Phuong_phap_do_boc_khoi_luong

8/7/2019 Phuong_phap_do_boc_khoi_luong

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Cng ty Gi Xy DngT sch K s nh gi xy dng

phng php

o bc khi lngxy dng cng trnh

Version 2.0

Ti liu phc v hc vin lp:o bc khi lng lp d ton

(Phn l thuyt)

H NI, 2009

Tc gi: Ks. Nguyn Th Anh

Ks. Nguyn Th Phng ThanhKs. L Hoi LinhKs. Phm Ngc Quyt


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LI TA

Va qua Cng ty Gi Xy Dng t chc thnh cng nhiu lp bi dng

nghip vo bc khi lng lp d ton xy dng cng trnh ti H Ni vTp.H Ch Minh. Kho hc c hc vin nh gi c ni dung v cht lng

rt cao. Gio trnh v chng trnh c bin son v thit k cng phu. T liuminh ho rt phong ph. Thit b my chiu, my tnh v phn mm d ton

thc hnh hin i. Phng php hc v phong cch ging dy ca ging vinrt sng to v c nhiu iu th v. Vic thit k gio trnh v ni dung bi

ging bm st mt cng trnh tu n cui gip cho cc hc vin nm btc cc vn cbn o bc khi lng v lp d ton xy dng cng

trnh.Tuy nhin, do nhiu yu t chng ti cha th t chc cc kho hc rng ri

cc a phng. V vy, thng qua website www.giaxaydung.vn chng ti phbin mt s ti liu tham kho (dng cho hc vin) ti cc ng nghip, c bit

l cc ng nghip xa khu trung tm. Vi mong mun ng gp vo vic phbin kin thc vu t xy dng cng trnh ni chung v o bc khi lng

lp d ton ni ring. Gp phn xy dng qu hng, t nc.Cng ty Gi Xy dng gi bn quyn v cng b ti liu Hng dn o bc

khi lng xy dng cng trnh ny cc c quan, t chc, c nhn c lin

quan tham kho thc hin cng vic xc nh khi lng cc cng trnh xy

dng v xc nh chi ph u t xy dng cng trnh theo hng dn ti Thng t

s 05/2007/TT- BXD ngy 25/7/2007 ca B Xy dng Hng dn lp v qunl chi ph u t xy dng cng trnh.

Ti liu ny c ti min ph ti www.giaxaydung.vn hoc bn c th linh vn phng Cng ty Gi Xy Dng v cung cp email nhn file. Xin chnthnh cm n bn c ng hwww.giaxaydung.vn thi gian qua.

Cng ty Gi Xy Dng

S 14A, Vng Tha V, Thanh Xun, H Ni


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Li ni u

Ti liu ny c bin son vi mc tiu s dng tham kho thm cho hc

vin lp o to, bi dng nghip v o bc khi lng v lp d ton. Thng

qua www.giaxaydung.vn xin chia s cng cc ng nghip c quan tm. Cc

ng nghip lm cng tc kim sot khi lng ti cc Ban qun l d n, n v

t vn u t xy dng cng trnh, c quan kim ton, kho bc, cc ng nghip

chuyn ngnh khng thuc khi xy dng cng trnh... c th tham kho

trang b cho mnh kin thc phc v cng vic.

Cc v d trong ti liu ny thin v o bc khi lng phn xy dng ca

cng trnh dn dng v cng nghip. V theo chng ti cng trnh dn dng v

cng nghip l nhiu u vic nht, cng tc o bc khi lng i hi s t m,

chi tit nht. Nu o bc thnh tho cng trnh dn dng v cng nghip, bn c

th lm c mi cng trnh khc. Tuy nhin, chng ti s sm b sung cc v

d v o bc khi lng cng trnh giao thng (cu, ng, cng...), cng trnhthu li (knh, mng, , p...) v cng trnh h tng k thut (trm BTS,

ng dy, trm bin p...) vo cc version sau ca gio trnh. Ngoi ra chng

ti s sm cp nht, b sung thm cc hnh v, bi tp chi tit trong ln sau.

Do trnh cn hn ch, li khng c nhiu thi gian trau chut sn

phm, nu ch n lc hon ho mi chia s th khng bit n bao gi. V vy,

chng ti mnh dn a ti liu ln v s c gng hon thin thm sau. Qua y

rt mong c cc ng nghip xa gn gp ln ra mt sau ti liu ny s

hon thin hn na. Mi gp xin gi v a ch email

[email protected] liu ny c bin son v chia s min ph, bn c th in n, lu tr

s dng cho mc ch c nhn hoc chia s vi cc bn b ng nghip, khng

kinh doanh. Mi trch dn xin ghi r ngun www.giaxaydung.vn.

Cc tc gi


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Giaxaydung Co., Ltd 1

M u1. Mc tiu

Kin thc: Hc vin c trang b c s l lun, cch lm v p dng c vo

cng vic c th.

K nng: Gii quyt c cc vn c th trong qu trnh hc v lm vic,

rn luyn c tnh cn trng, t m v chnh xc trong cng vic.Thi : C quan im thng nht trong tnh ton khi lng xy dng cng

trnh ti Vit Nam, tnh chnh xc m bo yu cu k thut v cng ngh.

2. Phng php hc

- Da vo thc t v nguyn l xc nh phng php o bc khi lng.

- Nm bt cc kin thc c bn thng qua l thuyt v cc v d c th. o bc

khi lng cng trnh dn dng i hi s t m, chi tit, nhiu u vic nht so

vi cc loi cng trnh khc. V vy, cc v d phc v bi ging ch yu l ca

cng trnh dn dng, mt s l cng trnh cng nghip v giao thng. Sau khi nmc cc nguyn l, k nng hc vin trin khai ng dng kin thc hc c p

dng cho cc loi cng trnh khc.

- Tch cc lm bi tp, gii quyt tnh hung, tho lun t c mc tiu.

3. Mt s yu cu v kin thc v k nng o bc khi lng

- Cc kin thc v cng ngh xy dng, k thut thi cng.

- Cc kin thc v cc phng php, quy trnh thi cng xy dng. Nu c kinhnghim tch luc trong qu trnh thc t thi cng xy dng th cng tt.

- Kh nng c hiu cc thong tin trong thit k.- K nng v k thut o bc khi lng.

- Hiu bit v cc phng php o bc cc kt cu, b phn ca cng trnh.

- Hiu bit cc vn bn php lut quy nh cc v vn lin quan o bc khilng.

- Lun c gng t c s chnh xc cao trong cng vic o bc.

- Lun c gng t tc lm vic nhanh, t hiu sut cao.


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I. Bn v trong xy dng

1. Khi nim v thit k v bn v xy dng

1.1. Khi nim v thit k

Thit k cng trnh xy dng l qu trnh lp ra h thng cc bn v v cc ch

tiu tnh ton thuyt minh s hp l v mt k thut cng nh v mt kinh t ca

cc hng mc v cng trnh xy dng.

1.2. Khi nim bn v xy dng (bn v thit k)

Bn v thit k (thit k k thut, thit k k thut thi cng) l bn v biu din

hnh dng, cu to, m hnh ca cng trnh phc v cho vic thi cng xy dng v

lp t thit b cho cng trnh. Bn v th hin hnh dng, kch thc, tnh nng, k

thut, chng loi vt liu cu to nn b phn cng trnh v cng trnh; th hin

hnh dng tng th ca cng trnh.

1.3 Vai tr ca bn v thit k

Tu tng i tng m bn v thit k c cc vai tr nh sau:+ Ngi lp d ton s dng bn v xc nh khi lng ca cc cng vic

thi cng xy dng cng trnh, t p gi (n gi xy dng cng trnh) xc

nh ra gi tr d ton xy dng cng trnh.

+ Ngi lm cng tc k hoch c th da vo bn v thit k tnh ton v

d tr cc ngun lc phc v k hoch thi cng xy dng cng trnh.

+ Ngi thi cng (nh thu xy dng) nhn vo bn v thit k v s dng cc

phng tin k thut, cng ngh v nhn lc, vt lc bin thit k trn bn v

thnh cng trnh trong thc t.+ Ngi lm cng tc kim sot khi lng, chi ph (k ton, kim ton,

thanh tra, nhn vin ngn hng, kho bc) da vo bn v kim tra, kim sot

khi lng trong h s thanh quyt ton.

2. Phn loi bn v xy dng

2.1 Bn v quy hoch

Bn v quy hoch l bn v th hin quy hoch ca mt khu vc a l hnh

chnh v xy dng. Tnh trng v v tr s dng t, cch b tr cc cng trnh dn

dng trong mt tng th...


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Bn v quy hoch cm cng nghip i Xuyn (Ph Xuyn, H Ni)

2.2 Bn v kin trc

Bn v kin trc l bn v biu din cu to v mt kin trc ca cng trnh.

Th hin m hnh, ng nt, hnh dng, cch thc b tr (cc kt cu, b phn,

hng mc cng trnh), ng giao thng... m bo cng nng v thm m chocng trnh.

V d: Vi cng trnh dn dng, bn v kin trc th hin m hnh, ng nt,

hnh dng, cch thc b tr cc phng, ng giao thng i li trong cng trnh...

Bn v kin trc ca cng trnh c k hiu l KT. V d: KT 01; KT 02...

thng c xp xp theo th t: Mt bng tng 1, Mt bng tng 2,.... Mt ng,

Mt ct.

2.3 Bn v kt cu

Bn v kt cu l bn v biu din cu to v mt kt cu ca mt cng trnh.

Th hin cch b tr ca ct thp... nhm m bo kh nng chu ti (chu lc) ca

cng trnh.

Bn v kt cu ca cng trnh c k hiu l KC. V d KC 01; KC 02

thng c xp xp theo th t: Mt bng kt cu mng, Mt bng i mng, Chi

tit dm, s b tr gi cu, chi tit mng m cu...

2.4 Bn v b tr thit b

Bn v b tr thit b l bn v biu din v tr t cc thit b trong cng trnh.

Bn v b tr thit b thng da trn tn, loi thit b lp t vo cng trnh.

i vi cng trnh dn dng: bn v b tr thit b thng l cc bn v th hinv tr lp t cc thit b nh: in, nc, h thng PCCC, iu ho thng gi, h

thng k thut cng trnh (camera an ninh, iu khin to nh)...

