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3Marijuana Dabbing Is Exploding onto the Drug-Use Scene

By Cari Nierenberg

Young people who use mari-juana and are looking for a new way to get high may be increas-ingly turning to dabbing, a new paper suggests.

Dabbing is inhaling the va-pors from a concentrated form of marijuana made by an extraction method that uses butane gas. Dabs, also known as butane hash oil (BHO) which are some-times called budder, honey-comb or earwax are more potent than conventional forms of marijuana because they have much higher concentrations of the psychoactive chemical tetra-

hydrocannabinol, or THC, than is found in regular cannabis, ac-cording to the paper.

We have been seeing an emergence of dabs over the last three years, said John Stogner, co-author of the new paper and an assistant professor of criminal justice and criminology at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. It is really exploding onto the drug-use scene.

Some substance users are drawn to whatever the newest trend may be. But besides nov-elty, the appeal of dabbing is that its considered a stronger, faster high, said Stogner, who studies emerging drug-use trends.

At a minimum, dabs are four times as strong as a joint, and the high is administered all at once, he said.

In the paper, published online today (June 15) in the journal Pediatrics, the authors discuss this emerging trend.

Th ere are no fi rm numbers on how common the practice of dabbing is, Stogner told Live Sci-ence. In states where marijuana is legal, some surveys of regular marijuana users suggest many of them may have tried it at least once, he said.

Although estimates of dab-bings popularity are lacking, Stogner suspects the people ex-perimenting with it may likely mirror the age range and demo-graphic breakdown associated with marijuana use.

Amateur productionDabbing isnt new. Its been

around since the 1970s and has been done by a small number of people in the drug-use com-munity, Stogner noted. But in recent years, dabbing has made the move from obscurity to the general drug-using population.

Stogner said dabbings rise in popularity can be attributed to the commercial development of

medical marijuana and the le-galization of pot in a few states. Both of these factors have facili-tated the spread of information about dabbing on social media and in instructional videos on YouTube, he said.

In states with medical-mari-juana laws or where marijuana is legal, its possible to purchase butane hash oil extracts, which have been made in a commercial process where butane a fl am-mable and volatile gas can be properly ventilated.

When recreational users at-tempt to create dabs at home, in a process known as blasting, the safety risks are comparable to those of manufacturing meth-amphetamine, the papers au-thors wrote.

Dabs are made by pouring butane over marijuana, which al-lows THC to leave the plant ma-terial and dissolve into the bu-tane. Th e butane-THC solution is then pressed through the fi lter and is placed in a dish or tray.

Th e remaining gummy, solid product is high in THC (con-centrations may approach 80 percent), and does not contain much else, Stogner said. People oft en use modifi ed water pipes (bongs) to smoke the dab, but

dabs can also be put into an e-cigarette and be vaped.

Small fi res, explosions andburns can result when amateurblasters use butane in their ga-rages or kitchens, Stogner warned.

He also said there is not a good understanding of the health eff ects and physiologicalrisks associated with dabbing because there havent been good studies of this method of using marijuana.

In the only previously pub-lished study of dabbing a sur-vey of about 350 frequent mari-juana users researchers foundthat the users viewed dabbing as more dangerous than other formsof cannabis use because they re-ported it led to a higher tolerancefor the drug and worse withdraw-al symptoms, suggesting a possi-bility of addiction or dependence, the researchers noted.

Its dangerous to assumethe risks of dabbing are akin to [those of] smoking marijuana,Stogner said.

Although dabbing has becomepopular only recently, and researchon the practice is limited, it would be a mistake for parents and kidsto assume dabbing is not moreworrisome or worse than smoking fl ower cannabis, Stogner said.

Medical Marijuana Laws Dont Increase Teen Useby Rachael Rettner

Teen use of marijuana doesnt seem to change when states pass laws legalizing the drug formedi-cal purposes, a new study sug-gests.

Researchers analyzed infor-mation from more than 1 mil-lion U.S. teens in grades 8, 10 and 12, who were asked whether theyd used marijuana in the past month. Th e researchers collected 24 years worth of survey data, spanning 1991 to 2014.

Overall, teen marijuana use was more common in states that had passed medical marijuana laws as of 2014 nearly 16 percent of teens in states where medical marijuana is legal said they had used marijuana in the past month, compared with 13 percent of teens in states where medical marijuana is not legal.

