samecniero-sazogadoebrivi Jurnalidspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/168308/1/Sami_Saunje_2016_N1… · pirveli msoflio omi?! ..... mixeil Cisti, 1936-38 wlebis moskovis procesebi:

samecniero-sazogadoebrivi Jurnalisamecniero-sazogadoebrivi Jurnalikvartaluri gamocemakvartaluri gamocema

Tbilisimarti, 2016

sami saunjesami saunje

# 1(1717), 2016, 2016

uakuak: 070 (479.22): 070 (479.22)

s-21-21

saredaqcio sabWosaredaqcio sabWo

giorgi gogolaSvili, giorgi gogolaSvili, . . boris darCia, anzor ToTaZe, boris darCia, anzor ToTaZe,

gvanca koplataZegvanca koplataZe (redaqtoris moadgile), (redaqtoris moadgile), nodar lomouri, nodar lomouri,

grigol ruxaZegrigol ruxaZe (redaqtori), (redaqtori), grani qavTaria.grani qavTaria.

daibeWda saqvelmoqmedo organizacia daibeWda saqvelmoqmedo organizacia

`sinergiis~`sinergiis~ finansuri mxardaWeriT. finansuri mxardaWeriT.

gamomcemeli Sps gamomcemeli Sps `sami saunje~.`sami saunje~.

ISSNISSN 2233-338X © 2233-338X © «sami saunjesami saunje», 2016., 2016.

qarTlis cxovrebaqarTlis cxovreba

grigol ruxaZe, grigol ruxaZe, wmida ilia marTlis wmida ilia marTlis

politikuri mrwamsi ........................................................... politikuri mrwamsi ...........................................................

gvanca koplataZe, gvanca koplataZe, wmida ilia marTali saerTaSoriso wmida ilia marTali saerTaSoriso

politikis Sesaxeb ............................................................... politikis Sesaxeb ...............................................................

gulbaaT rcxilaZe,gulbaaT rcxilaZe, vizaliberalizacia anu evropuli vizaliberalizacia anu evropuli

sapnis buSti qarTvelebisTvis ........................................ sapnis buSti qarTvelebisTvis ........................................

tradiciatradicia

Tina ivelaSvili, Tina ivelaSvili, „uxa“ _ gamomcxvari puris erTi „uxa“ _ gamomcxvari puris erTi

saxeobis saxelwodeba ........................................................ saxeobis saxelwodeba ........................................................

xelovnebaxelovneba

naTela arvelaZe, naTela arvelaZe, Teatrisa da saxelmwifos Teatrisa da saxelmwifos

urTierTobis sakiTxisaTvis ............................................. urTierTobis sakiTxisaTvis .............................................

xuroTmoZRvrebaxuroTmoZRvreba

mamuka cuxiSvili, mamuka cuxiSvili, oZrxes cixe da eklesia ..............................oZrxes cixe da eklesia ..............................

erTmorwmune erebis istoriaerTmorwmune erebis istoria

dekanozi vladislav cipini, dekanozi vladislav cipini, mainc vin daiwyo mainc vin daiwyo

pirveli msoflio omi?! ..................................................... pirveli msoflio omi?! .....................................................

mixeil Cisti, mixeil Cisti, 1936-38 wlebis moskovis procesebi: 1936-38 wlebis moskovis procesebi:

sxvagvaradmoazrovneTa Tu mexuTe kolonis sxvagvaradmoazrovneTa Tu mexuTe kolonis

ganadgureba? .......................................................................... ganadgureba? ..........................................................................

kulturakultura

akaki SaniZe, akaki SaniZe, dafaruli saunje .....................................................dafaruli saunje .....................................................

epitafiaepitafia

murman TavdiSvili,murman TavdiSvili, boris darCia ................................................ boris darCia ................................................

Cveni avtorebi Cveni avtorebi ....................................................................................................................................................

РЕЗЮМЕРЕЗЮМЕ ( (rus. Targ. Tamar fanculaiasi) ..............................rus. Targ. Tamar fanculaiasi) ..............................

SUMMARY SUMMARY (ing. Targ. Teona Cadunelisa) ..............................ing. Targ. Teona Cadunelisa) ..............................

4

1313

1919

2626

3838

4848

5555

6969

8888

119119

130130

133133

140140

sarCevi

grigol ruxaZe grigol ruxaZe

wmida ilia marTlis politikuri mrwamsi

realuri suraTi socialuri mdgomareobisa, romlis fon-

zec Cven didi ilias Sexedulebebs ganvixilavT, sakmaod kargad

Cans Semdegi cnobidan: sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis miwuruls,

1987-1991 wlebSi ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa octomeulis

pirveli xuTi tomi, TiToeuli 80 000-ani tiraJiT daibeW-

da, xolo ukve damoukidebel saqarTveloSi tiraJi jer 700-

mde, bolos ki 300-mde Semcirda. ase asaxa qarTuli kultu-

ris katastrofa ilias beWdur TxzulebaTa statistikurma

maCvenebelma, romlis mixedviT CamorCenis koeficienti 99,6%-

is tolia.

miuxedavad amisa, pesimisturi ideebisTvis Tavis micemis

ufleba ar gvaqvs, radgan TviT wmida ilia marTali dgas zneo-

bis sadarajoze da maradJams Segvaxsenebs, rom erovnul saun-

jeTa dacva da STamomavlobisTvis gadacema yoveli Cvenganis

movaleobaa. am saunjeTa Soris ki, Cveni azriT, sakiTxi mamu-

lis politikuri orientaciis garkvevisa sasicocxlod mniS-

vnelovania. mas aqtualobas Cveni qveynis mudam rTul situ-

aciaSi yofna sZens: XVIII s-Si saqarTvelom, sparseTisa da

osmaleTis agresiis winaaRmdeg, erTmorwmune ruseTTan moka-

vSireobis gza airCia, xolo amJamad, XXI s-Si, afxazeTisa da

yofili samxreT oseTis gareSe darCenili saqarTvelo orien-

tirebulia lgbt-is uflebaTa damcvel aSS-sa da evrokavSir-

Tan TanamSromlobaze, ruseTTan urTierTobis perspeqtiva ki

bundovani Cans; imis magivrad, rom mezobel saxelmwifosTan

konfliqtis mogvarebas vcdilobdeT, gareSe Zalebis zegavle-

5wmida ilia marTlis politikuri mrwamsi

nis gamo masTan diplomatiur urTierTobasac ver vaxerxebT.

sam saukunes Soris erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv sakiTxebze

paralelebis gasavlebad, pirvel yovlisa, Cven ilias cnobil

moTxrobas «mgzavris werilebs» mivmarTeT, radgan am meoTxe-

di saukunis win erovnul-politikurma speqtrma swored masSi

aRmoaCina xalxis farTo masebze zemoqmedebisTvis saWiro ma-

giuri fraza.

«mgzavris werilebSi», roca mgzavri moxeve lelT Runias

ekiTxeba, uwindeli dro riT iyo ukeTesio, moxeve pasuxobs:

adre, avad Tu kargad, «Cven Cveni Tavni Cvenadve gveyudnes» da

amiT iyo ukeTesio. qarTvelTa wesT-wyobaze sxva mravali au-

gis mosmenis Semdeg, avtori moTxrobas, ufro gavrcelebuli

variantis mixedviT, aseTi gansjiT amTavrebs: «marTalia Tu

ara Cemi moxeve, me magis gasinjvaSi ar Seval. an ra Cemi saqmea

ega? me gakvriT, rogorc mgzavri, vixseneb mas, rac misgan gami-

gonia. Cemi cda marto imaSia, rom imis azrisTvis imisive feri

SemerCina da imis sityvisTvis imisive kilo. Tu es Sevasrule,

Cemi ganzraxvac Semisrulebia.

Cemma moxevem me kidev bevri ram sxva miTxra, magram yoveli

misi naambobi dasawerad ar gamodgeba SemTxvevisa gamo sxvisa

da sxvisa... me marto amas vityvi, rom iman Tavisis sityviT Ta-

viss gulistkivils mimaxvedra.

migixvdi, Cemo moxevev, ra nestriTa xar naCxvleti. `Cveni

Tavi Cvenadve gveyudneso~ _ sTqvi Sen da me gavigone. magram

gavigone Tu ara, raRac uecarma tkivilma tvinidan gulamde

Camirbina, iq, gulSi gaiTxara samare da daimarxa. rodemdis

damrCes eg tkivili gulSi, rodemdis? ox, rodemdis, rodem-

dis?.. Cemo sayvarelo miwa-wyalo, momec amisi pasuxi!..»

Zneli saTqmelia, am nestriT ramdeni qarTvelia naCxvle-

ti, magram, albaT, angariSSi ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da e.w. erovnuli moZraobis daw-

yebis Semdeg, qarTul media-sivrceSi lelT Runias sityvaTa

citirebis indeqsi TviT ilias cnobil triadasac (mamuli,

ena, sarwmunoeba) aRemateba. igi ara marto momitinge partia-

Ta laitmotivad, aramed mTeli qarTuli politikis lozungad

gadaiqca. erTi Tanamedrove istorikosi dResac Segvaxsenebs:

«zviad gamsaxurdia 1975 wels, imxanad gamouqveynebel weril-

6 grigol ruxaZe

Si aRniSnavda: `didma iliam mTeli Tavisi moRvaweobis sazrisi

Caaqsova lelT Runias sityvebSi: `Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyud-

nodeso~. amas mieltvoda qarTvel mweralTa rCeuli Taoba

mecxramete saukuneSi, amas Seewira didi ilia~»1.

amjerad, Cven saSualeba ara gvaqvs XIX s-is qarTvel mwer-

alTa rCeuli Taobis TxzulebaTa ganxilvisa, magram mTavari

sakiTxis gamoyofa mainc SeiZleba: didma iliam mTeli Tavisi

moRvaweobis sazrisi marTla lelT Runias sityvebSi Caaqsova

da marTla mas Sewira Tavi? _ imis imediT, rom xval mitings

aravin moawyobs da Cemi mosazrebis dasagmobad sazogadoe-

bis egzaltirebas ar Seecdeba, Tavs uflebas vaZlev, dasmuli

sakiTxi kritikulad ganvixilo da msmenelis winaSe ramdenime

argumenti punqtobrivad warmovadgino.

1. ilias moTxrobaSi lelT Runias piriT gamoTqmuli Teza

XX s-is bolos qarTuli politikis kardinalur sakiTxad

imitom gadaiqca, rom èrovnuli moZraobis~ Tavkacebma masSi

ara marto saxelmwifos damoukideblobisken mizanswrafva,

aramed ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris arsebuli kavSiris

darRvevac igulisxmes. ideurad, aRniSnuli Teza maT amis sa-

Sualebas aZlevda, radgan moxeve, faqtobrivad, georgievskis

traqtatiT gaformebuli kavSiris winaaRmdegi iyo, xolo

èrovnulebi~ _ sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kav-

SirSi saqarTvelos yofnisa.

ramdenadac qarTulma sinamdvilem ilias moTxroba doku-

mentad aqcia da masSi gamoxatuli azrebi TviT avtoris pozi-

ciasTan gaaigiva, maSin Cvenc unda gaviTvaliswinoT `mgzavris

werilebis~ yvela ideuri niuansi da Sesabamisi daskvnac gamo-

vitanoT.

2. vfiqrobT, sadavo ar aris, rom lelT Runias Tezas poli-

tikuri statusi moTxrobis dasasrulma mianiWa. swored mox-

evis sityvaTa gameorebam da misiT gamowveulma gulistkivilma

gamokveTes misi reliefuri saxe, Torem marto dialogis dros

«avad Tu kargad» naTqvami moxevuri sityva istoriul mniS-

vnelobas ver SeiZenda. gasagebia, rom lelT Runias frazam

zemoT ganmartebuli Sinaarsi SeiTvisa, magram, garda mgzavris

TanagrZnobisa moxevis mimarT da «raRac uecari tkivilisa»,

1 yoranaSvili guram, isev wiwamuris tragediis saidumlos Sesaxeb, Tb., 2013.

gv. 183.


Cven TviT avtoris pozicias, anu samoqmedo programas, ro-

gorc es TviT brZen ilias sCveoda, ver vxedavT.

amitom gvixsnis: «marTalia Tu ara Cemi moxeve, me magis

gasinjvaSi ar Seval... me marto amas vityvi, rom iman Tavisi

sityviT Taviss gulistkivils mimaxvedra». _ es arc aris

gasakviri, radgan samSobloSi axlaxan dabrunebuli ugvirg-

vino mefe, Tumc jer kidev 24 wlisa, pasuxs tkivilebis dasaa-

meblad Tavisi sayvareli miwa-wylisgan elis. man jer bevri

ram ar icis: «rogor Seveyrebi me Cems qveyanas da rogorc

Semeyreba igi me»; «kargia gaRviZebuli adamiani!.. magram ufro

ukeTesia adamiani, romelsac ZilSiac ara sZinavs, qveynis

ubedurobiT gulaRtyinebulsa. Cemo lamazo qveyanav, arian

amisTanani SenSi? me movnaxav da, Tu vipove, veTayvanebi». _

samwuxarod, am lamaz qveyanas ar aRmoaCnda unari, rom misTvis

Tavganwirulis brwyinvale naTels Sesdgomoda da RmrTisgan

warmogzavnilisTvis Tayvani eca, magram es calke Temaa da Cven

isev «mgzavris werilebs» mivubrundeT.

3. Cveni azriT, avtori rom moxevis naubars ar gansjis, ar-

amed mxolod mis konstatirebas axdens, mTeli dialogidan

Cans. magaliTad, mgzavri ar pasuxobs emociebs ayolil moxeves,

romelsac mSvidobianobis gaxangrZlivebam (am droisTvis ru-

seTis mfarvelobaSi TiTqmis 60 weli iyo gasuli) warmodgena

Seususta: «rais vaqnev carial mSvidabas carial stvamaqiT...

carial mSvidaba miwaCic gveyofis»; etyoba, rom moxeve lek-

Ta, sparsTa da osmaloTa Semosevebis saSinelebasac saTanadod

ver aanalizebs: «awina mavale svamexi ufros gvawiokebs, ufros

saxls gviklebs»; amasTan, moxeves ZmaTamkvlel omebze bevri ki

smenia: «kaxTa vaJani xevisani mravalni moxocnes», magram imis

madlieri ar aris, rom «awina yovelni qarTveln Zmanebi varT».

mokled, lelT Runia erTi Cveulebrivi qarTvelia, rom-

lis grZnobebi gonebaze batonoben da amitom azric yvelafer-

ze Tavisi aqvs, romlis arc gulwrfelad gamoxatvisa eride-

ba. gamomsaxvelobis TvalsazrisiT, mgonia, rom lelT Runia

tipuri warmomadgenelia Cveni sazogadoebisa, magram es ar

niSnavs misi Tvisebebis an azrebis idealizacias, rac arc mis

Semoqmeds dausaxavs miznad.