V d:

+ Bn v thit k in c: 01, 02...

+ Bn v thit k cp nc, thot nc: N 01, N 02...


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3. Cch thc th hin bn v

3.1 Cc hnh thc biu din ca mt vt th

Hnh chiu bng: l hnh chiu ca mt vt th ln mt mt phng nm ngang

pha bn di vt th.

Hnh chiu ng: l hnh chiu ca mt vt th ln mt mt phng thng ng

pha sau vt th.

Hnh chiu cnh: l hnh chiu ca mt vt th ln mt mt phng thng ng

nm bn cnh vt th.

Hnh ct - mt ct: Nu tng tng c mt mt phng ct ngang qua vt th

th hnh ct l phn giao ca vt th vi mt phng c chiu vo mt mt phng

ng sau n. Hnh ca mt ct c gi l hnh ct.

Hnh chiu trc o: l loi hnh biu din ni c xy dng bng php chiu

song song. Hnh chiu trc o ca vt th thng c v km vi cc hnh chiu

thng gc ca n nhm gip cho ngi c bn v d dng hnh dung ra vt th cnbiu din.

Hnh chiu phi cnh: gi tt l phi cnh, l loi hnh biu din ni c xy

dng bng php chiu xuyn tm. N c dng trn cc bn v kin trc, xy

dng biu din cc cng trnh xy dng nh: nh ca, cu, ng, thy li tc

l nhng i tng c kch thc kh ln.

Ti lp hc: Hc vin s c xem cc hnh nh chiu bng my chiu trn

mn hnh rng hiu r cc hnh v ny. 3.2 Cc hnh thc biu din bn v ca cng trnh xy dng

Bn v mt bng: Tng

tng ct cng trnh bng mt

mt phng song song vi mt

sn cao hn 1m th hnh

chiu ca mt ct ln mt sn

th hin mt bng ca cng

trnh. Bn v mt bng ca cng

trnh th hin cch b tr cc bphn, cch phn chia cc khu

vc trong cng trnh. V d i

vi cng trnh dn dng, mt

bng th hin v tr ca tng,

ct, ca, cu thang... trong mt

tng.


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Bn v mt ng: Nu chiu mt ng trc, mt ng bn, mt ng sau vo

mt mt phng song song tng ng ta s c hnh chiu ng ca cng trnh.

Bn v mt ng th hin kin trc ca cng trnh bn mt xung quanh. Thng

qua c th bit c v tr ca cc b phn trn mt ng. V d i vi cng

trnh dn dng, mt ng th hin v tr ca, v tr mi ht, lan can, ...

Bn v mt ct: Tng tng ct ngang hoc ct dc cng trnh bng cc mtphng tng ng ta s c bn v mt ct ngang v mt ct dc ca cng trnh.

Thng qua bn v mt ct th hin c b dy v chiu cao ca cc b phn m

mt ct ct qua. Chiu cao, ct ca cc b phn trn cng trnh.

Bn v chi tit: Nu trch v mt chi tit no ca cng trnh t mt bng,

mt ng v mt ct ta s thy c chi tit c th ca phn trch v . Trong h

thng bn v thit k xy dng th thng c rt nhiu cc bn v chi tit.

Bn v phi cnh: d dng hnh dung

cng trnh (c bit i vi nhng ngi

khng hc chuyn ngnh xy dng, k thut),

chng ta c th xem ny. y l bn v kiu

chp hnh cng trnh, th hin c cnh vt,

khng gian xung quanh nh tht. Nh hnh

bn l phi cnh cng trnh thu in Sn La.

Ch : Trong h thng bn v xy dng trnh by trn ngi tnh khi lng

cn nghin cu c th tng bn v mt. Cc bn v thng c s lin kt vi nhau

th hin cu to ca mt b phn hoc kt cu xy dng hoc v tr lp t thit

b, chi tit ch to thit b cng ngh... Thng qua bn v mt bng th hin chiudi v chiu rng. Thng qua bn v mt ng v mt ct th hin chiu su v

chiu cao.

4. Cc h thng quy tc v k hiu trong bn v xy dng

4.1 K hiu trc trong bn v xy dng

Trc trong bn v xy dng th hin l cc ng ni cc v tr tim kt cu

chnh (ct, tim tng, tr, m, tim ng, tim p). C hai loi chnh l trc dc

v trc ngang. Thit lp li trc cho cng trnh chnh l thit lp to v tr kt

cu chnh cho cng trnh (tng, ct, tr, m, tim ng, tim p).V nguyn tc t tn trc cho cng trnh xy dng c thc hin nh sau:

- i vi trc ngang c k hiu bng cc ch ci, kiu ch in hoa.

- i vi trc dc c k hiu l cc con s.

Ngoi tr hai ch l I v O v d dn ti ln ch vi s. Trong trng hp khi

dng cc ch s m ht th c th k hiu ti hai ch hoc 2 s ghp li. Tt c cc

ch ci v con s c ghi trong mt vng trn n.


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V d:

4.2 K hiu ct trong bn v:

K hiu ct trong bn v l vic ghi cao ( cao, chiu cao) ca cc b

phn, chi tit ca cng trnh.

- Cao ca cng trnh, cao ca cc kt cu, chi tit cn th hin cao

c ghi theo n v mt (m) vi chnh xc 3 s l sau du , hoc du . v

ghi trn mi tn k hiu. K hiu cao l mi tn hnh tam gic u, t na en

na trng, cao ca tam gic bng cao ca ch s ghi cao .

- Cao 0.000 (cn gi l ct 0) c quy c l ct mt nn ca cng trnh

sau khi hon thin.V d:

- Cao ca cc kt cu, b phn v tr thp hn 0.000 (nm di mt nn)

c gi l cao m v k hiu du (-)

V d:-0.050

(su xung di mt nn 0,05m)

- Cao ca cc kt cu, b phn v tr cao hn 0.000 (nm trn mt nn)

c gi l cao dng v k hiu du (+)

V d:+3.900

(cao ln trn 3,9m)

- Quy nh l phi ghi du (-) trc cao m, i vi cao dng th c th

ghi du (+) hoc khng ghi.

- Cao trn mt ct v mt ng ghi theo ng dng t cc kt cu v b

phn. C th ghi cao ngay ti mt bng ti v tr cn th hin hoc trch ra ngoi

hnh v.

4.3 Quy tc ghi kch thc:

Ghi kch thc l vic th hin cc knh thc chiu di, chiu rng, chiu cao(hoc su) ca chi tit trn bn v.

ng kch thc gm c:

- Con s ghi kch thc ch kch thc tht ca vt th.

- n v ch di l mm, trn bn v khng cn ghi n v.

Khi ghi kch thc phi s dng:

1a Y

X

0.000


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- ng kch thc l ng phi cch mp vt th t nht l 10mm v u mp

phi ko di qu cc ng dng bin t 1 - 3 mm. Ti im giao nhau gia ng

dng kch thc v ng ghi kch thc phi dng nt gch ngt c chiu di 2 - 4

mm nghing 450 v pha bn phi ng dng gii hn phn ghi kch thc.

- ng ghi kch thc vt th trong bn v xy dng c 3 lp:

Lp 1 (lp trong cng tip gip vi vt th) ghi cc kch thc ca ca i, cas, cc mng tng, vch;

Lp 2 (gia) ghi kch thc t trc n n trc kia (khong cch gia cc trc);

Lp 3 (ngoi cng) ghi kch thc tng t trc u tin n trc cui cng.

Trong bn v xy dng cng dng cch ghi kch thc m thay cho ng gch

ngt l mi tn trong cc trng hp sau:

- Kch thc ng knh, bn knh v gc;

- Kch thc bn knh gc ln;

- Kch thc t mt im no n mt im gc quy c.Mch bn: C th ni phn ln thi gi v cng vic ca ngi o bc khi lngdnh cho vic tm kch thc trn bn v, y l cng vic kh kh khn.

Trn lp hc do Cng ty Gi Xy Dng t chc, hc vin s c hng dn lmbi tp ghi kch thc trn bn v, tip cn vn theo hng ngc li ca vic

tm kch thc trn bn v. Hc vin c trang b kin thc t bn cht ca vn

lm c vic.

4.4 K hiu cc b phn trong cng trnh:

Cc b phn trong cng trnh c k hiu thng nht. Ngi lm cng tc o

bc khi lng xem bn v (c bn v) v da vo cc k hiu bit c ti vtr no ca cng trnh th hin ci g.

Mt s k hiu th hin trong bn v (trch TCVN 4614 88 ti liu thit k)

TT Tn gi K hiu

1 Ca i mt cnh

2 Ca i hai cnh

3 Ca i hai cnh c nh

4 Ca i cnh xp


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TT Tn gi K hiu

5Ca i mt cnh t ng (hai

pha)

6Ca i hai cnh ng t ng

(hai pha)

7 Ca i quay quanh trc ng

8 Ca la mt cnh

9 Ca la hai cnh

10 Ca xp ko ngang

11 Ca nng hay cun

12 Chu x kiu ngi xm

13 Chu tiu st tng

14 Mng tiu

15 ng phun nc

16 Phu thu nc bn

a) Hnh ch nht

b) Hnh trn


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TT Tn gi K hiu

17 Chu ra (k hiu chung)

18 Mng ra

19 Bn tm

20 Bn tm ngi

21 Khay tm ng c hng sen

22 Vi nc cng cng

23 Hp cha chy

24Phng tm trn mt bng t l

< 1:100

C th bn cha bit: Mt s k hiu hc vin gp trong bn v khi c hngdn thc hnh o bc khi lng cng trnh thc t t u n cui ti lp hc do

Cng ty Gi Xy Dng t chc:

Tn gi K hiu Tn gi K hiu

Mt ctHnh tri: B tng ltHnh phi: B tngct thp

Trc

Hnh tri: K hiumt ct tng gchHnh phi: K hiu

mt ng tng gch)

Cao 0.000

Mt ct u dm, thhin ct thp

Bn ra, bp ga

Hnh tri: K hiu xbtHnh phi: K hiubn ra


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Tn gi K hiu Tn gi K hiu

Bn gh Gh s pha

Ca i 4 cnh Ca s

Cu thang(Hnh vungt en l

v tr c ct)

ng ghi kch thc,trc 3400 3700

10500

1100 1 200 1 100 8 00410

A B

II. Phng php o bc khi lng cng trnh xy dng

1. Khi nim, ngha, mc ch, yu cu ca tnh khi lng

1.1. Khi nim v o bc khi lng

o bc khi lng l xc nh ra khi lng cc cng tc xy dng ca cng

trnh, hng mc cng trnh trc khi chng c thi cng. Do tnh trc khi lng

trc khi thc hin cng vic nn cn c gi l tnh tin lng hay o bc tin

lng.

o bc khi lng c thc hiu nh sau: o bc khi lng xy dng

cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh l vic xc nh khi lng cng tc xy dng c

th c thc hin theo phng thc o, m, tnh ton, kim tra trn c s kch

thc, s lng quy nh trong bn v thit k (thit k c s, thit k k thut, thit

k bn v thi cng), hoc t yu cu trin khai d n v thi cng xy dng, cc ch

dn c lin quan v cc tiu chun, quy chun xy dng Vit Nam.