But when researchers looked at marijuana use over time in the 21 states where medical mari-juana was legal by 2014, they found no change in marijuana use aft er a medical marijuana law was passed, compared with before. About 16 percent of teens said they had used marijuana in the past month before a law was

passed, compared with 15 per-cent who said the same aft er a law was passed.

Two earlier studies also found that marijuana use among teens did not increase following the le-galization of medical marijuana, but these studies were smaller, conducted in just four to fi ve states.

Th e new fi ndings provide the strongest evidence to date that marijuana use by teenagers does not increase aft er a state legal-izes medical marijuana, study co-author Deborah Hasin, a profes-sor of epidemiology at Columbia University Medical Center, said in a statement. Rather, up to now, in the states that passed medical marijuana laws, adolescent mari-juana use was already higher than in other states, he said.

Some people have been con-cerned that legalizing medical marijuana could lead to an in-creased use of the drug among adolescents, because teens might view the drug as more accept-able or less harmful when such laws are passed. But the new study suggests that these con-cerns seem unfounded, the researchers said.

Our study fi ndings suggest

that the debate over the role of medical marijuana laws in adoles-cent marijuana use should cease, and that resources should be ap-plied to identifying the factors that do aff ect risk, the research-ers wrote in the June 16 issue of the journal Th e Lancet Psychiatry.

Dr. Seth Ammerman, a clini-cal professor of pediatrics at Stanford University School of Medicine, who was not involved in the new study, called the fi nd-ings reassuring, because they show if a state does put in medi-cal marijuana laws, that thats not going to signifi cantly aff ect ado-lescent use.

Th e fact that states with le-galized medical marijuana have higher teen marijuana use in general both before and aft er laws were passed could be be-cause people in those states have a more liberal attitude toward the drug, Ammerman said.

Th e researchers noted that be-cause the study looked at medi-cal marijuana laws only, the fi nd-ings do not address whether laws allowing the recreational use of marijuana would aff ect teen marijuana use, the researchers said. In addition, because some states in the study had only re-

cently passed medical mari-juana laws, the analysis should be repeated aft er more years of data have been collected, the re-searchers said.

Other studies suggest that laws that legalize marijuana may increase the risk of mari-juana exposure in very young children, who may accidentally swallow edible forms of mari-juana. A study published earlier this month found that, in states that legalized marijuana between 2000 and 2013, the rate of mari-juana exposure among children ages 5 and younger increased about 16 percent each year.

Earlier this year, the AmericanAcademy of Pediatrics issued astatement opposing use of mari-juana for medical purposes, ex-cept for drugs that are approvedby the Food and Drug Adminis-tration. Th e main concern withmedical marijuana is that it is not standardized, so the term really applies to any part of the Canna-bis plant, Ammerman said.

Until the compounds in mari-juana go through the same ap-proval process that other drugs go through, where they are re-quired to show risks and ben-efi ts, its hard to recommend it,Ammerman said.

Can Chocolate Really Benefit Your Heart?by Christopher Wanjek

Chocolate is good for your heart sort of, maybe.

Eating up to 3.5 ounces (100 grams) of chocolate daily is

linked with lowered risks of heart disease and stroke, scien-tists reported today (June 15) in the journal Heart. Th at amount of chocolate is equal to about 22 Hersheys Kisses, two Hershey

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Th ere does not appear to be any evidence to say that choco-late should be avoided in those

who are concerned about cardio-vascular risk, the researchers concluded in their paper. Th eir new study is based on a meta-analysis of eight previously pub-lished studies involving a total of

nearly 158,000 people.One key fi nding was that peo-

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3 7risk of having a stoke, compared with nonchocolate eaters. (Yes, remarkably, they exist.)

However, the analysis comes with more caveats than Almond Joy has nuts. For example, ex-actly what it is about chocolate that might impart health benefi ts is not clear. Th e scientists could not determine a cause-and-eff ect relationship between the two, and the observed benefi ts might be nothing more than a mirage, a limitation of the study design. [5 Wacky Th ings Th at Are Good for Your Health]

Th ere is, of course, a theoret-ical plausible explanation of why eating chocolate in moderation may expose some [people] to compounds for example, fl a-vonols which are potentially good for risk reduction through cholesterol- and blood-pres-sure-lowering eff ects, said Dr. Phyo Myint, a senior author of

the study and a professor at the University of Aberdeen School of Medicine and Dentistry in Scotland.