4. amasTanave, rogorc dokumenturi masalidan Cans, moTxro-

8 grigol ruxaZe

bis bolo abzacis mimarT TviT iliasac orWofuli damokide-

buleba hqonia. amis Tqmis uflebas is gvaZlevs, rom «mgzavris

werilebis» Cvenamde moRweuli sami avtografidan erT-erTSi

(xelnaw. U, # 149) bolo abzaci (`migixvdi... pasuxi~) mTli-

anad gadaxazulia2, xolo moTxrobis pirveli publikaciis (J.

`krebuli~, #5, 1871. gv. 1-16) beWdur teqstSi igive abzaci,

garda pirveli winadadebisa (`migixvdi... naCxvleti~), aseve

Setanili ar aris3.

Cveni azriT, es orWofoba imiT unda iyos gamowveuli, rom

marto am gamoTqmnis moxmobiT _ ̀ Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudnes~

_ mgzavris gulistkivilis mizezi daviwroebul Sinaarss iZens;

moTxrobaSi, garda zemoT aRniSnulisa, kidev imdeni sawux-

aria dasaxelebuli, rom es Teza Tavis TavSi yvela problemis

Semokrebas ver axerxebs. da, rac mTavaria, ilia marTlisTvis

ara marto lelT Runias satkivari, aramed TviT lelT Runias

pirovnebac misi tkivilia; vinaidan moxeve cxovrebis simZim-

iT dadardianebuli kacia, romelsac gamosavlis povnaze arc

ufiqria da sanugeSoc araferi aqvs. amgvari adamiani ilias

Cafiqrebul saqveyno saqmes, bunebrivia, ver itvirTavs da amitom

igi qveynis ubedurebiT gulaRtyinebuli qarTvelebis monaxvas

mxolod imedovnebs, xolo Tu ipovis, kidec eTayvaneba.

5. moxeves georgievskis traqtatma, misi sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, marto carieli mSvidoba moutana. garda imisa, rom

cneba antinomiuria, anu winaaRmdegobriv Sinaarss Seicavs, igi

imavdroulad uarmyofelia mefe erekle meoris damsaxurebi-

sa, romlis mier momzadebulma da gaformebulma dokumentma,

moxevis azriT, mxolod es uSedego da fuWi mSvidoba moutana

saqarTvelos. lelT Runias damokidebuleba orive sakiTxze

gamokveTilia; axla vnaxoT, rogor afasebs wmida ilia marTa-

li, erTi mxriv, mSvidobas, xolo meore mxriv _ patara kaxis

did saqmesa da mis didebul pirovnebas.

«mSvidobianoba, mocaleoba aris miwa, romelzedac amova

xolme mecnierebis, swavlis, literaturis xe da nayofi... am

Cvens saukuneSi aris mSvidobianoba; maSasadame, aris droeba

literaturisa, swavlisa da xelovnebisa, romelica adamianma

2 ilia WavWavaZe, Txzulebani (oc tomad), t. II, teqsti gamosacemad mo am-

zades eTer SaraSeniZem da leila sanaZem, Tb., 1988. gv. 562.3 iqve, gv. 448-is Semdeg, CanarTis IV gv-ze dabeWdilia fotopiri.


sargoianad unda moixmaros»4, xolo mecnierebis nayofiereba

TavisTavad qveynis kulturul da ekonomikur winsvlas, sax-

alxo meurneobis dargebis ganviTarebas niSnavs. amitom mSvi-

doba carieli ar SeiZleba iyos, Tu igi adamianma sargoianad

moixmara. mSvidobianobis dros, Tu vinmes sakuTari stomaqi

lelT RuniasaviT carieli aqvs, mizezi ara sxvagan, aramed

Tavis TavSi unda eZios.

ufro metic, SinaarsTan erTad TviT terminsac sakral-

uri mniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan mSvidoba qristianuli gagebiT

kurTxevasTan aris gaigivebuli. bibliur wignebSi, patris-

tikul literaturasa da liturgiul teqstebSi dalocvis

ZiriTad formad mSvidobis surveba gamoiyeneba: «mSvidoba

Tqven Tana», «mSvidoba saxlsa amas», «mSvidoba yovelTa»... an-

gelozebic am madliani sityviT locaven qveynierebas: «dideba

maRalTa Sina RmerTsa, da qveyanasa zeda mSvidoba, da kacTa

Soris saTnoeba» (luk. 2,14). dabolos, eris saTno moZRvars,

wmida gabriel episkoposs movusminoT: RmrTismsaxureba, cx-

oneba da zecisadmi miswrafeba mxolod iq SeiZleba, sadac mS-

vidoba sufevs. RmerTi am zegardmo niWs im qveyanasa da ers

aniWebs, romelSic keTili sarwmunoeba da RmrTis msaxureba

sufevs, romelSic wmida marTlmadidebeli eklesia mtkicedaa

damyarebuli da eris zneobas aSenebs.5

SeiZleba mSvidobis mniSvnelobaze amdenis Tqmac ar iyo

saWiro, magram, rogorc Cans, mas yovelTvis dacva sWirdeba.

6. axla, am sanukvari mSvidobis mompovebelzec vTqvaT ori-

od sityva. marTalia, mefe erekles mier gaformebul xelSek-

rulebas sabolood xorci misma ufrosma Svilma, qarTl-kax-

eTis mefem giorgi XII-m Seasxa, roca rusis jari TbilisSi

Semovida (1799 w.), magram safuZveli amisTvis 1783 wels xel-

mowerili georgievskis traqtatiT iyo momzadebuli.

rac Seexeba TviT ilia marTlis damokidebulebas erekle

mefis pirovnebisadmi, erTmniSvnelovnad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

iliasTvis erekle yovelTvis «brwyinvale mefe da rkinis kari

iyo saqarTvelosi»; igi patara kaxis saxelis gansadideblad

nikoloz baraTaSvilis, vaJa-fSavelasa da grigol orbelianis

4 ilia WavWavaZe, Txzulebani, t.V, Tb., 1991. gv. 94-95.5 imereTis episkoposi gabrieli (qiqoZe), qadagebani, t. II, Tb., 1913. gv. 135.

10 grigol ruxaZe

striqonebsac uSurvelad imowmebda;6 ilias sityviT, erekle

II is didebuli mefea, «romlis Suqi dResac ki gvinaTebs»7.

7. bolo sakiTxi, romliTac Temis amowurva, Cveni az-

riT, SeiZleba, es aris ara axalgazrduli mgznebarebiT an-

Tebuli «mgzavris», aramed samocs gadacilebuli brZenkacis

mimarTeba ruseTisadmi. ai, ras ambobs wmida ilia marTali

XIX s-is miwuruls: «ra saWiroa damalva: Cven ucilobelad

gviyvars Cveni samSoblo, xolo arc saWiroa siyalbe. marto

miT rom Cven Cveni samSoblo gviyvars, gviyvars ruseTica. es

iseTi bunebrivia, ise cxadia, ise advilad gasagebia saganTa

arsebis mixedviTa. ruseTma daixsna Cveni qveyana waxdenisa

da ganadgurebisagan, igi dResac ifaravs mas yovel wamebisa

da tanjvis ganmeorebisagan, man gaukurna Cvens samSoblos

misi wylulni... es siyvaruli Cveni Cvenis samSoblosi TaviT

TvisiT warmoadgens im nayofiers niadags, razedac izrdeba

da hxarobs Cveni erTguleba da siyvaruli ruseTisa. es Cve-

ni siyvaruli Cvenis samSoblosi igi magari da Suamdgomeli

jaWvia, romelic aerTianebs Cvens zraxvasa da sasoebas ukeT-

ess rusTa zraxvasa da sasoebasTan. swored am Cvenis samSob-

los siyvarulSi unda moiZebnos naskvi nawilTa daaxlovebisa

da gaerTebisa mTelTan sakeTildReod yovelTa da yovlisaT-

vis. waarTviT adamians es siyvaruli samSoblosi da mis gulSi

veRar ipoviT amisTana Rrmas da magar adgils, rom zed amoi-

yvanoT safuZveli erTgulebisa da siyvarulisa».8

aseTia samSoblos Tanamdevi sulis erTgulebisa da si-

yvarulis apologia, romelic marTlac cxadia da advilad

gasagebi, oRond mxolod imisTvis, visac gulisxmiereba warT-

meuli ara aqvs. arc is unda gamorCes vinmes mxedvelobidan,

rom Cveni didbunebovani qarTvelisTvis ucxo iyo yovelgvari

pirmoTneoba, qeddadrekiloba da, axlandeli terminologia

rom gamoviyenoT, ormagi standarti; man zedwodeba marTlisa

swored Tavisi marTali cxovrebis, patiosnebisa da Rirsebis

gamo SeiZina.

didma iliam aravisze naklebad ar uwyoda, rom «Zalian

xSirad Cndebodnen CvenSi iseTi gavleniani pirni, mTavrobis

6 ilia WavWavaZe, Txzulebani, t. XIII, Tb., 2007. gv. 99-101.7 ilia WavWavaZe, Txzulebani, t. V, Tb., 1991. gv. 566.8 ilia WavWavaZe, Txzulebani, t. XIV, Tb., 2007. gv. 292-293.


viTom erTgulni da viTom rusis interesebisaTvis mzrunvelni,

romelTac TiTqo gangeb ganizraxes, rom Cveni eris momagone-

beli ki rac ram iyo, fexiT gaeTelaT, daeTrgunaT, moespoT»9,

magram am gavlenian pirTagan qveynis gasaTavisufleblad cecx-

lis xazze yvelaze win yovelTvis TviT dgeboda. amitom aris

yoveli misi sityva wrfeli, sarwmuno da ucilobeli; xolo

mis naazrevSi daunjebuli sibrZne imdenad mravalmxrivia da

masStaburi, rom gonieri eri masze ukeTes megzurs am wuTi-

sofelSi verc inatrebda, magram jer-jerobiT, rogorc Cans,

aTasi juris eqspert-politikosTa mier motyuebul sazoga-

doebas sjera, rom iliaseuli arCevani evropuli iyo da, Tu

saswauli ar moxda, saukunis win daSvebuli Secdomis gameo-

rebisTvisac mzad aris.

Cvenc, im imediT, rom qarTvelTa ugvirgvino mefis sityvam

SeiZleba erTi-ori kaci mainc daafiqros ruseTis rolze Cvens

istoriaSi, narkvevs davasrulebT amonaridiT ilia marTlis

publicisturi werilidan «asi wlis winaT»: «calke sparseTi,

calke osmaleTi xmalamoRebulni Tavs adgnen damarcxebuls

saqarTvelos da muqaras muqaraze uTvlidnen... gaZliereba

ruseTisa, romelmac maSin saqarTvelos sazRvramde moaRwia

CrdiloeTis mxriT, erTsac Tavzarsa scemda da meoresac... sxva

gza ar iyo, mefe giorgis an osmaleTTan unda daeWira saqme, an

sparseTTan da an ruseTTan, rom rogorme gadaerCina saqarT-

velo amoden erTad zedmoseul ubedurebisagan. am saqmes aCqa-

reba undoda. RvTismosavma da RvTismoyvare mefe giorgim, ra

Tqma unda, erTmorwmune ruseTi irCia. amas eubneboda winapar-

Ta anderZica, radganac, misda mefobis winaTac, jer kidev 1576

wliTgan, saqarTvelos mefeni bevrjer gamohlaparakebian ru-

seTs da misgan xelSewyobas da xelis gamarTvas mohlodebian.

qristes jvarisaTvis jvarcmul eris mefem qristes jvarisve

mosavi eri moiwvia saSvelad da mfarvelad...

imperatorma pavlem, moismina ra gaWirveba mefe giorgisa da

saqarTvelosi da iuwya-ra axali muqara sparseTisa, awiokeba

qveynisa osmaleTisa da lekTa TareSobisagan, mswrafl Seudga,

rom mefe giorgis gadawyvetili pasuxi misces. 23 Tebervals

1799 wels brZaneba misca Crdilo-kavkasiis jaris mTavarm-

9 ilia WavWavaZe, Txzulebani, t. XV, Tb., 2007. gv. 359.

