Radical May 2013

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2

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gr kt s e , , ,

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3

k ]... e et p N o s e n , T pi sp , , s , ui k nt si, n as T s rd b , a gp , , s p n s , ei kt, d i t , s a , p - k , nt s k n jo n, e p h e nt ? s , i n ei dgs s g N l i? o i ? n

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4

k o , s , k T

p T iu a Solidarity Forever k m s d We can break their haughty power,

gain our freedom when we learn that

The union makes us strong

i - In our hands is placed a power

greater than their hoarded gold

Greater than the might of armies

magnified a thousand fold

We can bring to birth a new world

from the ashes of the old for

The union makes us strong.

- br , s pn , nt iu t e , ui ag d , p s , o e i as n o p, , , a, s, T iu i s, p , , i ei p bi

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k d , n e, ao r , s nt d n k an , , a ei i u t nt ei k n a ki i i p kt -e p k o o Ts m n r k , o i p k kn nt, s nt, m k s e s-m st, g p d, ss p , p i e a , ss i , ai i t o ,

g dn s , ... nt [] k pst -e aj Tso , g e s k p ut , o k iu - p, -e n , i , g b a o et kt, d o n t g i i p i g i r , , , i n nt i i e o , n d u us n o T iu n l o o n T iu g et T iu e i n p nd e mi d

6

s o g t e n n u us , s i T iu no rn T iu g (e.i..iu.) k i nt e e nt iu ag e e kt h iu d -u o g -u k h-k no m kt p k l o n kt t () o br - ai, a ei g k b n T iu o ann u u p nt n n s pn p eo p, s ki k rn g p s i d, s an sm kN

, mp e e dn, n -u i b n g o e k i-e i(e) e .e.. i nt e -u ag eo m, a o nt , e nt , ant , i sp e t e..e. mp , g t n k , iu..e.- o g o -e i n , , , n p i , pg m i nt d T nd an i an, a- iug, g an i.e..iu. -

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.e.e.o a i s -u nt i .e.e. i -eo a -- nt s l - g o an T iu iu o iu nt Tg e u -- a a, nt a s e o kn ei , io e n i , a d d t o , o k o iu nd T iug e i ? p, u k o h, l kt s , p d i k ei e ai ei iu s iu k iu t nt , e agh ai, p T iu g

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8

o ae T iu k n p ko an a unt, iu a , T iu d p kti p e iu dn o a-nd dn t, , m e an s u h iu t knd, e t k d s t i, e t, , si e i e T iu o o n iu s , a iu a o an i -e n s (I LO)- e k , ld g t ut T iu m , e kt sk n , ei p ut , k , . iu, e . n i a g u n e o n T iu u nt , iu , n ans,

n g T iu i.e..iu..- . D g o s, a a o kt i e , n n o t g , i(e) e. . n n e nd a i(e) o nt d T l e n n kt s n k eo , d T s i(e) u n s n g s i knd , i o , e t s e N e an t , , s u k o l -e -e , t T iu ul us , T iu i p

9

- , h iu n-iu dnd s n a pdnd a, kt iu , s iu p pi an, u s, k n i o iu iu n , i s iu u a e s k nt iuo , g k , nt k s e o k , T u-e, d -e e r k kt s iu kto i n, br , i, i h m kto s iu ei , s iu g u T iu i (NTUI) s T iu u, s k a k, e o u e e T iu , g nt n

i i NTUI s NTUI p i e.i..iu.., , ei.e.e. p kt ei as, T iu e agh ti un tt pn , n i , , a i, n d , n u , i e k uk o gs ei T iu i o e i. u , u , , s ug kn g, d s nd pnt , m ud , ii T iu s g T iu s , g a n grt

10

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11

Tk l ud a asT Tk p , nt i , e a l, l, ei e , i.e.i. .e. , l kt, Tt kti kd u kt e s k , in pp Tk i k nt Tk (e Tk , e ei kd k) a k an, -e Tt kt ,, ei kd e p , i o n kt , ao i -e . . i kt kt, o anr , nt an i o

s i t s nd g, , o i , p a-- p a , d , n s- , s ? e o, o, s k un p : an, as , -e kto e -- , o is, stl o l, - l - u a p d nt n k n k kt as o i un p , d o r u h hh e , snt, nt nt e nt o an k r nd o . o ak ei s