Myint cited numerous stud-ies demonstrating that fl avonols which are found in many plant-based foods, including co-coa can lower blood pressure,

improve blood fl ow to the brain, and make blood platelets less sticky and less likely to clot and cause a stroke.

But the majority of the partic-ipants in the eight studies in the new analysis got their chocolate by eating milk chocolate, which has considerably lower levels of

fl avonols than dark chocolate. Th is left the researchers to spec-ulate that milk components in the chocolate namely, calcium and fatty acids may explain the observed eff ect.

Th ere are, however, several other plausible explanations for the results that would suggest that eating a lot of chocolate isnt necessarily healthy, the research-ers admitted. For example, the people in the study who ate the most chocolate more than 100 grams daily were young-er adults, who tend not to have heart problems.

Similarly, the researchers said the fi nding might be due to re-verse causation, meaning that the people with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease avoid eating chocolate, while those who arehealthier eat more. Th e researchers also noted that con-suming too much candy and

other high-calorie, sugary foods could lead to dental cavities, obesity and diabetes.

Although the risk reductionlinked with chocolate consump-tion was statistically signifi cant, the benefi ts are not particularly striking compared with thoseof other dietary practices as-sociated with heart health. For example, outside the context of chocolate, the risk of develop-ing heart disease for these par-ticipants given their age was 14.4percent, on average, Myint said.Th erefore, reducing this risk by 11 percent would lower the heart disease risk to 12.8 percent.

Th e study could not diff eren-tiate between the types of milk chocolate consumed, and thiscould have health implications as well. Myints hometown of Aber-deen is where people devised the now infamous deep-fried Mars bar, he said.

Snacking on Peanuts May Extend Your Lifeby Elizabeth Goldbaum

People who regularly eatpea-nuts may live longer, a new study from the Netherlands fi nds. But before you get too excited, pea-nut butter doesnt count.

In the study, people who ate at least a third of an ounce (10 grams) of peanuts or other nuts daily were 23 percent less likely to die over a 10-year period than people who didnt eat nuts. Th e biggest reductions in deaths among the nut-lovers were for deaths from respiratory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes, followed by cancer and cardiovascular diseases, the re-searchers said.

Th e benefi t of eating nuts topped out at 15 grams daily, which is about half a handful, and eating more than that did not bring further decreases in peoples risk of dying during the study, Piet van den Brandt, a co-author of the study and professor of epidemiology at Maastricht University, said in a statement.

But it was remarkable that substantially lower mortality was already observed at this level of consumption, he said

Eating peanut butter, how-ever, despite its high content of peanuts, was not associated with a lower mortality risk. Peanut butters salt and vegetable oils, which contain trans fatty acids,

may supersede the protective nutrition in the peanuts them-selves, the researchers said.

For the study, the researchers used data on about 120,000 mid-dle-age Dutch men and women who participated in the Nether-lands Cohort Study, which began

in 1986. Within 10 years, about 18,000 of the participants had died. Th e researchers looked at the questionnaires that the par-ticipants had completed at the studys start, as well as the indi-viduals risk of dying during the study.

It is not exactly clear why theremay be a longevity benefi t to eat-ing peanuts, which are legumes(in the same group as peas andlentils), and tree nuts, such aspecans, walnuts and almonds. But both peanuts and tree nuts contain compounds that havebeen linked with health benefi ts, such as monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, vita-mins, fi ber, and antioxidants, the researchers said.

Previous studies done in the United States and Asia have linked nut consumption with lower rates of death from cardio-vascular disease, the researchers said.

Preterm Birth Risk Linked to Common Surgeryby Tia Ghose

Women who have undergone a common gynecological surgi-cal procedure who later become pregnant may be at increased risk of giving birth before the baby reaches full term, new re-search suggests.

Th e procedure, known as dila-tation and curettage (commonly called a D&C), is performed on women who have had either a miscarriage or an abortion. Th e new study shows that the proce-dure may increase womens risk of preterm birth because it may damage the cervix. Th is opening at the bottom of the uterus nor-mally stays closed during preg-nancy but opens during labor.