12 grigol ruxaZe

marTvels, moamzados saqarTveloSi wasasvlelad meSvidmete

egeris polki general-maior lazarevisa...

didis yofiT da ambiT daxvda ruseTis jars mefe da eri. sa s-

owarkveTilma mefem da erma Zlivs nugeSiTa da imediT gaicocx-

la guli. mefis karidam dawyebuli ukanasknel qoxamde sixa-

rulma gaSala Tavisi sanatreli frTa, sixarulma xsnisam da

nugeSisam. didi xania saqarTvelos amisTana brwyinvale dRe

aRar enaxa. yvelas, dididam pataramde, qaliT kacamde, guli

aevso im sanatrel imediTa, rom rusis mxedrobis dabinaveba

saqarTveloSi saqarTvelos mouvlens im mSvidobianobas, im

mosvenebas, im patronobasa da mfarvelobas, im bednierada da

utkivrad Sinaur cxovrebas, romelTaTvisac amdens saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi ase TavgametebiT, ase TavdadebiT ibrZoda saqarT-

velos Svili da Tavisis sisxliT hrwyavda yovels kuTxes Tavisis

qveynisas. am Rirssaxsovar dRidam saqarTvelom mSvidobianoba

moipova. SiSi mtrisa erTmorwmune eris mfarvelobam gaufanta,

damSvidda didi xnis daumSvidebeli, daRaluli qveyana, dawyn-

arda aklebisa da aoxrebisagan, dascxra omisa da brZolisagan.

dadumda JRera xmlisa da maxvilisa, mtrisa xeliT moRerebu-

lisa Cvenze da Cvens col-Svilebze, gahqra cecxli, romelic

swvavda da hbugavda Cvens mama-papaTa binas, Cvens sacxovrebels,

gaTavda rbeva da akleba, mieca warsuls da marto saSinel da

SemaZrwunebel saxsovradRa dagvrCa.

daudga axali xana, xana mosvenebulis, uSiSaris cxovrebi-

sa, sisxldanTxeul da qristes jvrisaTvis jvarcmul saqa-

rTvelos, romelic RmerTma saaqao samoTxed gauCina adamians

da kinaRam erT did sasaflaod ar gadaeqca miss Tavdadebul

Svilebs, romelnic umwed, unugeS, yvelasagan Sors, martodm-

arto ixocebodnen qristes sarwmunoebis sadideblad da Tavi-

sis vinaobis gadasarCenad. daidva sazRvari mSvidobismyofel

cxovrebisa. is dRea da es dRe, veRaravin gadmolaxa igi sazR-

vari cecxliTa da maxviliT xelSi da 26 noembers 1799 wels,

kvlav sasoebagaRviZebuli mefe da eri, gulwrfelad miendo

Taviss momavalsa, didis ruseTis mfarvelobis imediTa da nu-

geSiniT frTaSesxmuli.

dRes, 26 noembers 1899 w., swored asi weliwadia mas aqed».10

10 ilia WavWavaZe, Txzulebani, t. XIV, Tb., 2007. gv. 304-315.

gvanca koplataZegvanca koplataZe

wmida ilia marTali saerTaSoriso politikis Sesaxeb

nawili I

kacobriobam istoriuli gamocdilebiT icis, rom politi-

kur saqmianobas umeteswilad is adamianebi etanebian, romelT-

ac uzneobasTan kompromisze wasvla ar eZnelebaT, radgan es

danaSaulad da codvad ar miaCniaT da, aqedan gamomdinare, arc

sindisis qenjna da arc sinanulis gancda ar awuxebT. magram

es sruliadac ar gvaZlevs uflebas imis Tqmisa, rom TviTon

politika, romelic platonis ganmartebiT, saxelmwifoebri-

vi saqmianobaa, Tavisi arsiTaa uzneo da amdenad adamianTagan,

romelnic mas emsaxurebian, uzneobasTan Serigebas da miznis

misaRwevad uciloblad zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT miuRebeli sa-

Sualebebisa da xerxebis gamoyenebas moiTxovs.

sinamdvileSi piriqiTaa. saxelmwifosa da mis saTaveSi myofTa

ZiriTadi funqcia _ mzrunveloba sazogadoebrivi yofis mowes-

rigebaze, misi wevrebis ufleba-movaleobis dadginebiTa da maTi

dacviT, imTaviTve, antikur epoqaSive gamoikveTa. Tu qristemde

yvela socialuri fena sazogadoebis sruluflebian wevrad ar

iTvleboda da amdenad arc saxelmwifoebrivi zrunvis obieqts

warmoadgenda, gankacebulma RmerTma RmrTis xatad Seqmnil ad-

amis modgmas, romelic codvis monobisagan sakuTari sisxliT

gamoisyida, ufleba misca caTa da qveyanis Semoqmedi RmerTisaT-

vis mama ewodebina, anu, Tavi mis Svilad egrZno. aqedan gamomdi-

nare, arcerT filosofiur mimdinareobasa da arc erT sxva re-

ligias ar aqvs iseTi srulyofili swavleba calkeul adamianTa,

rogorc ganumeorebel individTa fasdaudebel Rirebulebaze da

14 gvanca koplataZe

maT Soris uflebriv Tanasworobaze, rogorc qristianobas.

miuxedavad amisa, rogorc istoriuli gamocdileba, aseve

Tanamedrove yofac mxolod imas gvidasturebs, rom adamiani da

misi sicocxle TandaTan ufro ufasurdeba, xolo Tanasworo-

bisa da Zmobis idealebze laparaki ukve niRbadac ki ar sWird-

eba gaSiSvlebul Zaladobasa da muStze damyarebul politikas.

mizezi amisa ara qristes moZRvrebis arasrulyofileba,

aramed misi miuRebloba da, ufro metic, misgan gaucxoeba da

masTan dapirispirebaa, rac ufro da ufro mkveTrad igrZnoba.

kacobriobis didma nawilma Semoqmedisagan boZebuli udide-

si jildo _ Tavisufali neba misive tanjvisa da mwuxarebis

mizezad aqcia, sulmokleoba gamoiCina da WeSmaritebisa da

maradiuli netarebisken mimavali gzis nacvlad, amqveyniuri

warmavali Zalauflebis, simdidrisa da fsevdodidebis mox-

veWis gzas daadga, romelic SedarebiT sustisa da uZluris

daCagvra-damonebasa da gaZarcvas aucileblobiT gulisxmobs.

kacobriobas ufleba ara aqvs usayveduros RmerTs, Tavisi

sisxliani da adamianTa tanjva-vaebiT aRsavse istoriisaTvis,

romelic sakuTari arCevaniT Seqmna da dResac agrZelebs.

wminda ilia marTals ar hqonia pretenzia politikuri moR-

vawisa, magram ramdenadac cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis miznad

mSobeli eris samsaxuri da mis suliersa da fizikur gadar-

Cenaze zrunva hqonda arCeuli, grZnobda ra gansakuTrebiT did

pasuxismgeblobas, roca misi gadarCenis gzebs saxavda, rogorc

amas misi ìveriaSi~ gamoqveynebuli werilebi gvidasturebs,

safuZvlianad swavlobda saerTaSoriso, gansakuTrebiT evro-

pis qveynebis politikas, romelsac rogorc dRes, aseve me-19

saukuneSic mTels msoflioSi wamyvani adgili ekava. man kargad

icoda, rom ramdenadac mTeli modgma adamisa, rogorc pavle

mociquli gvaswavlis, urTierTas asoeb varT, arc qarTveli

eris awmyosa da momavlis ganxilva SeiZleba calke, saerTo ka-

cobriuli yofidan amovardnilad. politikuri movlenebisa da

faqtebis analizisa da Sefasebisas wm. ilia marTali yovelTvis

qristianul moZRvrebas eyrdnoba, romelic kacTmoyvarebasa

da RmrTis winaSe adamianTa Tanasworobas qadagebs. viTarca

WeSmaritad qristians, romelsac, Sesabamisad macxovris swav-

lebisa, mTeli arsebiT uyvarda RmerTi da moyvasi Tvisi, ro-

15saerTaSoriso politikis Sesaxeb

gorc sakuTari Tavi, Rrmad sjeroda, rom adamianze didi Ri-

rebuleba am samyaroSi ar arsebobs da aq yovelive, maT Soris

politikac, mis gadarCenas unda emsaxurebodes. analogiurad

macxovrisa, romelic gvaswavlis, rom sjuli Seiqmna adamian-

isaTvis da ara adamiani sjulisaTvis, ilia, arCevs ra politi-

kur sarbielze or dapirispirebul moZRvrebas, wers: `gamge-

belni saxelmwifo bedisani iZaxian, rom eri politikisaTvis

aris qveyanazed gaCenili da amitomac suo; saxelmwifos gul-

Sematkivarni, eris moyvareni _ ki pasuxad eubnebian: ukacravad,

politikaa erisaTvis gaCenili da ara eri politikisaTviso~.1

misi azriT, ̀ mTeli politikuri istoria evropisa am orTa moZ-

RvrebaTa erTmaneTTan brZolaa da sxva araferi~ da garemoebe-

bidan gamomdinare askvnis, rom evropis qveynebis xelisufalni

pirveli moZRvrebis _ eri politikisaTvis msaxurebi arian,

romlis Sedegadac eri iwireba.

amave werilSi, `militaroba evropaSi~, romelic pirvelad

1898 wels gamoqveynda, evropas igi adarebs kacs, romelic gare-

dan mters uyenebs Tvals, xolo Signidan _ moyvares, radgan

mSvidoba, romelic mis qveynebs Soris sufevs, mxolod imdenad,

ramdenadac gamalebul SeiaraRebazea dafuZnebuli, garegnulia.

amgvar mSvidobas wm. ilia marTali SeTofiaraRebul mSvidobas

uwodebs da am gziT mSvidobianobis dacva did ubedurebad mi-

aCnia, miT umetes, rom SeiaraRebisaTvis warmoudgenelad didi

Tanxebi evropis mkvidrTa jibidan iyo amoRebuli.

amave Temaze daweril sxva werilSi ilia ixsenebs gamoCe-

nil frang filosofoss monteskies, romelic jer kidev me-18

saukuneSi `sCioda, evropa TandaTan umatebs jarebsa da Tof-

iaraRs, amisTvis ara hzogavs araviTars xarjs da amiT Tavs iRa-

ribebs da iRatakebso~ da agrZelebs: `monteskies sityvas ara-

vin gafrTxilebia da dRes evropis saxelmwifoni Tof-iaraRSi

sxedan da mzad arian erTmaneTi sisxlis morevSi daarCon~.2

mecxramete saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos, roca es wer-

ilebi iwereboda, evropas 16 milionamde jariskaci, anu misi

mosaxleobis Sromisunariani nawilis erTi mervedi hyolia da

uaxloes momavalSi maTi ricxvis gazrdas 20 milionamde apir-

ebda. sainteresoa, rom am dros CrdiloeT amerikaSi SeerTe-

1 i. WavWavaZe, militaroba evropaSi // Txz. aT tomad, t. VIII, Tb., 1957. gv. 51. 2 iqve, gv. 55.

16 gvanca koplataZe

bul Statebs mxolod 27 aTasi jariskaci hyolia. ilia Cveuli

siRrmiT aanalizebs am faqts da SeerTebuli Statebis evropis

qveynebze bevrad did dawinaurebas mrewvelobasa da vaWrobaSi

imiT xsnis, rom saxelmwifo mcirericxovani jaris Senaxvasa da

SeiaraRebaze Semosavlis Zalian mcire nawils xarjavda, xolo

danarCens qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebas axmarda. winaswarm-

etyvelurad JRers ilias sityvebi imis Taobaze, rom àmerika

mxedrobiT gatacebuls evropas kidev ufro dascems ekonomiu-

rad da msoflio memkvidreobasac daimkvidrebs~.3

evropaSi gamefebuli Zaladobis politikis mravlismetyvel

magaliTad miiCnevs wm. ilia marTali inglisis damokidebulebas

mezobel irlandiasTan. aRsaniSnavia, rom am damokidebulebas sa-

Tave romis papma, STamomavlobiT ingliselma, adriane IV-em, dau-

do, romelmac 1154 wels inglisis mefes henrix IV-s, irlandia,

romelic romis eparqiad iTvleboda, TiTqos misi sakuTreba yo-

filiyo, aCuqa. 1154 wlidan 1649 wlamde irlandia, didi winaaR-

mdegobis fasad, inglisis mier srul dapyrobas bevrjer gadau-

rCa. 1648 wels qveyana kromvelma daamarcxa da damarcxebulTa

mimarT iseTi sisastike gamoiCina, rom Tavzari dasca. man xalxi

mSobliuri miwa-wylidan ayara da ucxo mxareebSi gadaasaxla,

xolo mravali irlandieli indoeTSi gayida. 1800 wels inglisma

irlandia sruliad daimorCila da SeierTa da parlamentica da

saerTod, TviTmmarTvelobis yvela niSan-wyali, gauuqma. kidev

ufro Zvirad daujdaT irlandielebs kaTolikuri rwmenis erT-

guleba. maT TandaTanobiT CamoarTves miwa-wyali da ingliselsa

da Sotlandiel protestant lordebs dauriges. bolos saqme

iqamde mivida, rom irlandielebs saskolo ganaTlebasTan dakav-

Sirebuli, èrTi mSvenieri Cveuleba~ _ rogorc ilia uwodebs,

bavSvebis Ria cis qveS, xis Ziras, an sadme lamaz mdeloze gan-

swavla _ aukrZales. es 1830 wels moxda.

mezobeli qveynisagan irlandielebis gaumarTlebel Cagvras

zed daerTo bunebis risxvac: zedized sami wlis ganmavlobaSi

mousavlianoba kartofilisa, romliTac miwebwarTmeuli xalxi

suls ibrunebda. am movlenam mis did nawils samSoblos dato-

veba da bedis sxvagan Zebna aiZula. 1841-1861 wlebSi or milionze

metma irlandielma aSS-s miaSura. gaxiznulebma yvelas daumt-

kices, rom maTi ubedurebis mizezi TviTon eris buneba ki ar iyo, 3 iqve, gv. 56.

17saerTaSoriso politikis Sesaxeb

rogorc amas ingliselebi amtkicebdnen da dResac gavrcelebu-

lia, kerZod, rom irlandielebi loTebi, mconarebi, windauxedav-

ni, mflangvelni, bedovlaTebi, umecarni arian, aramed, rogorc

ilia wers: ̀ igi aristokratiuli wesi miwaTmflobelobisa, ro-

melic inglisma Seitana irlandiaSi da romelmac glexobas xe-

lidam gamoacala mamuli da mSralze dasva~,4 da irlandielTa

mimarT TanagrZnobiT ganmsWvaluli svams kiTxvas: Tuki am xalx-

is ubedurebis mizezi zemoTCamoTvlili Tvisebebi iyo, rogor

moaxerxes da SeZles uqnarebma da loTebma 17 wlis ganmavloba-

Si irlandiaSi darCenili TanamemamuleebisTvis amerikidan sa-

masocdaxuTi milioni frankis gagzavna.

mZlavrisagan yvela daCagrulisa da dabeCavebulis Tanaml-

mobsa da mosarCles arc is usamarTloba gamorCenia mxedv-

elobidan, romliTac inglisi evropis erT patara qveyanas _

portugalias, moeqca. kerZod, roca evropis `didma svavebma

germaniam da inglisma TavianTi xarbi Tvali afrikas mihmarTes~

da misi adgilebis misakuTreba daiwyes, maT Soris erTi imisTa-

na adgilic moxvda, romelic ̀ Zveladve hqonda daWerili~ por-

tugalias. interesTa Sejaxebis Sedegad portugaliam sadao

sakiTxTa gadasaWrelad samarTalis gamoyeneba krZalviT iTxo-

va: samarTali xom aq aris, amovarCioT Sua kacebi (Tanamedrove

terminologiiT _ komisia) da visac akuTvneben, im qveyanas

akuTvnono. axla isev ilias komentars movusminoT:

`neta Ronieri da Zlieri inglisi rad ikadrebda samarTals,

roca mopirispired uRono da patara portugalia udga. saca

erTis mxriT pirdaRebuli veSapia da meores mxriT _ mobuzu-

li kravi, iq, exlandels droSi, samarTals daekiTxebaRa vinme?

ganaTlebulma inglisma es iuara da SeuTvala, xeli aiRe, To-

rem miwasTan gagasworebo. `Zala Seswevs qadilisa~ da sawyalma

portugaliamac xma gakminda~.5

samagierod, wm. ilia marTali aRfrTovanebulia erovnuli

Tavmoyvareobisa da Rirsebis grZnobiT, romelic portugaliis

mkvidrT aRmoaCndaT. maT xeli inglisTan sxvagvari omisaTvis

gamoiRes: Tu xmliT veras davaklebT, jibes xom cotad Tu bev-

rad movaWriTo, _ sTqves da yovelive aReb-micemoba, savaWro

urTierToba inglisTan gawyvites. ingliselebi, romelnic maT

4 iqve, gv. 34.5 gv. 58-59.

