A QUANG HC

1.QUANG HNH HC

1. nh lut v s truyn thng ca nh sng

Trong mt mi trng trong sut, ng tnh v ng hng nh sng truyn theo ng thng

- Khi nh sng qua l hp, hoc gp nhng vt c kch thc nh th nh lut trn khng cn ng na.

- Tia sng, chm sng, hi t, phn k, song song.

Tc dng ca cc chm tia sng khc nhau th c lp vi nhau. C ngha l tc dng ca chm tia sng ny khng ph thuc vo s c mt ca cc chm tia sng khc.

2. nh lut phn x nh sng.

Nu tia sng truyn t mi trng quang hc ny sang mi trng quang hc khc th ti phn gii ca 2 mi trng:

+ Tia ti v tia phn x cng nm trong mt phng ti ( bn kia php tuyn)

+ Gc phn x = gc ti:

+ Tia ti v tia phn x c tnh thun nghch.3. nh lut khc x nh sng.

Nu 1 tia sng ti mt phn gii ca 2 mi trng ng hng m truyn sang mi trng th II:

+ Tia ti v tia khc x cng nm trong mt phng ti.

+ T s gia sin gc ti v sin gc khc x l 1 i lng khng i i vi 2 mi trng quang hc cho trc:

4. Cc dng c quang hc:

+ Gng phng

+ Gng cu li, lm

+ Lng knh dng tn sc

+ Thu knh hi t, phn k

+ Dng trong cc loi knh hin vi

+ Tia laser

2. HIN TNG GIAO THOA NH SNG 1. Sng kt hp Ngun kt hp.1.1. Sng kt hp, ngun kt hp:Cc sng c bin rt nh kt hp, ngha l c tn s ging nhau v hiu s pha khng thay i theo thi gian.

Nu tch sng pht ra t mt ngun duy nht thnh 2 sng, sau li cho chng gp nhau th hiu pha ca 2 sng s khng thay i theo thi gian.

1.2. Cch to ra ngun kt hp: C nhiu cch to ra ngun sng kt hp:

Khe Young

Gng Fresnel

2. Kho st hin tng giao thoa.2.1. V tr cc cc i v cc tiu giao thoa.Xt 2 ngun kt hp O1, O2

Ti M s nhn c hai dao ng sng m hm sng c dng

Trong l quang l trn on ng .

(hiu pha) = ;

Nu ngha l th bin dao ng sng tng hp l cc i (vn sng)

Nu ngha l th bin dao ng sng l cc tiu (vn ti)

Nh vy nhng im sng nht l nhng im c hiu quang l ca 2 sng bng s nguyn ln ca bc sng:

,

Nhng im ti nht l nhng im c hiu quang l ca 2 sng bng s l ln ca bc sng:

,

2.2. V tr cc vn giao thoa trn mn.

V tr vn sng trung tm (k = 0), v tr vn ti th nht (k = 0)

Theo hnh v

Cc vn sng c xc nh bi cng thc:

Cc vn ti c xc nh bi cng thc:

Khong cch gia 2 vn sng (vn ti) lin tip:

Nu t sau hai khe c mt bn mng phng c 2 mt song song chit sut n, b dy e th dch chuyn ca vn sng th dch chuyn ca vn sng:

3. HIN TNG PHN CC NH SNG1. nh sng t nhin v nh sng phn cc.

1.1. nh sng t nhin. nh sng l sng in t, l s lan truyn ca vect in t v t trng dao ng trong nhng mt phng xc nh vung gc vi nhau v vung gc vi phng truyn sng. Theo cc phng truyn nh sng hai vect in t v t trng c vai tr nh nhau, nhng ch c thnh phn in trng mi gy ra cm gic sng nn thng vit phng trnh truyn sng vi thnh phn in trng. Do nguyn t pht ra nh sng di dng nhng on sng ni tip nhau. Trong mi on sng ny lun lun dao ng theo mt phng xc nh vung gc vi on sng.

Vy nh sng c bc x tng lng nh gin on v c gi l photon.T trn ta thy trong ngun sng cc nguyn t pht ra nh sng di dng nhng on sng in t ni tip nhau, trong mi on sng lun lun dao ng vung gc vi phng truyn sng. Trong ngun sng c nhiu nguyn t dao ng theo cc phng khc nhau, mt cch hn lon nn cc on sng ( thc cht l ) dao ng u n theo nhng phng khc nhau chung quanh phng truyn ca tia sng v vung gc vi n. nh sng c c tnh nh trn c gi l nh sng t nhin. nh sng t nhin c pht ra t mt tri, dy tc nung ....