Th e new fi ndings warrant caution in the use of D&C aft er miscarriage and induced abor-tion, said study co-author Dr. Pim Ankum of the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Th e fi ndings were presented on Tuesday (June 16) at the Annual Meeting of European Society of Human Reproduction and Em-bryology in Lisbon, Portugal.

Common procedureD&C is one of the most com-

mon surgical procedures per-formed for abortion and mis-carriage. During the 15-minute procedure, doctors dilate, or open, the cervix, then scrape the uterine wall using either a metal implement called a curette or a vacuum suction tube. Th e pro-cedure is considered very safe, with just a few, extremely rare serious side eff ects such as heavy bleeding, infection and punctur-ing of the uterine wall. Rarely, D&Cs can also cause bands of scar tissue, called adhesions, to form in the uterus, making it diffi cult to conceive later on, ac-cording to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecolo-gists.

To understand more about the risks of D&Cs, Ankum and his colleagues analyzed 21 pre-viously published studies that included a total of more than 2 million women.

Th e researchers found that compared with women who had never had a D&C, women who had undergone the proce-dure prior to giving birth were

29 percent more likely to deliver their baby before the 37th week of pregnancy. (Pregnancies are generally considered to reach full term at 37 weeks.) Women who had not undergone a D&C had a 6 percent chance of having a preterm delivery, compared with 7.6 percent for those who had undergone the procedure, the researchers found.

Th e procedure also increased womens risk of very preterm births, or those occurring before 32 weeks of gestation, by 69 per-cent. Th e risks were higher for women who had multiple D&Cs.

Th ere are other options be-sides undergoing a D&C for women who experience a mis-carriage or have an abortion. Women may wait for the con-tents of the uterus to be expelled naturally, or may take a pill that speeds the clearing.

Th e researchers found that women who underwent D&C surgeries had an increased risk of preterm birth that was not seen in women who had previously ex-perienced miscarriages but who chose to either take a pill or to wait for the remains of the mis-

carriage to clear from the body naturally.

But there are ben-efi ts to having a D&C rather than taking a pill or waiting for the con-tents of the uterus to be expelled naturally. Th e procedure may short-en the time involved to clear the uterus. Women may want to start trying to conceive another pregnancy as soon as possible, or may feel trau-matized by the miscarriage and want to avoid the weeks of wait-ing that it can take for the uterus to clear completely. Th e pill used to clear a miscarriage from a womans body, called misopros-tol, is only safe and eff ective ear-lier in pregnancy, and doesnt al-ways work, meaning women may have to have a D&C anyway.

Cervical damageIts not clear why the research-

ers found the association be-tween D&C and preterm birth, but its possible that the proce-dure may damage the cervix. Th is might later cause it to open

before a pregnancy is full term, researchers speculated.

Th is could mean that other procedures that may damage thecervix, such as biopsy or cauter-ization, may also lead to preterm births. Another possibility is thatdamage to the cervix could allow the fl ourishing of genital tractinfections, a known cause of pre-term births, the researchers said.

Th e fi ndings suggest that doc-tors should be more restrained in the use of dilatation, opting to use medicines such as misopro-stol to induce miscarriage or to soft en the cervix instead of dila-tation prior to curettage, Ankumsaid.


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Want to Lose Weight? Let Your Doctor Pick Your Dietby Agata Blaszczak-Boxe

If youre trying to lose weight, you may want to let your doc-tor choose your diet plan, rather than choosing your own: In a new study, people who chose the type of diet they wanted to fol-low lost less weight than the peo-ple who followed a specifi c diet assigned by their doctor.

In the study, 105 people who were trying to lose weight were allowed to choose between a low-carbohydrate diet and a low-fat diet. Among these participants, 58 percent chose a low-carb diet, and 42 percent chose a low-fat diet. For a separate group of 102 people, the researchers assigned a low-fat diet to 52 percent of the people and a low-carb diet to the other 48 percent.

Aft er following their diet plans for almost a year, the peo-ple who were allowed to choose their own diet plan lost 12.6 lbs. (5.7 kilograms) on average, whereas the people in the group whose doctors assigned their di-ets lost 14.7 lbs. (6.7 kg) on aver-age.

