Referendumu paveidi un to lietošanas prakse ārvalstīs[2008]

8/3/2019 Referendumu paveidi un to lietoanas prakse rvalsts[2008]

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Vidzemes augstskolasPolitoloijas nodaas1. kursa studentaJa CruaLiteratras Prskats kurs Ievads saldzinoaj politik11.12.2008.

Referendumu paveidi un to lietoanas prakse rvalsts

Referendums kalpo k viens no svargkajiem ldzekiem, tieas patstvgas demokrtijas

nodroinanai. Pateicoties referendumam tautas griba tiek izteikta likumos un citos aktos, un ar to

paldzbu regulta ikkatra sabiedrb ietilpsto indivda darbba. Tomr jmin, ka referendumi nav

viendi un tie nav viendi piemrojami visur viendi. Tdjdi rodas jautjumi par referendumu

veidiem un to pielietoanas iespjm. Ldz ar to literatras prskata mris ir spt noskaidrot kdinozmgkie referenduma veidi eksist, k tie tiek pielietoti.

Referenduma klasifikcijas pamatelementi.

Lai vartu sekmgi izdaltu referendumu veidus, nepiecieami kritriji pc k tos izdal

Ldzinj literatr ir iziti vairki kritji pc k atirt un iedalt referendumus. K pirmo atirb

pazmi vartu mint referenduma iniciatvas faktoru. Referenduma iniciatva var bt no noteiktie

augstkajiem orgniem, noteikta deputtu skaita, no pilsoiem, kuru skaits ir noteikts ar likumu.1Lar to ir vrojamas atirbas starp pasaules valstm pc t kam pieder referenduma iniciatva. Apskat

Francijas gadjumu redzams, ka referenduma iniciatva pieder prezidentam.2 Francijas Republik

prezidents var ierosint referendumu vadoties pc valdbas ierosinjuma, kad parlaments atrod

atvainjum vai pc vienota abu paltu atbalsta. Prezidents ar var ierosint referendumu vadoties p

savas iniciatvas. Vienlaikus vi var formult pieteiktos referenduma jautjumus. 3 Tan pa laik

apskatot Ungrijas gadjumu redzams, ka referenduma ierosinanas tiesbas pieder prezidentam

valdbai, 100,000 balsstiesgo vai parlamentam4. Tomr parlaments ir tas, kur pieem oficilu lmum

par referenduma rkoanu. ai referenduma iniciatvas piekrianai nepiecieams 50 parlamenta deput

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1 D. M. Farrell Do political campaigns matter, 2003:145 lpp.2France Constitution of 4 October 1958,Title 2 article 11. Skatts: http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/8ab.asp(04.12.2008)3 Turpat.4 Constitutional Court, the Constitution of the Republic of Hungary, article 28/C. Skatts:http://www.mkab.hu/en/enpage5.htm(04.12.2008)
http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/8ab.asphttp://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/8ab.asphttp://www.mkab.hu/en/enpage5.htmhttp://www.mkab.hu/en/enpage5.htmhttp://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/8ab.asphttp://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/8ab.asphttp://www.mkab.hu/en/enpage5.htm


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piekriana5. Vienkrka referenduma ierosinanas procedra, raugoties no vienkro pilso

vidus, ir aplkojama Itlijas gadjum. Itlij referenduma iniciatvai pietiek 500 tkstou vltj

savkti paraksti6.

K otro Referenduma atirbas pazmi var izirt referenduma jautjuma formuljum

iespjamo dadbu. Lielkaj da gadjumu referendumos tiek sagatavots kds noteikts jautjums, ukuru vltjam jsniedz vai nu pozitva j, vai negatva atbilde n da referenduma formula ti

izmantota visbiek. T tikusi izmantota tdos referendumos, k Melnkalnes neatkarbas referendum