1.2. ngha ca vic o bc khi lng

Khi lng xy dng l cn c quan trng c tnh cht quyt nh n vic xc

nh gi tr d ton v lm cn c quyt nh u t, chn phng n i vi ch

u t v l cn c quyt nh phng n d thu ca nh thu.

Khi lng xy dng cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh c o bc l c s cho

vic xc nh chi ph u t xy dng cng trnh v lp bng khi lng mi thu

khi t chc la chn nh thu.

Khi lng xy dng cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh c o bc l mt c s

cho vic kim sot chi ph, thanh quyt ton gi tr hp ng thi cng xy dng

cng trnh.


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Vic tnh ng tnh khi lng ban u cng tc xy dng l mi quan tm

ca nhng ngi tham gia vo hot ng u t xy dng. Xc nh khi lng

cng vic l mt yu cu khng th thiu i vi mt d n u t xy dng v l

mt cng vic nm trong trnh t u t v xy dng.

1.3. Mc ch ca vic o bc khi lng

Mc ch c bn ca vic o bc khi lng l xc nh gi thnh xy dng.ng vi cc giai on chun b u t, thc hin u t v giai on kt thc xydng a d n vo khai thc s dng th khi lng ca cng tc xy dng cng

c xc nh tng ng da trn bn v thit k c s, thit k bn v k thut v

thit k bn v thi cng.

Bn khi lng l cn c ch yu tnh ra yu cu v kinh ph, vt t, nhn

lc cho cng trnh.

o bc khi lng l trng tm ca cng tc d ton, y l khu kh khn,

phc tp v tn nhiu thi gian nhng li rt d sai st.1.4 Yu cu ca vic o bc khi lng

Khi lng xy dng cng trnh phi c o, m, tnh ton theo trnh t ph

hp vi quy trnh cng ngh, trnh t thi cng xy dng cng trnh. Khi lng o

bc cn th hin c tnh cht, kt cu cng trnh, vt liu ch yu s dng v

phng php thi cng thch hp m bo iu kin xc nh c chi ph xy

dng.

Ty theo c im v tnh cht tng loi cng trnh xy dng, khi lng xy

dng o bc c th phn nh theo b phn cng trnh nh: phn ngm (ct 0.0 tr

xung), phn ni (ct 0.0 tr ln), phn hon thin v phn xy dng khc hoctheo hng mc cng trnh. Khi lng xy dng o bc ca b phn cng trnh

hoc hng mc cng trnh c phn thnh cng tc xy dng v cng tc lp t.

Cc thuyt minh, ghi ch hoc ch dn lin quan ti qu trnh o bc cn nu

r rng, ngn gn, d hiu v ng quy phm, ph hp vi h s thit k cng trnh

xy dng. Khi tnh ton nhng cng vic cn din gii th phi c din gii c th

nh cong vm, tnh cht ca cc cht liu (g, b tng, kim loi...), iu kin thi

cng (trn cao, su, trn cn, di nc...).

Cc kch thc o bc c ghi theo th t chiu di, chiu rng, chiu cao(hoc chiu su); khi khng theo th t ny phi din gii c th.

Cc k hiu dng trong Bng tnh ton, o bc khi lng cng trnh, hng

mc cng trnh phi ph hp vi k hiu th hin trong bn v thit k. Cc khi

lng ly theo thng k ca thit k th phi ghi r ly theo s liu thng k ca

thit k v ch r s hiu ca bn v thit k c thng k .


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n v tnh ty theo yu cu qun l v thit k c th hin, mi mt khi

lng xy dng s c xc nh theo mt n v o ph hp c tnh ti vi s ph

hp cng tc xy dng trong h thng nh mc d ton xy dng cng trnh.

n v o theo th tch l m3; theo din tch l m2; theo chiu di l m; theo s

lng l ci, b, n v ...; theo trng lng l tn, kg...

Cnh bo: Vic nhm ln n v tnh lm nh hng rt ln n gi tr d tonxy dng cng trnh, gi tr thanh quyt ton, chi ph u t xy dng cng trnh.

Trng hp s dng n v tnh khc vi n v thng dng (Inch, Foot, Square

foot) th phi c thuyt minh b sung v quy i v n v tnh thng dng ni

trn.

M hiu cng tc trong bng tnh ton, o bc khi lng cng trnh, hng

mc cng trnh phi ph hp vi h m hiu thng nht trong h thng nh mc

d ton xy dng cng trnh hin hnh.

Mch bn:Ti lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton do Cng ty Gi Xy Dng tchc, hc vin c hng dn rt k v cch chn la m hiu cng tc. Bn c

th nghin cu cc tp nh mc d ton (c bit l c mc lc) c th hnh

dung thm v cch chn la m hiu cng tc.

2. Nhng sai st thng gp v nguyn nhn dn n sai st

2.1. Nhng sai st thng gp khi xc nh khi lng cng tc xy dng

- Tnh thiu hoc tnh tha khi lng tnh t thit k

- K thiu u vic hoc tha u vic

- B st (khng tnh) khi lng xy dng. V d: C bn v b tr iu ho,nhng khng tnh khi lng dn n khng lp d ton mua sm, lp t iu ho

cho cng trnh.

- Tnh trng lp khi lng xy dng. V d: khi tnh b tng dm xc nh

chiu cao dm ht c chiu dy sn khng tr i khi lng tnh vo sn.

- Phn tch cng ngh khng ph hp vi cng ngh thi cng xy dng.

- Gp chung khi lng cc loi kt cu trong cng mt cng tc khng theo

yu cu k thut.

- Nhm n v o, th nguyn khi tnh ton.

Mch bn: Lo lng nht ca ngi lm cng tc o bc khi lng l bc thiu

hoc k thiu u vic. Mt cch khc phc rt tt l xin d ton v bn v ca

mt cng trnh v kim tra li phn o bc khi lng, hy tm hiu xem cc con s

u ra, thm ch l pht hin ra ch sai ca h. Trn website

www.giaxaydung.vn c nhiu ng nghip chia s h s d ton cng trnh h

lp, bn c th tm v ti v my tham kho.

2.2. Mt s nguyn nhn ch yu dn n sai st khi lng xy dng


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- Phng php o bc khi lng ca nhng ngi tham gia tnh khc nhau.

- Do cht lng ca h s thit k cha tt, thiu chi tit, khng khp nhau,

thng k khng y v thiu r rng.

- Do cha thng nht quy nh v trnh t tnh ton khi lng ca kt cu chi

tit;

- Do trnh nng lc ca ngi tham gia o bc khi lng.3. Mt s phng php o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng

Trc khi tin hnh o bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh, ngi o bc phi

tin hnh nghin cu bn v thit k k thut thi cng kim tra v thu thp cc

thng tin c bn v cng trnh v d nh cc thng tin v kin trc, kt cu v cc

loi vt liu thit b s dng trong cng trnh, nu cha r phi yu cu t vn thit

k lm r.

o bc khi lng xy dng c th tin hnh theo cc phng php sau:

3.1. Phng php tnh theo chng loiL phng php cn c vo k hiu ca cc chi tit, kt cu trong bn v

tnh ton khi lng cng tc xy lp.

Trnh t thc hin:

Bc 1: Lp danh mc cng tc xy dng cn phi tnh khi lng ph hp vi

danh mc ca n gi xy dng cng trnh theo trnh t thi cng xy dng;

Bc 2: Cn c vo hnh dng kch thc v k hiu ca cc chi tit kt cu ghi

trong bn v thit k chia chi tit, kt cu thnh cc hnh c bn tnh khi

lng;

Bc 3: Tng hp khi lng cho tng loi cng tc xy dng ph hp vi n

gi;

Bc 4: Lp bng khi lng - d ton cho cng trnh xy dng.

u im: ca phng php ny l tin li trong vic tra n gi tnh d ton.

Nhc im: l tnh ton phi lt tm nhiu bn v khc nhau d dn n thiu

st.

3.2. Phng php tnh theo th t bn v

Theo thi quen ca ngi o bc khi lng m thc hin o bc theo trnh t

sau:

Bc 1: Tnh phn kt cu, phn kin trc ri n phn in, nc,....

Bc 2: Lp danh mc cng tc xy dng ph hp vi n gi trong tng phn

vic.

Bc 3: Sp xp th t cc bn v theo mt trnh t nht nh.


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Bc 4: Cn c vo hnh dng kch thc ca cc chi tit kt cu trong tng

bn v ngi tnh khi lng t quy nh chiu tnh. C th quy nh chiu tnh nh

sau:

- T tri sang phi v t trn xung di.

- T phi sang tri v t di ln.

- Theo chiu kim ng h hoc ngc chiu kim ng h.Bc 5: Lp bng tng hp khi lng cho tng cng tc xy lp.

Bc 6: Lp bng khi lng d ton cho cng trnh xy dng.

3.3. Phng php tnh theo trnh t thi cng

o bc khi lng cng vic theo trnh t thi cng t khi bt u n khi kt thc.

V d: Cng trnh dn dng c th phn chia danh mc cng tc o bc nh sau:

1) Phn ngm

- Cng tc x l nn: sn xut cc, thi cng cc, m ct

- Cng tc o t: o t mng, b nc ngm, b pht...- Cng tc b tng lt mng, b tng mng, b nc, b pht...

- Cng tc b tng c ct.

