Plagiarism IR EMU 2

8/8/2019 Plagiarism IR EMU 2

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What is plagiarism?

(And why you should care!)


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Definition:Definition:

Plagiarism is the act of presenting the

words, ideas, images, sounds, or thecreative expression of others as yourown.


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Students. If:Students. If:

you have includedthe words andideas of others in

your work that youneglected to cite,

you have had helpyou wouldnt wantyour instructor toknow about,


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Two types ofplagiarism:Two types ofplagiarism:

Intentional Copying a friends work Buying or borrowing

papers

Cutting and pastingblocks of text fromelectronic sourceswithout documenting

Mediaborrowingwithout

documentation Web publishing without

permissions of creators

Unintentional Careless paraphrasing

Poor documentation

Quoting excessively

Failure to use your ownvoice


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ExcusesExcuses

Its okay if

I dont get caught!

I was too busy towrite that paper!

(Job, big game, too much homework!)

My teachersexpect

too much!

Ive got to getinto

??? U.!

My parentsexpect As!

This assignmentwas BORING!

Everyone does it!


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Rationalefor academic integrity

(as ifit were necessary!)

Rationalefor academic integrity

(as ifit were necessary!)

When you copy you cheat yourself.You limit your own learning.

The consequences are not worth therisks!

It is only right to give credit to authorswhose ideas you use Citing gives authority to the

information you present Citing makes it possible for your

readers to locate your source Education is not an us vs. them

game! Its about learning to learn! Cheating is unethical behavior

Is your academicreputation valuable

to you?


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More rationales...More rationales...

Possibly the most important reason tonot plagiarize is that it robs you of theeducational experiences involved inresearch, thinking, and writing. One of themain purposes of higher education is tolearn to do research, to help expandthought processes, to improve writingskills, and to learn to prepare

presentations. Taking credit for someoneelses work hurts you most of all.


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Real lifeconsequences (US

examples):

Real lifeconsequences (US

examples): Damaged the reputation of two prominent historians,

Stephen Ambrose and Doris Kearns Goodwin, Kearns left television position and stepped down asPulitzerPrize judge for lifting 50 passages for her 1987book The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys (Lewis)

US Senator Joseph Biden dropped his 1987 campaign forthe Democratic presidential nomination. (Sabato) Copied in law school and borrowed from campaign

speeches of Robert Kennedy Boston Globe journalist Mike Barnicle forced to resign for

plagiarism in his columns (Boston Columnist . . .) Probe of plagiarism at UVA--45 students dismissed, 3

graduate degrees revoked CNNArticle AP. 26Nov. 2001

Channel One ArticleAP. 27 Nov. 2002


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Consequences (contd)Consequences (contd)

New York Times senior reporter JaysonBlair forced to resign after being accusedof plagiarism and fraud.

The newspaper said at least 36 of the 73articles he had written had problems withaccuracy, calling the deception a "lowpoint" in the newspaper's history.

New York Times Exposes Fraud of Own Reporter. ABCNews Online. 12 May, 2003.http://www.pbs.org/newshour/newshour_index.html


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Consequences (contd)Consequences (contd)

Controversial New Jerseyvaledictorian denied her seat asa Harvard freshman when itdiscovered she plagiarized in alocal newspaper.


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But this is also a local (and global)

problem

But this is also a local (and global)

problem Consider Turkish cases: 14 fizikinin 'intihal' isyan Aralarnda bir dekann da bulunduu 14

fizikinin yazlar 'intihal' yaptklar nedeniyle elektronik makale arivi'arXiv'den karld. Sulanan akademisyenler: Yazdklarmz orijinal,bizimkilerden sonra yazlan makalelerden alnt yaptmz iddiaediliyor

11/09/2007 (4723 kii okudu) RADKAL - STANBUL - Aralarnda 18 Mart niversitesi Fen ve Edebiyat

FakltesiDekan hsan Ylmaz'n da bulunduu 14 Trk, uluslararasareneda yaymlanan 65 makalede intihal yapmakla sulanyor. Orta DouTeknik niversitesi (ODT), Dicle niversitesi, Mersin niversitesi veanakkale Onsekiz Mart niversitesi'nden (OM) 14 fiziki iddialarreddederken elektronik makale arivi 'arXiv' (arXiv.org) akademisyenlerinyazlarn sitesinden kard.