18 gvanca koplataZe

qveyanaSi msaxurobdnen, samuSaoebidan daiTxoves, xolo lon-

donSi ganaTlebis misaRebad gagzavnili Svilebi ukan daabrunes.

ilia Senatris eris mier am gziT gamoCenil Tavmoyvareobas

da Rirsebas da erTgvar magaliTad usaxavs Tavis qveyanas, roca

wers: `Zlieria eri, rac unda patara iyos, roca mamuliSvi-

loba, Tavisi qveynis siyvaruli ase amxnevebs, ase amoqmedebs,

roca ubedureba ram, gansacdeli ram, gulze xels ki ar akre-

binebs, rogorc imedgadawyvetils, sasoebadakarguls, aramed

imodenad Zlier aRviZebs, Zlier misZrav-mosZravs, ramdenadac

Zlieria TviT mis Tavze mosuli ubedureba da gansacdeli~.6

miuxedavad amisa, qveynad samarTlianobis damkvidrebisaT-

vis Tavdadebul mebrZols mxedvelobidan afrikis im mxaris

mimarT, romelic epyra da romelsac inglisi edaveboda, arc

portugaliis usamarTloba gamorCenia. `samarTalio, iZaxis

portugalia, qveyanaze rom samarTali iyos, inglissac pirSi

Calas gamoavlebda da portugaliasac, saidamac mosulxarT,

iqav wadiTo, Tqven iq xeli ara gaqvT, iqauri patronebi _ iqau-

rive mkvidrni arian da Tqven raze SesCenixarT WiasaviT, magram

sad aris es samarTali? igi Tvalwin lamparsaviT unTia adamians

marto im dromde, vidre gaxelebuli Zala ar mova da erTis Se-

berviT ar Caaqrobs xolme~.7

sainteresoa, rom es deda azri werilisa _ natvra sruli

samarTlianobisa, da imavdroulad gaazreba imisa, rom materi-

alur samyaroSi misi arseboba SeuZlebelia, werilis saTaur-

Sivea gamotanili èvropis didi da patara onavrebi~ (dawer-

ilia 1890 wels, 20 ianvari). sityva onavari, rogorc viciT,

frinvelebTan mimarTebaSi mtacebelsa da Tavdamsxmels niS-

navs, xolo adamianebTan, gansakuTrebiT bavSvebTan, mimarTebaSi

celqisa da ancis igiveobrivi mniSvneloba aqvs. ara gvgonia

es saTauri avtoris mier gauazreblad iyos SerCeuli. marT-

lac, yrmis goneba unda hqondes calkeul adamiansac da ersac,

zneobrivi idealebisa da maTi samsaxuriT mopovebul maradiul

cxovrebas, uzneobiT mopovebuli da isic kvamliviT warmavali

amao dideba amjobinos da aRiZras imav miwisTvis (da aq miwaSi

saerTod amqveyniuri Zalaufleba da simdidre igulisxmeba),

radac dRes Tu xval TviTonve unda iqces.

6 gv. 59-60.7 gv. 60.

gulbaaT rcxilaZegulbaaT rcxilaZe

vizaliberalizacia anu evropuli sapnis buSti qarTvelebisTvis

saqarTveloSi bolo wlebSi aSkara gaxda xalxis sakmaod

didi nawilis imedgacrueba dasavleTis mimarT. am ganwyo-

bebis cvlilebas Tavisi mizezebi aqvs. aseve umizezo ar aris

is garemoeba, rom xelisuflebis, politikuri partiebis,

masmediisa da arasamTavrobo seqtoris udides nawilze es

cvlilebebi TiTqmis ar aisaxa da aRniSnuli socialuri

kategoriebis warmomadgenlebi kvlavindeburad religiuri

aRtacebiT saubroben „dasavleTisken mimaval uryev kursze“.

magram aSkaraa, rom dRevandeli viTareba, sazogadoebrivi az-

ris TvalsazrisiT, bevrad gansxvavdeba wina wlebisa da aT-

wleulebisagan _ dasavleTis imiji dResdReobiT seriozu-

lad Seryeulia saqarTveloSi.

sazogadoebis is nawili, romelic dasavleTisadmi kriti-

kulad da, zog SemTxvevaSi, mtruladac ganewyo, dasavleTSi

ZiriTadad moiazrebs amerikis SeerTebul Statebs da Crdil-

oatlantikur alianss _ natos, romlebmac saqarTvelos ubi-

Zges ruseTTan konfliqtisaken da am konfliqtSi igi miato-

ves. nato aRiqmeba ruseTisadmi gamowvevad da zedmet Tavis

tkivilad, sadac „mainc ar migviReben“. SeerTebuli Statebi-

sadmi igive pretenziebia, Tan es zesaxelmwifo didi xnis man-

Zilze uWerda mxars da dResac mfarvelobs „nacionalebs“.

daaxloebiT igive kritika ismis evropis mimarTac, Tumca ev-

ropaSi, SeerTebul StatebTan erTad, Cveni sazogadoebis bev-

ri warmomadgeneli xedavs zneobis dacemas, „lgbt“-Tematikis

mxardaWeras da tradiciul faseulobebTan brZolas.

20 gulbaaT rcxilaZe

magram dasavleTisadmi amgvarad ganwyobil adamianebSic

jer bolomde ar gafermkrTalebula dasavleTis, kerZod ki,

evropis socialur-ekonomikuri mimzidveloba. saxelmwifo

propaganda, isev da isev dasavleTidan mxardaWerili, Se-

darebiT efeqturia am mimarTulebiT _ natoSi integraciaze

saubari ufro metad iwvevs adamianebis gaRizianebas, vidre

evrokavSirSi integraciis propaganda, radgan evropa „viza-

liberalizacias“ gvpirdeba, es ki, Tavis mxriv, Cvens sazoga-

doebaSi Sinaganad aRiqmeba, rogorc duxWiri cxovrebisgan

Tavis daRwevis gza da evropuli cxovrebis donis met-nak-

lebad gadmotana qarTul realobaSi an, bolos da bolos,

umuSevari saqarTvelodan evropaSi samuSaod gadabargeba.

realurad rom SevxedoT viTarebas, saqarTveloSi sab-

WoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg Zalze Zlieria sabWoTa kav-

Siris alternativis povnis survili _ romelime centrisa,

romelic saqarTvelos Seifarebda da iseve uzrunvelyofda

mas TiTqmis muqTa cxovrebiT, rogorc amas sabWoTa centri

akeTebda. oRond axla qarTvelobas igive undoda damoukide-

blobis sakuTari atributebiT da aseT centrad, pirvel yov-

lisa, imTaviTve evropa (SemdgomSi _ evrokavSiri) moiazre-

boda. obieqturobisaTvis unda iTqvas, rom aseTi ltolvis

niSnebi postkomunistur sivrceze _ yofili varSavis paqtis

qveynebSic (magaliTad, rumineTi, bulgareTi) gamokveTilia,

magram saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT ufro naklebad.

es arc unda gagvikvirdes da saamiso mizezebi naklebad

unda veZeboT „qarTul xasiaTSi“ (riTac ase gviyvars qarTve-

lebs TviTgvema), aramed ufro im garemoebaSi, rom sabWoTa

kavSirSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis cxovrebis donem ar-

naxul simaRleebs miaRwia. Tamar mefis epoqis Semdeg saqarT-

velos arasodes ucxovria imgvari ekonomikuri dovlaTis pi-

robebSi, rogorc sabWoTa kavSirSi. Cveni qveyana saukuneebis

manZilze imyofeboda mudmiv omebSi, gaWirvebaSi da uperspeq-

tivobaSi. qveyanam mSvidoba hpova, kvlav gaerTianda da suli

moiTqva ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi, magram socialur-

ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo mxolod gviandeli

stalinis epoqisa da Semdgomi aTwleulebis sabWoeTSi avida

xarisxobrivad axal simaRleze (igive iTqmis mecnierebaze,

21vizaliberalizacia

kulturaze, xelovnebaze da sxv.). rogorc Cemma kolegam da

megobarma goCa gvasaliam aRniSna Tavis erT-erT SesaniSnav

analizSi, sabWoTa kavSiris pirobebSi „qarTveli pirdapir

qeris ormoSi Cavarda“. amitom arc unda gagvikvirdes, rom

1991-1992 wlebidan moyolebuli, cxovrebis donis mkveTri

dacema da Semdgomi siduxWire qarTvelebisaTvis social-

ur-ekonomikurTan erTad, udidesi moraluri dartymac iyo.

swored am moralurma dartymam warmoSva axali, mdidari da

xelgaSlili centris povnis wyurvili.

sabWoTa kavSiris cxovrebis donisadmi nostalgiis pro-

eqcireba moxda evrokavSirze (sadac aris mdidari centri, ro-

melic SedarebiT Rarib qveynebs „exmareba“). marTalia, evro-

kavSiric ise momxiblavad ar gamoiyureba dRes, rogorc uwin,

da xalxSi bevri isev uSualod sabWoTa kavSiris nostalgias

ahyva, magram qarTulma biurokratiam namdvilad hpova Tavisi

„axali sabWoTa kavSiri“ evrobiurokratiis saxiT, romelic

qarTul biurokratias sxvadasxva programis farglebSi dax-

marebas uwevs da, faqtobrivad, Tavis sxeulze hyavs mibmuli

(SeerTebuli Statebis mxridan am procesis politikuri kon-

trolis pirobebSi).

swored am biurokratiam izeima „Salaxos“ fonze evropas-

Tan asocirebis xelSekrulebis dadeba. „asocirebiT“ xalxs

bevr sikeTeebs hpirdeboda biurokratia, magram realurad

ukve weliwadnaxevarze meti gavida am momentidan da verc

erTi ekonomisti ver dagvisaxelebs raime pozitiur cvli-

lebas Cvens ekonomikaSi, romelic asocirebis xelSekrulebam

moitana.

poloneTis radikalurad antirusuli da saakaSvilTan

„Caxutebuli“ kaCinskis xelisuflebis mier 2008 wels evro-

kavSirSi inicirebul iqna e. w. „aRmosavluri partnioroba“,

romelic yofili sabWoTa kavSiris eqvs saxelmwifosTan

(azerbaijani, belorusia, moldaveTi, saqarTvelo, somxe-

Ti da ukraina) urTierTobebis gaRrmavebasa da integracias

acxadebs Tavis mTavar miznad. evrokavSiris samezoblo poli-

tikis am proeqtSi saqarTvelos monawileoba kidev ufro

fuye da usargeblo aRmoCnda, vidre asocirebis xelSekrule-

ba. àRmosavluri partniorobis“ farglebSi integraciis um-

22 gulbaaT rcxilaZe

Tavres winapirobad gamocxadebulia aRniSnul eqvs saxelm-

wifoSi demokratiis ganviTareba, magram swored 2008 wlidan

saakaSvilis xelisuflebam kidev ufro daamZima isedac mZime

viTareba adamianis uflebebis sferoSi. agvistos omis Semdgom

reJims xel-fexi gaexsna jaSuSobis braldebiT politikuri

oponentebis devnis gasaZliereblad. reJimi axdenda amboxi-

sa da saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobebis inscenirebas,

Sedegad ki kritikulad moazrovne samxedroebs da opozicio-

nerebs uswordeboda. sazogadoebam SemdgomSi ixila yofili

Ss ministris vano merabiSvilis uSualo monawileoba amgvar

amazrzen speqtaklebSi, rodesac igi ambobda _ „ori gvami

mWirdeba“. evropelebi yovelive amas Tvals adevnebdnen, is-

eve, rogorc 2011 wlis 26 maisis mitingis usastikes darbevas.

Tvals adevnebdnen, magram sdumdnen. samagierod, Sanss ar uS-

vebdnen xelidan, rom gaekritikebinaT da sxvadasxva provo-

kaciebi moewyoT belarusiis prezidentis, aleqsandre lukaS-

enkos mimarT. lukaSenkos bevrad ufro mcire darRvevebsac

ar patiobdnen TvalTmaqci evropeli vai-demokratebi, xolo

saakaSvilis reJims mkvlelobebi, cixeSi gaupatiurebebi da

kidev aTasgvari ubedurebis ganxorcieleba dausjelad gas-

dioda. mizezi cxadia: lukaSenko damoukidebeli figuraa,

saakaSvili ki _ vaSingtonis mona da briuselis laqia.

