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8/9/2019 Relieful Creat de Agentii Externi
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RELIEFUL ESTE CEAMAI BOGATĂ ŞI
VARIATĂ RESURSĂATRACTIVĂ A TERREIESTE “COLOANAVERTEBRALĂ” A
ORICĂRUI PEISAJ
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Agenţi Agenţiexogeniexogeni
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Acţiunea factorilor (agenţilor) exogeni asupra reliefuluimajor al continentelor
În general, a!"#nea $a%&r"l&r e'&gen" e(%e )a%er"al"*a%+ r"n er&-areareg"#n"l&r .n+l!a%e /" a#)#larea )a%er"alel&r er&-a%e .n +r!"le )a" 0&a(e1
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Categoriile proceselor exogene
R&a &)a%+ (##(+ r&e(el&r -e -e*agregare /" al%erare (#$er+ & (er"e
-e %ran($&r)+r" $"*"e /" 2")"e are -# la $&r)area .n ar%ea (#er"&ar+ al"%&($ere" a #n#" (%ra% a$3na% #n&(#% (#4 -en#)"rea -e (&ar!+ -e al%erare1
(&ar%a -eal%erare
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Relief creat de forţele exogene
Antropic
Biogen
Litoral
Glaciar Eolian
Carstic
Fluvial
Torenţial
Gravitaţional
Relief creatde forţeleexogene
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51 Rel"e$ gra6"%aț"&nal
Gra6"%a!"a e(%e #n agen% "n%ern are )&-elea*+ rel"e$#l1 Are r&l2&%+r3%&r .n -ela(area )a%er"alel&r a0#n(e .n -e*e2"l"4r# -"n -"$er"%ea#*e1
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Pr Pr ăăbubuşşirileirile i rostogolirileși rostogolirileșS#n% -ela(+r" 4r#/%e ale r&"l&r, (%3n"l&r1S#n% -ela(+r" 4r#/%e ale r&"l&r, (%3n"l&r1
Se r&-# r"n +-ere l"4er+, r&(%&g&l"re,Se r&-# r"n +-ere l"4er+, r&(%&g&l"re,(#rare, -a%&r"%+ gra6"%a!"e"1(#rare, -a%&r"%+ gra6"%a!"e"1Se -e&(e4e(7Se -e&(e4e(7
prăbuşiri individualeprăbuşiri individuale sausaurostogoliril rostogoliril ee,, 88(#n% aelea .n are(#n% aelea .n are-e(r"n-erea /" #nerea .n )"/are (e-e(r"n-erea /" #nerea .n )"/are (e$ae "n-"6"-#al, &r!"#ne # &r!"#ne,$ae "n-"6"-#al, &r!"#ne # &r!"#ne,
4&l&6an # 4&l&6an4&l&6an # 4&l&6anprăbuşiri în masăprăbuşiri în masă 8 -e(r"n-erea8 -e(r"n-erea#n&r 4l&#r" )ar" -e r&+ .n #r)a #n&r#n&r 4l&#r" )ar" -e r&+ .n #r)a #n&re'l&*"", #%re)#re, l&" #%ern"e e%1e'l&*"", #%re)#re, l&" #%ern"e e%1
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Schema unei prăbuşiriSchema unei prăbuşiriZona dedesprindere a
materialului
Materialeledeplasate prinprăbuşire sau
rostogolire
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PrăbuşirePrăbuşire
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Pr+4# "re,șre*er6a "a LațCa(%el
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B#+!"le e a- (e a#)#lea*+ la
4a*a an%e" $&r)3n- gr&2&%"/#r"le1
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TasareaTasarea Pr&e( -e a$ Pr&e( -e a$ înare uşoară a unor terenuri constituite din roci înare uşoară a unor terenuri constituite din roci
afînate, poroase (afînate, poroase (-e %"#l l&e((#l#", -e&*"%el&r l&e((&"-e,-e %"#l l&e((#l#", -e&*"%el&r l&e((&"-e,
arg"lel&r n"("&a(earg"lel&r n"("&a(e
11
Proces de desprindere şi îndepărtare a unor particule din rocileProces de desprindere şi îndepărtare a unor particule din rocile
substratului prin care circulă apele subterane!substratului prin care circulă apele subterane!