Previous research comparing the eff ectiveness of low-carb di-ets and low-fat diets has shown

that both diets can work, as long as people adhere to them, said study author Dr. William Yancy, of Durham VAMedical Center in Durham, North Carolina. Th e researchers wanted to con-duct the study because it felt intuitively that if you let people choose their diet based on their food preferences () that they

would stick to the diet better, he said.

Th e researchers fi gured that the people who stuck to their diets better would lose more weight, so they were surprised to fi nd that the people who chose their diets actually lost less weight than the people whose di-ets were picked for them

Th e researchers think the rea-son people may lose less weight when they choose their own diet plan is that they may choose a plan that includes more of the foods they like to eat, which, in turn, makes it diffi cult for them to scale back on these foods, Yancy said.

People might adhere to a di-

et better if it has foods that they prefer, but they actually might overeat those foods, and that might be to their detriment, Yancy told Live Science.

Conversely, if the diet that they are following eliminatessome of the foods that they pre-fer, then they might actually lose more weight, he said.

However, he noted that, al-though the people in the study who chose their diet plan did not lose as much weight as thosewho had the decision madefor them, this does not mean that doctors should not present their patients with diff erent dietoptions.It is just that [patients] might not be the right people to choose among those options,Yancy said.

Future research should exam-ine how to match people withthe diets that would work best for them, by considering suchfactors as their metabolic profi lesor genetics, instead of their food preferences, the researchers said.

I think we do have enoughinformation to know that diff er-ent diets work diff erently in dif-ferent people; we just need to getbetter at pairing the diet with theperson, Yancy said.

Chimps Get Drunk on Palm Wineby Charles Q. Choi

Humans closest living rela-tives may have a drinking habit: Scientists spied intoxicated wild chimps soaking up palm wine with leaves and squeezing it into their mouths.

Alcohol consumption is seen across nearly all modern human cultures that have access to fer-mentable materials. Th is preva-lence led scientists to suggest what is known as the Drunken Monkey Hypothesis that al-cohol consumption might have provided a benefi t of some kind to the ancestors of humanity, and perhaps also to the ancestors of chimpanzees, humanitys closest living relatives.

Humans and apes share a genetic mutation that emerged about 10 million years ago that helps them break down alcohol and could have helped them eat

overripe and fermenting fruit. According to the proponents of the Drunken Monkey Hypoth-esis, the benefi ts of such an ex-panded diet may have even led evolution to favor an attraction to alcohol.

Th ere were a few anecdotes of primates other than humans par-taking in alcohol for instance, green monkeys introduced to the island of St. Kitts like drink-ing tourist cocktails. However, most of these anecdotes were unconfi rmed.

Now, researchers say they have confi rmed, for the fi rst time, that wild apes habitually drink alcohol

Th e scientists watched wild chimpanzees living near the vil-lage of Bossou in the West Afri-can country of Guinea from 1995 to 2012. Villagers in Bossou tap raffi a palm trees for the sap, har-vesting it with plastic containers

placed near the crowns of the tall palms. Villagers leave the con-tainers alone for most of the day, collecting the palm sap in the early morning and late aft ernoon.

Th e sweet palm sap ferments quickly into palm wine. Villag-ers knew chimps occasionally sampled this sap for themselves, the researchers said.

Chimps oft en fold or crumple leaves inside their mouths to produce a drinking tool. Th ey dip these leaf sponges into their preferred drink, and then squeeze the leafy tools in their mouths.

Th e researchers saw 51 instanc-es in which 13 chimps used leaf sponges to drink fermenting sap. I was fascinated by this behav-ior, study lead author Kimberley Hockings, a behavioral ecologist at Oxford Brookes University in England, told Live Science.To harvest the palm wine, chimpan-

zees at Bossou use a leafy tool as a spongy drinking vessel.

Th e sap averaged about 3.1 to 6.9 percent alcohol, or 6.2 to 13.8 proof. For comparison, beer av-erages between 3 and 6 percent alcohol, and wine can contain 7 to 14 percent alcohol, with dessert wine having nearly 19 percent alcohol content, accord-ing to the University of Notre Dame. Th e chimps oft en drank the booze in large quantities about a liter (34 ounces, or about three average-size beers) of fer-mented sap on average. Males accounted for 34 of the 51 in-stances of drinking one adult male in particular accounted for 14 of the 51 instances.