12

p pk n n (flexible shift), , i ei , e , ei d stt s k r m m a dn kt r a i, k e a pk ei pk b kto , o si ai r, am i a , o u nt o i e , , i ei d, h , e i u e e a mp T s , e o lkt , p a , t d o an an p -e , l p , -

e an -e -e ( p) ( p) . . . . (n) (n) . . p i ei t - ei d , , ss , k e n r p o an - g ul l ak , k n T - - (t l); . . nt sp an p o u . kt e k p e o, g e iu , e , b n,

13

e d sp an j, sp n s, o , e p, -k , o i o d , e n p ek i ai n s , k p s , i an p , nt , u i i e , a , ag k , i , u i d i e ul i a kt d d l sg g g

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14

rd i k a NREGA n i g an p nt a p , , o , i , nt nt a n nt i g T iu sT; e ILO e am ILO- T skk ni T i s , iu a k e T , nd s a k , - g u k p e n snt o s nt u nd i e kt s n u o o k, , e nt e o s, o , a kt i n , u n e T

iu e iu e an, o e p eo t T iu n k a t n t s e a o kd k nt s ei o p uk di a d a dg nt a d, n, o a k , d n o -u ann k, o d o g n d pk d kn -T . n nd n, e, pdnd k nt p ud k pg n p sg , e k o un nt nd T iu o

15

p n u g m ud o , e p d k , o, s , e e s, agh an p i - i, eo T iu e n kt s iu e b T iu i , n g i.e..iu..- . D grt a e l d e k iuo p g , e p k , , p d d i T iu o g agh grm tt p , g

o s p p s , a o s - ekp T ns i , e n , e d l p ul, d, sn, o, o l - l p .e. e e s iug n n l n o d nd e n a m nd , o a p al l , e i u eo

d sb e , k d , k ug n

16

i t , p ng kk

p , n a p e o ( i(e) t g) ei p a t e -e p d h , a e , kt a k , g n k d, - , , i(e) h n Tk o k p , l , a , o ai a nt p n o o, ( bri o ) an ug kn e, u e ag kt e e

nt al a o , -d l, e ant, ag o t . o ut t s e n o a d p o e ag br s e , d , e Di m e e.i..iu..- k o e g , e k a k ei o r ei p , -- , , T iu t , e ; u t , k n a t go, , , e T iu d, e e e iu o

17

, k , i e o p o nd r-s . , d , r m , o r-s i -e go -e e e (go e n anr), l , e p s e eo , a . d nt nd - s p u ... e , r- p a --e k , -- k , a d p . s , p k o p o

a ei i h agh , e e k ap e , a p n u - nt s ei eg n i - e.i. , n gp o ei s k, nt a n , e i d kt l s i u, s e , a k , -u e m e ul s kk o t l u i ui , l t u iu

18

ei i h k iu mu k , a d e t di u a d e o u , ei iu i e grt p , o i i s, ion o ann p e a dnd , iu d iu s a a e s , d k iui i n o, e p kt, a an d n p no anp e kt t u T iu i u s g kb- e p g, T iu nd ei k i l, p n

. Rosa Luxemburg, The Mass Strike, in M.A. Waters (Ed), Rosa Luxemburg Speaks, New York, Pathfinder Press, 1980, p.205

. d, Kunal Chattopadhayay, The Fascist Upsurge, http://www.radicalsocialist.in

. d, Kunal Chattopadhyay and Soma Marik, The Left Front and the United Progressive Alliance(2004), http://www.radicalsocialist.in

. d, Kunal Chattopadhyay A First Assesment of Indian Strike: To Break Their Haughty Power, http:internationalviewpoint.org

. d, Class struggle versus Serving the Rulers and Becoming Regional Linguistic Chauvinist : The Retreat of CITU in the coming General Strike, http://www.radicalsocialist.in/blog

. http://www.firstpost.com/india/bharat-bandh-live-maruti-suzuki-workers-to-join-strike- tomorrow-632059.html

. g, br, . J. Dennis, Rajakumar and John S.