„aRmosavlurma partniorobam“, sakuTari deklarirebuli

miznebis sawinaaRmdegod, arc ekonomikuri integracia da arc

Tavisufali vaWrobis zonebis Seqmna moitana, xolo saqarT-

velos xelisufleba angariSvaldebulia evroCinovnikebis

winaSe, saqarTvelos energetikul proeqtebTan dakavSirebiT.

erTaderTi, „aRmosavluri partniorobis“ miznebidan, TiTqos

vizebis liberalizacias mivaRwieT. es faqti imdenad mniS-

vnelovnad saRdeba, rom swored am „miRwevis“ fonze gadadga

premieris postidan irakli RaribaSvili, romelmac evroka-

vSirTan savizo reJimis liberalizacia Tavis moRvaweobaSi

warmatebebis zenitad miiCnia.

evrokavSiris e. w. Sengenis zonaSi Tavisufali, uvizo

gadaadgileba namdvilad ar iqneba cudi faqti, Tumca qarTul

sazogadoebas ar uxsnian, rom es liberalizacia, Tuki igi

ZalaSi Seva, arasgziT ar iZleva evrokavSiris teritoriaze

23vizaliberalizacia

dasaqmebis saSualebas. evrokavSiri arc imas dauSvebs, rom

saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi aralegalurad iqnan dasaqmebulni.

arsebobs israelis magaliTi: israelma ukve oriode welia,

gaauqma savizo reJimi saqarTvelosTan, magram israelidan

deportirebuli qarTvelebis ricxvi sagrZnoblad gaizarda

swored vizebis gauqmebis Semdeg. aseve moxdeba evrokavSiris

SemTxvevaSic _ evropaSi gaurkveveli warmomavlobis qalebis

gaupatiurebaze, Zarcva-yaCaRobasa da sxva mZime danaSaulebe-

bze daxelovnebul subieqtebs ufro miiReben, Tanac Zalian

didi raodenobiT, vidre samuSaos ZebnaSi datanjul qarTve-

lebs. aseTi iracionaluria dRes evropa _ es aris faqti,

romelsac versad gaveqceviT.

magaliTebi: germanuli gazeTi „frankfurter rundSau“

(18.01.2016) gvauwyebs, rom germaniaSi 7 aTasze meti ukraineli

elis TavSesafars. es xalxi ukrainidan oms da am usamarT-

lo omSi jarSi gawvevis valdebulebas gamoeqca. maT, vinc

ukrainaSi uars acxadeben jarSi wasvlaze, saxelmwifo „moRa-

lateebad“ acxadebs da patimrobas usjis. garda amisa, maTi

ojaxis wevrebze xorcieldeba zewola sxvadasxva eqstremis-

turi organizaciis mxridan. magram germania am garemoebebs

sakmaris safuZvlad ar miiCnevs, raTa TavSesafari misces uk-

rainel devnilebs.„sul ufro da ufro meti ukraineli Re-

bulobs uars TavSesafris moTxovnaze... germaniaSi devnilTa

Temaze dResdReobiT warmoebuli debatebis Sedegad, es ten-

dencia kidev ufro gaZlierdeba. konservatori politikose-

bi moiTxoven, rom ukraina gamocxaddes usafrTxo qveynad,

saidanac ltolvilebs ar miiReben. ... amas emateba isic, rom

omi, rogorc aseTi, TavSesafris moTxovnis safuZvels ar

warmoadgens“ , _ wers germanuli gazeTi.

axla davfiqrdeT, Tuki evropis kontinentze mdebare

ukraina, Tavisi sakmaod maRalkvalificiuri specialistebiT,

evropuli mentalitetis mqone xalxiT, ase miuRebelia evro-

kavSiris umTavresi saxelmwifo germaniisaTvis, risi imedi

unda hqondes aziis kontinentze mdebare, naklebad ganviTa-

rebul saqarTvelos? vin elis Cvens moqalaqeebs evropaSi?

samwuxarod, qarTul masmediaSi iSviaTad aSuqeben evropi-

dan qarTvelebis damamcirebeli gamoZevebis faqtebs, arada,

24 gulbaaT rcxilaZe

samwuxarod, aseTi faqtebi uxvad moipoveba. aucilebelia,

xalxs sruli simarTle vuTxraT, raTa Semdgomi imedgacrue-

ba cudad ar Semoubrundes Cveni saxelmwifos stabilurobas.

P.S.aqve gacnobebT erTi axali filmis Sesaxeb.

evraziis institutis mier momzadda da internetis sa-

SualebiT gavrcelda dokumenturi filmi, saxelwodebiT

`gurjistanis vilaieTi~, romelSic ganxilulia siriis mov-

lenebis gamomwvevi mizezebi, TurqeTis sagareo politika da,

amasTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTvelosaTvis arsebuli islamis-

turi safrTxe. filmi dasaTaurebulia „gurjistanis vilai-

eTad“, radgan e. w. islamurma saxelmwifom saqarTvelo Tavis

erT-erT vilaieTad, anu provinciad gamoacxada. garda amisa,

keTdeba miniSneba, rom saqarTvelo istoriulad osmaleTis

imperiis agresias ganicdida.

filmi saaTi da Tormeti wuTiania da misi naxva SeiZleba

„iuTubze“ _ youtube.com, Tuki saZiebo sistemaSi CavwerT si-

tyvaTwyobas: „gurjistanis vilaieTi (dokumenturi filmi)“.

filmis siuJeti agebulia dokumentur kadrebze da

kadrsmiRma avtoriseul komentarze, SualedebSi ki special-

urad am filmisaTvis Cawerili qarTveli politologebisa

da politikosebis Sefasebebia gadmocemuli.

siuJeti iwyeba siriaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis mokle

mimoxilviT, siriis qristianuli mosaxleobis mdgomareobis

warmoCeniT. filmSi dokumentur kadrebze dayrdnobiT aRniS-

nulia, rom prezidenti asadi, romelsac dasavleTi brals

adamianis uflebebis uxeS darRvevaSi sdebs da mis gadadgomas

moiTxovs, siriis umciresobebis _ qristianebis, aseve Siiti

muslimebisa da qurTuli mosaxleobis usafrTxoebis garan-

tia. metic, asadis gadadgomis SemTxvevaSi safrTxe eqmne-

baT sunituri islamis mimdevari mosaxleobis umetesobasac,

romelTac ar surT radikalurad vahabisturi da teroris-

tuli „islamuri saxelmwifos“ diqtaturis qveS cxovreba.

Semdgom, filmSi ganxilulia teroristebis mTavari spon-

sorebis _ saudis arabeTisa da TurqeTis respublikis poli-

tika regionSi, gansakuTrebiT ki saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi.

25vizaliberalizacia

ukve sakmao xania, rac saqarTvelodan wasuli islamistebis

TurqeTis specsamsaxurebTan kavSiris faqti veRar malavs

Tavs. TurqeTi ki, ara marto siriaSi, aramed saqarTveloSic

uwyobs xels radikalurad ganwyobili islamis gaZlierebas,

ris safuZvelsac pirvel etapze saqarTveloSi meCeTebis, me-

dreseebis, aseve garkveuli kategoriis saero skolebis ukon-

trolo mSeneblobebi warmoadgens. gansakuTrebuli safrTx-

is qveS aris am mxriv aWara da samcxe, radgan am teritoriebs

TurqeTi Tavis istoriul nawilad ganixilavs.

TavianTi komentarebiTa da analiziT filmi gaamdidres

politologebma, istorikosebma da politikosebma: hamlet

WipaSvilma, gogi TofaZem, giorgi oTxmezurma, levan CaCuam,

daviT gogiSvilma, gigla baramiZem, xolo qarTuli marTl-

madidebeli eklesiis poziciebidan rusTavis mitropolitma

ioanem (gamrekeli) isaubra.

TinaTina ivelaSviliivelaSvili

„uxa“ _ gamomcxvari puris

erTi saxeobis saxelwodeba

Cveni daintereseba gamoiwvia gamomcxvari puris erTi sax-

eobis „uxis“ anu e. w. „somxuri lavaSis“ Sesaxeb am bolo

dros gavrcelebulma erTma informaciam, romelsac oponen-

tebis mxridan sakmaod xmauriani gamoxmaureba mohyva. saqme exeba msoflios aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis

dacvisadmi miZRvnil 2014 wlis 26 noembers parizSi UNESCO-s saerTaSoriso mecxre yrilobaze somxeTis mier Setanil ga-

nacxads „lavaSi rogorc somxuri puri“-s kulturuli memkvi-

dreobis ZeglTa siaSi Setanas. ganacxads Tan erTvoda faili

saxelwodebiT „lavaSi: momzadeba, daniSnuleba da garegnuli

saxe tradiciuli somxuri puri rogorc kulturis gamoxat-

uleba (Лаваш _ приготовление, значение и внешний вид тради-ционного армянского хлеба как выражение културы)“ da, albaT,

puris am saxeobis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiTi monacemebic. arsebu-

li informaciiT UNESCO-s komisiam es formulireba miiRo, rasac maSinve azerbaijanis, TurqeTis, iranis da sxva muslim-

uri qveynebis mxridan saprotesto gancxadebebi mohyva.am saproteso gancxadebebis Semdeg UNESCO-m formulire-

ba odnav Secvala da Semdegi saxe misca: „lavaSi _ damzadeba,

daniSnuleba da garegnuli saxe tradiciuli purisa rogorc

kulturis gamoxatuleba somxeTSi (Лаваш _ приготовление, значение и внешний вид традиционного хлеба как выражение културы в Армении).“ amiT TiTqos aCvena, rom lavaSi war-

moadgens ara somxebis Semoqmedebas, aramed mxolod somxeTis

kulturis elements. magram mowinaaRmdegeni mainc ukmayo-

27„uxa“ _ gamomcxvari puris saxeoba

filoni darCnen, radgan am formulirebaSi mxolod somxeTi

figurirebs, maSin rodesac am saxis purs am teqnologiiT

aziis araerT qveyanaSi acxobdnen da dResac acxoben.eliSad alilis miTiTebiT misi damzadebis teqnologia

aseTia: „Хлеб-лаваш – это название тонкой пресной лепешки, из белой муки. Исторически с таким названием он распространен на Кавказе, в Турции, Иране, Средней Азии...ни одной из этих стран не дошли до такого абсурда чтобы присвоить изобретение лаваша исклучительно своему этносу. Но вот армянская сторона в деле присвоения чужого по всему миру слишком вольготно себя чувствует....Этот вид хлеба в Армении готовится только в тендире. А в Азербаиджане и в Турции кроме тендира готовится в печи и особенно на садже. Сам садж, который не используется армянами, является изобретением кочевников и важным атри-бутом полевой кухни. В пути он очень практичен применении. Хлеб-лаваш изобретен не из за формы, или вкуса, а из за необ-ходимости. Некоторые виды тонкого хлеба-лаваша в сухом виде могут не портится неделиами и месяцами. Такой хлеб выгодно имееть при себе во время кочевий, или странствий. Стоит слегка увлажнить сухой хлеб-лаваш, и он готов к употреблению. За-вернутый в такой хлеб сыр, творог, каймак, масло можно было употреблять не сходя с лошади....Обычно во время остановок в пути можно приготовить хлеб-лаваш на садже под открытым

небом и сделать хлеба на несколько недель.“ misi miTiTebiT: «именно на садже готовится самая тонкая и вкусная лепешка, а не тендире. На садже также легко готовятся лаваша-подобные мучные издания начинками на подобии кете, кутеби, гезлеме, гатлама-каттама, катмер и т. д. Сам раскатанный хлеб-лаваш в тюркском мире больше известен под названием йуха, йука, йуйга, йувга йуфка, жука, жупка и т. п“(Алили, , 2-3).

igi, mimoixilavs ra lavaSis Sesaxeb arsebul leqsikur

masalas, midis im daskvnamde, rom: “1. Тонкая пресная лепешка изготовленная из белой муки

под названием лаваш, исторически распространен на Кавказе, в Турции, Иране, Средней Азии, Повольже. В некоторых других странах Востока подобный хлеб имеет свой региональные назва-ния. Уже только с этой причине все потуги армянской стороны

28 Tina ivelaSvili

присваивать данное изделие исклучительно к своей культуре вы-зывает недоумение.

2. Слово лаваш распространенное среды многих туркских языков является не сугубо названием хлеба, а распространяется ко многим тонким, раскатанным, слоенным складчатым видам

пищи, как мучных, так и не мучных изделий. 3. Сам хлеб-лаваш в тюркских языках имеет другое и аутен-

тичное название в таких фонетичемких модификациях как йуха, йухка, йуйга, йувга йуфжа, жука, жупка и т. п., что отмечает-ся еще в текстах древнетюркского периода и свидетельствует о практике приготовления тонко раскатанного хлеба среди древних тюрков.

4. Но даже при этом в армянской хлеб-лаваш изготовливается только в тендире. В Турции и Азербаиджане кроме тендира гото-вится так же в печи и на выпуклой стороне саджа. Садж является отрибутом полевой кухни и являктся незаменимым практическим

предметом во времия кочевий. Сам хлеб-лаваш тоже является изобретением кочевников, так как тонкий хлеб, изготовленный на выпуклой стороне саджа“[Алили, 10].

saj-lavaSi

ramdenadac somex da azerbaijanel mkvlevarebs Soris dam-

owmebuli puris es saxeobebi „uxa“ da sadavo e. w. „lavaSi“

farTod iyo gavrcelebuli samcxe-javaxeTis mkvidr qarTvel

mosaxleobaSi, amdenad mizanSewonilad vcaniT am problemas-

Tan dakavSirebiT Cveni pozicia dagvefiqsirebina. e. w. „somx-

uri lavaSi“ Tavisi damzadebis teqnologiiT Zalian did


siaxloves amJRavnebs samcxe-javaxeTSi farTod gavrcele-

bul gamomcxvari puris iseT saxeobasTan, rogoricaa ùxa~.

mokled mimovixiloT misi damzadebis teqnologiis qarTuli

varianti.

uxis gamocxoba sajze (azerbaijani).