Chimpanzees at Bossou have applied their knowledge of how to make and use leafy tools to exploit a new liquid resource palm wine, Hockings said. Th is new use of elementary technol-

ogy shows once again how cleverand enterprising humankinds nearest living relations are.

A number of chimps appearedintoxicated. One time, Hockings noted the chimps rested imme-diately aft er drinking the palm wine; on another occasion aft erdrinking palm wine, one adult male chimpanzee seemed par-ticularly restless and whilst other chimpanzees were making andsettling into their night nests, hespent an additional hour moving from tree to tree in an agitatedmanner, she said.

Hockings noted these fi nd-ings do not confi rm the Drunk-en Monkey Hypothesis, sincethey cannot say for sure whetherthe chimpanzees were attracted to the alcohol. However, our data clearly show that alcohol is not an absolute deterrent tochimpanzee feeding in this com-munity, Hockings said.

Aliens Will Be Bear-Size, According to Mathby Jesse Emspak

With thousands of planets outside Earths solar system, theres a pretty good chance that some of them have the condi-tions needed for life. If alien life does exist, scientists arent quite sure what it would look like, but they might be able to see how much these foreign beings might weigh. Most of these creatures will be big nearly 700 lbs. (314 kilograms), one cosmologist says.

Fergus Simpson, of theUni-versity of Barcelona, outlines his statistical argument on the pre-published site arXiv. Th e fi nding is based on a model called Bayes theorem and a branch of mathe-matics called Bayesian statistics. Th e purpose of such techniques is to estimate the probabilities that change depending on the information available.

But although Simpsons mathematical experiment may get scientists and others think-ing about the possibilities of

alien life, some researchers say some of his statistical assump-tions may not hold true

Estimating alien sizeSimpson started his calcula-

tion with the number of indi-viduals who would most likely live in a given alien civilization, and came up with about 50 mil-lion or fewer individuals. He posited that there are many civi-lizations in the galaxy and that any individual alien would be more likely than not to be from

a highly populated civilization. Th e population distributions across planets would follow a bell-shaped distribution but not a true bell curve, he said in the paper. Th at means most cultures would support an average num-ber of people, with fewer popu-lations holding very low or very high populations.

As an analogy, consider the populations on Earth. If you were to pick any single person from Earth, that indi-vidual would be more likely to

be from China (1-in-5 chance) than from New Zealand (about a 1-in-1,600 chance). However,there are a lot more New Zea-land-size countries than China-size ones, so if you were to pickcountry names at random, youdbe much more likely to pick a Spain- or Mozambique-size country than a Russia-, China-or United States-size nation.

Th e same idea applies toaliens. Assuming Earth is at thehigh end for the number of resi-dents, a habitable alien planet


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would hold about 50 million aliens, Simpson found.

Using a similar argument, Simpson wrote that the size of the planet supporting extrater-restrial life is likely to be smaller than Earth, at least most of the time. In his model, he assumed that about 50 percent of Earths diameter is at the lower limit, because if it were any smaller, it would be diffi cult for the planet to retain an atmosphere or wa-ter. Mars, for example, is about 53 percent the size of Earth.

Once again, each individual alien would be more likely to

live on a big planet, Simpson wrote, because those planets are likely to support more people. But a whole species has better odds of coming from a small one, because there are more small planets than large ones. Simpson wrote that, 95 percent of the time, planets will have a radius of 1.4 times Earths or less.

Th e last part of Simpsons analysis focused on the size of other life forms. Earth animals have a widely known relation between size and the number of individuals the smaller the

species is, the more individuals of that species tend to exist. For example, an alien seeking life on Earth would be far likelier to run into a mosquito than a blue whale.

However, the relation be-tween size and population can also be plotted on a curve against probability, which pre-dicts that the median weight of an alien would be about 692 lbs. (314 kg) about the size of a bear or an elk. So, based on the results of this model, about half of extraterrestrial creatures would weigh more

than that, and half would weigh less.