Sufo"iuneaSufo"iunea
Cl")a%#l (e)"ar"-, # l&" %&ren!"ale, -#e la "n$"l%ra!""Cl")a%#l (e)"ar"-, # l&" %&ren!"ale, -#e la "n$"l%ra!""#%ern"e r"n (%ra%#l -e l&e((, a0#ng3n- (+ (e $&r)e*e#%ern"e r"n (%ra%#l -e l&e((, a0#ng3n- (+ (e $&r)e*ela 4a*a l&e((#l#" /#6&a"e #%ern"e are a%"6ea*+la 4a*a l&e((#l#" /#6&a"e #%ern"e are a%"6ea*+#%ern" r&e(#l -e (#$&*"#ne1#%ern" r&e(#l -e (#$&*"#ne1
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S"r#r" -e aln""(#$&*"&nale
Vale (#$&*"&nala#ă$anele şipadinele sunt formedepresionare de
dimensiuni mai mariformate prin tasare în urmacompactăriistraturilor de rocisub influenţa
presiunii exterioare
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Alunec Alunecăările de terenrile de teren S#n% -ela(+r" ra"-e (a# len%e ale )a(el&r -e r&" ("%#a%e eS#n% -ela(+r" ra"-e (a# len%e ale )a(el&r -e r&" ("%#a%e e
6er(an!"16er(an!"1 C&n-"!"" &%en!"ale7C&n-"!"" &%en!"ale7 - prezenţa unei alternanţe de roci permeabile şi impermeabile- prezenţa unei alternanţe de roci permeabile şi impermeabile - prezenţa unor crăpături prin care apa poate ajunge rapid la argilă- prezenţa unor crăpături prin care apa poate ajunge rapid la argilă
-- modificarea stabilităţii versanţilormodificarea stabilităţii versanţilor datoritădatorită::
% subsăpsubsăpăăr r ii ii bazeibazei prin ero"iune sau prin acti$ităţile omului&prin ero"iune sau prin acti$ităţile omului&
% supraîncărcarea versantuluisupraîncărcarea versantului prin construcţii grele sau prin aport deprin construcţii grele sau prin aport demateriale spre partea superioară a $ersantului!materiale spre partea superioară a $ersantului!
-- exces de apă pe versanţi exces de apă pe versanţi datorat'datorat'% precipitaţii abundente precipitaţii abundente
%topirea zăpezii topirea zăpezii % IzvoareIzvoare
- şocuri mecanice naturale- şocuri mecanice naturale
-- modificarea utilizării terenurilor.modificarea utilizării terenurilor. % eliminarea $egetaţiei de pe $ersanţieliminarea $egetaţiei de pe $ersanţi
ă
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Patul de alunecare
Râpa de desprindere
C o r p
u l a l u n e c ă
r i i
Elementele unei alunecări de teren
Trepte
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Alunec Alunecăările de terenrile de teren
Râpa de desprindere
Patul de alunecare
Corpul alunecării
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Măsuri de prevenire a
alunecărilorde teren
Măsuri dedrenare
Îpădurireaversanţilor
!rote"area
sta#ilităţiversanţilor
prin lucrări
te$nice
Aratul de%a
lungulcur#elor de
nivel ale
pantei
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ăsuri de pre$enireăsuri de pre$enire înlăturarea rapidă a apei din "ona predispusă la înlăturarea rapidă a apei din "ona predispusă la
alunecărialunecări
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Alunecare de teren-Austria
Al#neare -e %eren9Ger)an"a
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)rum afectat)rum afectatde alunecarede alunecare
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Alunecare de teren la Shi*anoshima,
+aponia, pro$ocată de cutremurulu*oa*a
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Alunecare de teren în nordul oldo$ei
Alunecare de teren pe şoseauaKarakorum care leagă China de
akistan
C t i ti il d l ă il d t
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Caracteristicile deplasărilor de teren
!rocesegravitaţiona
le
Caracteristici Factori dedeclan&are
Fore de reliefcreate
'( )eplasăriuscate*
!ră#u&iri ișrostogoliri
)eplasări rapidede roci peversanţi+nclinaţi
ForţagravitaţionalăÎnclinareaversantului,i#raţiilecutreurelor de
pă-nt .uneori/
Conuri de gro$oti&
Tasare &isufo0iune
Îndepărtarea particulelor deroci de cătreapele su#terane
1tructurageologică asu#stratului
La suprafaţă*crovuri2 p-lnii desufo0iune2 găvane2
padine(În interior* goluri2
galerii su#terane
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''()eplasări
uedeAlunecări
de teren
)eplasareaunei ase deroci pe osuprafaţă
+nclinată
Forţa de gravitaţie!recipitaţii +ndelungate &ilente1tratul iperia#il
argilos3ectarea puternică astratului de alunecare!anta +nclinată!ă&unatul excesiv
)efri&area pădurilor
Alunecări deteren
!rocesegravitaţiona
le
Caracteristici Factori de declan&are Fore de reliefcreate
!