XX s-nis 60-70-ian wlebamde uxas dolis an dikis (ga-

monaklis SemTxvevaSi qer-dikis) fqvilisagan (puris de dis,

anu safuaris gareSe) mozelili magari gaufuvebel-gauR-

vivebeli comisagan acxobdnen. comi sakmaod magari da sqeli

unda yofiliyo, Torem uxad, anu Txlad ar gaiSleboda.

kargad dazelil coms, daaxloebiT muStis sididis naWrebad,

amoagundavebdnen, TiTouls xelaxla dazeldnen, mrgval

formas miscemdnen, cota xans ( 4-5 wuTi) „Tavis asaRebad“ ase

datovebdnen, Semdeg ki daiwyebdnen uxis gaSlas. uxas fexSumze

(feSxumi) an magidaze, visac rogor exerxeboda, uxlavis gam-

oyenebiT sifrifanad, Zalian Txlad Slidnen. dolis an dikis

fqvilisagan mozelili comi sakmaod xasia, wevadia, amitom

advili iyo misgan uxlaviT sifrifana uxis damzadeba-gaSla.

uxlavi xisgan mrgvlad gamoTlili, daaxloebiT erTi metris

sigrZis joxia, romelic Sua welze odnav sqelia, boloebSi

ki SedarebiT wvrili: „uxlavi _ xis iaraRi, erTi metris

sigrZisa, xmaroben comis gasaSlelad“ [beriZe, 1983: 126].

gaSlil, zomaze gaTxelebul uxis coms uxlavis saSuale-

biT gaxurebul sajze gadaafarebdnen, cota xans aclidnen

da uxlaviT an xeliT meore pirze gadaabrunebdnen. remden-

ime wuTSi es mxarec Secxveboda Tu ara, gadmoiRebdnen da

30 Tina ivelaSvili

orad an oTxad gakecils gaSlili tilos qveS amodebdnen,

rom ar gamxmariyo, ar „gafxeWiliyo.“ uxa saxeldaxelod

da advilad gamosacxobi iyo, Tbil-Tbils, sxvadasxva misa-

tanebelTan (yveli, karaqi, mawoni, mwnili, erbo, wvniani Tu

mSrali kerZebi) erTad Wamdnen. mas erTi dRis samyofs Tu ga-

moacxobdnen. faqtobrivad, es iyo uRvivari comisagan gamom-

cxvari Cveulebrivi puri.

saji-saWi _ es iyo sagangebod damzadebuli 50-60 san-

timetris diametrisa da 2-3 milimetris sisqis mqone odnav

konusuri, qama sokos gaSlili qudis msgavsi, formis mqone

Tujis mrgvali naWeri. uxis gamocxobisas saWis Sida mxares

(romelic cecxlis mxares eqceoda) nacris sqeli talaxiT

0,2 sm-is sisqeze galesavdnen-daqulavdnen da samfexze-zedad-

garze, an or-sam specialurad dawyobil (zedadgariviT gamar-

Tul) qvasa Tu agurze Semodgamdnen, qveS ki cecxls Seun-

Tebdnen. imisaTvis, rom gaegoT, saWi gaxurda Tu ara, zeda-

pirze Txlad fqvils moabnevdnen. fqvili odnav rom SewiTl-

deboda, saji gaxurebuli iyo, zedapiridan fqvils tiloTi

gadawmendnen da gamosacxobad gaSlil uxas gadaafarebdnen.

aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom, raoden gasakviric ar unda

iyos, XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi samcxe-javaxeTSi kompaqtu-

rad Semocxovrebuli somxebisTvis sajze uxis cxobis teqno-

logia da TviT terminic sruliad ucnobi iyo.gamomcxvar uxas ara marto puris saxiT iyenebdnen sakvebad,

aramed TiTqmis yvela ojaxi misgan eriStas, anu sakveb nax-

evarfabrikatsac sazamTrod da sagazafxulod maragis saxiT

(sakmaod didi raodenobiT) amzadebda. misi momzadeba sakma-

od Sromatevadi saqme iyo (comis mozela, gaSla, gamocxoba,

daWra da a. S.), amitom ramdenime qali erTdroulad muSao-

bda. gamomcxvar uxas Tbil-Tbils saTiTaod wvrili mili-

viT daaxvevdnen da daniT rgolebad daWridnen. roca yvela

uxas daWridnen, am daWril masas windawin gaxurebul da

gamogvil-gamosufTavebul furneSi gaSlilad Seyridnen da

furnis karebs rkinis safarebels miafarebdnen. adrovebdnen

da, roca mtvrevadi gaxdeboda, daWril rgolebs furnidan

gamoiRebdnen da gacivebis Semdeg sufTad Seinaxavdnen.

kerZis momzadeba Semdegnairad xdeboda: gamxmar eriStas


sawurSi (svizadSi) Cayridnen, daasxamdnen mduRare wyals ise,

rom yvela natexi kargad dasvelebuliyo, dambal eriStas did

jamSi gadaiRebdnen, gamdnari karaqidan damzadebul erbos wa-

moaduRebdnen da cxel-cxels moasxamdnen eriStaze, kargad

aurevdnen da kerZi saWmelad mzad iyo.

motanili masalebidan aSkarad Cans, rom gamomcxvari puris

am saxeobis saxelwodeba, romelzedac mezobeli qveynebis mkv-

levarebi erTmaneTs edavebian, faqtobrivad aris ara lavaSi,

aramed Turquli uxa. misi cxobis teqnologia Tavdapirve-

li saxiT da namdvili saxelwodebiTac dRemde ucvleladaa

SemorCenili samcxe-javaxeTis mkvidr qarTul mosaxleobaSi.

aqedan gamomdinare, Cven erTi SekiTxva gvaqvs azerbai-

janel kolegebTan: rogor moxda, rom samcxe-javaxeTis ZirZ-

velma mkvidrma qarTulma mosaxleobam sxva saxeobis puris

_ lavaSis Tu SoTis gverdiT dRemde Semoinaxa uRvivari

comisagan gamomcxvari puris damzadebis teqnologia da misi

Tavdapirveli Turquli saxelwodeba _ uxa, xolo azerbai-

janul mosaxleobaSi termini uxa ratom Secvala lavaSma?samwuxarod, Cveni daudevrobiT Tu uyuradRebobiT dRes

saqarTvelos savaWro qselebSi farTod Setanilia gasayidad

puris es saxeoba somxuri lavaSis saxelwodebiT. faqto-

brivad, igi (Tundac damzadebis tegnologiiT) ara somxuri

lavaSi, aramed Turqul-azerbaijanuli uxaa.rogorc motanili masala gviCvenebs, samcxe-javaxeTSi

SemorCenili uRvivari comisagan momzadebuli gamomcxvari

puri momzadebis teqnologiiTa da Tavdapirveli Turquli

saxelwodebiT _ uxa, yvelaze srulyofili saxiT ara

Turqulenovan azeirbaijanis, aramed am regionis mkvidr qar-

Tul mosaxleobaSia SemorCenili. es mosaxleoba gamomcxvari

puris am saxeobas lavaSis saxeliT ar icnobs. rac Seexeba lavaSs, samcxe-javaxeTSi mas acxobdnen,

ZiriTadad saaxalwlod, mxolod furneSi xorblis an dikis

gamtkiculi fqvilis `gaRvivebuli~ (gafuebuli) comisagan.

axalwlis diliT mekvles ojaxis wevrebi da xSirad saqonel-

ic ki baqmazsa Tu TaflSi amovlebuli lavaSis natexiT „tk-

bilad unda daeberebina.“

lavaSi mogrZo formis (sigrZiT daaxloebiT 50-60 sm,

32 Tina ivelaSvili

sisqiT 1-2 sm, xolo siganiT _ 15-20 sm) puri iyo. momzadebul

coms muWis zomaze amoagundavebdnen, kargad dazeldnen da

damrgvalebuls ramdenime wuTs gaaCerebdnen, raTa coms Tavi

aeRo. Semdeg mas TiTebis moZraobiT sigrZiv gaabrtyelebdnen

(niCbis piris sigrZis Sesabamisad), gadaitandnen furnis niCa-

bze da gaxurebul, nacrisagan gamosufTavebul furneSi saTi-

Taod frTxilad Seawyobdnen. saerTod, saaxalwlod ramden-

ime pir (saxeobis) purs acxobdnen, gaxurebul furneSi pirve-

lad lavaSs `Seyridnen~ _ `lavaSs gamoatarebdnen,~ Semdeg

SoTs, mere kakala an Cawekil purs, bolos ki somins.

furneSi gamomcxvari lavaSi (samcxe-javaxeTi).

kaxeTSi lavaSi mrgvali formisa icodnen. mas acxobdnen

ToneSi. kargad gaxurebul ToneSi jer purisaTvis momzade-

buli gafuebuli comisagan mrgvlad gabrtyelebul (1-3 san-

timetris sisqiT) ramdenime lavaSs amoatarebdnen _ Caakravd-

nen, misi gamocxobis Semdeg ki _ mogrZo dedas purebs, anu

SoTi purebs. jer isev Tbil lavaSs wasulebis saxelze wvers

waatexdnen da gadaagdebdnen, darCenils ki saxeldaxelod mi-

irTmevdnen. yvelaze arsebiTi lavaSTan dakavSirebiT is aris, rom igi ritualuri daniSnulebis puria. eTnografiuli ma-

salebiT dasturdeba, rom lavaSs micvalebulebis saxelze

acxobdnen, Tavis rigze anu qelexis dros. icodnen lavaSis

mkvdris gulze gadatexva da Semdeg, samwuxaro serobis daw-

yebis win sasaflaodan mobrunebulebs, am natexebis RvinoSi

Cambali lukmiT umaspinZldebodnen, gardacvalebulis sulis

mosaxsenieblad [bardaveliZe, 1953: 127].akad. g. Citaias miTiTebiT, gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT sa-

qarTveloSi, „acxobdnen sxvadasxva formis purs: mrgvals (g


o m i j i), ovalurs, Txels (l a v a S i), grZels (S o T i) da

a. S.“ [Citaia, 2001: 152]. „sityva „lavaS“ sparsulia. igi „gabrtyelebul,“ Txel

purs niSnavs. amgvari formis puri, rogorc wina aziuri kul-

turis monapovari, farTodaa gavrcelebuli mTels winaazi-

aSi da, ra Tqma unda, kavkasiaSic. cnobilia somxuri, azer-

baijanuli da asiriuli lavaSebi. qarTuli lavaSi ori for-

miTaa gavrcelebuli: mrgvali da ovaluri (mogrZo), sisqiT

daaxloebiT 2-3 sm-ia da aSkarad gansxvavdeba somxuri, xe-

lze gadasakidi „bliniseburi“ lavaSisagan. qarTuli lavaSi

uwinares yovlisa gafuebuli, amosuli comisaganaa, somx-

uri ki aufuvebeli. maT Soris saerTo mxolod is aris, rom

orive maTgani ToneSi cxveba.... qarTuli lavaSi TviTmyofadi

erovnuli fenomenia“ [gociriZe, 2007: 137-138], isave rogorc

Turqulenovani mosaxleobisTvis „uxa“.samcxe-javaxeTSi sityva lavaSi sxva daniSnulebiTac ix-

mareba dRemde, kerZod, sigrZis aRmniSvnelad. magaliTad, sa-

ris lobios nedli, daumwifebeli bewvo parkis saxelwodebad. rac Seexeba dabal, kut lobios, misi daumwifebeli marcvlebis

budeze mxolod „parks“ amboben. saris lobios mosavals Tu

kargi piri uCans, masze ityvian „kargi, mtkavelze grZeli la-

vaSi ayria“-o. iv. javaxiSvili lobios erTi saxeobis Sesaxeb

aRniSnavs: „danamdvilebiT Zneli saTqmelia, Tu ras unda niS-

navdes „labaSa lobio“ ....ibadeba azri „labaSa“ xom „lavaSa“-s dialeqturi forma ar aris?“ [javaxiSvili, 1986: 64].

garda amisa, dResac sityva lavaSi xSirad ixmareba ga-

dataniTi mniSvnelobiTac: roca erTi adamiani meores gaSlil

xels sigrZiv meores saxeSi gaartyams, ityvian „ra gemrielad

gaulavaSa“-o. roca bavSvs emuqrebian, sigrZiv gaSlil xels

aCveneben da etyvian _ „am lavaSs xom xedav“-o. „lavaSis Wmeva

_ gartyma loyaSi, cema. ndl. „im Tavxeds, meti gza ar iyo, Tqveni mowonebuli lavaSi vaWame da isic gaCumda,“ mimsgavse-

bulia, gaSlilad moqneuli xeli saWmel brtyel lavaSs“ [saxokia, 1979:351-352].

saerTod, TavsarTi „lav“ komponentis monawileoba araerT

sityvaTa kompoziciaSi gvxvdeba. ase magaliTad:

lav-gardani _ „1. Senobis kedelze an Werze Semovle-

34 Tina ivelaSvili

buli arSia-karnizi. 2. kldis Tavze gadmoSverili gayinuli

Tovli {orbeliani, 1955: 401]. „grexili Senobisa, an kedlis

Ziri, romelzedac Seikvris kamara“ [CubinaSvili, 1985: 639].

lavgard-i _ „1. oTxkbiliani randa; iRebs oTx Rars; 2.

lavgardiani, lavgardiT damuSavebuli oTxRariani, oTxnawi-

buriani ficari“ [qarTuli dialeqtis leqs., 1981: 262].

lav-iwi _ „1. adamianis morkaluli Txeli Zvali, ro-

melic aerTianebs mkerdis Zvalsa da beWs. 2. pirutyvisa da

frinvelis Sida pirveli nekni“ [q.e.g.l. 1986: 274]; „yelis

mrude Zvali“ [orbeliani, 1955: 401].

lav-ra _ „[berZ.] zogierTi didi mamaTa monastris saxel-

wodeba, mTavari monasteri, didi monasteri“ [abulaZe, 1973:

207; q.e.g.l. 1986: 274}.

lav-a _ „vulkanidan dedamiwis zedapirze amofrqveuli

damdnari mineraluri masa“ [q.e.g.l. 1096: 274]. vulkanidan

amonTxeuli gavarvarebuli masa,“ romelic krateris yelidan

mTel sigrZeze eSveba dablobisaken. ama Tu im sabados „lava“

_ maRaroebSi mTliani sangrevi zoli didi sigrZisa (25-30 m-

idan 200 m-mde)“ [ucxo sityvaTa, 1973: 233].

lav-anosi _ „mironis sun(n)elia“ [orbeliani, 1966: 401].

lav-aSi _ „brtyeli grZeli puri“ [orbeliani, 1966: 401].

lavlava _ „Txeli qsovilis tansacmeli“ [qrTuli di-

aleqtis, 1981: 262].

lav-rinTo _ „mTa kretas, Sinaqvabebiani da mRvimeoani,

Znel Sesasvlel-amosavliani“ {orbeliani, 1966: 401].

lav-ireba _ „1. ialqniani gemis svla-curva ise, rom qari

xam erTi mxridan uberavdes, xan meoredan; saerTod, gemis svla

kursis (mimarTulebis) xSiri cvliT wyalqveSa qvebis, TavTx-

elebis gverdis asaqcebad“ [ucxo sityvaTa, 1973: 233].

lav-anda „[ital.] _ buCqi an buCqisnairi erTgvari; xar-

obs samxreTis qveynebSi, Seicavs eTerzeTs, romelsac iyeneben

parfiumeriaSi“ [ucxo sityvaTa, 1973: 233].

nimuSebis motana kidev SeiZleba, magram, vfiqrobT, esec

sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom naTlad davinaxoT, rom qarTul si-

tyvarebSi mocemuli „lav“ fuZiani terminebis miSvnelobebi

aranairad ar miesadageba mezobeli qveynebis mkvlevarTa mier

mocemul ganmartebebs. amave dros arsadaa miTiTebuli, rom


romelime sityvaSi fuZe lav uSualod „kargis“ an „puris“

mniSvnelobiTaa datvirTuli. am monacemebidan gamomdinare,

ar SeiZleba puris am saxeobis warmomavloba mxolod da mx-

olod termin „lavaSis“ etimologiiT aixsnas. aseTi sakiTxis

kvlevisas, pirvel rigSi, yuradReba unda gamaxvildes puris

momzadebis teqnologiaze, gavrcelebis arealze da am are-

alSi mcxovrebi xalxebis eTnikur kuTvnilebaze da, ra Tqma

unda, terminTa etimologiazec.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi:

1) saerTod, qarTuli lavaSi damzadebisa da cxobis te-

qnologiiT, Tavisi ritualuri daniSnulebiT Tu formiT,

mezobeli xalxebis imave saxelwodebis purisagan diametru-

lad gansxvavdeba.

2) saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi, sadac ki puris es saxeo-

baa gavrcelebuli, lavaSs gaRvivebul-gafuebuli comisgan,

sadaod qceul e. w. lavaSs ki gauRvivebeli//ufuari comisa-

gan acxoben. aqedan gamomdinare, marTebuli iqneba, Tu mas Ta-

visi istoriulad namdvili Turqulenovani saxeli _ „uxa”

aRudgeba.

3) qarTuli lavaSi SedarebiT sqelia; misi sisqe 1,5-2,5 sm

mainc aris, xolo somxuris _ 0,2-0,3 santimetria.

4) warsulSi saqarTveloSi lavaSi garkveul dReebSi (saa-

xalwlod, saaRdgomod, micvalebulis mosaxsenebel sufraze)

cxveboda rogorc saritualo puri da ara rogorc yovel-

dRiuri sakvebi. rac Seexeba, mezobel xalxebSi gavrceleb-

uli gamomcxvari puris am saxeobas, igi yoveldRiuri kvebis

meniuSi Sedioda da rig SemTxvevaSi dResac Sedis.

5) e. w. „somxuri lavaSi“ Tavisi damzadebis teqnologiiT

(gauRvivebeli magari comi, misi uxlaviT gaSla, cxobis teqni-

ka, daniSnuleba da a. S.) ara lavaSad, aramed warsulSi samxreT

saqarTveloSi farTod gavrcelebuli uxis nairsaxeobad unda

CaiTvalos. amas gvafiqrebinebs ara mxolod kavkasiaSi, ar-

amed mis farglebs gareTac mcxovreb Turqulenovan xalxebSi

aRniSnuli puris saxeobis farTod gavrcelebuli saxelwo-

deba: йуха, йука, йуйга (Древнотюркский словарь, 1969: 177-182).6) motanili masalebidan aSkarad Cans, rom gamomcxvari

puris am saxeobis, romelzedac mezobeli qveynebis mkvlevare-

36 Tina ivelaSvili

bi erTmaneTs edavebian, faqtobrivad, saxelwodeba aris ara

lavaSi, aramed Turquli saxeli uxa. misi cxobis teqnologia

Tavdapirveli saxiT da namdvili Turqulenovani saxelwode-

bac dRemde ucvleladaa SemorCenili mxolod samcxe-javaxe-

Tis mkvidr qarTul mosaxleobaSi.

7) saerTod, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samcxe-javaxeTSi

gavrcelebuli gamomcxvari puris am saxeobis, uxis sax-

eldaxelod momzadebis gadmoRebisa da dRemde Semonaxvis

faqti, mezobel xalxebTan, Tundac mxolod mesaqonle-mom-

TabareebTan, mWidro da axlo urTierTobaze metyvelebs. ar

aris gamoricxuli, rom qarTul mosaxleobas puris cxobis

es umartivesi xerxi XVII-XVIII saukuneeSi aq Semosaxlebuli

sxva eTnikuri warmomavlobis xalxebisagan SeeTvisebina da

gaWirvebis Jams, Tu eqstremalur situaciebSi gamoeyenebina.

amas gvafiqrebinebs adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi dRemde Semor-

Cenili maTi saxelwodebani da cxobis teqnologiebic.

8) advili SesaZlebelia, sazafxulo saZovrebze wasul qa-

rTvel meurnes gamomcxvari puris es saxeoba Tavisi saxelwo-

debiTa da damzadebis teqnologiiT mezobeli Turqulenovani

mosaxleobisagan gadaeRo da TandaTanobiT misi cxobis teqno-

logiac gaeumjobesebina [xorblis gacril-gamtkiculi fqvi-

li, sajis daqulva, gamomcxvari uxisagan eriStis damzadeba,

qadisaTvis comis uxlaviT uxis msgavsad gaTxeleba da a. S.].

9) samcxe-javaxeTis mkvidri qarTvelebisaTvis adreuli

xanidanve cnobili iyo gaRvivebuli comisagan gansxvavebuli

teqnologiiT furneSi (xolo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxva

kuTxeebSi _ ToneSi) gamomcxvari puris saxeoba Zveli spar-

suli saxelwodebiT „lavaSi“.

10) faqtia, rom somxebma puris am saxeobis cxobis te-

qnoligia Turqulenovani mosaxleobisgan gadaiRes, saxel-

wodebad ki saqarTveloSi farTod gavrcelebuli da myarad

damkvidrebuli iranuli termini aiRes da UNESCO-Si, ro-

gorc somxuri aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis

monapovari, ise waradgines.

11) gamomcxvari puris es saxeoba ra saxeliTac ar unda

movixsenioT, misi damzadebis teqnologia da samcxe-javax-

eTSi dRemde SemorCenili saxelwodebac gviCvenebs, rom is


Turqulenovani xalxebis kulturul monapovrad unda CaiT-

valos da UNESCO-s aramaterialuri kulturis ZeglTa

nusxaSi ara somxebis, aramed pirvel rigSi azerbaijanelebisa

da Turqebis saxeliT da „uxis“ saxelwodebiT unda Sevides.

uxis cxobis teqnologiis aRwerisa da gavrcelebis are-

alis rukis CvenebiT, maT sruli ufleba aqvT UNESCO-s wi-

naSe dasvan sakiTxi, rom puris es saxeoba, Tavisi Turquli

saxelwodebiT da damzadebis teqnologiiT, msoflios ara-

materialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglTa siaSi Sevi-

des ara somxeTis, aramed rogorc Turqulenovani xalxebis

(pirvel rigSi, Turqebisa da azerbaijanelebis) kulturuli

memkvidreobis ZeglTa erT-erTi uZvelesi nimuSi.

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. i. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb., 1973.

2. v. bardaveliZe, qarTuli (svanuri) saweso grafikuli

xelovnebis nimuSebi, Tb., 1953.

3. g. beriZe, javaxuri dialeqtis saleqsikono masala,

Tb., 1981.

4. g. gociriZe, kvebis xalxuri kultura da sufris

tradiciebi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2007.

5. g. zedginiZe, javaxuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2014.

6. T. ivelaSvili, xalxuri samzareulo, Tb., 1991.

7. T. saxokia, qarTuli xalxuri sityva-Tqmani, Tb., 1979.

8. sulxan saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, 1, Tb., 1966.

9. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, erTtomeuli,

Tb., 1986.

10. qrTuli dialeqtis leqsikoni, Tb., 1981.

11. ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni, Tb., 1972.

12. iv. javaxiSvili, Txz., t. 5, Tb., 1986.

13. g. Citaia, Sromebi, t. 4, Tb., 2001.

14. d. CubinaSvili, qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1984.

15. Древнотюркский словарь, Ленинград, 1969.16. Эльшад Алили, Об етнологии слова „лаваши“.

naTela arvelaZenaTela arvelaZe

Teatrisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis sakiTxisaTvis

profesiuli Teatris, rogorc saxelmwifos monapovaris

roli da adgili kulturis ganviTarebisTvis, Sesabamisi spe-

cialistebis mier ukve gansazRvrulia. Teatris istoriis

Seswavlis Sedegad, Camoyalibebulia misi mniSvnelobac so-

ciumisa da saxelmwifos Tanacxovrebis procesisaTvis. ase

gamoikveTa kidec Teatri _ saxelmwifosa da Teatri _ so-

ciumis problema, romelic saukuneTa manZilze yalibdeboda

da zogjer dominantur funqcias iZenda. civilizaciis gan-

viTarebis kvaldakval, icvleboda es urTierTobac, magram

Teatris roli sazogadoebriv-saxelmwifoebrivi yofisaTvis,

mainc sagrZnobi gaxldaT.

bunebrivia, rom socialur-politikur viTarebas kore-

qtivi Sehqonda am urTierTobaTa ganviTarebaSi, magram Tavad

problema Teatri _ saxelmwifo da Teatri _ sociumi ar mox-

snila dRis wesrigidan. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sau-

kuneTa maniZlze Teatri iyo erTaderTi vizualur-verbaluri

da, amdenad, universaluri saSualeba sociumze aqtiuri zemo-

qmedebisaTvis. yoveli formaciis saxelmwifo eSureboda mase-

bze zemoqmedebis saSualebaTa gamoyenebas, Tundac ideologi-

uri zewolis momgebianad `SefuTvisaTvis~.

XX saukunis meore naxevridan iwyeba axali etapi Teatri

_ saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa sistemis regulirebisaTvis.

kinoxelovnebis, masmediis, televiziis bumis epoqam sagrZnobi

konkurencia gauwia Teatrs informaciis miwodeba-gavrcelebis

39Teatri da saxelmwifo

TvalsazrisiTac. Tanamedrove teqnikurma miRwevebma, kompiut-

eruli komunikaciis formebma, axali realobis winaSe daayena

sasceno xelovnebac, sociumic, saxelmwifoc. miuxedavad ase-

Ti Zlieri konkurenciisa, Teatri ganagrZobs ara marto arse-

bobas, aramed inarCunebs erTgvar prioritetsac ki, rogorc

mayurebelze cocxali zemoqmedebis, informaciis pirdapiri

da vizualuri miwodebis, uSualo zegavlenisa da ormxrivi

komunikaciis, inteleqtualur-emociuri saSualeba.

rogorc cnobilia, cocxali da uSualo zemoqmedeba may-

urebelze aris Teatris unikalurobis niSani, romlis amoq-

medebasac ase eSureba da Tanac ufrTxis nebismieri saxelm-

wifo. Tanamedrove epoqa met-naklebi ZaliT gamoxatavs am

kanonzomierebas, miT ufro maSin, rodesac Teatri cdilobs

maqsimalurad Seasrulos Tavisi misia _ ara marto gaarTos

mayurebeli, aramed Seagonos kidec. idealur SemTxvevaSi,

roca es procesi TanafardobiT mimdinareobs, maRalia bilat-

eruli komunikaciis potenciali.

Teatris gansakuTrebul damsaxurebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos

misi xvedriTi wona samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis

TvalsazrisiT. Tuki kacobriobis ganviTarebis mravalsauku-

novan gzas (antikuri epoqidan dRemde) ganvixilavT, rogorc

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis processac, maSin sru-

liad naTeli xdeba, raodenad mniSvnelovania yoveli sazoga-

doebriv-saxelmwifoebrivi institutis, maT Soris Teatris,

roli am metad sagulisxmo sistemis arsebobisaTvis.

Tavis droze Teatri dawinaurda saxelmwifoebriv insti-

tutTa Soris, vinaidan sakuTari ideologiis danergvis mizniT

xelovnebis gonebriv-emociuri saxeobis `gamoyeneba~ masebze

zemoqmedebisTvis, saxelmwifo politikis Sefaruli, magram

uaRresad Rirebuli iaraRi aRmoCnda. gaarRvia ra viwro, spe-

cifikuri arealis rkali, Teatrma sxva vizualur, Semdgom

ki, vizualur-verbalur xelovnebaTa Soris, gansakuTrebuli

ad gili moipova swored brextiseuli formulis SemweobiT:

Teatris mizania mayureblis damoZRvra garTobis saSualebiT,

masebze universaluri zemoqmedebis SemweobiT (mxedvelobaSi

maqvs goniT-grZnobadi, inteleqtualur-emociuri, cocxali,

improvizirebuli, imavdroulad, bilateruli komunikacia).