- Cng tc xy tng mng, c mng.

- Cng tc trt tng mng, ct mng.

- Cng tc b tng ging mng.

- Cng tc lp t h mng, san nn..

- Cng tc vn chuyn t tha i nu c.

2) Phn thn nh (phn th)

- Cng tc b tng ti ch (ct, dm, sn, lanh t, vng...): B tng, vn

khun, ct thp

- Cng tc lp ghp kt cu

- Cng tc xy

- Cng tc cu thang

3) Phn mi

+ Lm mi bng

- Thi cng cc lp mi

- Xy tng chn mi

- Trt p, qut vi

- Chng nng ngoi

- B nc mi

- Tum thang


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+ Lm mi dc

- Kt cu mi: v ko, x g, cu phong

- Lp mi, xy b

- Sn kt cu mi...

4) Phn hon thin

- Cng tc lp ca, vch ngn

- Cng tc lm trn, dn p trang tr

- Trt tng, ct, dm trn

- Lt nn, sn

- p tng- Cng tc sn, qut vi

5) Phn xy dng khc

+ H rnh ngoi nh

- Cng tc t

- Cng tc b tng ( b tng tm an, b tng rnh...)

- Cng tc xy

- Cng tc trt, lng

- Cng tc gia cng v lp dng tm an

- Cng tc xy, trt, p..., bn hoa

- Cng tc vn chuyn t tha nu c

+ Sn vn, cnh quan6) Phn in nc, chng st

- Lp t thit b v sinh (chu ra, vi sen, lavab)

- Lp t ng ng cp thot nc (ng, ph kin..)

- Lp t thit b in (ko di dy dn, hp ni, ttmt, n, qut.)

- Lp t h thng chng st (kim thu st, dy thu st, dy dn st, cc tip

a..)

C th bn cha bit: Nhn vo bn khi lng, tng ng l bng d ton, ngi

ta c th bit ngi lp c hiu bit g v thi cng xy dng hay khng ? Ngi chiu bit s sp xp u vic v tnh ton khi lng cho cng vic theo trnh t thi

cng cng trnh, cng vic no thi cng trc xp trc, xc nh khi lng trc.

V d: Cng tc b tng dm, sn ti ch phi lp vn khun, lp ct thp ri

mi b tng. Nhng cng tc b tng ct th phi lp ct thp ri mi lp vn

khun v b tng. Theo tun t ny ln lt tnh ton cho tng cng vic cho

n ht.


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4. Cc nguyn tc p dng khi o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng

- Tnh ng, tnh khi lng cc cng tc xy dng ph hp vi tng giai

on thit k;

- Khi lng cc cng tc xy dng c o bc phi c n v o ph hp vi

n v tnh nh mc, n gi xy dng cng trnh;

- Khi lng cng tc xy dng phi bc tch theo ng chng loi, quy cch(kch thc), iu kin k thut v bin php thi cng;

- Khi lng cng tc xy dng c o bc phi thun li trong vic p gi

khi xc nh gi tr d ton xy dng hng mc cng trnh (cng trnh xy dng);

- Khi o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng cn vn dng cch t tha s

chung cho cc b phn ging nhau, hoc dng k hiu s dng li nhm gim

nh khi lng cng tc tnh ton.

- Tn dng s liu o bc ca cng tc trc cho cc cng tc sau, kt hp khi

lng ca cc cng tc ging nhau (gim tr).Vn ho: Hc vin do Cng ty Gi Xy Dng o to lun c gng t c s

chnh xc cao trong cng vic vi tc lm vic nhanh. Khng bao gi c b

qua s chnh xc lm cho nhanh.

3. Trnh t thc hin o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng

3.1. Cc bc thc hin o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng

Bc 1: Nghin cu h s, bn v thit k

Nghin cu, kim tra nm vng cc thng tin trong bn v thit k v ti liu

ch dn km theo. Trng hp cn thit yu cu ngi thit k gii thch r cc vn c lin quan n o bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh.

Nghin cu t tng th, n b phn ri n chi tit hiu r b phn cn

tnh. Hiu r tng b phn, tm ra mi lin h gia cc b phn vi nhau, phn tch

nhng mu thun trong h s thit k (nu c).

Mch bn: Hy lp ra danh mc cc cu hi v trao i vi ngi thit k c

thm thng tin hoc cc phn gii thch.

Bc 2: Phn tch khi lng

L phn tch cc loi cng tc thnh tng khi lng tnh ton. Phn tch

khi lng nn tun theo vi quy cch c phn bit trong nh mc n gi d

ton. Cng mt cng vic nhng quy cch li khc nhau th phi tch ring.

Phn tch khi lng sao cho vic tnh ton n gin, d dng s dng cc kin

thc ton hc nh cng thc tnh chu vi, din tch ca hnh phng, cng thc tnh

th tch ca cc hnh khi. Cc hnh hoc khi phc tp c th chia cc hnh hoc

khi thnh cc hnh hoc khi n gin tnh.

Bc 3: Lp Bng tnh ton


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Lit k cc cng vic cn tnh trong mi b phn cng trnh v a vo Bng

tnh ton. Trnh t sp xp cc cng vic trong Bng tnh ton ny phi ph hp vi

bn v thit k, trnh t thi cng xy dng cng trnh, th hin c y khi

lng xy dng cng trnh v ch r c v tr cc b phn cng trnh, cng tc

xy dng thuc cng trnh.

Bc 4: Tm kch thc tnh tonSau khi phn tch khi lng, lp Bng tnh ton ca cc phn vic, ta cn

xc nh kch thc ca cc chi tit. Cc kch thc ny c ghi trong bn v v

vy ngi tnh phi hiu r cu to ca b phn cn tnh. Ln lt tm kch thc,

thc hin o bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh theo Bng tnh ton, o bc khi

lng cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh.

Bc 5: Tnh ton v trnh by kt qu tnh ton

Sau khi phn tch v xc nh c kch thc ta tnh ton v trnh by kt qu

tnh ton. i vi cng vic ny i hi ngi tnh phi tnh ton n gin m bo

kt qu phi d kim tra.

- Phi trit vic s dng cch t tha s chung cho cc b phn ging nhau

gim bt khi lng tnh ton.

- Phi ch n s liu lin quan tn dng s liu cho cc tnh ton tip theo.

- Khi tm kch thc v lp cc php tnh cn ch mi php tnh lp ra l mt

dng ghi vo bng khi lng

Sau khi o bc khi lng tp hp vo cc mu sau:

Bng phn tch tnh ton

Kch thc

STT

K

hiu

bn

v

M

hiu

cng

tc

Danh

mc

cng tc

o bc

n

v

tnh

S b

phn

ging

nhauDi Rng

Cao

(su)

Khi

lng mt

b phn

Khi lng

ton b

Ghi

ch

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)=

(2)*(3)*(4)

(6)=(1)*(5) (F)

Bng tng hp kt qu tnh ton

STTM hiu

cng tc

Khi lng cng tc xy

dngn v tnh Khi lng Ghi ch

(A) (B) (C) (D) (1) (E)


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3.2. Mt s im lu khi o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng

- n v tnh: n v tnh khi lng cng tc xy dng phi ph hp vi n

v tnh ca nh mc d ton v n gi xy dng cng trnh.

- Quy cch ca mi loi cng tc l bao gm nhng nhn t nh hng ti s

hao ph nh vt liu, nhn cng, my thi cng do nh hng ti gi thnh ca

sn phm xy dng khi nh gi. Nn quy cch cn ghi y cc thng tin cacng vic, chnh xc quy cch khng nhm ln vi cng vic khc.

- Phn din gii tnh ton khi lng phi din gii cng vic tnh ton ang

c tnh bn v no, v tr trong bn v u...

4. Trnh t o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng v k nng o bc cho

tng cng tc

Trong phn ny s m t theo cng trnh dn dng, c cc kin thc c bn v

vic o bc khi lng cng trnh dn dng bn s d dng vn dng o bc,

kim sot khi lng cc cng trnh khc.4.1. Phn kt cu

4.1.1. Cng tc ct

Ct l b phn kt cu chu lc thng ng v l mt phn ca kt cu khung.

Bao gm ct bn trong v ct bn ngoi tnh t mng n mi nh, c c ct tng

hm.

Cng tc ct c chia theo chiu cao v theo din tch tit din ct.

Cng tc ct gm 3 phn c bn l:

- Cng tc gia cng v lp dng ct thp: cng tc ny c bc da vokch thc hnh v trin khai ca tng loi ct (ch n chiu di ca thp cho

bin php thi cng do nh hng ca chiu di cc on ni gia cc thanh thp).

Tuy nhin cng c th cn c vo bng thng k trong h s thit k nhng nht

thit phi kim tra tnh chnh xc bng vic i chiu vi hnh v chi tit v tnh

ton.

- Cng tc b tng ct:

+ Trng hp 1: Ct c tit din ln hn dm th b tng ct tnh trc v b

tng dm tnh sau. Chiu di ct tnh sut v chiu di dm tr cnh ct.

+ Trng hp 2: Ct c tit din bng dm th b tng ct hay b tng dm

tnh trc u c, nhng nn tnh b tng dm trc th ph hp vi qu trnh thi

cng hn.

+ Trng hp3: Ct c tit din nh hn dm th b tng dm tnh trc, b

tng ct tnh sau. Chiu di dm tnh sut v chiu cao ct tr chiu cao dm.

- Cng tc gia cng lp dng vn khun: v trnh t thi cng th cng tc ny

lm trc khi b tng nhng khi bc khi lng li dng kt qu cng tc b


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tng. Khi lng vn khun c tnh da vo din tch mt ngoi ca b tng ct

bng cch ly chu vi ct nhn vi chiu cao ca ct.

4.1.2. Cng tc b tng sn, mi

Cng tc b tng sn mi trong nh mc, n gi xy dng cng trnh c

tnh bnh qun cho 3 mc cao khc nhau v cng c chia thnh 3 cng tc

thnh phn.- Cng tc b tng sn, mi: Khi o bc khi lng b tng sn, mi phi

chia tch thnh tng sn, mi. Trong tng sn, mi li chia thnh cc sn n gin

v cc sn phc tp. C th chia sn ra thnh cc hnh n gin cng cch tnh.

