Outline What are What are Processing AProcessing … · The Issue of Undeclared Ingredients in Halal Food Processing A Focus on Processing Aids Mian N. Riaz, Ph.D. Food Protein R&D

The Issue of Undeclared Ingredients in Halal Food Processing

A Focus on Processing Aids

Mian N. Riaz, Ph.D.Food Protein R&D Center; Texas A&M University

College Station, Texas USA

A Focus on Processing Aids

First Halal Workshop11 May, 2014

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, State of Kuwait

الحالل؟ المجهزة قضية المكونات غير المعلنة في األغذية ات التصنيعيةالتركيز على معالج

رياضمحمد نديم ميان . د.أجامعة تكساس أيه أند أم، تامو، الواليات مدير أبحاث البروتين،

المتحدة األمريكية

ات التصنيعيةالتركيز على معالج

ورشة الحالل األولى2014مايو 11

معھد الكويت لألبحاث العلميةدولة الكويت

OutlineOutline

What are processing What are processing aaids?ids?

Sources of processing Sources of processing aaidsids

Why use Why use processing processing aids and hidden aids and hidden ingredients?ingredients?

Processing aids and Hidden Ingredients

ingredients?ingredients?

Are All hidden ingredients are Halal?Are All hidden ingredients are Halal?

Examples of hidden ingredientsExamples of hidden ingredients

Control of Halal food processing aid Control of Halal food processing aid and hidden ingredientsand hidden ingredients

What are What are Processing AProcessing Aids?ids?

Processing Processing aids are substances aids are substances that are approved by both the that are approved by both the Food and Drug Administration Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (FDA) and the U.S. Department and the U.S. Department of Agricultureof Agriculture (USDA(USDA))


of Agriculture of Agriculture (USDA(USDA))

They They are used in the production are used in the production of a variety of foods of a variety of foods –– meat, meat, poultry, produce, etc., and are poultry, produce, etc., and are not present in any significant not present in any significant amount in the finished amount in the finished productproduct

What are Processing Aids?What are Processing Aids?

The use of food The use of food processing aid has processing aid has become more become more prominent in recent prominent in recent

Processing Aids and Hidden Ingredients

years, due to the years, due to the increased production increased production of prepared, of prepared, processed, and processed, and convenience foods convenience foods

What are Processing aids?What are Processing aids?

Both the Both the FDAFDA and and USDAUSDA recognize three situations in which a recognize three situations in which a manufacturing substance is deemed to be a processing aid:manufacturing substance is deemed to be a processing aid:

11.. When When substances are added to a food during processing substances are added to a food during processing


but subsequently removed before the food reaches its finished but subsequently removed before the food reaches its finished form form (example activated charcoals which filter out impurities)(example activated charcoals which filter out impurities)


2.2. When When substances are added to a food during processing and substances are added to a food during processing and are ultimately converted into components that naturally occur are ultimately converted into components that naturally occur in the food at insignificant levels that do not change the in the food at insignificant levels that do not change the natural makeup of the finished natural makeup of the finished product product


Example: This could be some thing like pH adjuster that Example: This could be some thing like pH adjuster that converts to salt and doesn’t significantly add to the level of salt converts to salt and doesn’t significantly add to the level of salt in the foodin the food


33.When .When substances are added to a food during processing and substances are added to a food during processing and remain in the food but are present at only an insignificant level remain in the food but are present at only an insignificant level and have no technical or functional effect in the finished and have no technical or functional effect in the finished foodfood


Example of this is sodium acid pyrophosphate used as a Example of this is sodium acid pyrophosphate used as a leavening agent leavening agent

Functions of Processing Aids Functions of Processing Aids

Processing Processing aids may perform a number of functions in aids may perform a number of functions in the food production the food production processprocess

Serve Serve to enhance food safety by reducing potential to enhance food safety by reducing potential


contamination in food during processing contamination in food during processing (antimicrobials) (antimicrobials)


Facilitating Facilitating an easier removal of impurities an easier removal of impurities (flocculants)(flocculants)



Ease Ease the processing of the food product as a the processing of the food product as a flow agent flow agent



Prevent Prevent the food product from crystallizing in the the food product from crystallizing in the processing processing conditionsconditions



OOther ther functions that processing aids serve functions that processing aids serve include a pH control agent, a catalyst, or a include a pH control agent, a catalyst, or a clarifying agentclarifying agent



