 years.


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3.General or Somaticcurve

Consists of themuscles, bones andother organs.

These tissues exhibit an"S" shaped curve withrapid growth up to 2-3years followed by aslow phase of growthbetween 3-10 years.

After the 10th year, arapid phase of growthoccurs terminating by

the 18 - 20th year

4. Genital

slow in the pre-pubertal

period rapid atadolescence


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2. Cephalo-caudal gradient of

growth

A comparison of thebody proportionBetween pre-natal

and post-natal lifereveals Post-natalgrowth of regions ofthe body that are

away from theHYPOPHYSIS ismore.

METHODS OF GATHERING


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METHODS OF GATHERINGGROWTH DATA

Longitudinal Studies

Cross sectionalstudies

Semi - longitudinal

studies


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METHODS OF STUDYING


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METHODS OF STUDYINGGROWTH

I. Measurementapproaches

II. Experimentalapproaches


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I. Measurement

approaches


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They comprise of measurement techniquesthat are carried out on living individuals.

These methods do not harm the animal.

Bimetric tests Height, Weight,Skeletal maturation &

ossification

Compared with standards


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II. Experimental

approaches


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1.Vital staining

Belchier, in 1936accidentally noted thatbones of animals who

had eaten madderplants were stainedred.

dye in the madderplant, ALIZARIN wasidentified and used forbone research.


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site of growth, the direction,

duration and amount of

growth Other dyes used

Acid Alizarin Blue

Trypon blue Lead acetate

Tetracycline

Significance.


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2. Radioisotopes

Technetium 33

Calcium 45

Potassium 32

3.Implants

Introduced by Bijork in 1969.

Involves implanting of small bits in growingbone. They serve as radiographicreference points for analysis.


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Areas where implants were used


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4. Radiographic techniques

Cephalometry

Hand-wrist xrays


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5. Natural markers

6. Comparitive study


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