Henley, Growth and persistence of large Business Groups in India, journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/JCIM/article/download/5676/6681

. Meenakshi Rajeev, Contract Labour Act in India: A Pragmatic View, http://www.igidr.ac.in/pdf/publication/pp-062-33.pdf.

19

. http://labourbureau.nic.in/CPI_Prices.htm

. http://www.ifpri.org/publication/2011-global-hunger-index

. Sunny Jose and K. Naraneethem, A Factsheet on Womens Malnutrition in India, http://www.jstor.org.stable/40277858

. http://www.iiap.res.in/files/Visaka vs Rajasthan_1977.pdf

. http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affaires/trade-unions-strike-hits-normal-life- inodisha-113022000740-1.html

. http://www.livemint.com/Politics/PAVKmFkOoAnwenQZUX4ubP/Strike-paralyses-bank- industry-for-second-day.html

. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/major-porrts-suffer-rs- 100cr-loss-as-strike hits-operrations/article 4439447.ece? homepahe = true & rf = wl_home

. http://www.radicalssocialist.in/articles/statement-radical-socialist/news/489 & http://kafila.org/2012/07/19

. http://www.the hindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article2490903.ece

. . http://www.assocham.org/prels/shownews.php? Id = 3908

. http://oica.net/wp-content/uploaads/all-vehicles-2010-provisional.pdf

. http://www.ndtv.com/article/technology/mobile-device-sales-in-india-to-reach-231-mn-152315

. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-31/news/29949477-1-indian-pc-market-india-pc-first-tablet-computers.

20

nt o a s

a , k e us e m n, k e , b k p , i s p s o a pk, i a, uk pk s i, nt pk nt i d a uk k , i hg e , N k-e , n nt ai k-e a o u pk p n , e pk nt e g s mp m k ei , p g an pu e i k u pk o ag

n a pki un o , ei k , s o e n e p r, i , p nt n l k-e e , , an nt b nt e h T o a o g s o an n s o , ut nt o ug , o i b aj , nt ? an grt u , nt n o m ? e g , r k p i nt k o nd n o p nm e an s

21

, s s i k-e nt/ , u s e nt d p - p , i p a, nt s a o e e u n p t, s -e r s pp -e e -Tt nt k e nt e i ,u k kti nt a ei g a ak nt e nt u nt , i nt l u , kko p n o p e , e nt tt nt sk un g p iu, , a o pk ,

ei , p k o an k n n m

l, u o g g , p m , o h k, e h ei g p ud m, io nt n e lo i -T , a o , p p (ud, i) i s u e n i , dr p e b e k sl sd o s ud nm n p u a o i p n p u p e p p, , e ; nt d e , n, ap , a kt p , g, e i o ant g , spo g nd

22

d g s t s l i ut t k i g k , e n g b ..... ei, p k s o , p u i i , e u, p i , k, o , p a; i , e u pt , s eiki, an p s o p n n ? e , k , e , j (an ), a i j s; an n, l , nt l , m s ei , d-p a kti kk u u ei di, iu nnt i , k, , e i o, t k

k (sn, e n s i , T , e sp gr) a i e pd uk , in the long run we will all be dead a, ? i e nt , p an p pdnd o u d o , i et k ei u e u e st i, j, u o kt n pg ki k , k s o ei tt tt p, ei k k ni u p , [ei j] i t , k gi o e k u k u k k

23

, k , k e ? ei p, ei p p u s k e , i e pn , e e kn u , n pk, i p pk, u s p n k, o e n n e i h p n o (Climate Change) , pn , ann pn m s ei h , , j n , pk ii n t k o ? nt i , i o , m, g u m, i kg o ts e , n d a , o ,

a o s , i s nt un i e o a ....pk o j s k p k e n s k nt pk n i , pk i nt et n k a d t nt n p n k e, s e o ag i l , - iu n p n ei pk k k , l o k, u k e k sst u i k k an u p ei , g as, p , dnd a nt k , i k k , as o , a k ,