In General:In General:Food processing aids Food processing aids help to improve help to improve flavor improve itsflavor improve its


flavor, improve its flavor, improve its taste or nutrition taste or nutrition value, appearance, value, appearance, freshness and safetyfreshness and safety

Examples Examples of of Common Processing Aids Common Processing Aids

Some processing Some processing aids approved by aids approved by FDAFDAthat are that are commonly commonly used in foodused in food


used in food used in food production production include:include:

Fruit Fruit and vegetable and vegetable washes (examples washes (examples include organic acids include organic acids and chlorine washesand chlorine washes))


DeDe--coloring coloring agents (examples include agents (examples include dimethylaminedimethylamine epichlorohydrinepichlorohydrin coco--polymerpolymer, , which is used as a which is used as a dede--coloring coloring agent in the agent in the refinement of sugarrefinement of sugar))


refinement of sugarrefinement of sugar))


Strengthening Strengthening agents in food (examples agents in food (examples include sodium include sodium stearoylstearoyl lactylatelactylate, used to , used to strengthen dough in frozen pancakes strengthen dough in frozen pancakes andandwaffles)waffles)


waffles)waffles)


Joining agents and enzymes Joining agents and enzymes (examples (examples include rennet, which helps milk join together include rennet, which helps milk join together to make to make cheese)cheese)



Processing aids approved by Processing aids approved by USDAUSDA for use in meat and for use in meat and poultry products are commonly poultry products are commonly used to reduce or kill foodborneused to reduce or kill foodborne


used to reduce or kill foodborne used to reduce or kill foodborne pathogenspathogens

They are:They are: Control Control pH pH (examples include (examples include

ammonium hydroxide) ammonium hydroxide)


Control Control bacteria in chill water bacteria in chill water (examples (examples include chlorine gas and ozoneinclude chlorine gas and ozone))



Wash Wash products during the entire production products during the entire production process process (examples include organic acids(examples include organic acids) )



Remove feathers from poultry Remove feathers from poultry (examples (examples include scalding agents)include scalding agents)



Other antimicrobial agents used to reduce Other antimicrobial agents used to reduce foodborne pathogens foodborne pathogens (examples include (examples include trisodiumtrisodium phosphate and ammonium phosphate and ammonium hydroxide)hydroxide)


hydroxide)hydroxide)

Status of Processing Aids? Status of Processing Aids?

Do processing aids remain in the food after the production Do processing aids remain in the food after the production process is complete? If so, how much is in the finished foodprocess is complete? If so, how much is in the finished food??

Processing Processing aids sometimes remain after processing and are aids sometimes remain after processing and are present in the finished food, but only at safe and insignificant present in the finished food, but only at safe and insignificant levelslevels


levelslevels But is that amount But is that amount will jeopardize will jeopardize the Halal status?the Halal status?

Limitations of Halal Limitations of Halal CConsumersonsumers

Lack of awarenessLack of awareness

Understanding Understanding ppackaging ackaging llabelsabels

Complexity of food Complexity of food iingredientsngredients

Ambiguous foodAmbiguous food iingredientsngredients Ambiguous food Ambiguous food iingredientsngredients

Diversity of pDiversity of productsroducts

Emerging Emerging nnew ew ffood ood pproductsroducts

Limitations of Halal Limitations of Halal CConsumersonsumers

Sources of Processing Aids?Sources of Processing Aids?

Some consumers may Some consumers may not be able to know the not be able to know the sources of these sources of these


processing aid and processing aid and have no idea why these have no idea why these ingredients are in the ingredients are in the foods?foods?

Hidden IngredientsHidden IngredientsProcessing aids and Hidden Ingredients

InIn aa complexcomplex andand globalizedglobalized worldworld itit hashas becomebecome increasinglyincreasinglydifficultdifficult toto tracetrace thethe lineslines thatthat linklink rawraw materialsmaterials withwithproducers,producers, productsproducts andand consumersconsumers

Pork (Pork (185 185 Different ingredients)Different ingredients)


Protein Hydrolysate

Pancreatic Enzyme

Bacteria

INS Number: 243,261-1, 261-2, 262-1, 262-2, 263, 271, 280, 281, 282, 283, 296, 297, 300, 301, 302, 304, 317, 322, 326, 327, 330, 331-2, 331-1, 331-3, 332, 332-2, 333, 350-1, 350 2 351 1 351 2 352 1 352 2 363 381Hydrolysate