Din tch sn, mi nn tnh c din tch dm, tr i din tch ct, tr din tch cc l

rng... Din tch ny li dng tnh ton cc khi lng cng tc khc.

- Cng tc sn xut, lp dng v tho d vn khun sn, mi: c xc

nh da trn din tch b tng ni trn nhng tr i din tch y dm. Ch

n vn khun thnh sn, mi.

- Cng tc sn xut v lp dng ct thp sn mi: cng tc ny c bc

da vo kch thc hnh v trin khai ca tng loi sn, thp lp trn, lp di, thp

mmen.. (ch n chiu di ca thp cho bin php thi cng do nh hng ca

chiu di cc on ni gia cc thanh thp). Tuy nhin cng c th cn c vo bng

thng k trong h s thit k nhng nht thit phi kim tra tnh chnh xc bng

vic i chiu vi hnh v chi tit v tnh ton.

4.1.3. Cng tc b tng x dm ging: Cng tc b tng x, dm, ging trong

nh mc, n gi c chia theo cc cao, c 3 cng tc thnh phn:

- Cng tc b tng x, dm, ging: c o bc theo nguyn tc dm no ctit din ln c tnh trc. Dm c tit din nh c tnh sau. Khi tm kch

thc dm phi cn c vo bn v mt bng kt cu, hnh v trin khai ca dm

tr i phn giao cho chnh xc.

- Cng tc sn xut, lp dng, tho d vn khun x, dm, ging: c o

bc cn c vo din tch b tng trn. Cn t trong mi quan h vi vn

khun sn, mi v vn khun ct trnh trng lp.

- Cng tc sn xut, lp dng ct thp x, dm, ging: c bc da vo

kch thc hnh v trin khai ca tng x, dm, ging, (ch n chiu di cathp cho bin php thi cng do nh hng ca chiu di cc on ni gia cc

thanh thp). Tuy nhin cng c th cn c vo bng thng k trong h s thit k

nhng nht thit phi kim tra tnh chnh xc bng vic i chiu vi hnh v chi

tit v tnh ton.

4.1.4. Cng tc lanh t, vng:


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Lanh t, vng l b phn nm pha trn ca ca i, ca s trong cng trnh

xy dng. i vi cng tc ny cng c 3 cng tc thnh phn l b tng, cp pha

v ct thp. Cn c vo mt ct cng trnh, chi tit v bn v kt cu c th tnh.

4.1.5. Cng tc cu thang b:

Cu thang l b phn giao thng trong cng trnh. c th hin trong h s l

cc bn v chi tit mt bng, mt ct.. ca thang. Cng tc ny cng c 3 cng tcthnh phn l b tng, cp pha v ct thp nh trnh by. Tuy nhin cu thang

li l t hp ca cc cng tc: sn, dm... Cn xem xt k bn v chi tit thang

trnh tnh trng lp vi cc cng tc khc.

4.1.6. Cng tc b nc mi:

B nc mi l b nc c thit k v thi cng trn mi ca cng trnh.

Thng l tch hp ca rt nhiu cng tc khc nhau nh b tng, cp pha, ct thp,

xy, trt, lng... c th hin bn v chi tit do cn nghin cu k trong khi

tnh ton.

4.1.7. Cng tc b tng c sn:

Trong cng trnh xy dng thng c mt s cng tc lin quan n b tng

c sn nh rnh thot nc, b nc ngm, b nc cu ho, b pht, h ga...

cng tc ny bao gm phn gia cng v phn lp t. i vi phn gia cng cng

gm 3 cng tc thnh phn l b tng, vn khun v ct thp. Trong qu trnh tnh

ton cn ln lt vi tng cng vic v phi nghin cu trnh nhm ln. Cn u tin

cho cc b phn c kch thc ln tnh trc ch n tr ch giao nhau.

4.2. Phn kin trc

4.2.1. Cng tc xy tng thng < 33 cm; gch ch c (hoc rng); va... Tnhtheo khi tch xy tng mt bng cc tng, tm chiu di tng theo nguyn tc

tnh tng trc t tri sang phi, t trn xung di. Chiu cao tng cn ch tr

dm v ch tr cc l rng.

4.2.2. Cng tc xy tng thng < 11 cm, gch ch c.., va XM mc.. Cng

tc ny thng l cc tng khu v sinh v cc hp k thut.

4.2.3. Cng tc xy tr gch, gch ch c... va XM mc... Cng tc ny

thng l cc tr n hoc xy b cc tr b tng to hnh dng kin trc.

4.2.4. Cng tc xy tng cong nghing, vn v ..4.2.5. Cng tc trt tng dy... cm, Va XM hoc Va TH....mc...

4.2.6. Cng tc b ma tt, ln sn, qut vi..

4.2.7. Cng tc p, lt lng..

4.2.8. Cng tc lm trn

4.2.9. Cng tc trt g, pho, ch trang tr ni tht.

4.2.10. Cng tc cu thang.


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- Xy bc thang.

- p bc cu thang.

- B, ln sn cu thang.

- Tay vn cu thang.

- Lan can cu thang.

4.2.11. Cng tc ca

- Sn xut ca, khun ca.

- Lp dng khun ca, ca vo khun.

- Lp dng cc ph tng ca ca.

4.2.12. Cng tc bc tam cp

4.2.13. Cng tc ni tht

5. o bc khi lng mt s loi cng tc xy dng ch yu

C- Phn mng v phn th

1. Nn mng

Nn mng l phn t nm di mng, chu ton b ti trng ca cng trnh

xung. Cn c vo cu to ca cc lp t ca tng khu vc a cht ngi ta

c nhng phng n x l khc nhau.

C th phn nn mng thnh hai loi l nn mng t nhin v nn mng nhn

to:

- Nn t t nhin cho php khng phi gia c nhng vn m bo sc chu ti

do cng trnh gy ra.

- Nu nn t t nhin khng m bo chu ti do cng trnh gy ra th ngi taphi gia c tc l c chuyn thnh nn mng nhn to.

C cc hnh thc gia c nn mng:

- Gia c nn mng bng vic thm vo nn cc lp , ct vng...

- Gia c nn mng bng cc loi cc: Cc tre, g, cc b tng ct thp, cc ct.

1.1. o bc khi lng cng tc sn xut cc BTCT

a/ n v tnh: m3

b/ Quy cch:

- Kim tra bn v thit k chi tit cc v bng thng k ct thp cc, kch thchnh hc, kch thc bn m u cc, s i cc, cc lp li u cc ..

- Mc b tng c trong phn ghi ch bn v chi tit.

- dng lm cc 1x2, 2x4 ..

c/ Phng php o bc

+ Tnh khi lng b tng bng cch chia cc theo cc hnh hc thch hp. Cc

chia lm hai loi C1 v C2.


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- Cc C1 gm on thn v mi

on thn: B^2*L*S (chiu rng m 2 nhn chiu di nhn s lng)

on mi: 0,5*B^2*h*S

- Cc C2: B^2*L2*S

+ o bc cng tc gia cng v lp dng vn khun cc b tng c sn tnh

da trn din tch b mt ca b tng cc (ch n v ca vn khun khi tnh l100m2)

+ o bc khi lng gia cng v lp dng ct thp cc b tng c sn cn c

vo hnh v trin khai trn cc mt ct chi tit ca cc v ly bng thng k ct

thp lm cn c kim tra. Cn phn thnh thp c d < 10mm, d < 18mm v d > 18

mm.

1.2. Cng tc ng cc b tng ct thp

a/ n v: 100 m

b/ Quy cch:Cn xc nh r nhng c im sau:

- S dng ba my c trng lng u ba: < 1,8 tn , > 1,8tn

- Quy cch, kch thc: chiu di cc, tit din cc .

- Cp t v iu kin thi cng: cp t 1, 2 v trn cn, di nc.

- Bin php thi cng: ng cc, p cc

c/ Phng php tnh:

Tng chiu di cc = su 1 l cc x ton b s l cc

.v.v.d/ Tn cng vic thng c:

- ng cc BTCT, tit din 20x20, trng lng u ba < 1,2T .

- ng cc BTCT, tit din 30x30, trng lng u ba > 1,8T .

- p trc cc BTCT, tit din 10x10

- p sau cc BTCT, tit din 40 x 40

- vv

1.3. ng cc tre, g...

a/ n v: 100 mb/ Quy cch:

Cn xc nh r nhng c im sau:

- n v tnh: 100 m .

- Loi vt liu: cc tre, cc g, cc trm, c g

- Nhm t: bn, t C2, C3.

- Kch thc vt liu: cc < 2,5m ; cc > 2,5m.


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- Bin php thi cng: Th cng hoc bng my.

c/ Phng php tnh:

Chiu di = DT gia c x chiu di cc x mt cc.

d/ Tn cng vic thng c:

- ng cc tre.

- ng cc trm.

- vv

2. Cng tc t

a/ n v: 100 m3 i vi cng tc o bng my v m3 i vi cng tc o

bng th cng.

b/ Quy cch:

Cn xc nh r nhng c im sau:

- Nhm t: c th xem phn thuyt minh bn v bit c t o mng

ca cng trnh thuc loi cp t no. Kh hay d thi cng.- Kch thc: i vi cng tc o mng tng, mng, rnh th:

+ Chiu rng quy nh hai cp < 3m v > 3m.

+ Chiu su quy nh mi cp bng 1 m: < 1 m, < 2m, < 3m, > 3m.

+ Mng h c lp phn theo b rng.

+ t cn phn bit nhm t.

c/ Phng php tnh:

Kch thc h o c xc nh da trn kch thc mt bng v mt ct chi

tit mng.Cng thc tnh khi lng khi hnh chp ct :

V = H/6*[a*b+d*c+(c+a)*(d+b)]

Tnh khi lng mng bng c taluy cn chia ct thnh cc hnh n gin

tnh.

Tnh khi lng lp mng: Tnh chnh xc Vlp = Vo - Vcng trnh b chn lp

Tnh gn ng theo kinh nghim: Vlp = 1/3 Vo

d/ Tn cng vic thng c:

- o mng ct, o mng bng cc loi.- o nn ng.

- Lp t mng cng trnh.

- p t nn nh.

- p ct ph u c.