1.2. nh sng phn cc: Trong thin nhin c nhng mi trng to ra hin tng lng chit nh tinh th bng lan ( CaCO3), tourmaline ( l hp cht Alumine Silicoborat) ... hoc lng chit nhn to: nh iu kin bnh thng khng c tnh lng chit, nhng khi lm bin dng hoc tc dng in trng, t trng ln chng th cc cht tr nn c tnh lng chit nh thy tinh, xenluloit,sulfuacacbon, nitrobenzon, ....

Nhng tinh th lng chit ny l nhng mi trng ch cho truyn qua nhng sng sng c vect dao ng theo mt phng nht nh. Loi nh sng ny c gi l nh sng phn cc. Mt phng cha vect c gi l mt phng dao ng, cn mt phng vung gc vi mt phng dao ng c gi l mt phng phn cc.

Ty thuc vo s phn b cng ca vect cng d in trng ,ta c cc loi nh sng phn cc sau:

- nh sng phn cc ton phn ( gi l nh sng phn ccthng) khi vect cng in trng ch dao ng theo mt phng nht nh. -nh sng phn cc mt phn khi c dao ng theo phng vung gc vi tia sng nhng c phng dao ng mnh, c phng dao ng yu.

T nh ngha trn ta nhn thy rng mi on sng do nguyn t pht ra c vc t sng sng phn cc theo mt phng nht nh nn l nh sng phn cc ton phn.T nh sng t nhin c th nh ngha mt cch khc: nh sng t nhin c th xem l tp hp ca v s nh sng phn cc ton phn, dao ng u n theo tt c mi phng vung gc vi tia sng hay ni mt cch khc: nh sng t nhin c tnh i xng xung quanh phng truyn

2. nh lut Malus: Chiu mt chm tia sng song song vung gc vi b mt ca bn tinh th Tourmaline, bn tinh th ny c hai mt song song vi quang trc ( nh hnh v ) Ngi ta xoay bn Tourmaline xung quanh phng truyn sng v thu c cng nh sng l ra khng thay i theo gc quay v bng mt na cng sng: I1 = I0/2

iu ny chng t chm nh sng ti khi n T1 c tnh i xng trn xoay quanh phng truyn.

Nu t ln thm bn Tourmaline T2 ng sau v song song vi bn T1, c quang trc Thc nghim chng t rng khi c nh T1, xoay T2 quanh phng truyn sng, kho st s thay i cng I2 ca nh sng sau khi qua T2. Ngi ta thu c kt qu:

y l cng thc Malus biu din s ph thuc cng nh sng sau khi qua hai bn Tourmaline vo gc quay ca hai quang trc.

Pht biu nh lut Malus: Khi cho mt chm sng t nhin chiu qua 2 bn Tourmaline c quang trc hp vi nhau 1 gc , th cng sng nhn c sau hai bn t l thun vi Bn T1 gy ra s phn cc y gi l knh phn cc. Bn T2 dng nhn bit chm nh sng phn cc gi l knh phn tch.

Hin tng phn cc thu c trong th nghim ca nh lut Malus ch c gii thch d dng khi nh sng l sng ngang v dng khi nim nh sng t nhin v nh sng phn cc.

3. nh lut Brewster.

Thc nghim chng t rng hin tng phn cc nh sng cng xy ra khi nh sng phn x hoc khc x trn mt phn cch mi trng.

Nh bn Tuamalin ta d thy tia phn x l nh sng phn cc mt phn, theo phng vung gc vi mt phng ti, c bin cc i. Tia khc x cng l nh sng phn cc mt phn v trong mt phng ti, c bin dao ng cc i.

Khi thay i gc ti i, mc phn cc ca tia phn x cng thay i. Lc gc ti i tha mn iu kin: th tia phn x tr thnh tia phn cc ton phn (= gc ti Brewster).

Tia khc x khng bao gi l nh sng phn cc ton phn, tuy lc , tia khc x cng b phn cc mnh nht.4.nh lut bi-t:

i vi nh sng n sc, gc quay ca mt phng phn cc t l vi dy v nng C

( l h s t l c trng cho dung dch)

4. HIU NG QUANG IN.4.1.Th nghim: Khi chiu sng bng nh sng c bc sng thch hp hoc chiu bng tia cc tm ln trn b mt mt kim loi, ngi ta thy cc electron b bc x ra khi b mt ca n.