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!rocesetorenţiale
deodelare areliefului
!luviodenudaţia
Ero0iunea+nsuprafaţă
4iroirea
&iscurgereatorenţială
Ero0iuneatorenţială.liniară/
Alveoleinuscule
4ănţuleţede
scurgere
Rigole 5ga&e Ra6ene
:1 Rel"e$%&ren "alț
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“Cra%ere” ;al6e&le)"n#(#le< $&r)a%e r"n")a%#l "+%#r"l&r -e
l&a"e1
PLUVIO=ENU=AREA rere*"n%+
a!"#nea -e er&*"#ne -a%&ra%+"+%#r"l&r -e l&a"e1
ERO>IUNEAU -e SUPRAFA?Ăe(%e r&e(#l -e e6a#are (a#
%ran(&r% e'e#%a% -e +%re aa-e l&a"e (a# -e +%re aar&6en"%+ -"n %&"rea *+e*"",l&a"e are (e (#rgene&nen%ra%, el"#lar e"n%reaga (#ra$a!+ a 6er(an%#l#"1
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!R"!REA e(%e r")a %rea%+ (re&rgan"*area (#rger""1 Ş"r&"rea e(%ereal"*a%+ (#4 $&r)a #n#" +"en0en"/ -ea+ e (e (%re&ar+ r"n%renereg#lar"%+!"le (&l#l#"1 Er&*"#nea r"n/"r&"re reea*+ $&r)e -e rel"e$"n""en%e /" e$e)ere (#4 $&r)a/an!#r"l&r -e /"r&"re ;# l#ng")" an+la 5 )<@ ae(%e $&r)e (e a#%&-"(%r#g
-#+ "ne%area l&""1
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Pr")ele /" ele )a" (")le $&r)e -e er&*"#ne l"n"ar+ (#n% rigolele - n"/%e/+n!#le!e aralele, -e ele )a" )#l%e &r" .n $&r)+ -e V, #!"n ("n#&a(e (a#
ra)"$"a%e, # l+rg")" /" a-3n")" -e &r-"n#l *e"l&r -e en%")e%r", # l#ng")" &% a%"nge *e" -e )e%r", a-e(ea # )#l%e -"(&n%"n#"%+!"1
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R"g&le
&ga/
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ra6en+
&ga/
Ogaşele (#n% $&r)e #a(e% -e /an!#r" rea%e -e(#rger" 6"g#r&a(e, -ar -e
(#r%+ -#ra%+ e 6er(an!"1 Ele(#n% aralele # an%a, a#l#ng")" 6ar"a4"le, .n ra&r% /"# -")en("#n"le 6er(an!"l&r(a# # an#)"%e a%en#+r" -e
an%+ /" a# a-3n")" -e 3n+la : )1
Ravenele rere*"n%+ $&r)e)a" -e*6&l%a%e r&-#(e -e
er&*"#nea l"n"ar+, are .n)&- &n6en!"&nal-e+/e( : ) a-3n")e,a0#ng3n- la 3%e6a *e" -e)e%r"1
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F&r)area &ga/e
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9varful (a# obarşia ravenei are (e re*"n%+ (#4 $&r)a #n#" a4r#%, #
a-an")" e &% -e+/" : ) "n %eren#r" -e l&e((19muchia ravenei e(%e l"n"a are -e(r"e &n%#r#l ra6ene" /" $ae &n%a%#l "n%re(#ra$a!a %eren#l#" "n are e(%e a-an"%+ ra6ena /" %al#* ;)al#l ra6ene"<@9 malul ravenei rere*"n%+ (#ra$a!a -e %eren # an%+ aen%#a%+ /" are$ae ra&r-#l "n%re )#2"a ra6ene" /" %al6eg#l (a# $#n-#l ra6ene"@9 fundul ;talvegul < ravenei (e re*"n%+ a & $a/"e $&ar%e "ng#(%+ are -e6"ne
-"n e "n e )a" la%+ (re g#ra ra6ene" /" aea(%a "n $#n!"e -e (%a-"#l -e-e*6&l%are a ra6ene"1
O4. "
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O4.r/"a#ne"
ra6ene
*&na -e )a'")+ a-3n")ea #ne" ra6ene
Ra6enele a$e%ea*+%eren#r"le agr"&le aleael&r reg"#n" "n are (era%"+ agr"#l%#ra1Pen%r# )#l%e !+r" ;In-"a,Pa"(%an, #nele *&ne -"nC2"na, !+r" -"n A("aCen%ral+ /" A$r"a<a)el"&rarea %eren#r"l&r
ra6ena%e e(%e & r&4le)+-e r"&r"%a%e na!"&nal+1