3. Cng tc b tng

a/ n v: m3


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b/ Quy cch:

Trong cng tc b tng cn c phn bit:

- Loi b tng: b tng gch v, b tng lt mng, b tng c ct thp hay b

tng khng c ct thp;

- S hiu b tng (b tng gch v, mc va);

- Loi cu kin;- V tr cu kin;

- Phng thc .

c/ Phng php tnh

Cng tc b tng c tnh nh trnh by trn vi ct, dm sn, lanh t,

vng, cu thang.

d/ Cng tc b tng nm ri rc trong cng trnh. Cn tnh ton cn k, t m

i vi tng b phn trnh sai st.

4. Cng tc ct thpa/ n v: tn

b/ Quy cch: cn phn bit

- Loi thp

- Kch thc i vi thp hnh

- ng knh i vi thp trn

- Loi cu kin v v tr cu kin

- Phng php thi cng

c/ Phng php tnhTnh nh trnh by trc.

Ch :

i vi thp hnh lm lan can, cu thang cn c bng tra tit din v trng

lng ca 1 md t tnh ton khi lng hoc tnh bng: chiu di cu kin *

din tch cu kin * s lng cu kin * trng lng ring (Trng lng ring ca

thp = 7850kg/m3).

Tnh khi lng 1m thp trn theo cng thc:

M = 0,6165 x 2D .Trong : M: Khi lng 1m thp trn, n v l Kg .

D: ng knh ct thp, n v l cm .

5. Cng tc sn xut, lp dng kt cu st thp

a/ Cn xc nh r nhng c im sau:

- n v tnh: 1 tn .

- Chng loi thp: thp hnh, thp tm, thp trn


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- Loi cng tc: Sn xut v ko, lp dng v ko, sn xut x g, lp dng x

g, sn xut ging thp, lp dng ging thp, sn xut thp lan can cu ng st

- Quy cch, kch thc cu kin: vn khun khu < 36m , < 9m

- Cc kiu lin kt: hn, bu lng

- Bin php gia cng: c gii, th cngb/ Phng php tnh:

- Tnh theo bng thng k thp ca thit k.

- Hoc tnh trc tip t thit k cu kin: Trc khi tnh cn phn bit cc thng

s c bn nh:

+ Kch thc: di x rng x dy (i vi thp hnh, tm).

+ Kch thc: di x K (i vi thp trn)

Tnh chiu di cu kin x din tch cu kin x s lng cu kin x trng

lng ring.V d: Tnh khi lng ging mi, gm 12 cu kin, di 5,5 m, tn dp, kch

thc C200x 50x 15x 2,5.

Tnh M = 5,5x ( 0,2+ 0,05x2+ 0,015x2) x 0,0025 x 12 x 7850 = 297,9 kg 0,3

tn .

(Trng lng ring ca thp: 7.850kg/m3 ).

c/ Tn cng vic thng c:

- Sn xut kt cu thp (v ko, x g, ging).

- Lp dng kt cu thp (v ko, x g, ging).- .v.v .

6. Cng tc vn khun

a/ n v tnh: 100 m2

b/ Quy cch: cn ch phn loi:

- Vn khun bng g

- Vn khun bng kim loi...

c/ Phng php tnh: trnh by trc trong phn b tng ct, dm ging,

sn, mi..7. Cng tc xy


- n v tnh: m3.

- Loi cng tc: xy mng, xy tng, xy cc kt cu phc tp

- Loi vt liu: , gch ng, gch th, gch chu la

- Kch thc vt liu: gch ng 8x8x19, 9x9x19


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- Chiu dy khi xy: Chiu dy < 10cm, < 30cm, > 30cm

- Chiu cao khi xy: Chiu cao < 4m, < 16m, < 50m, > 50m

- Mc va: M50, M75, M100

b/ Phng php tnh:

- Ly chiu di tng nh x chiu cao = Din tch ton b.

- Tr i l ca v trng c din tch mt tng.

- Tr i cc khi lng cc kt cu khc (ging tng, lanh t) ta c khi

lng xy cn tnh.


- Xy tng dy 100, h < 4m.

- Xy tng dy 100, h < 16m.

- Xy tng dy 200, h < 16m.

- Xy tam cp, xy b nn.

- .v.v .

B- Cng tc hon thin

1. Cng tc trt


- n v tnh: m2.

- Loi cng tc: Trt va XM, trt ra, trt Granito

- Loi cu kin: Trt tng, trt cu kin BT

- Quy cch lp trt: Lp trt dy 1cm, 1,5cm, 2cm,

- iu kin thi cng: Trt trong, trt ngoi

- Mc va: M25, M50, M75

b/ Phng php tnh:

- Tnh theo din tch mt cu kin, b phn c trt .

- Tnh din tch mt ton b, ri tr din tch ca, trng, din tch p

- Ch : Khi tnh trt g ch, pho tnh theo mt


- Trt tng gch bn trong v bn ngoi

- Trt dm, ging, thnh sn cc loi

- Trt lanh t, vng

- Trt Granito

- Trt ra

- .v.v .


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2. Cng tc lng v qut chng thm


- n v tnh: m2.

- Loi cng tc: Lng nn, lng seno, b nc

- Loi cu kin: Lng nn c nh mu, khng nh mu, lng cu kin b

tng...- Quy cch lp lng: Lp lng dy 2cm, 3cm,

- Mc va: M25, M50, M75

b/ Phng php tnh:

- Tnh tng t nh cng tc trt

- Ch : Din tch qut chng thm cn c vo yu cu thit k... (c th qut

ln tng v sn hoc ch qut sn)


- Lng nn sn khng nh mu.- Lng nn sn c nh mu.

- Lng Granito.

- Qut chng thm ln b mt kt cu.

- .v.v.

3. Cng tc p, lt


- n v tnh: m2.

- Loi cng tc p: p tng, tr, ct, p chn tng, p granit t nhin, p cm thch

- Loi cng tc lt: Lt gch sn, lt gch nn ng

- Loi vt liu: p gch, p , lt gch xi mng, lt t nung.

- Quy cch, kch thc vt liu: Gch 200x200, 300x300, 600x600

- Mc va: M25, M50, M75...

b/ Phng php tnh:

- Tnh theo Din tch c p, lt


- p gch vo tng

- p gch chn tng- Lt gch cc sn tng

- Lt gch khu v sinh

- .v.v.


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4. Cng tc lm trn


- n v tnh: m2.

- Loi vt liu: trn ct p, trn g dn c tm cch m, lm trn bng tm

thch cao

- Quy cch, kch thc tm trn: Tm trn 50x50cmb/ Phng php tnh:

- Tnh theo din tch lm trn.


- Lm trn g dn

- Lm trn vn p chia nh

- Lm trn thch cao

- .v.v.

5. Cng tc lp mi


- n v tnh: m2.

- Loi vt liu: lp mi ngi, lp mi Fibro xi mng, tn trng km

- Quy cch, kch thc vt liu: ngi 22v/m2, ngi m dng 80v/m2

- Chiu cao thi cng: < 4m, < 16m.

b/ Phng php tnh:

- Din tch lp mi tnh theo gc nghing ca mi.

- X g, cu phong, v ko tnh ring vi n v m 3.

- Lati tnh ring theo n v m2 mi.


- Lp mi ngi 22v/m2

- Lp mi bng Fibro xi mng

- .v.v.

6. Cng tc b, sn v qut vi


- n v tnh: m2.

- Loi cng vic: B vo tng, b vo cu kin, sn g, sn knh, sn dm,

tng.

- Loi vt liu: loi bt b, loi sn

b/ Phng php tnh:

- Din tch b matt tnh theo din tch trt va xi mng


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- Din tch sn nc ly theo din tch b matt

- Din tch sn du tnh din tch theo b mt cu kin

- Sn ca tnh theo din tch m2 b mt ca

- Qut vi tnh bng din tch trt va XM


- B matt vo tng

- B matt vo ct, dm, trn

- Sn nc vo tng b

- .v.v.

7. Cng tc lm ca

a/ n v tnh: m2 cho cnh ca v m cho khun ca

b/ Quy cch: cn phn bit:

- Loi ca: ca i, ca s, ca n, ca kp, c khun, khng khun...

- Loi g: g lim, g ch ch...

- iu kin k thut: mng, , cu to ca, hunh, pano...

c/ Phng php tnh da vo kch thc mt bng v mt ct hay bng thng k

ca tnh c khi lng ca tng loi theo quy cch ca chng. Chi ph cho sn

xut ca tnh theo thng bo gi hng thng ca a phng ni xy dng cng

trnh.

8. Cng tc phc v cho lm cu ng

8.1. Cng tc khoan

- Khi lng cng tc khoan phi c o bc, phn loi theo ng knh lkhoan, chiu su khoan, iu kin khoan (khoan trn cn hay khoan di nc, mi

trng nc ngt, nc l, nc mn), cp t, ; phng php khoan (khoan

thng, khoan xin) v thit b khoan (khoan xoay, khoan gung xon, khoan lc),

k thut s dng bo v thnh l khoan (ng vch, bentonit...).

- Cc thng tin v cng tc khoan nh s lng, chiu su khoan v cc yu

cu cn thit khi tin hnh khoan... cn c ghi r trong Bng tnh ton, o bc

khi lng cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh.

8.2. Cng tc lm ng- Khi lng cng tc lm ng phi c o bc, phn loi theo loi ng

(b tng xi mng, b tng t phan, lng nha, cp phi...), theo trnh t ca kt cu

(nn, mng, mt ng), chiu dy ca tng lp, theo bin php thi cng.

- Khi lng lm ng khi o bc phi tr cc khi lng l trng trn mt

ng (h ga, h thm) v cc ch giao nhau.


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- Cc thng tin v cng tc lm ng nh cp k thut ca ng, mt ct

ngang ng, l ng, va h, di phn cch, lan can phng h, sn k, din tch

trng c, bin bo hiu... cn c ghi r trong Bng tnh ton, o bc khi lng

cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh.

- Cc cng tc xy, b tng, ct thp thuc cng tc lm ng, khi o bc

nh hng dn v o bc khi lng cng tc xy (mc 3.2), cng tc b tng(mc 3.3) v cng tc ct thp (mc 3.5) ni trn.

C- Phn lp t h thng k thut

1. Cng tc lp t h thng k thut cng trnhKhi lng lp t h thng k thut cng trnh nh cp in, nc, thng gi,

cp nhit, in nh... c o bc, phn loi theo tng loi vt t, ph kin ca h

thng k thut cng trnh theo thit k s ca h thng, c tnh n cc im

cong, gp khc theo chi tit b phn kt cu...