4.2. Cc nh lut quang in: 4.2.1 nh lut v gii hn quang in: i vi mi kim loi xc nh, hiu ng quang in ch xy ra khi bc sng ca chm nh sng ti nh hn mt bc sng xc nh 0 (gi l gii hn ca hiu ng quang in i vi kim loi ).4.2.2 nh lut v dng quang in bo ha: Vi nh sng thch hp, cng dng quang in bo ha t l thun vi cng chiu sng.4.2.3 nh lut v ng nng cc i ca cc quang in t: ng nng (hay vn tc) cc i ca cc quang in khng ph thuc vo cng dng nh sng chiu ti m ch ph thuc vo bc sng (hay tn s) ca chm nh sng . 4.3. Thuyt lng t nh sng ca Einstein

- Nng lng nh sng khng nhn cc gi tr lin tc m nhn cc gi tr gin on xc nh.

- Phn gin on nh nht ca nng lng nh sng l ftn:

(h: hng s Planck )

- Vn tc nh sng l cc i

- ftn khng c khi lng tnh, khi lng ng ph thuc vo vn tc ftn

- Biu thc din t mi quan h gia tnh cht sng v ht:

(h thc De Broglie)

-Cng ca chm bc x t l vi s phtn pht ra t ngun trong mt n v thi gian.

Khi hp th hay pht x nh sng nguyn t chuyn cc mc nng lng t mc ny sang mc khc, trong nng lng hp th hay pht x bng hiu s nng lng gia mc u v mc cui:

4.4. Gii thch cc nh lut quang in4.4.1 nh lut gii hn quang in:

Mun tch in t t kim loi phi tn nng lng ti thiu bng cng thot A ca in t i vi kim loi :

m

4.4.2 Dng quang in bo ha t l thun vi s in t bt ra t K, m s in t t l thun vi s phtn hp th. S phtn hp th t l vi phtn ti. Theo thuyt lng t th cng nh sng t l vi s phtn.4.4.3

4.5. ng dng Hiu ng quang in c ng dng ch to t bo quang in (thit b cho dng in i qua khi c nh sng thch hp chiu ti). T bo quang in c dng ch to Rle quang in ng dng trong cc thit b t ng ha v thit b m bng xung nh sng.Ngi ta s dng pin quang in bin i nng lng nh sng mt tri thnh in nng. Nu dng pin quang in bng cht bn dn Silic, hiu sut ca n c th t n 14-15%. Ngi ta tnh c trn din tch 1m2 ca pin quang in c nh sng chiu ti ta c th nhn c mt cng sut in l 100 W v nh vy vi din tch ca mt mi nh trung bnh ta c in nng tha mn mi tin nghi cho mt gia nh. Tuy nhin, v gi thnh ca cc pin quang in hin nay cn tng i kh t so vi cc ngun nng lng khc.5. BN CHT CA NH SNG

5.1. nh sng l sng in t

Phng trnh truyn sng

y: l vc t sng; (tn s gc)

(: tn s), (chu k)

(bc sng)

: l qung ng sng nh sng truyn i sau mi chu k

+ nh sng l sng ngang , khi i qua 1 s mi trng d hng (cc dung dch Gluc,) nh sng s b phn cc.

5.3. Cc mc nng lng ca e trong nguyn t:

- in t ch quay quanh ht nhn trn cc qu o xc nh ng vi nhng gi tr c th ca nng lng nguyn t. Khi quay trn qu o, khng bc x hay hp th nng lng v nguyn t nm trng thi dng.

- Nng lng pht x hay hp th khi chuyn t qu o ny sang qu o khc, bng hiu s gia 2 mc nng lng ban u v cui:

- S lng chnh n, nhn cc gi tr nguyn, dng 1, 2, 3, xc nh nng lng ca ng vi qu o ca n.

- S lng t ph l c th nhn cc gi tr nguyn, dng t 0 n (n l s lng t chnh), c trng cho m men c hc qu o

- S lng t t m, c trng cho m men t qu o ca , nhn cc gi tr nguyn t -l, 0, +l

- S lng t spin c trng cho s quay ca quanh trc ring ca n. Spin ch c th nhn 2 gi tr

- Trong tt c cc trng thi c th, lun chim trng thi sao cho nng lng ca n cc tiu

- Pauli: khng th c 2 trong cng 1 nguyn t c 4 s lng t ging nhau.6. HP TH NH SNG V PHT SNG

1 chm ftn trn ng i khi gp mi trng vt cht, tu theo nng lng ca ftn v bn cht ca mi trng c th xy ra cc hiu ng khc nhau:

- Chm ftn phn x (nh lut phn x)

- Chm ftn tn x (c th nhn c ftn theo hng bt k)

- Chm ftn khc x (nh lut khc x)

- C ftn xuyn qua mi trng vt cht

- C ftn b mi trng vt cht hp th.