Szl snav ortaya kardTrk Dil Kurumu szlne gre intihal (arma) "Bir kiinin eserinde bakakiilerin ifade, bulu veya dncelerini kaynak gstermeksizin kendisineaitmi gibi kullanmas" olarak aklanyor


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And politicians are not immune: Yarg: Diner intihal yapm YK, AKP'li merDiner'in intihal suunu ilediine

karar vermiti.10/01/2008 (849 kii okudu)

RADKAL - ANKARA - Eski Babakanlk Mstear, AKP stanbul Milletvekili merDiner'in 'intihal' yapt Ankara 1. dare Mahkemesi tarafndan da onayland.Mahkeme,Diner'in YK'n 'intihal' kararna ilikin yapt itiraz reddetti.YK Yksek Disiplin Kurulu, Diner'in Yardmc Doent Yahya Fidan ile birlikte

yazd 'letme Ynetimi' isimli eserde, intihal suu ilediine karar vermiti. YK'nyapt bu ileme ilikin olarak Ankara 1. dare Mahkemesi'ne ilemin iptali iin davaaan Diner'in bu talebi reddedildi.dare Mahkemesi yazd alt sayfalk gerekeli kararda, Diner'in 'intihal' yappyapmadna ilikin bir bilirkiinin 'intihal yaplmamtr' eklinde gr bildirdii, iki ayrbilirkiin de 'intihal yaplmtr' grn dile getirdii belirtildi. Kararda, Diner'inYK'n Disiplin Ynetmelii'nin 11. maddesinin 3. bendinde yer alan, "Bir bakasnnbilimsel eserinin veya almasnn tmn veya bir ksmn kaynak belirtmeden kendieseri gibi gstermek" eyleminin niversite retim mesleinden karma cezasngerektiren fiiler arasnda sayldna dikkat ekildi. Ankara 1. dare Mahkemesi'nin

verdii karar sonras AKP'li Diner, karar temyiz edebilecek. Diner itiraz edersedosya Dantay gndemine gelecek.

Diner: KonumayacamRadikal'in ulat merDiner kararla ilgili sorular zerine, "Bu konularda konumakistemiyorum" dedi.


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It is an ongoing problem that requires regulation: ntihalYrd.Do.Dr.Yusuf SERENGL YK Genel Kurulunun

babakanlk mstear ile ilgili olarak Ekim aynda aldkarar, daha nce de zaman zaman baz rektr veprofesrlerle ilgili ortaya km olan intihal tartmalarnyeniden gndeme getirmitir. Son yllarda ahit olduumuzskandal boyutundaki intihal rneklerine [1] ramen, bazniversite evrelerinde konuya hala kaytsz kalndngrmekteyiz. ntihal meselesinin, brakn toplumu, akademikevrelerde bile yeterince doru alglanamam olmas, bilimdnyamzn gelecei asndan kayg verici bir durumdur.Bunun gn getike artan bir bilim etii sorunu olup

olmad konusundaki tartmalar [2] bir kenara brakrsak;internet sayesinde yapmann kolaylat [3], yaplan tespitetmenin ise zorlat ortadadr.


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Possible university consequences:Possible university consequences:

Familiarize yourselveswith Departmentalpolicy

0 on the assignment(in all cases)

Case forwarded toDisciplinaryCommittee in majorcases of plagiarism

P

otential Suspension Loss of reputationamong the academiccommunity


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Department ofInternational Relations

plagiarism policy

Department ofInternational Relations

plagiarism policy

Plagiarism and cheating are punishable through medium orlong term suspension under the Student Disciplinary CodeBy-law (see 6 (d)(i) of S99/175-12).

The Department of International Relations also has its ownprocedures

All cases of cheating on examinations will be forwarded toDisciplinary Committee. Written assignments that are taken in full or in partfrom

any source (printed or internet) without clear identification ofall direct quotes and paraphrases or ideas are consideredcases ofplagiarism. Written assignments that have beenprepared in full or in part by persons other than those who

submitted the assignment, or the use of notes or copying inexams, or the submission of the same essay to differentclasses, are considers cases ofcheating.


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Lesser and MajorcasesLesser and Majorcases

Students who submit a written assignment that contains plagiarismor cheating will have their grades reduced in the following ways bythe instructor and Department:

1.1 In lesser cases of plagiarism (for instance when the content ofunidentified quotes or paraphrases is less than 20 percent of awritten assignment), the grade for the paper will be 0.

1.2 In major cases of plagiarism, involving the preparation ofpapers in full or in part by persons other than those who submittedthe assignment, the grade for the paper will be 0, and the casewill be forwarded to Disciplinary Council or other authorizedcommittee on plagiarism (please refer to the relevant by-law,S99/175-12). Instructors retain the discretion of failing the studentfor the course, subject to Disciplinary Committee oversight.

1.3 In lesser cases of cheating, the grade for the paper will be 0. All cases of plagiarism will be registered with the Departmentof International Relations.


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Anti-plagiarism statementAnti-plagiarism statement

All written assignments have to include thefollowing signed statement by the student:

I declare that this essay/report was fully preparedby myself, and that I have cited and referenced allquotations and paraphrases from the writings ofother authors. I acknowledge that my paper andcourse grade will be reduced according to thePlagiarism Policy of the Department ofInternational Relations if cases of plagiarism aredetected, and that disciplinary consequences may

follow. Signed:__________________________________


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Is this important?Is this important?