2006. gad7, Norvijas referendum par pievienoanos ES8 un Grenlandes referendum par lielk

patstvbu no Dnijas9, k ar daudzos citos. Vienlaikus bez s pastv ar cita referenduma formula. T

tiek izmantota retk k pirm formula. Tas nozm, ka referendum vltjam piedv izvlties vien

no vairkiem iespjamiem variantiem. Tiks apkopoti rezultti, noskaidrojot variantu, kam pieirt

lielk daa referenduma dalbnieku balsis. Visi prjie varianti, ja pat tie savks ievrojamu bal

daudzumu, tiks noraidti. Valsts, kur visbiek tiek pielietoti di referendumi ir veice. Tomr a

cits valsts ir rkoti da tipa referendumi. Austrlij da referenduma formula tika izmantota 197

gada referendum. Referendum tika izvlta valsts nacionl himna. Jizvlas bija no etrie

iespjamiem variantiem10. Ar td valst k Zviedrija ir tikusi izmantota referenduma formul

Zviedrij ie referendumi tika rkoti 1957. gad un 1980. gad. 1957. gad rkotaj referendum tik

balsots par to kdai btu jbt pensiju sistmai. Tika izvirztas trs alternatvas, no kurm pirm

alternatva ieguva lielko balsu skaitu un tika pieemta.11 1980 gad rkotais referendums bija p

atbalstu kodolenerijai. Ar in gadjum tika piedvtas trs alternatvas, no kurm ar niecgu prsvauzvaru guva vlme samazint atomenerijas pielietojumu Zviedrij.12

Tomr pastv vairki iespjami veidi k referendumus rkojos valstis nosaka vai referendum

ir atzstams par notikuu vai nav atzstams. Saldzinoi vieglk uzvartju ir noteikt referendumos,

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5 Constitutional Court, the Constitution of the Republic of Hungary, article 28/B. Skatts:http://www.mkab.hu/en/enpage5.htm(05.12.2008)6 The constitution of the Italian republic, art. 75 Skatts:http://www.parliament.go.th/parcy/sapa_db/cons_doc/constitutions/data/Italy/Constitution%20of%20Italy.htm(05.12.20087 Montenegro independence Referendum 2006 Skatts:http://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/m/montenegro/montenegro-independence-referendum-2006.html(05.12.2008)8 D. M. Farrell Do political campaigns matter, 2003:152 lpp.9 Greenland self-Government Referendum, Skatts: Http://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/g/greenland/greenland-self-government-referendum-2008.html(05.12.2008)10 Australian Electoral commision, Skatts:http://www.aec.gov.au/Elections/referendums/Referendum_Dates_and_Results.htm (06.12.2008)11 Economic expert.com Skatts: http://www.economicexpert.com/a/Referendums:in:Sweden.htm(06.12.2008)12 Statistics Sweden, Skatts: http://www.scb.se/templates/Product____76860.asp(05.12.2008)
http://www.mkab.hu/en/enpage5.htmhttp://www.mkab.hu/en/enpage5.htmhttp://www.parliament.go.th/parcy/sapa_db/cons_doc/constitutions/data/Italy/Constitution%20of%20Italy.htmhttp://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/m/montenegro/montenegro-independence-referendum-2006.htmlhttp://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/m/montenegro/montenegro-independence-referendum-2006.htmlhttp://www.economicexpert.com/a/Referendums:in:Sweden.htmhttp://www.mkab.hu/en/enpage5.htmhttp://www.parliament.go.th/parcy/sapa_db/cons_doc/constitutions/data/Italy/Constitution%20of%20Italy.htmhttp://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/m/montenegro/montenegro-independence-referendum-2006.htmlhttp://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/m/montenegro/montenegro-independence-referendum-2006.htmlhttp://www.economicexpert.com/a/Referendums:in:Sweden.htm


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kuros tiek izmantota referenduma formula, kas paredz j vai n atbildes, atirb no referendum

formulas ,kas paredz izvli starp vairkm dotajm alternatvm. Visbiek d situcij tie

izmantots modelis, kad par notikuu referendumu tiek atzts, kad ir piedaljusies lielka daa reistr

vltju, bet lmums skaits pieemts, ja vairkums ir (50% plus viena balss) pozitvi atbildjusi u

piedvto jautjumu. Retk tiek izmantots princips, kad, lai lmums tiktu pieemts nepiecieams savnoteiktu skaitu pozitvu atbilu. Piemram, 1997 gad Apvienots Karalistes teritorij Vels notik

referendums, par Velsas apgabala ietekmes palielinanu. Pozitvam referenduma iznkumam bi

nepiecieams savkt 40 % atbalsts no visiem teritorij dzvojoajiem balsstiesgajiem iedzvotjiem