6.1. S hp th nh sng

+ Khi hp th nh sng, s chuyn t qu o ng vi mc nng lng thp (trng thi c bn) sang qu o ngoi ng vi mc nng lng cao hn.

+ Mu sc:

- Nu lng t nh sng xuyn vo phn t m nng lng khng ph hp chuyn mc (khng b hp th) trong sut.

- Sc t ca mu (hemoglobin) c cc i hp th mu xanh da tri cn tia i qua.

- nh sng qua l cy th hp th vng , xanh l cy i qua.

: nh sng ti

: cng tia l

: h s hp th

: chiu dy

6.2. C ch hp th nh sng v pht sng

S: singlet: to thnh cp i song.

M men spin tng cng = 0

T: Triplet: to thnh cp song song

M men spin tng cng +1, 0, -1

: trng thi c bn

: vng nng lng cm

1,2: hp th

3: hunh quang

4: ln quang

5: khng pht quang

C 2 trng thi pht quang c bn: hunh quang, ln quang

- Hunh quang: l s bc x lng t nh sng khi chuyn t trng thi singlet xung c bn. Thi gian phn t tn ti trng thi kch thch khong v th hunh quang ch tn ti trong thi gian chiu sng vt.

- Ln quang xy ra do chuyn trng thi kch thch triplet xung trng thi c bn.

Chu trnh: trng thi c bn trng thi singlet trng thi triplet trng thi c bn. V th sau khi 1 thi gian mi xy ra ln quang (vi s).

- Cc di tc dng ca nh sng chuyn ln mc nng lng cao hn ri chng c th chuyn t phn t ny qua phn t khc m vn mc ngn lng y.

- S di chuyn s to nn nhiu l trng.

- Cp - l trng dch chuyn nh vy l exiton

- Nu ri vo by c mc nng lng n nh th 1 phn nng lng bin thnh nhit, cn cp - l trng b ph v

- Nh vy nng lng do phn t u tin hp th c Exiton mang n phn t c by. Dng di chuyn ny c th thc hin c khong cch ln.

7. TC DNG CA NH SNG LN C TH SNGI. Phn ng quang sinh

a. nh ngha: phn ng quang sinh l qu trnh xut hin trong h sinh vt khi c s hp th lng t nh sng cc phn ng ho hc v ho sinh din bin sinh l, ph hu.

b. Phn loi cc phn ngquang sinh:

5.

II. Cc phn ng sinh l chc nng

nh ngha: cc phn ng sinh l chc nng l nhng phn ng xy ra vi s tham gia ca lng t nh sng, kt qu l to ra nhng sn phm cn thit cho t bo hay c th thc hin nhng chc nng sinh l bnh thng ca chng

a. Phn ng to nng lng

* Quang hp l 1 hiu ng gy ra do nh sng trong c s kh , to v hydrat carbon.

* Qu trnh quang hp gm 2 chui phn ng k tip nhau: cc phn ng sng xy ra nhanh, phn ng ti xy ra chm hn.

.

. nCO2 + nH2O + fotons ( [CH2O]n + nO2

(Nh vy xy c gii phng tch ra t ch khng phi , v )

* Quang hp l qu trnh truyn . Phn ng c bn nht l s di chuyn nguyn t H t phn t ti phn t to thnh

* S ftn ti thiu kh 1 phn t cho ti khi to thnh hydrat carbon l 3 ftn.

* Hiu sut lng t ca qu trnh quang hp:; Hiu sut thc t .

* Vai tr ca cht dip lc (sc t chlorofil)

* Qu trnh quang hp lm tng nng lng t do v gim tng i S.

* Qu trnh quang hp do tnh d tr nng lng (kh , gii phng ) m qu trnh quang hp tr thnh 1 khu cc k quan trng ca ton b s sng trn tri t.

b. Sinh tng hp sc t v vitamin

+ Trong nhng phn ng sinh tng hp dn n s to thnh trong t bo sc t v vitamin, nu khng c lng t nh sng cc cht ny khng tng hp c.

+ Trong phn ng loi ny, nng lng nh sng cn thit cung cp nng lng cho phn ng ch khng phi d tr nng lng trong cc sn phm ca phn ng nh trong quang hp.

+ Tng hp vitamin D (tm nng, n tm cua) xng cng, to sc t

+ Tng hp vitamin B (gan, trng, ) b no v thn kinh.

+ Tng hp vitamin C (chanh, rau,) tng sc khng, n hi cc mch mu..