What if: Your architect cheated his way through

mathematics class. Will your new home besafe?

Your lawyer paid for a copy of the bar exam tostudy. Will the contract she wrote for youstand up in court?

The accountant who does your taxes hiredsomeone to write his papers and paid a stand-in to take his major tests? Does he knowenough to complete your tax forms properly?

(Lathrop and Foss 87)


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Do I haveto cite

everything?


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Nope!Nope!

Facts that are widely known, or

Information or judgments consideredcommon knowledge

Do NOT have to be documented.

Hooray forcommon

knowledge!


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Examples ofcommon knowledgeExamples ofcommon knowledge

Atatrk established the Republic ofTurkey

The US invaded Iraq in 2003

Other obvious facts...think of someexamples yourselves...If you see a fact in three or more sources,

and you are fairly certain your readers

already know this information, it is likely tobe common knowledge.

But when in doubt, cite!


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Morecommon knowledgeMorecommon knowledge

Common knowledge consists of: Information that is easily observed the sky is blue, but

not a detailed explanation of why the sky is blue. Commonly reported facts George Washington was the

first president of the United States, but not the information

that historians have to say about Washington. Common sayings such as proverbs Waste not, wantnot; Look before you leap.

Common knowledge does not need to be cited, but be surethat what you are using really is common knowledge. Whenin doubt ask either your instructor or a librarian.


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ButconsiderButconsider

Sometime in primary school you mayhave been told that if your informationcomes from an encyclopedia or adictionary it is common knowledgeand does not need to be cited. Thatis a MAYBE. What is common

knowledge?


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No need to document when:No need to document when:

You are discussing your ownexperiences, observations, orreactions

Compiling the results of originalresearch, from science experiments,etc.

You are using common knowledge


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Whats the big deal?Whats the big deal?


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You can borrow from the

works of others in yourown work!


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Use these three strategies,Use these three strategies,

Quoting

Paraphrasing

Summarizing

To blend source materials in with yourown,

making sure yourown voice is heard.


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QuotingQuoting

Quotations are the exact words of an author, copieddirectly from a source, word for word. Quotations mustbe cited!

Use quotations when:

You want to add the power of an authors words to supportyour argument

You want to disagree with an authors argument You want to highlight particularly eloquent or powerful

phrases or passages

You are comparing and contrasting specific points of view You want to note the important research that precedes your

ownCarol Rohrbach and Joyce Valenza


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Quotations should be used sparingly. They must be exact,word-for-word as they appear in the original document.

Quotes require a citation in addition to the use of quotemarks.

Every quoted word needs to be cited. Even a short phrase

or single word must be quoted and cited if it is unusual. pretzeled logic clandestine coup Using Sources Effectively: Strengthening Your Writing and

Avoiding Plagiarism. Robert A. Harris. Los Angeles,California: Pyrczak Publishers, 2002.


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Quotations must be attributed to the originalauthor and the source that you used.

For example: If you use the phrase, Fourscore and twenty

years ago, our forefathers . . . you must givecredit to Abraham Lincoln and the book in whichhe is quoted.

Lincoln, Abraham. Gettysburg Address. InLincoln at Gettysburg: the Words that Remade

America, Garry Wills. New York: Simon andSchuster, 1992.


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ParaphrasingParaphrasing

Paraphrasing means rephrasing the words of an author,putting his/her thoughts in your own words. When youparaphrase, you rework the sources ideas, words,phrases, and sentence structures with your own. Likequotations, paraphrased material must be followed with

in-text documentation and cited on your Works-Citedpage.

Paraphrase when:

You plan to use information on your note cards and wish toavoid plagiarizing

You want to avoid overusing quotations You want to use your own voice to present information

Carol Rohrbach and Joyce Valenza


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Correct paraphrasingCorrect paraphrasing

The inadequate paraphrase is guilty of plagiarism eventhough the material is cited correctly. The writer has usedtoo many word-for-word phases from the source. Also, theorder of the ideas is unchanged from the source.

Compare the following correct paraphrase: Doe (1999) believes that we must find a more reliable

source of energy if we are to have a dependable electricitysupply. Without this, the nations economic base may bedamaged by blackouts (p.231).

Using Sources Effectively: Strengthening Your Writing andAvoiding Plagiarism. Robert A. Harris. Los Angeles,California: Pyrczak Publishers, 2002.


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Copyright (versus plagiarism)Copyright (versus plagiarism)

Dont confuse copyright violation withplagiarism.

Copyright law is very complex. Under the

terms of F

airU

se, you may use quotesand ideas for your class work withoutgetting permission of the authors IF yougive proper citations. If you are writing orcreating for profit, you must get permission

from others to use their ideas even if youuse citations.