It might sound contradictory for large creatures to be from smaller planets, but it isnt: Re-member that the populations from small planets, on average, would be small relative to the 7 billion humans who live on Earth.

Statistical caveatsHowever, some scientists say

this mathematical prediction has some serious caveats. Mi-chael Kopp, a professor of theo-retical biology and evolution at Aix-Marseille University in France, said he isnt sure about the statistical argument because it is not clear if humans are a random sample of intelligent beings. Its also quite possible that humans on Earth could be about the median of all civiliza-tions in other words, in the grand scheme of the universe, Earth is more comparable to a country like Canada in terms of population than India or China.

Th e prediction that most civilizations contain less than 50 million individuals is based on the assumption that the dis-tribution of civilization sizes corresponds to the distribution of species sizes but there are no particular reasons to believe this is so, Kopp told Live Sci-ence.

Th e argument that intelligent extraterrestrial life would tend

to be larger would be less prob-lematic, he said, because the sizedistribution of terrestrial spe-cies is similar and the relationbetween size and population seems to be pretty consistent.However, he added that it isntnecessarily true that the distri-bution of sizes among intelli-gent species follows the kind of curve Simpson modeled.

Seth Shostak, a researcher atthe SETI Institute, said its un-likely Simpson is exactly right, especially about alien body size. Anything that large, andyoure likely to be in the wa-ter, he said. While whales are probably quite intelligent, for the purposes of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, youneed radio telescopes or lasers, because thats the simplest way to be detected over interstel-lar distances. You cant make a radio telescope underwater,Shostak noted.

Th eres also the issue of how intelligent life would develop. One reason humans and otheranimals got smarter was to fi nd food. An animal that big isntgoing to have much trouble get-ting dinner, Shostak said, andthat might work against thedevelopment of big brains and, thus, intelligence.

Nonetheless, Shostak said thepaper gets scientists thinking about the possibilities of extra-terrestrial life. It should be ap-plauded, he said.


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Land4.5

3418 S.Locust St-C Denver $79,900

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7335 E Quincy Ave - 206, Denver $95,000695 S. Alton Way #40, Denver $140,000

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One Hour Translation

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- GORIZONT - GORIZONT

w w w . g o r i z o n t . c o mw w w . g o r i z o n t . c o m

PO BOX 4551, ENGLEWOOD, CO 80155

EMAIL: [email protected]

PUBLISHER

720-495-0073EDITOR /

720-436-7613

x 720-404-7750

CLASSIFIED

303-759-2291

, , , , ,

Every effort is made by Gorizont Publication (GP) to ensure that the information is correct. Gorizont news-paper reserves the right to report unsolicited material being sent through to the publication. Signed opinions or personal views expressed and published in GP are solely those of the respective contributors and do not reflect those of the publishers or its agents. GP assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions in the materials comprising the GP Services. GP makes no commitment to update the information on the GP Services. No advice or information given by GP or any other party on the GP Services shall create any warranty or liability. Further, the GP is not responsible for any content transmitted or posted to GP by a third party. GP reserves the right to accept or reject any submission, or any advertisement. Only publication constitutes acceptance of the submission or advertise-ment. Letters to the editor should be typed in Russian, submitted via e-mail, and not longer than 400 words. GP reserves the right to edit letters for space and to reject any letter or articles without notification of the author. All submissions must include full name and phone number. Reproduction in whole or in part of this publication is strictly prohibited without prior consent. Photographic rights remain the property of Gorizont.


, 4- .

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720-217-6185

310

A to Z Insurance, LLC

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[email protected]

10351 East Jewell Ave(Havana and Jewell)

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Adult Day Care Worker's Comp DOT

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3 11


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3 13

!

MG Insurance Brokers, LLC : : moving

: Rental insurance

contractors , used car dealerships

303-309-6200 720-435-7393 cell303-306-6206 fax

e-mail: [email protected] S. Parker Road Bldg 6 Suite # 263

Aurora, CO 80014

1995

: Work Compensation Umbrella

www.mginsbroker.com

FLOOD INSURANCE


314

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phone: 303-320-5455, 720-261-3939Parties, Weddings, Special occasions

909 S Oneida St #1B Denver, CO 80224

,

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,

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N23/804 06.19.2015 e-mail:

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Russian Denver N23/804