Rezultt neizdevs savkt vajadzgo rezulttu skaitu un referendums netika uzskatts par notikuu .13

Apskatot situciju , ko rada referendums ar vairku iespju izvli, pards problma k noskaidr

rezulttu, ja neviens no variantiem neiegst absolto vairkumu. Zviedrija izmantoja, jau iepriek

mintaj gadjum ( 1980. gada vlans), principu uzvartjs iegst visu, neskatoties uz to cik ldz

ir rezultti. Vienlaikus pastv neapmierintie cilvki, kas veido spcgu opozciju un mina apaub

pieemt lmuma likumbu.14 veices likumi ldzg situcij paredz uzvartju noteikt apkopoj

nodotos rezulttus par alternatvu gadjumam ja neievl pirmo.15

K vl vienu referenduma atirbu pazmi var skatt referendumu cikliskumu, to rkoan

bieumu. Lielkaj da pasaules valstu referendumi ir reti un neregulri izmantota prakse16. Tik

nedaudzs valsts tiek noturts vairk par vienu referendumu elektoril cikla ietvaros. Pie valstm, k

visbiek izmanto referendumus ir pieskaitmas tdas valstis, k Itlija, veice. veice ir ievrojama

savu bieo referendumu lietoanu. Ts prvaldes sistma ir pielgota dai bieu referendumrkoanai. To uzskatmi parda fakts, ka gandrz puse no visiem pasaul notikuajiem nacion

mroga referendumiem ir notikui veic.17

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13Mark Drakeford, Wales and a third term of New Labour: devolution and the development of differenceCritical Social Policy, SAGE publications Nov 2005; 25: 497 - 506.14 Butler D., Ranney A., Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy, AEI press, 1994., 100120. lpp.15 Turpat.16 Mads Qvortrup A Comparative Study of Referendums: Government by the People, Manchester University Press, 2005.2. lpp.17Butler D., Ranney A., Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy, AEI press, 1994., 1. lp


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Referendumu klasifikcija.

Pirmais kritrijs pc k var klasifict referendumus ir pc t vai referendums ir saistoa rakstu

vai ar tas kalpo k konsultatvs elements. Saistoa rakstura referendumos tiek apskatti noteikti likum

ierosinjumi, lemts par to pieemanu vai atcelanu. Turpret konsultatva referenduma gadjum netietik oti uzmanba virzta uz kdu noteiktu likumprojektu, bet vairk uz sabiedrbas viedoka apzinan

kd noteikt jautjum, jom. T savukrt ilgtermi var veicint jaunu sekmgku normu vai likum

izstrdanu attiecgs valsts, apgabala teritorij galvenokrt pateicoties referendum iegtaj

informcijai.18

Otrais kritrijs pc k var klasifict referendumus ir saistts ar to kdus lmumus, likumu

izvirza referenduma procesam. Referendum var tikts lemts par parlamenta izvirztajiem lmumiem

likumiem, kuri vl nav oficili apstiprinti, ldz ar to o lmumu oficilai atzanai ir nepiecieam

oficila atzana referendum par attiecgo lietu. da tipa struktra ir visbiek sastopama

pielietojuma veids, ko izmanto referendumos.19 Das valsts referendum var tikt lemts par parlamen

iepriek pieemta un oficili pasludinta likuma atcelanu. Viena no valstm , kur var tikt izmanto

da iespja ir Itlijas Republika. 1974. gad tika sarkots referendums, kur vltjiem uzdev

jautjumu, vai atstt spk valdbas 1970 gad pieemto un izsludinto lmumu, kas va irt laulb

Referenduma iznkums neatbalstja iniciatvu un likumprojekts palika spk ldz pat msdienm.20