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As you take notes:As you take notes:

Include any direct quotes or uniquephrases in quotation marks or mark with abigQand make sure the speakers

/writers name is identified. Make sure you note a paraphrase with the

writers name and mark it with a big P

Include page numbers and sourcereferences so you can go back and checkfor accuracy as you write.


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Citation stylesCitation styles

Three commonly used citation stylesare MLA, APA, and Turabian. Thereare other styles that may be used in

science, music, medicine, and law. I need to provide a link to the format

for MA theses at EMU here


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APA, The American Psychological Association. This style iscommonly used in the fields of education, psychology, andsociology.

MLA, The Modern Language Association. This style iscommonly used in the fields of language and literature.

Turabian is actually the last name of Kate Turabian, thewoman responsible for the shortened version of the morecomplex Chicago Manual of Style. This style is used by thehistory department.

If you are a graduate student at EMU, please make yourselffamiliar with format requirements for theses at EMU(webpage link needed here)


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In-text / in-project MLA documentationIn-text / in-project MLA documentation

Purpose--to give immediate sourceinformation without interrupting the flow ofpaper or project.

The academic world takes in-textdocumentation seriously. Inaccurate documentation is as serious

as having no documentation at all.

Brief information in in-text documentationshould match full source information inWorks Cited


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Use in-text / in-project documentation when:Use in-text / in-project documentation when:

You use an original idea from one ofyour sources, whether you quote orparaphrase it

You summarize original ideas fromone of your sources

You use factual information that isnot common knowledge (Cite to besafe.)

You quote directly from a source You use a date or fact that might be

disputed


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How do I cite using MLA style?How do I cite using MLA style?

Parenthetical citations are usually placed at theend of a sentence, before the period, but theymay be placed in the middle of sentence

Cite the author's last name and the page number

In the absence of an author, cite the title and thepage number If you are using more than one book by the same

author, list the last name, comma, the title, andthe page

If you identify the author and title in the text, justlist the page number


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But, what about the Web?But, what about the Web?

When citing a Web source in-text, you are not likelyto have page numbers. Just include the first partof the entry.

(Smith)

or

(Plagiarism and the Web)


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Typical example:Typical example:

Slightly more than 73% of Happy HighSchool students reported plagiarizingpapers sometime in their high schoolcareers (Smith 203).


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A list ofpaper millshttp://www.coastal.edu/library/presentations/papermil.html


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This next sectionis for instructors!This next sectionis for instructors!


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Preventing plagiarismPreventing plagiarism

Set a climate where academic integrity is valued Design thoughtful assignments Set up checkpoints throughout the process:

Drafts, outlines, organizers, preliminary Works Cited

Keep portfolios of student writing Vary assignments and topic suggestions each

semester Describe the degree to which collaboration is

acceptable to your students Require an annotated bibliography Shorter papers are okay


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Preventing Plagiarism (contd)Preventing Plagiarism (contd)

Make sure students understand what plagiarism isand how you expect them to document

Make sure students know how seriously youpersonally take plagiarism as a violation of your

trust and school and class rules of conduct. Make sure you are aware of how students

plagiarize

Make sure students know that you check for

plagiarism


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PreventionPrevention

Ask for outlines and drafts and organizers Have students present research orally Ask the student under suspicion to read

one or two difficult paragraphs andexplain Have students present and defend their

research orally

Ask for photocopies of best sources(Lathrop and Foss 163-166)


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PreventionPrevention

Require specific components

Require drafts prior to due dates

Require oral defense or presentation

Include annotated bibliography Require up-to-date references

Require a meta-learning essay in class

after papers have been submitted(Lathrop and Foss 194-195)


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When you suspect plagiarismWhen you suspect plagiarism

Ask librarian for help (other sources beyond free web) Pick an unusual string of words and search on Google,

All the Web, AltaVista

five or six words in quotation marks

Ask the student why certain phrases or words were used,

or to identify location of a specific fact. Check to see if all citations are listed in Works Cited

Check for inconsistencies in font, bibliographic format,text size, layout, and question them

Does the paper not exactly match the assignment?

Chat with other teachers about the students work(Lathrop and Foss 163166, 194-195)


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When you suspect plagiarism 2When you suspect plagiarism 2

Ask to see drafts, outlines, etc. (Ask students to save themin advance!)

Compare to other student work. Look for vocabulary,variation in sentence length, etc.

Make a copy of a section, cut it into paragraphs and askstudent to reassemble

Discuss the paper. Ask student to defend opinions. Why heor she chose that specific evidence

Ask student to read aloud paragraphs with unusualvocabulary or scholarly terms. Note fluency. Have studentexplain or paraphrase

Does writing shift styles, especially in the middle? Ask where some items in the bibliography were located Ask student to relocate sources Ask why no recent sources were cited

(Lathrop and Foss 163 166)

Documents

Plagiarism IR EMU 2