+ Tng hp vitamin A (tri cy, du c,) b mt

+ Tng hp vitamin E (du thc vt, c,) da, tr, vitamin E chng oxy ho.

c. Phn ng thng tin:

- nh sng mang thng tin v mi trng ngoi

- Th cm sng mt (ng vt)

- Hng quang thc vt (hoa hng dng, hoa 10 gi, cc vi khun phn ng)

- Nhp sinh hc ca ng vt

III. Cc phn ng ph hu, bin tnh

nh ngha: Cc phn ng ph hu, bin tnh l phn ng xy ra vi s tham gia ca lng t nh sng. Kt qu l gy nn cc tc hi nh hng n hot ng ca t bo

a. Phn loi tia t ngoi

- T ngoi sng ngn lm thay i cu trc ca protein, lipit v c tc dng dit trng ( phng m)

- T ngoi sng trung ), chng ci xng, to sc t, thc y to thnh biu m, lm tt hn qu trnh ti sinh.

- T ngoi sng di ) c tc dng sinh vt yu, gy pht quang 1 s cht hu c (knh hin vi hunh quang)

b. Tc dng quang ng lc

nh ngha: L s tn thng khng phc hi mt s chc nng sinh l v cu trc ca i tng sinh vt di tc dng ca nh sng vi s c mt ca xy v cht hot ho.

- Cht hot ho (cht mu), ng vai tr l cht xc tc khng th thiu, l ng lc thc y s tin trin ca phn ng (l nhng cht c i lc ho hc ln vi ), chng c cu trc vng; lin kt i v c kh nng ln quang) cht mu.

- Tham gia trc tip vo cc phn ng quang ho th cp l trng thi triplet

C cc c ch sau:

C ch I:

(c cht b xy ho)

C ch II:

( peroxit l cht xy ha rt mnh)

C ch III:

;

( c cht b xy ha)

C ch IV:

;

C ch V:

* Nhn xt:

- Tc dng quang ng lc xy ra khi c s tham gia lin hp ca cc cht mu, xy vi nh sng

- Cht mu tham gia phn ng trng thi triplet (c kh nng ln quang)

- Cht mu ng vai tr xc tc nn c to ra cui phn ng

- Trong tc dng quang ng lc c s di chuyn nng lng t cht mu n c cht

- Bng con ng tc dng quang ng lc c cht b xy hoc. Tc dng quang ng lc c th (i tng chu nh hng nht)

- Tc dng quang ng lc ln protein v acid nucleic.

- Tc dng quang ng lc ln dc cht.

- Tc dng quang ng lc ln hot ng ca c v h thng thn kinh.

- Tc dng quang ng lc ln c th sinh vt.d. Tc dng ca tia t ngoi ln cc h thng sng c cc giai on

- Giai on tch cc: hp th nh sng kch thch cc phn t acid amin (AH)

- Giai on quang ion ho:

- Giai on phn ng ca gc t do v in t solvat

Cc gc t do tng tc vi cc nhm protein bn cnh. Kt qu to nn v gc ca acid amin khc, l s tng nhy:

Gi tr c bit ca tia t ngoi l qu trnh to vitamin D. Vitamin D l mt trong nhng cht hu c rt quan trng i vi c th. S hn ch tng hp vitamin D s dn n ph hu trao i phospho, canxi.

Do vy chiu tia t ngoi cn c ng dng trong iu tr bnh ci xng, lm vt thng chng ln so, xng gy chng lin.

Giai on phn ng ho hc ph hu acid amin: cc gc oxyd ca cc acide tham gia hng lot phn ng to nn nhng sn phm c tc dng c. Cc phn ng c tng nhy vi cc nhm ln cn ca cc phn t protid gy nn s thay i cu hnh ca cc i phn t protid v lm mt hot tnh men..

Tia t ngoi c liu lng c tc dng dit khun cao do khng ch kh nng sinh sn ca vi khun tn thng ADN.i1

i1

i2

O2

l

O1

y

r1

r2

M

C

D

H

T

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

P2

P1

Dung dch

I0

O

I

Ibh

Uc

U

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

x

x

I0

I

1

2

3

4

5

2

5

5

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

T

EMBED Equation.3

I

A

B

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

Cc phn ng quang sinh

Cc phn ng sinh l chc nng

Phn ng ph hu, bin tnh

Thng tin

(th cm sng)

To ngun nng lng (quang hp)

Sinh tng

hp vitamin D

Gy

t vong

Gy t bin di truyn

Gy bnh l

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_1486196859.docI HC Y DC HU

B MN: VT L L SINH

-----(((-----

BI GING: VT L I CNG

(PHN: QUANG HC QUANG SINH HC)

(Dng cho sinh vin i hc Y Dc Hu)

Bin son: Trn c Dng

Hu, 2015

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