Cng tc lp t thit b cng trnh:- Khi lng lp t thit b cng trnh c o bc, phn loi theo loi thit b,

t hp, h thng thit b cn lp t, bin php thi cng v iu kin thi cng (chiu

cao, su lp t).

- Khi lng lp t thit b cng trnh phi bao gm tt c cc ph kin

hon thin ti ch cc thit b, t hp, h thng thit b.

1.1 Lp t thit b v sinh, cp thot nc

Trong cng trnh xy dng, h thng cp thot nc v thit b v sinh c t

hp t cc linh kin khc nhau

- i vi thit b v sinh bao gm: Chu ra, lavab, vi sen, gng soi...

nhng thit b ny phi cn c vo bn v b tr thit b sau tng hp v a vo

bng khi lng. n v l ci hoc b....

- i vi thit b cp thot nc gm c: Bn cha nc, ng ng cp nc -

h thng ng dn, van, cn ct... i vi ng ng thot nc - t kim tra, chch,

cn thu... n v l m hoc ci

(Cn phn bit y l cp nc th ng dn nc thng l ng thp trng

km hoc ng nha mm cht lng cao cn ng thot nc thng l ng nha

cng PVC)Cch o bc: ngi o bc cn c vo s khng gian cp thot nc, cn c

vo chiu cao tng v chiu di tng t thit b v sinh... xc nh s lng,

chiu di tng ng..

Cn phn bit bin php thi cng trong vic ni ng ng c th l ni bng

phng php mng sng hoc bng phng php hn..

1.2 Lp t thit b in


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H thng in trong cng trnh xy dng bao gm cp, dy dn; thit b ng

ngt bo v, thit b kt ni phn phi in.. Vic o bc c xc nh da trn s

phn pha v i dy

i vi dy cp in phi cn c vo v tr ngun in bn ngoi cng trnh n

t in tng ca cng trnh, hnh thc i ni hoc i chm xc nh chiu di dy

cp (m). ng thi phi cn c vo chng loi cp thng thng cp s l 4 dy:VD 3x16 + 1x10

i vi dy dn in trong cng trnh phi cn c vo s phn pha v i

dy, xc nh chiu di dy dn v chiu di dy gen bo v

i vi thit b ng ngt bo v bao gm: ttmt 1 pha, 3 pha, cu dao, cu ch...

i vi thit b kt ni bao gm cm n , cm i.. Thit b chiu sng

trong cng trnh- n n, n i, n hunh quang, n si t...

Tm li i vi dy cp in o bc tnh theo n v l (m) cn cc thit b

khc tnh theo n v l b hoc ci..

1.3 Lp t thit b chng st

Thit b chng st ca cng trnh bao gm: kim dn st, dy thu st, dy dn

st, cc tip a, dy ni tip a... i vi cng vic ny th kim thu st, cc c

xc nh theo n v l ci khi thi cng. Cn li c xc nh hon ton da trn

trng lng ca thp cu to nn n. Khi thi cng ngoi vic gia cng lp dng cn

c cng vic l sn bo v.

2. i vi h thng iu ho khng kh, cu thang my

Trong cng trnh xy dng c th c tnh ra mt hng mc thit b ring,

trong trng hp ny cn r sot kim tra khi lng tnh ton ca nh thit k ng, hp l cha.

3. Mt s lu khc

o bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh l mt cng vic phc tp, tng hp

nhiu loi cng tc, quy cch, hnh dng, kch thc, khi lng tnh ton rt

nhiu. tnh ton y , trnh nhm ln sai st, gim c thi gian v khi

lng tnh ton, ngi lm cng vic ny phi ch : Nghin cu bn v t ton th

n b phn chi tit hiu bit v cu to cng trnh. S lin quan ca cc b

phn vi nhau xc nh c khi lng cn tnh ton cho mi cng tc cacng trnh. Sau thc hin tnh ton khi lng cho tng cng tc nh hng

dn trn. Ngi lm cng vic ny cng cn phi linh hot t c tnh hp

l v nhanh chng, hiu sut cao trong cng vic.


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Cu hi

Cu 1: Khi xc nh khi lng xy dng cng trnh, cc kch thc o bc

c ghi theo th t nh th no ? Quy nh u? Ghi nh vy lm g?

Cu 2: xc nh c chi ph xy dng cng trnh th khi lng cng trnh

c o bc cn th hin c cc yu cu chung no?

Cu 3: Khi o bc khi lng b tng ct thp ca cng trnh c phi tr khi

lng ct thp, dy buc trong khi lng b tng khng? V sao?

Cu 4: Khi o bc khi lng vn khun, c phi tr hay khng phi tr khi

lng vn khun cc ch giao nhau gia mng v dm, ct vi tng, dm vi

dm?

Cu 5: Ngi o bc khi lng c cn thit phi hiu r v k thut, cng

ngh, trnh t thi cng cng trnh khng?

Cu 6: Khi o bc khi lng cng trnh ngi thc hin c phi kim tra cc

thng tin trong thit k khng? Trng hp cc thng tin khng hon chnh,khng r rng hoc c nhng thng tin mu thun th x l th no ?

Cu 7: Khi o bc khi lng bn c phi lp danh mc o bc khng? Danh

mc o bc ny nn trnh by th no?

Cu 8: Trong trng hp khng c kch thc ghi trn bn v, mun dng

cch o bng thc t l xc nh kch thc th ngi thc hin phi ch iu

g?

Cu 9: Khi o bc khi lng, ngi thc hin c c t mu vo bn v,

khoanh vng, nh du vo bn v khng?Cu 10: i khi khng th o bc cc b phn c chnh xc mc d bit

l b phn g th ngi thc hin c th gii quyt th no?


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Trc nghim

Cu 1: o bc khi lng cng trnh l g?

1. L vic cn c vo cc loi bn v tnh ton ra cc khi lng cc cngtc xy dng bng phng php o, m, tnh ton, kim tra

2. L vic xc nh khi lng cc cng tc xy dng bng phng php o,m, tnh ton, kim tra trn cc bn v thit k hoc t yu cu trin khai d

n v thi cng xy dng, cc ch dn lin quan v cc tiu chun, quy chun

xy dng Vit Nam

Cu 2: o bc khi lng xy dng khi lp d ton theo loi bn v no?

1. Thit k c s, thit k k thut v thit k bn v thi cng2. Thit k k thut v thit k bn v thi cng3. Thit k bn v thi cngCu 3: Cc phng php o bc khi lng xy dng l:1. Phng php tnh theo th t bn v v phng php tnh theo trnh t thi cng2. Phng php tnh theo th t bn v, tnh theo trnh t thi cng v tnh theo

chng loi

3. Phng php tnh theo trnh t thi cng v tnh theo chng loiCu 4: Tham kho vn bn s 737/BXD-VP ngy 22/04/2008 ca B Xy dng

cng b hng dn o bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh :

1. Thun li trong cng tc kim tra, nng cao tnh chnh xc ca khi lngo bc (cng l nng cao tnh chnh xc ca vic lp v qun l chi ph).

2. Trnh c cc tranh chp khng cn thit gia nhng ngi lp v kim trakhi lng.

Cu 5: Khoanh trn vo cc pht biu ng v sa li li sai trong cc pht biu sau:

1. Khi o bc khi lng xy dng cc kch thc o bc cn c ghi theo tht: chiu di x chiu rng x chiu cao.

2. Khi o bc khi lng cng trnh thng qua bn v mt bng c th tm cchiu di v chiu rng, thng qua bn v mt ng v mt ct th hin chiu

su v chiu cao.

3. Khi o bc khi lng lp d ton cng tc b tng dm sn nn sp xptheo trnh t: cng tc ct thp, vn khun, b tng.

4. Khi o bc khi lng b tng ct thp ca cng trnh phi tr khi lngct thp, dy buc trong khi lng b tng.


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5. Khi o bc b tng ct m ct c tit din ln hn dm th b tng ct tnhtrc v b tng dm tnh sau. Chiu di ct tnh sut v chiu di dm tr

cnh ct.

6. Khi o bc khi lng vn khun phi tr i khe co gin, l rng trn b mtcu kin b tng c din tch > 1m2.

7. Khi lng xy khi o bc phi tnh c phn khi xy nh ra gn lin vikhi xy, tr i khong giao nhau, cc khong trng khng phi xy. Khng

phi tr i phn b tng chm trong khi xy.

8. Khi lng ct thp khi o bc khng bao gm khi lng ct thp v khilng dy buc, mi ni chng, ming m, con k, bu lng lin kt.

9. Khi lng lp t thit b cng trnh phi bao gm tt c cc ph kin hon thin ti ch cc thit b, t hp, h thng thit b.

Bn c bit ? Gio trnh pht cho hc vin ti lp o bc khi lng lp d ton doCng ty Gi Xy Dng t chc ti H Ni phn l thuyt u c bin son thnh

cc cu hi trc nghim nh trn. Gio vin s hng dn, gii p t m hc

vin d dng nm bt, hiu tn gc d vn . y l phng php hc tp th v,

sng to bin cc vn rt kh khan tr nn d tip thu hn. Bn cng c th truy

cp trang www.tracnghiem.giaxaydung.vn lm cc bi trc nghim, ngoi ch

v o bc khi lng, lp d ton cn v u thu, Qun l d n, T vn gim

st, ting Anh chuyn ngnh xy dng...


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Bi tp

Bi 1: Ni tn gi v khi nim tng ng ca cc loi bn v cng trnh xydng trong bng:

1. Bn v mt bng A. Bn v trch v mt chi tit no ca cng trnh tmt bng, mt ng v mt ct. Bn v cho bit chi tit c th

ca phn trch v2. Bn v mt ng B. d dng hnh dung cng trnh, chng ta c th xem bn

v ny. y l bn v kiu chp hnh cng trnh, th hin ccnh vt xung quanh nh tht.

3. Bn v mt ct C. Tng tng ct ngang hoc ct dc cng trnh bng ccmt phng tng ng ta s c loi bn v ny. Thng quabn v ny thy c b dy v chiu cao ca cc b phnm mt ct ct qua. Chiu cao, ct ca cc b phn trn cngtrnh.