24

i ln g a m nd , m , , e a m p a e nt n o ui , u si nt e e g s, ei s u k e i n , n i n , e , n , p m, u , , i s ? s e k ann a i p a a , k, p - k (k ) , -k ( )-e n h n a iD, , o n o, , e n n s nd e u u n p n o k nt n e s pn , i

am, k nt ak nt a ei nt u n , n k nt u.... n o Metabolic -p ; a, n str u g , g o nt u k .... pk o k pk k o s o e d .... unt nt pi e e , ui e e p e n ud p, u u p e l t , usr , u pk .... m u, a o , e , k-e u s g n o p s m k uk p , p n a n p di , e p i n o p k, e

25

a , p k, n p e a u p ei o u p ei s o-o ui ei an, sk p, no , n ko , k e a -p e e a rn , p a s (has occupied is occupying an environmental niche) e , s niche- ei , p n st, p m p i a k-e g io , nt n k p n p ast, ... nt o n , ae ast u , i l , i t e ann , u , i o , d ast

o, e is, o h u s -p i p u u p e d tt ul e e e h , rn (tipping point) an s et ei di i nt k o nd e o , di kti, ak al s u k ul o o s, d kti a h pk i n dr o b s nt n , , e , a rn e o kt e p rn kto dikti, g n j n o kt ei e rn s , kt rn i,

k -e nt s pp e, i nt o nt p-s o a-s, e s

26

nt m a k , i gn n e j o d s , j t, i n kt n k o ann nt a - iu e nt k s e ag j s e k k a m p gn s p k an s o a , ei k g u p o r , o - , n , e t pk a t e i, u p , e s t e h s .... s p e a ast

s s s t s, o p e u-s a e at, o an nd a a ul ai s k p , i a ei ul t, nt s n , a , e nt mp i ei o kn , s a nt a , , nt a p u b as p n (perpetual motion machine)-e s p o d t t a, ann kt o a kt as l a p m s k h n tt o p, u kti iu , , s p i s o , o ann j n p , p, e -e p m i p st

27

, s p nd u g t nd s p s ndg ud h j ndg (k, r, io, s, b, i) o g un h p m o ann g i an st e , m - sg , o u - di j .e. e m k e an , k , i j i p j tt o nt st e s ut iu tt p ag p Ti p a p e p ei ag j an sk d , , , , i d ak p i i p , an i ei i an, k

k tto, , i , , i - us p k -e s , d s , tg i , o n aso e.e. s p e s t , i k s i p k ei t o p tt pn, , i p g i n r - s dr l p k o nt g un a e nt m as s a, , l nt a , p an g dr

28

nt n u, , m , t m e snt mn k st s e e t uk g k a st, a; , , an ...... nt s p k o pnt e nt p t l s j tt , n a , a pdnd tt p j rd a j n j an , a , , pp, e k n , g, , , , p j s kt, e j , , p ap , iuk -e p k s

o (, s) n o un--e grt o a , pp t p o p k e- s

i k , s o

k e e k as p a e k k dnd st m u r p aki p p e e a b nt st g ek a grt s , p e e p, us p p e pk - , o g, e s, jtt t, tt an e e an k e-e e st nt, ud e p- k u e

29

jtt o st k k a i as k u j grt , -e , s ut e us u t tto us j ul j o pk i d n m , o s us udd e h j i dnd o st g s h o n (nt s) p p ud p p st ei tt o-h tt n k ul n a sp ei n e r, ks p, di -- ks o s d rd e , t d (-) , iu a , s a s i i , ki i k, n a , e a i p s p o s , e nt o e s a s e n uk

, s k e, a, j o l e t o n e s , p kt sm p n ast p o , o nt , i t a ei d, e e ks tk p, e s i a e p o us s o, s dnd st jtt k , k st k o dnd, e nt st ud u , a tt, e j a st o dnd e ei s k a -e nt ei n, a a-b n, ap ei a o ud jtt e sg ui tt , - ut, e o tr nt k tt

30

a ag , p o m e m, a , e e a p e e k st rn ei - k t i t s - u k ei i a ap ai, pn k i p nt , s pp , k o g g , e k an grt u s , k ug

. r k nt h n Soma Marik, Reinterrogating the Classical Marxist Discourses of Revolutionary Democracy, Aakar Books, Delhi, 2006. s ut gn k s n nt st p Tariq Ali (Ed), The Stalinist Legacy, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1984.