Var izdalt referendumus, vadoties pc to apskatms teritorijas lieluma. Izirt var divu veid

referendumus valsts un vietjo referendumu. Valsts mroga referendums skar visu valsti kopum utiek rkots vis valsts teritorij. Vietja mroga referendums notiek noteikt reion un ietekm

attiecg reiona likumdoanu. da tipa referendumi tan pa laik var kalpot k iedzvotju papildu

iesaistes ldzeklis, k ar ar to paldzbu var noskaidrot iedzvotju nostju kd noteikt jautjum

Lokli jeb attiecg reionla mroga referendumi biei tiek rkoti Amerikas Savienotajs Valst

Piemram, 2003 gad Sietlas pilst tika veikts referendums, lai noskaidrotu vai pilst b

izbvjams vienslieu dzelzce.22

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18 Butler D., Ranney A., Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy, AEI press, 1994., 2,3.lpp.19 Turpat, 61-70. lpp20 Turpat, 61-70. lpp21 Butler D., Ranney A., Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy, AEI press, 1994.22 F. Peterson, B. Sgouraki Kinsey, H. Bartling and B. Baybeck,Bringing the Spatial In: The Case of the 2002 SeattleMonorail referendum, Urban Affairs Review vol 403, 2008.


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Referendumus iespjams ar izdalt pc t ietekmes uz likumdoanu valst. Visbiek izir div

veida iedaljumus k konstitucionlais referendums un vienkrais referendums. Vienkra

referendums skar jautjumus , kuros nav tiea konstitucionla rakstura ietekme. Vietja rakstu

referendumi ir biei pielietota prakse it pai veice. Piemram, referendums par elektrbas reform

2006. gad.

23

Reform paredzts izmaias neparedz izmaias valsts konstitcij, t viet veicizmaiu struktr zemk esoajos likumos, lmumos un programms.24 Turpret konstitucion

referendumi ievrojami ar to, ka tajos pieemanai tiek izvirzts jauns konstitcija projekts, v

veiktas izmaias konstitcij. da veida referendumi ir notikui lielkaj da pasaules valstu. K

vienu no nesenkajiem, bet konstitucionli btiski ietekmjoajiem referendumiem var mint 200

gad rkoto referendumu Melnkaln.25 referenduma rezultt tika maint Serbijas konstitcija u

izveidojs jauna neatkarga valsts.26 Referendums, kur ar bija satopamas konstitucion

ietekmjoas lietas bija rij rkotais referendums par atbalstu Ncas konvekcijai. Tas tika rkots div

reizes. Pirmaj reiz 2001. gad tas tika noraidts27, bet otraj reiz 2002. gad atbalstts.28

Pc literatras prskata uzrakstanas var secint, ka izdevs atrast referenduma iedaljum

veidus un tika ar veikta to pielietoanas analze. Iespjams redzt, ka pastv daudzi kritriji pc k

iedalt referendumus. Btiski ir tas ,ka iespjama situcija, kad klasifikcijas savstarpji mijas. Vie

un tas pats referendums var bt visprji, valstiski svargs, bet tan pa laik skatoties no parlamen

skatupunkta t var iepriek pieemta un oficili pasludinta likuma atcelana. Ar referendum

izmantoanas, pateicoties referendumu veidu dadbai, iespjas ir lielas. da referendumdaudzveidba paver iespja jebkurai valstij izvlties un pielgot tai atbilstoko referenduma rkoan

modeli.

Literatras saraksts.

23OECD Reviews of Regulatory reform: Regulatory reform in Switzerland, 2006., 42.lpp.24 Turpat.25 Europe briefing vol 42, Montenegro referendum,International crisis group , 2006., 1.lpp.26 Turpat,27Garry J., Marsh M. and Richard Sinnott Second-order versus Issue-voting Effects in EU Referendums: Evidence frothe Irish Nice Treaty Referendums,European Union Politics vol. 201, SAGE publications,2005., 7-9. lpp.28 turpat


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Akadmisk literatra

Butler D., Ranney A., Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy, AEIpress, 1994., 100-120. lpp.