4. Bn v chi tit D. Tng tng ct cng trnh bng mt mt phng song

song vi mt sn cao hn 1m th hnh chiu ca mt ct ln mt sn s th hin trong bn v ny. Loi bn v nyth hin cch b tr cc b phn, cch phn chia cc khu vctrong cng trnh. V d v tr ct, ca, vch mt tng..

5. Bn v phi cnh E. Nu chiu mt ng trc, mt ng bn, mt ng sauvo mt mt phng song song tng ng ta s c hnhchiu ng ca cng trnh. Loi bn v ny th hin kin trcca cng trnh bn mt xung quanh. Thng qua c thbit c v tr ca cc b phn trn mt ng. V d i vicng trnh dn dng, mt bng th hin v tr ca

Bi 2: Hy nhn dng v ghi vo bn di tn: Mt bng mi, Mt ng (mttin, cnh nh), hnh chiu trc o cho cc bn v cng trnh sau:


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Bi 3: Hon thin bn v mt ct sau bng cch:

Ghi cao cn thiu trn mt ct; Hon thin cc ch dn v lp vt liu cho

sn nh S, N v mt bng mi M (theo ng th t) bit rng cc lp vt liu cho

tng phn nh sau:

S: t t nhin, b tng 1x2 mc 200, ct en ti nc m k, lt gch

chng trn 200x200 va XM mc 75.N: Ct en ti nc m k, b tng gch v va tam hp mc 50, t t

nhin, lt gch 300x300 va XM mc 75.

M: Trt trn va XM 75 dy 1.5, tm an BTCT ti ch mc 200, lng va

xi mng dy 100, lt gch rng chng nng va tam hp mc 50.

s

n

m

e a

-0.150-0.1500.000

n

m

m m

nn s

Bi 4: Hy cho bit bn v di y c tn gi l bn v g v hon thin cc

yu cu sau:

nh ch A, B, C cho trc ngang, k hiu trc dc bng s 1, 2, 3, 4 in thm cc kch thc cho bn v bit:- Kch thc t trc 1 n 4 l 10,5m; kch thc gia trc A v C l 6,8m;

kch thc gia trc 2 v 3 l 3,7m; phng lm vic v phng bp - n c

chiu rng bng nhau; trc B nm chnh gia trc A v C.

- Tng bao dy 150mm, ring tng bao trn trc 3 nm gia trc 2 v 3dy 200; cc tng ngn dy 100mm.

- Ct ngoi nh -0.500; ct nn phng lm vic, phng tip khch, bp -phng n 0.000.


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- Ca i 1 rng 1,2m; ca i 2 rng 0,8m; ca i 3 rng 0,8m; ca i4 rng 0,6m.

- Ca s S1 rng 1,2m; ca s S2 rng 0,6m. Tnh din tch phng lm vic, phng bp n (chnh l din tch lng,

lt sn).

4

2S2

VACH KNH

4'KHO

BEP - P.AN

TIEP KHACH

P. LAM VIEC11

00

1000

1

1'

3

S1

S1

S1

S1

S1

S1

S1

4

1100

Bi 5: Tnh khi lng o t nhm IV, thnh thng v b tng gch v lt

mng ca h thng mng nh trong bn v sau:


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Bi 6: Tnh khi lng xy tng cho khi tng nh hnh v sau:

6300

2400

3000

900

1200

600

620


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Bi 7: Tnh khi lng b tng mc 200 dm (1x2 cm) cho mt dm sau:

Bi 8: in tn gi cho hnh v v kch thc cn thiu cho mng (vung) n di ct theo

cc ch dn sau: Kch thc h o l: 1900x1900x1700 (mm), lp b tng lt dy 100 (mm)

v khong cch t ct p u cc n y mng l 100 (mm)

BT m100

Hy lit k danh mc cc cng vic cn thc hin v tnh khi lng cho cc cng vic

thi cng mng n ni trn.

Bi 9: Hy o bc khi lng bng cch m v cho bit trong bn vi y c bao

nhiu: iu ho, qut trn, n tup i, n tup n, n chiu hin, bn cu xm, bn

ra tay.


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Bn c bit ? Cc bi tp ni trn cng nh cc bi tp o bc khi lng gn vi

mt cng trnh c th t u n cui s c cha chi tit ti lp hc do Cng ty

Gi Xy Dng t chc. Bn c th tm kim li gii p hoc m trao , tho lun

trn www.giaxaydung.vn tm kim li gii.


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Ti liu tham kho

1. Cng vn 737/BXD-VP ngy 22/4/2008 ca B Xy dng v phng php obc tin lng.

2. Cng ty Gi Xy dng, Ti liu o to, bi dng nghip v o bc khi lngv lp d ton, H Ni, 2009.3. Nguyn Th Anh, Khi qut phng php lp d ton xy dng cng trnh, Ti

liu phc v hc vin lp o bc khi lng lp d ton, H Ni, 2009.

4. B Xy dng, Gio trnh tin lng xy dng. Nh xut bn Xy dng, H Ni,2008.

5. Davis Landon Seah - Vin Kinh t xy dng, Ti liu o to chuyn o bccng tc xy dng, H Ni, 1997.

6. Nguyn Quang C, Nguyn Mnh Dng, Gio trnh v k thut. Nh xut bnGio dc, H Ni, 2006,

7. Cng vn s 734/BXD-VP ngy 21/4/2008 ca B Xy dng Cng b ni dungc bn ca ti liu o to, bi dng nghip v nh gi Xy dng.

8. B Xy dng, Gio trnh lp nh mc, n gi xy dng. Nh xut bn Xydng, H Ni, 2008.

9. B Xy dng, Gio trnh d ton xy dng c bn. Nh xut bn Xy dng, HNi, 2008.

10.Vin Kinh t xy dng, ti liu nghip v nh gi xy dng, H Ni, 2009.11.Cc bi vit, t liu, thng tin trn din n www.giaxaydung.vn.12.Cc tiu chun TCVN, TCXD c lin quan.


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Cc ti liu bn nn n c

(s sm ng ti trn www.giaxaydung.vn)

1. Ti liu khi qut phng php lp d ton xy dng cng trnh 2. Ti liu hng dn xc nh chi ph t vn3. Ti liu hng dn phng php xc nh gi ca my4. Ti liu hng dn phng php chit tnh n gi xy dng cng trnh5. Ti liu hng dn phng php p dng nh mc (phc v lp d ton)6. Ti liu hng dn phng php tnh vt liu n hin trng xy dng7. Tp hp cc tnh hung tho lun v o bc khi lng lp d ton8. Tp hp cc bi tp c bn v o bc khi lng lp d ton9. Hng dn s dng phn mm Excel, phn mm D ton10. Hng dn cch xy dng c s d liu nh mc, n gi, t in vt t, givt t s dng cho phn mm lp d ton, lp h s thu

Cc ti liu trn u c th ti min ph trn www.giaxaydung.vn. Chng ti

s b sung thm cc bi tp minh ho, cc tnh hung x l thc t, cc hnh v,s gip bn tm hiu su hn v vn lp d ton xy dng cng trnh. Ccti liu ny s lin tc c cp nht, sa i b sung v ng ti trnwww.giaxaydung.vn.

Cc bi ging chuyn su v cc ni dung trn cho cc hc vin lp o bckhi lng lp d ton do Cng ty Gi Xy Dng t chc s gip bn chuynnghip trong lp v thm tra d ton. Nu mun tr thnh mt chuyn gia giitrong cng vic o bc khi lng, lp d ton hay kim sot khi lng, thm trad ton, thanh quyt ton cng trnh th bn nn thu xp thi gian ghi danh thamgia kho hc. C hc hnh, o to bi bn bn s khc.

Trong ti liu ny c tham kho mt s t liu ca cc bn b, ng nghiptrn website www.giaxaydung.vn v mt s website khc.

H Ni, thng 11/2009


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Mc lcLi ni u....................................................................................................................1

M u.............................................................................................................................1

I. Bn v trong xy dng ..........................................................................................2

1. Khi nim v thit k v bn v xy dng............................................................................21.1. Khi nim v thit k....................................................................................................21.2. Khi nim bn v xy dng (bn v thit k) ................................................................21.3 Vai tr ca bn v thit k.............................................................................................2

2. Phn loi bn v xy dng ...................................................................................................22.1 Bn v quy hoch ..........................................................................................................22.2 Bn v kin trc.............................................................................................................32.3 Bn v kt cu ...............................................................................................................32.4 Bn v b tr thit b ......................................................................................................3

3. Cch thc th hin bn v....................................................................................................44. Cc h thng quy tc v k hiu trong bn v xy dng.......................................................5II. Phng php o bc khi lng cng trnh xy dng.........................101. Khi nim, ngha, mc ch, yu cu ca tnh khi lng ...............................................102. Nhng sai st thng gp v nguyn nhn dn n sai st .................................................123. Mt s phng php o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng ................................................134. Cc nguyn tc p dng khi o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng.....................................163. Trnh t thc hin o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng ....................................................164. Trnh t o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng v k nng o bc cho tng cng tc..........185. o bc khi lng mt s loi cng tc xy dng ch yu ................................................21

1. Nn mng .....................................................................................................................212. Cng tc t ..................................................................................................................233. Cng tc b tng ...........................................................................................................234. Cng tc ct thp...........................................................................................................245. Cng tc sn xut, lp dng kt cu st thp .................................................................. 246. Cng tc vn khun.......................................................................................................257. Cng tc xy ................................................................................................................. 251. Cng tc trt..................................................................................................................262. Cng tc lng v qut chng thm ................................................................................. 273. Cng tc p, lt ............................................................................................................. 274. Cng tc lm trn ..........................................................................................................285. Cng tc lp mi ...........................................................................................................286. Cng tc b, sn v qut vi ..........................................................................................287. Cng tc lm ca...........................................................................................................298. Cng tc phc v cho lm cu ng.............................................................................291. Cng tc lp t h thng k thut cng trnh ................................................................ 30

2. i vi h thng iu ho khng kh, cu thang my.....................................................313. Mt s lu khc..........................................................................................................31Cu hi .............................................................................................................................32Trc nghim...................................................................................................................33Bi tp............................................................................................................................... 35Ti liu tham kho.....................................................................................................41

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