2. s o j , p Zhores Medvedev, Nuclear Disaster in the Urals, W.W Norton & Co., 1979; KunalChattopadhayay, Class Struggle Among the Molecules ; The Rise and Fall of Proletarian Science, Jadavpur University

Journal of History, vol xv, 1996-97, pp 35-46; e k T, j i k o , , ann , i , i ann-, , . e nt m tt , e a u s o . Fredrick Engels, The Part Played by labour in the Transition from Age to Man, in Marxist Internet Archive, www.marxist.org/archive/marx/works/1876/part played labour/index.htm.

. . Leon Trotsky, Problems of Everyday life, Pathfinder Press, New York, 1973, p.317

. Karl Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy, New York, International Publishers, 1963, pp. 98-99.

. e p James Gustave Speth, The Bridge at the End of the World, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 2008, p.56.

. Karl Marx, Capital, vol 1, in www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch15.htm.

. Karl Marx, Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/labour.htm.

. Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels, The German Ideology, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01b.htm.

. Fredrick Engels, The Part Played by Labour.,k . Karl Marx, quoted by John Bellamy Foster, A Failed System, www.amandapublishers.co.za/special-

31

featured/global-financial-crisis/73-a-failed-system.

. Vladimir Vernadsky, The Biosphere, New York, Nevranmont Publishing Company, 1998, p.57.

. p k T l pn Gideon Freudenthal, The Hessen-Grossman Thesis, An attempt at Rehabilitation, in Perspectives on Science, Summer 2005, vol.13, no.2, pages 166-193; e Pablo Huerga Melcn, La ciencia en la encrucijada. Anlisiscrtico de la clebreponencia de Boris Mihailovich Hessen, "Las racessocioeconmicas de la mecnica de Newton", desdelascoordenadas del materialismofilosfico", Biblioteca Filosofa en espaol, Fundacin Gustavo

Bueno, Pentalfaediciones, Oviedo 1999.

. , Douglas Weiner, Models of Nature : Ecology, Conservation and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia, Pittsburgh, P.A.: University of Pittsburgh, 2000, p.27.

. , . e p Michael Lowy, Stalinist Ideology and Science, in Tariq Ali (Ed), The Stalinist Legacy e --e ul pn . Christopher Caudwell, Studies and Further Studies in a Dying Culture, New York, Monthly Review Press, 1971, p.xix.

32

s o p k T

-

iu di akn ud, m k b nt m nt i nt, nt , ei ki d ann , iu o i b nt i i o as m s s snt, nt s s nt, nt t , nt m k an, nt n nt i i, as s , - s g a e b p nt k n , b k , , nt p o d p e s k k p k n u b d iu- k ei g nt s , T iu o an e - , k i kto, k n m d d p unt, ki T k s n s pn k p k , , ei mi nt , n n e s, o o ut-i kt , s h t pn s nt p an tr, ei d

33

n t , () p pn s o p si, di p a nt , a p p s k , o p -e , pn n

-e pn : a t , g e pn nt e , ei p g grt ei, k tt o s km . ae tt o i e a o o s (k) e s k , e u g- k r p a p , e k n p e . i e nt tt i , h nt k an ud d- p k e nt , i, snt, e, o , u k i i (e Ts i) s tr , i s (a, , )

d, , p m n m, o n u i nt . (, ) , p o m n , o us g, s iu t g us n i p m s k o , i s d nt k k , , tti p s , tr o p tt e p i et a i

nt ut o p nt t , ut , ei pn n a o pn , p T,

34

e s us n us m , p d n k , , Ts, k, i e , p n h r p i h s r , e -e p us n - p st ut nt , p k a p , s , e ag a o p -e ,, i, e a o an n o - i us g p p i n n u p , us n o o iu u iu d, m sk, e o a nt ak, e s nt ut g p m p t ei s e ei nt as ? u ug , u ,