CultureMedia

Varieties of Raw Materials

Bacteria

350-2, 351-1, 351-2, 352-1, 352-2, 363, 381, 415, 420, 421, 422, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 442, 469, 471, 472b,472c, 472f, 472g, 474, 475, 476, 478, 480, 481-2, 481-2, 482-1, 482-2, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 570, 575, 576, 578, 579, 585, 620, 621, 622, 623, 627, 631, 634, 635, 636, 639, 951, 1100, 1520

Chemicals

Undeclared IngredientsUndeclared Ingredients

Several ingredients are not mentioned on the labelSeveral ingredients are not mentioned on the label

-- Releasing agentReleasing agent



-- Antifoaming agentAntifoaming agent



-- Filtering agentFiltering agent



-- Filtering agentFiltering agent



-- Clarifying agentClarifying agent



-- Bleaching CompoundsBleaching Compounds



-- Food Food GGrade Lubricants rade Lubricants



-- Edible CoatingEdible Coating



-- Gum BaseGum Base

-- Gum base is the nonGum base is the non--nutritive, nonnutritive, non--digestible, waterdigestible, water--insoluble insoluble masticatory delivery system used tomasticatory delivery system used to


masticatory delivery system used to masticatory delivery system used to carry sweeteners, flavors and any carry sweeteners, flavors and any other desired substances in chewing other desired substances in chewing gum and bubble gum and bubble gumgum

-- Two Two of the commonly used of the commonly used ingredients which are questionable ingredients which are questionable are are stearatesstearates and and gelatingelatin


-- Packaging MaterialPackaging Material


In many cases, stearate from animals might be used in the production of plastic bags and containers

Metal cans and drums can be contaminated with animal fats

Waxes and coatings applied to plastic, paper and styrofoam cups and plates might be from animal origin


-- Enzymes as Processing AidsEnzymes as Processing Aids



-- Flavor EnhancersFlavor Enhancers


Smoke Flavorings

http://www.leffingwell.com/smoke1.htm#peak


Label show Label show yeast extract yeast extract and and

natural flavornatural flavor

B hB h l ll l


-- Both Both are legal are legal termsterms

-- Yeast extract could be from Yeast extract could be from

brewery waste and could brewery waste and could

contain flavor contain flavor enhancers enhancers


-- This label show flavor This label show flavor enhancer’s eenhancer’s e--numbernumber


-- But it contain, But it contain, herb extract herb extract and and yeast extractyeast extract

-- Both extract could contain Both extract could contain several several flavor enhancers flavor enhancers


-- This label This label show show natural natural flavors,flavors,yeast extractyeast extract


yeast extract,yeast extract,spice spice extractextract

-- What is the source What is the source of these of these ingredients? ingredients?

Processing Aids Processing Aids not not Declared Declared on on Food LabelsFood Labels??

Do processing aids remain in the food after the production Do processing aids remain in the food after the production process is completeprocess is complete??

BecauseBecause, , by by definition, processing aids have no technical or definition, processing aids have no technical or functional effect in the finished functional effect in the finished foodfood


Because Because they are either not present or are present at only they are either not present or are present at only insignificant levels in the finished foodinsignificant levels in the finished food

52

Are Processing Aids are Halal?Are Processing Aids are Halal?Processing aids and Hidden Ingredients

What is the Solution? What is the Solution?

-- To make sure food is HalalTo make sure food is Halal

all the processing aids including:all the processing aids including:-- Releasing Releasing agentagent

-- Antifoaming Antifoaming agentagent


-- Filtering & clarifying agentFiltering & clarifying agent

-- Bleaching Bleaching compoundscompounds

-- Flavor eFlavor enhancersnhancers

-- Packaging materialPackaging material

-- Greases and lubricants Greases and lubricants

Need to be Halal certifiedNeed to be Halal certified

Key MessageKey Message

Several hidden ingredients and Several hidden ingredients and other processing aid can pose an other processing aid can pose an issue for Halalissue for Halal

Halal certification for all theseHalal certification for all these


Halal certification for all these Halal certification for all these ingredients may be the only ingredients may be the only solutionsolution

We all need to work on these We all need to work on these issues so all the Muslims make issues so all the Muslims make sure they are eating Halal foodsure they are eating Halal food

QuestionsQuestionsProcessing aids and Hidden Ingredients

Documents

Outline What are What are Processing AProcessing … · The Issue of Undeclared Ingredients in Halal Food Processing A Focus on Processing Aids Mian N. Riaz, Ph.D. Food Protein R&D