D. M. Farrell Do political campaigns matter, 2003:145 lpp.

Europe briefing vol 42, Montenegro referendum, International crisis group, 2006

Garry J., Marsh M. and Richard Sinnott Second-order versus Issue-voting Effects in EReferendums: Evidence from the Irish Nice Treaty Referendums, European Union Politics vol. 20SAGE publications,2005., 7-9. lpp.

Mads Qvortrup A Comparative Study of Referendums: Government by the People, ManchesterUniversity Press, 2005., 2. lpp.

Mark Drakeford, Wales and a third term of New Labour: devolution and the development of differencCritical Social Policy, SAGE publications Nov 2005; 25: 497 - 506.

OECD Reviews of Regulatory reform: Regulatory reform in Switzerland, 2006

Peterson, B. Sgouraki Kinsey, H. Bartling and B. Baybeck, Bringing the Spatial In: The Case of th2002 Seattle Monorail referendum, Urban Affairs Review vol 403, SAGE publications , 2008.

Tmeka resursi

Australian Electoral commision, Skatts:http://www.aec.gov.au/Elections/referendums/Referendum_Dates_and_Results.htm (06.12.2008)

Constitutional Court, the Constitution of the Republic of Hungary, article 28/C. Skatts:http://www.mkab.hu/en/enpage5.htm (04.12.2008)

Constitutional Court, the Constitution of the Republic of Hungary, article 28/B. Skatts:http://www.mkab.hu/en/enpage5.htm(05.12.2008)

Economic expert.com Skatts:http://www.economicexpert.com/a/Referendums:in:Sweden.htm(06.12.2008)

France Constitution of 4 October 1958,Title 2 article 11. Skatts:http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/8ab.asp(04.12.2008)

Greenland self-Government Referendum, Skatts:Http://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/g/ greenland/greenland-self-government-referendum-2008.html(05.12.2008)
http://www.mkab.hu/en/enpage5.htmhttp://www.mkab.hu/en/enpage5.htm(05.12.2008)http://www.economicexpert.com/a/Referendums:in:Sweden.htmhttp://www.economicexpert.com/a/Referendums:in:Sweden.htmhttp://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/8ab.asphttp://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/8ab.asphttp://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/8ab.asphttp://www.mkab.hu/en/enpage5.htmhttp://www.mkab.hu/en/enpage5.htm(05.12.2008)http://www.economicexpert.com/a/Referendums:in:Sweden.htmhttp://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/8ab.asphttp://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/8ab.asp


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Montenegro independence Referendum 2006 Skatts:http://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/m/montenegro/montenegro-independence-referendum-2006.html(05.12.2008)

Statistics Sweden, Skatts: http://www.scb.se/templates/Product____76860.asp (05.12.2008)

The constitution of the Italian republic, art. 75 Skatts:http://www.parliament.go.th/parcy/sapa_db/cons_doc/constitutions/data/Italy/Constitution%20of%20Italy.htm(05.12.2008)
http://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/m/montenegro/montenegro-independence-referendum-2006.html(05.12.2008)http://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/m/montenegro/montenegro-independence-referendum-2006.html(05.12.2008)http://www.parliament.go.th/parcy/sapa_db/cons_doc/constitutions/data/Italy/Constitution%20of%20Italy.htm(05.12.2008)http://www.parliament.go.th/parcy/sapa_db/cons_doc/constitutions/data/Italy/Constitution%20of%20Italy.htm(05.12.2008)http://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/m/montenegro/montenegro-independence-referendum-2006.html(05.12.2008)http://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/m/montenegro/montenegro-independence-referendum-2006.html(05.12.2008)http://www.parliament.go.th/parcy/sapa_db/cons_doc/constitutions/data/Italy/Constitution%20of%20Italy.htm(05.12.2008)http://www.parliament.go.th/parcy/sapa_db/cons_doc/constitutions/data/Italy/Constitution%20of%20Italy.htm(05.12.2008)

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Referendumu paveidi un to lietošanas prakse ārvalstīs[2008]