Organ"() %&ren%"al
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Organ"() %&ren%"al
C a n a l -
e
( # r g e
r e
Ba*"n -eree!"e
C&n -e-e0a!"e
Torenţii sunt &n("-era!" ele )a"-e*6&l%a%e $&r)e rea%e -e +%re
(#rger"le al")en%a%e -e l&"le ree*"/" %&"rea *+e*"l&r1
%&ren%#l are #n 4a*"n
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%&ren%#l are #n 4a*"n2"-r&gra$" 4"ne -el")"%a%,(#4 5 )1
ea )a" ")&r%an%+ -"$eren!+ .n%re ra6ene /" %&ren!" e(%e -a%+ -e natura
substratului -"(ea%7 ra6enele (#n% #n re*#l%a% al (e!"&n+r"" -e&*"%el&rne&e*"6e, "ar %&ren!"" (#n% #n re*#l%a% al (e!"&n+r"" r&"" -#re1
Er&*"#ne -e (#ra$a!+ /" l"n"ar+ e #n 6er(an% /" a#)#larea )a%er"alel&r .n&n -e -e0e!"e ;$&%& O1 #ngr, 5DDD<1
Tipuri de văi
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Tipuri de văifluviale după
foră
Înguste
C$ei*C$eileBica0ului
Canioane*
CanionulColorado
Largi 1ietrice Asietrice
)efilee*
)efileul5ltului2 )unării
Al#iea"oră
Al#ieinoră
,esanţi cu
terase
1 Rel"e$$l#6"al
-ăile fl iale
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-ăile flu$iale F&r)a r"n"al+ -e rel"e$, re*#l%a%+ r"n er&*"#nea
$l#6a"l+ e(%e 6alea. Er&*"#nea $l#6"al+ (e )an"$e(%+la%eral, l"n"ar (a# .n a-.n")e ;&n%r"4#"n- la l+rg"rea (0
a-.n"rea 6+""< /l regresiv ;r&-#.n- #n"$&r)"*area$#n-#l#" 6+"" (" real"*.n- re%ragerea rag#r"l&r /"a(a-el&r<1 R.#r"le, r"n er&*"#nea $l#6"al+, n# 6&r&4&r+ )a" 0&( -e n"6el#l ael la#l#", )+r"" (a#&ean#l#" "n are (e 6ar(+1 S#ra$a!a &r"*&n%al+ (#4 are
n# (e &ale &4&r. #r(#l er)anen% al ae" e(%e n#)"%anivel de bază sau bată de ero#iune1 Se -e&(e4e(nivel de baza general , are &n(%"%#"e n"6el#l Oean#l#"Plane%ar /" nivel de bază local are rere*"n%+ (#ra$a!al&#l#" -e 6+r(are1 Paralel # er&*"#nea, r.#l real"*ea*+%ran(&r%#l /" a#)#larea )a%er"al#l#"1
Ma%er"alele -e#(e -e r"#r" (e n#)e( aluviuni. Al#6"#n"le&% $" -e#(e e $#n-#l 6+"", "n l#na ;"n %")#l"n#n-a!""l&r< /" la l&#l -e 6+r(are1 Unele $l#6"" )ar"$&r)ea*+ la 6+r(are a#)#l+r" )ar" -e al#6"#n", -e $&r)a#n#" &n n#)"%e deltă$ =el%e )ar" $&r)ea*+ $l#6""le
V&lga, =#n+rea, M"(("(("", N"l, Lena /1a1
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./..01./. -./..01./. - 233 233
Albia majoră (lunca)Albia majoră (lunca) 8 &r!"#nea e are (e (#rge r3#l8 &r!"#nea e are (e (#rge r3#l
la -e4"%e )ar" ;"n#n-a!"" (a# 6""%#r"<@la -e4"%e )ar" ;"n#n-a!"" (a# 6""%#r"<@TeraseleTerasele 88 %re%e a$la%e -ea(#ra al4"e" )"n&re, la-"$er"%e .n+l!")"@ (#n% $&(%e l#n", r+)a(e (#(en-a%e@(#n% $&(%e l#n", r+)a(e (#(en-a%e@ n#(#n% "n#n-a4"le,VersanţiiVersanţii 88 (#n% (#ra$e!e .nl"na%e are a# re*#l%a% .n#r)a a-3n"r"" r3#r"l&r, )+rg"ne( 6alea1)+rg"ne( 6alea1
Albia Albiaminorăminoră 88
&r!"#nea&r!"#near"n arer"n are#rge r3#l#rge r3#ler)anener)anen%
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PETERA M&!ER!!
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RELIEF EOLIAN
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