T e o a k nd . nt d , a m u p e , , T k ki - tn , , a t tr oi s , [ e a ]. nt an grt d tr , l k j p e d am nt , h p , lkt nt d , Tnt i, o nt e a T , j k e , o Ts s d p, nt ut a a pk p d, T o e a o T , i nt , mo

nt --e s e , nt a nt o p i r k e (ep ) nt rd i p i a

35

, nt k nd mN , e i ui[pk ] e s am m g- k , ui , a, ei a grt t nt , e p s nt g o Ts ul p t o nt i . n o ei a ei i an kt p n p m g k , ki, p s n s t e s i , i i

o r p o us n s mk i nk - h p p p a , et kt i u an us n

s o a ei as , Ts, us t e, o an, ei s o rd nt e an e p r p o ann p ii d, , aj ts n i, t u -e, us n g ei m us n r aj p ( , N , ) t d , ei e as o nt -ei, s, g e , s, ass o si t k n l , -e nd e s us n e - , -e o us n g i us n

36

p p, ak , grt p e p nt -e d n -e n, nt an s , us , . g o kn nt k , e , ep iu k i kn g p o iu o sms rd at n sms p nt at i , s n , ug kn n e at k s pp at e o sms g o , us n i h e p sms , nt rd i nt di an o T p l at k o p , pst ati k l ei

ut t s o p nt e

nt e s nt a -e k g -e s , p a e -e ds e e s n T iu o i u i o a as o -e n t o, e k , , i u d rd n -e p us s , i kn sT s o p u k s as nt us n t ei e , nt k p at l , h tr, e k u Ts ps , ei p e t , e o at a g pst, ei

37

ps , p us u o sk e k g a , e st b , p , ast nt e rd , , k ast a sT o k n us e s nt o us n ei

-e ak p nt p m - a e i n p a rd i r ak k s ps , u T , o a e tt i , , lkt s t h e rd Ts e p nd -e Ts nt as

nt o n o , Ts p rd nt p p i s a p -e r Ts p , n e us e p b, i p,, n , o s , e s, e sto t n, , , o ; n t o l s, uk, e s, p i h Ts k unt, n o ei gr a n t ei t o r , h us n k , e n m n

o us n - us n g s e s a , s s us ei p ei

38

rd a an d, p n o , , T k ni s us an , e p pi et n e tt e , us nt pk r - g i m nt p -e s t g nt k pk n p n - s t d t k s o, , i k k m , Ts e us a, , --e ps , p k p, us o k, u i k, i ei m d, ei ud i i , k s r e o p p si k i g i aj, e i i pp

, p , e k u si, s s p, k i n , k ei a , s s u s , k i ud nt - ae k s e e a ps k us , k , i ps us i kN , s , , e kN

e k k tt s , k e s , pk, k e e s k s k s , o nt k s nt nt nt en i e e nt, , nt n, an nt T s k n n-- n o -- e T k kk e

39

nt s , i, i k o T iu k s k e , i i N b k o k tot ei , n k k tt i k , a nt s e kn nt e -e s o k s Ts o, n e g k nt o m s o t iu e k nt e p r , ei tt s r o n p a k , as p , e n p n udd , l iu a o e (d i ei , i o T, N , -) kT -

us , us p ei si e kgs us N s o u t i i o s t i ss ke ug kn us on nt p , p e ko, i e ? s ut o b o e e k nt m sk k o s k us n ann p n , m p sr iu s , k n s tt , ei b o us n ei s -e b s T iu t T iu k e s, o, s (i s) e T iu s d p, b us ei k e h p n, us

40

i a i a as d, e m kn pt ei b T k a, tt, p e T k o i nt , ei d m n i, k ei tt -e b -e o b p sb nt s T iu b T iug e i us p e i k nt T iu s t m p , s p n p k i k e T iu p n s n ei k o sn nt

ps agh a, m b iu k m , e a us p, s b T iu m p an i r T iu ei ul, k a s kn a kN ps e kN s ak k t e ni r , e k, i o ei p s h n o us ui al nt m o rd i k u , us e d , us n ps s k ko ei ps u s n i us k (, , u o -ui us p ei ) ei ps g nt i e p t o, o

41

us dnd p u i -e ei k , -e us s ,; T iu s k, e d u, a s , e s t p m n g -e o ann l g r i t us nt i p ko-e t nt e s p e m k s n an - n i , -i b ei as s p , e h us , o us n ag , m nt s nt us n an i us n nt m si p p p s eo ul p s

p Ts t rd us n , s rd a e nd T a us n t p m p s i? nt s us ei n us n ko , , d o h nt -e n g d ko e m us n t e ko e rd e t -- i Ts ast j, a d e j pk pp ko -e i ut a m p nt i ko i , us ko-e t s e- s us ko-e us s ei g o a -e

42

at h us o T iu gp , e i i us n n s tt m p o g , e a i o , us p ag

s g i ut a r t t d , p s nt i i as ut a n d p g -e s g k us n p s pk pk , e ak us nd ast o , agh ei , ko-e rd p

-e us t i at k nt ko-e t ak d -e

i p o i ep d i us p, T iu p, i nt t e s , ko o oi t -e r p g ko i e ei n an , u e a, pm , us tp o nt p e e, ei - m e at ai, s , i p kn n m u- e n u i a nd ps s p , g t m ul nt p n i , -e nt ut p , -e p o p o , us us n a , a , a

43

k unt, p p e sm nt nt p i , r p p to n s , s , e p ag g , n k at p ud et p , ei n g n p s ei at us p s i p - ts s

p pp n s o dnd e h n n l p , i g ei s i e s p g ei p ? -e us n g an e n e nt tt n

g a n , us n p ag , T nt (e -e e ) g ei kn - nt , p s p snt m i T iu o iu r tt -e kT e a n r a dr, s nt i n kgs a d kt h , i a e nt d kt nt k k k , e s o s g k . e . us . , k k -e

44

(k) k . us . s . i . . . .

a -e e us o an, a p k d et , p -s g n , us k an e nt eo us a kd k p ei nt p n, ei tt us n s , k m andnd o g b o ei s, k k p r k k , r ,

ent rd g kgs k r ( g, us in k, , ) ae, ei i k m tr k kt si e ei ? k n k i nt ut T iu us n --e an n, nt p - n nt --e at . nt --

45

e , s, , t p t us a k-n kb i ei i n i s p ud T -e p n o, r- m kn sT ki iu m un u o iu s

e nt , i , m t s ei s n nt pk e nt a nt o u ei as s an n p pk p m ei t

kT b n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( b, i , , )

a, p l kt pk o l an grt l ut p , i l e e an k nt ei i ul p p nt m

ol ks h , e k n , s..... m ann i (ol ks, i o s e, , ) ks k s h o k ul s

46

ei g s k o dnd nt kt m unt, d n m a k an m , i - m an k gs s -e Ts p , o T u b u (a m ) s sn i ( o e , i ai, u i, , -, -) k k , k i ( o , -) k k n k , i o ut , nt o s unl k , n, e Ts akn h us n o us ei h agh , e

k k as d k p k e d, d n i k m ei , eo a mi n j tr , i uu m k as T , e ant, r iu m s (in p n, , , , ) rd as us n t , us k g k an o (us in, , , pm , ) m k g a , u p dk, -e, , o us ei -e p p ( k) rd as o n nt us e , nt , i u

47

ei s , i u st -u s , -e , u p s i d ....-e , () p i k ul k s p , , u, k , e () n nt ? ( -u, s, s, , -) ae, us u o , k rd i us k e , o n n e k , nt b , b p k i pd p , h, l , p s , e t, e pn p , , p o k n p d , p i , d (a

m d) s n p k. k nt us k unt, s ko , us i ei p ei b o Ts ut t n ( ) Ts nti . r as , p h, d .... Ts (Ts ud d, sT es i , ) s k k -e k ep -e T k pm -e s t, s , Ts e e - s p n.... d (s k o ) i s (g, us in k, , ) us s , nt p o s .%

48

k -e k t .% ( u, ol u, ) -e mo .% , k .% e us .% nt us k as ae, n - k us, k, T iu , k T m p , us in t , s m us n t us nd an i o , k n e m (us in, , , , ) n p

i -e n an iu us p g ei g g nt kn o a l , s e h k

p o t l nt nd nt e un a nt m e a o T nt s u nt s, , s, i, ( o ) , ,e e nt o snt s e , g p o pp gp e g nd , a % gp g s k ei n k n p n us n e k g o i ei , o Ts d s nt s h , n kt p , e d k al nt , - r-t a

49

ud ae -e us n p g , n n k nt k o s e t e , p t o p nk o di p m, b o n t p o , p g kg ug p rd -e ei p k p k m t i br k i br s o s d nd T iu us o k o k g k k nt a dr, -kn -e ei nt , , us nt o b t nt i p g k

T iuk k k ei d n k n i m ss nt us u k m , a n nt , e m s ut , o p o Ts a b kn pp kn s ast o as d e e p t , o e e us , n d -e pm s d -e o t s us , o pk Tsn o iu e T iu p p nt k , n us i i ei , ei p

50

a ans a ei us o nt pk o p k dnd pk at s u l at - m - d k us T nt k o Ts e rd g s p p di tr n tr , mt p nt s e nt o nt us s u k s , k s d d t nt am ei u s k n a a, , i o s d i m t am p t us m n , ud d ag e

.... t nt pnt k i (k , a u i s, N, , ) o n o d o o iu e e t g b , us . o. iu. e. d g p , p , us e u s pk s p

us n a o -e as s k e h s e, e , i- m nt e as m i iu nt p u nt ei pn , nt et , p p, s o s k p s m i nt m snt m, i nt t

51

? k e , l pntg eo p ? k n, us o ih o , o nt n ? us , e n k, g i- m, g ? , u , uk n s ? us n , i m -e , ei d n d ae e d an, pk p p ? , p tr , n i, a e e n, iu n o l pnt ei so -e d nt n d , iu k e e e a tr , k-k i , nt n d h nt us m ae -e n ae s o p o

i k , ko , e -o e a o rl n, -e us n o h i n o , s e n ap , d d s n nt u s o k b a g e b p n e n ap o n n ap n us n h , s , p k, ol m p , - p , s, , sto, s o u, h ei (p g p) o i u, s an e ai t a, Ts, , , , s, i, , e e i , a us n o nt p s k e p k p o p n h , n g as d iu u, nt, e g- i o

52

k tt, ui , e nt pn n p snt pn g k , , nt n us o , p ans ( a, ), e, , nt u p ans o, e nt tt (, ), p, , g s k s k ud , e us n ei n n us , s a e, i k nt nd ti nd , us p e, p i e h t eik, , ap t nt n s s p g s p ans , m, k e s et g e ? , s-T- t ud, a k, a s g

ud , p ans n b p ag n , e u b n n , i e e nt l a , n , s T o s nt nt p s i e pk tt p p, nt ag, i s , s tt , k , n kn ei pn us n, n i a e kn nt , e ul , p s s i e kp gn k 1. A. Adler (Ed) Theses, Resolutions and Manifestos of the First Four Congresses of the Communist International, London, 1980 2. J. Degras, The Communist International. Documents, 3 Volumes, London, 1956, 1960 and 1965. 3. W. Abendroth, A Short History of the European Working Class, London, 1972. 4. L. Trotsky. The Third International After Lenin, New York, 1973. 5. L. Trotsky, On China, New York, 1976. 6. L. Trotsky, The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany, New York, 1971 7. E. H. Carr, The Twilight of the Comintern, London, 1982. 8. R. Black, Fascism in Germany, London, 1974. 9. G. Novack, d. Frankel, F. Feldman, The First Three Internationals, New York, 1974. 10. W. Krivitsky, I was Stalins Agent, New York, 1939.

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