40 naTela arvelaZe

Teatrma xeli Seuwyo sociumis formirebasac, adamianTa TviT-

Segnebis amaRlebasac, sazogadoebrivi Tanacxovrebis, gawonas-

worebuli Tanacxovrebis formaTa Ziebasac, RirebulebaTa

sistemis Camoyalibeba-ganmtkicebasac, adamianis sakuTari Ta-

vis Secnobasac, specifikuri amocanis gadaWrasTan erTad.

paraboluri, enigmaturi, uSualo enobrivi struqturis

SemweobiT, Teatri moZRravda sociums, magram amave dros _ xe-

lisuflebasac. rac ufro niWieri da moqalaqeobrivi TviTSeg-

nebiT gamorCeulia SemoqmedebiTi gundi (mwerali _ Teatri),

miT ufro Rrma da mniSvnelovania is xnuli, romelsac gaav-

lebs xolme Teatri da romelzec unda amoizardos mayureblis

àsociaciuri nakadi~. es ki, TavisTavad zrdis Teatris poten-

cials. zogjer pirdapiri miniSnebis meTodsac mimarTavs Teat-

ri, magram Tu am kerZo SemTxvevas zogadi, sayovelTao, masSta-

buri niSani ar axlavs, mxolod kalendaruli drois zerele

gaazrebis faqtad SeiZleba miviCnioT. kerZo, zogadi miniSneba

im Rrma xnulis SemweobiTac xorcieldeba, romelsac avlebs

damdgmeli gundi mTeli sasceno qmedebis manZilze.

axla Teatris istoriis erT magaliTs movuxmob, rogorc

aRniSnuli sakiTxis sasceno transformaciis klasikur nimuSs.

antikuri epoqis berZnuli Teatri am TvalsazrisiTac metad

Rirebulia. amjerad sofokles tragedias (òidipos mefe~) mx-

olod am niSniT ganvixilav. aRniSnuli tragedia araerTgzis

gamxdara literatorTa, filosofosTa, reJiso rTa, Teatrm-

codneTa da sxv. kvlevisa da Sefasebis obieqti, Zalze sagu-

lisxmoa filologTa mier Catarebuli kvlevis Se degi, agreTve,

filosofosTa da sxva mecnierTa struqturu li, fenomenolo-

giuri analizi, fsiqo-analizic. rogorc aRvniSne, axla

miTiTebuli sakiTxis warmoCena-analizia Cemi amocana.

radganac nebismieri teqsti gaxsnili mocemulobaa da

yoveli axali wakiTxvis dros bunebrivad xdeba `teqstis ga-

cocxleba~ (barti), dasaSvebia yoveli adamianis (maT Soris

mecnieris) mier axal mosazrebaTa aRniSvnac, Tundac sakamaTo

iyos misi pozicia. am ori principis gaTvaliswinebiT gavuzi-

areb mkiTxvels Cems mosazrebas tragediis mixedviT Teatri _

sociumisa da Teatri _ saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa warmoCe-

nis dros.


uwinaresad aRvniSnav, rom òidipos mefe~ mimaCnia amJamin-

deli samyarosaTvis, miT ufro dRevandeli qarTuli sinamd-

vilisaTvis, metismetad aqtualur nawamoebad. gamovyof sof-

ok les or princips: 1. qalaq-saxelmwifos mmarTvelis arCevas

pirovnuli Tvisebebis niSniT; 2. mmarTvelis pirovnul pa-

suxismgeblobas demosis, anu amomrCevelTa winaSe. amitomac

sargeblobs oidiposi avtoritetiT, rac gamoixata mis mimarT

demosis damokidebulebiT; Tebelebi Savi Wirisagan Tavdaxs-

nis moTxovniT mimarTaven oidiposs, rogorc maTze mzrunvel

figuras. man xom erTxel ukve ixsna Tebe da, amdenad, Tebelebi

RmerTebis garda, masac mimarTaven, misganac elian pasuxismge-

blobis aRsrulebas.

Teatri xom Tavisi arsiT mebrZoli, Semtevi, aqtiuri bunebi-

saa. warmoaCens ra igi realobis winaaRmdegobebs, zogjer up-

irispirdeba mmarTveli elitis pozicias, radganac umetesad

cdilobs klasikur RirebulebaTa ganmtkicebas. sagulisxmo

informaciis emociur-inteleqtualuri xarisxiT miwodebis

Jams, igi TanamSromlobs kidec saxelmwifosTan samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis procesSi. am TvalsazrisiT Teat-

ri tribunis statuss iZens. am saZirkvelze iyo wamomarTuli

aTenis qalaq-saxelmwifos politikuri Teatri. ase gamoikveTa

Teatri _ saxelmwifos da Teatri _ sazogadoebis urTierTo-

bis problemac.

sofoklem mTelis siRrmiTa da masStabiT gamoxata ra Ta-

visi drois `dramaturgiuli produqcia~ (brexti), samomavlo

orientaciis simboloc warmoqmna mmarTvelis (saxelmwifos

pirveli piris) pirovnuli valdebulebis, pasuxismgeblobis,

zneobrivi principebis warmoCenis TvalsazrisiT.

òidipos mefe~, rogorc bedisweris tragedia, gviCvenebs

RmerTebis mrisxanebis xarisxsac (dawyevlilia labdakidebis

modgma da ara mxolod laiosi, Cadenili danaSaulis gamo!).

amasTanave, warmoaCens bedisweris winaaRmdeg amxedrebul,

gonier da mamac pirovnebas, mis sulier konstitucias, mso-

flmxedvelobas, arCevanis garduvalobasac _ sakuTari fes-

vebis ZiebiT gamovlenili simarTlis pirispir darCenili

oidiposi, Tavad gamoutans sakuTar Tavs sastik ganaCens da

Tavadve aRasrulebs mas! paralelurad sofokle gamoxatavs

42 naTela arvelaZe

demosis (qoros) msoflgancdas, mentalitets, `JamTaaRmwer-

lur epoqas~. tragikosi TvalnaTliv gamokveTs civilizaciis

centralur dilemas _ mmarTvelis (oidiposis) da demosis

urTierTobas.

am problemis warmoCenis dros sofoklem mimarTa miTs,

ar gamoiyena misi Tanamedrove droebis raime ambavi, Tundac

SeTxzuli siuJeti. aq ramdenime mizezia daSifruli, rac

migviTiTebs Semoqmedisa da saxelmwifos urTules urTierTo-

baTa formazec. aTenis demokratiis pirobebSi dramaturgebs

da, Sesabamisad, Teatrsac akrZaluli hqondaT Tanamedrove

cxovrebis amsaxvel movlenebze wera, es sakiTxi tabuirebuli

iyo. sofoklec ki, romelic daaxloebuli gaxldaT perikles-

Tan (eWira atikis sazRvao kavSiris xazinadaris Tanamdeboba)

da iziarebda mis politikur orientacias, iZulebuli iyo mx-

olod miTebis damuSavebiT Seeqmna tragediebi.

sruliad samarTlianad mimaCnia im mecnierTa mosazreba,

romlebic miTs ganixilaven, rogorc samyaros arqetipul mo-

dels. Tuki miTi srulad moicavs, srulad aRwers, srulad

gamoxatavs samyaros, maSin SesaZlebelia gakeTdes logikuri

daskvna, rom miTi miviCnioT samyaros Taobaze arsebul garkveul

kanonad. miTi, rogorc istoriuli movlena, xom damyarebulia

msoflmxedvelobriv safuZvelze da amdenad, iZens didaqti-

kur mniSvnelobasac. amasTanave, miTi, rogorc zneobrivi sru-

lyofilebis gamoxatuleba, xdeba mimarTulebis maCvenebeli,

orientiris gamoxatuleba. rogorc Cans, perikles mmarTvelo-

bis drosac ki, aTenis qalaq-saxelmwifos esaWiroeboda amgvari

zneobrivi orientiris arseboba. am TvalsazrisiT, SesaZloa

sofokle polisis socialur-politikur sistemaSi amCnevda

bzars da amitomac qmnida amgvari ideiT damuxtul sanaxaobebs.

isic aRsaniSnavia, rom am SemTxvevaSi miTiuri siuJeti

gansaxilvelia, rogorc parabola, rogorc diSifruli teqs-

ti TanamedroveTa damoZRvrisaTvis. aq mxedvelobaSia misaRebi,

rom Segoneba exeba orive mxares _ saxelmwifos subieqtsac da

demossac. mmarTveli _ qurumi _ qoro SesaZlebelia gamois-

axos aseTi sistemiTac: saxelmwifo _ demosi, anu saxelmwifo

_ sazogadoeba. rodesac Teatri gamosaxavs, iTvaliswinebs,

eyrdnoba am `formulas~, sazogadoeba _ saxelmwifos damoZ-


Rvras, SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom Teatri asrulebs Tavis um-

Tavres misias; cdilobs, garTobiT Seagonos orive mxares.

rogorc vxedavT, sofoklem SeniRbuli forma gamoiyena,

raTa emoqmeda Tavis TanamedroveTa grZnoba-gonebaze da am gziT

mieRwia kaTarzisisTvisac. da radganac es miTiuri siuJeti

exeba mmarTvelisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobaTa problemas,

SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom sofoklem gaiazra ra arse-

buli politikuri viTareba, CauRrmavda ra perspeqtivasac,

aRiara igi samyaros centralur sakiTxad. Tu imasac miviRebT

mxedvelobaSi, rom tragikosma Seqmna àntigone~, rogorc am-

bavi tiraniaze, uzenaesi kanonisa da adamianis (mmarTvelis)

mier gamocemuli kanonis SeuTavseblobaze, SesaZlebelia

aRiniSnos, rom is amgvar safrTxes ukve xedavda Tavis qalaq-

saxelmwifoSi da es gafrTxileba gadasca STamomavlobas.

mmarTvelis pasuxismgeblobaze, mis valdebulebaTa aRsru-

lebis aucileblobaze alaparakda demokratiuli aTenis moqa-

laqe, perikles sasaxlis karze dawinaurebuli pirovneba, Ta v-

adac gamorCeuli politikuri figura da moazrovne Semoqmedi,

magram alaparakda igavuri SegonebiT, parabolaTa SemweobiT. es

TavisTavad sagulisxmo faqtia demokratiuli aTenis saxelmwi-

foebrivi yofis Sesacnobad, amasTanave, saxelmwifo _ Semoqme-

dis urTierTobaTa WeSmariti saxeobis amosacnobadac.

civilizaciis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze icvleboda

saxelmwifo _ Semoqmedis, sociumi _ Semoqmedis urTierTo-

bebi, magram Tavad problemis simwvave damokles maxviliviT

gaxldaT wamomarTuli xelovanis Tavze. aRorZinebis epoqaSic

ki, Seqspiric xan daniaSi, xan romsa Tu veneciaSi, veronasa

Tu aTenSi Caasaxlebs Tavis personaJebs. esec erTgvari SeniR-

bvis, paraboluri azrovnebis niSania, radganac arc elisabe-

dis mmarTvelobis dros iyo, uTuod, gawonasworebuli urT-

ierToba saxelmwifosa da Semoqmeds Soris, miT ufro Teatrsa

da saxelmwifos Soris. tragedia xom ar aris Tanabarufle-

biani subieqtebis dapirispirebiT aRmocenebuli ambavi. misi

ganviTareba mocemul pirobebSi protagonistis araadekvatur,

uCveulo, riskian moqmedebaTa jaWviTaa gamagrebuli, trage-

diis siuJeti amozrdilia Cveulebriv viTarebaSi protagonis-

tis gauTvaliswinebeli SeWriT, `sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT

44 naTela arvelaZe

curvis~ moTxovnulebiT, SesaZleblobiT da, rac mTavaria, am

qmedebis aucileblobiT.

amdenad, am gansakuTrebuli movlenis Semoqmedi Tavad pro-

tagonistia, is xdeba mamoZravebeli imperativi. movlena, ro-

melsac is warmoqmnis, mxolod misi Semweobaa, misi damsaxure-

baa, mxolod misi mizeziT iqmneba. amitomac, protagonisti

gamorCeuli da aRmatebulia pirovnuli TvisebebiT _ goniT,

ZaliT, emociiT. is ar eqvemdebareba arsebul normas, arRvevs

dadgenil yalibs, rac kidev ufro metad gamokveTs mis gamor-

Ceulobas. es yovelive Caqsovilia òidipos mefis~ siuJetur

qargaSi, logikurad gamokveTs oidiposis pirovnul Tvisebeb-

sac da mis gansakuTrebul misiasac, ris gamoc tragedia sau-

kuneTa manZilze ar kargavs aqtualobas.

rodesac sofoklem mimarTa Tebes ciklis miTologias,

uTuod ambavisa da didaqtikis gamoyeneba scada saxelmwifoe-

brivad mniSvnelovani problemis warmosaCenad. man Seqmna kidec

tragedia gamorCeul, Zlier, mTlian, gonier pirovnebaze,

romelsac Zala da unari Seswevs aumxedrdes bedisweras (dam-

arcxeba am `SerkinebaSi~, sruliadac ar akninebs oidiposs. am

uTanasworo `brZolis~ Sedegi kidev ufro warmoaCens oid-

iposis Sinagan mzaobas _ ar miiRos bedsiweris `ganaCeni~.

aq, vgoneb, mTavaria ara marto Sedegi, aramed Tavad faqti _

bedisweris morCilebisagan gaucxoebisa, arCevanis SesaZle-

blobisa); sofoklem Seqmna tragedia ara bedisweris gardu-

valobaze, aramed gonier mmarTvelze, romelsac gaasmagebuli

aqvs pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba, aRmatebulia valdebulebaTa

SegnebiT, jvris tarebis niWiTa da unariT.

am SemTxvevaSi zneobrivi, RirsebiT aRmatebuli personaJis

sasceno warmosaxva, protagonistis mier im periodisaTvis

SeuZlebeli, dauSvebeli, gaugonari gmirobis Cadena (Rmer-

Tebis nebis daumorCileblobam, anu Seni drois yvelaze didi

winaaRmdegobis daZlevis unarma, aRamaRla oidiposi gmiris

rangSi), SesaZlebelia miviCnioT Tavad dramaturgisa da Teat-

ris zneobrivi aRmatebulobis faqtad, moqalaqeobriv val-

debulebaTa aRsrulebis faqtad. am aspeqtis gaTvaliswineba

kidev ufro aRamaRlebs tragedias da dagvafiqrebs Teatris

istoriis am metad sagulisxmo periodze, mis sadReisodac


aqtualur da mniSvnelovan principebze, Tavad Semoqmedis

masStabur figurazec.

rogorc cnobilia, Zvel saberZneTSi warmodgenebi imarTe-

boda Ria cis qveS. es iyo adamianis RmerTebTan vizualur-ver-

baluri dakavSirebis survilic, SesaZleblobaca da valdeb-

ulebac. masStaburi ideebica da maTi gamosaxvis masStaburi

formebic am mocemulobis gaTvaliswinebiTac ibadeboda.

amdenad, msaxiobTa RmerTebisadmi mimarTva, abstraqtuli

mocemuloba ki ar iyo, aramed konkretuli mizani. Teatri

iseve, rogorc demosi da mmarTveli korpusi, RmerTebs miiC-

nevda umaRles instanciad, orientirad, amitomac maTs sams-

javrozec gamohqonda Rrma azriTa da Zlieri vnebaTaRelviT

damuxtuli, maTi sakadrisi sanaxaoba.

òidipos mefis~ pirvelive epizodi, zevsis qurumis mono-

logi Zalze mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis mmarTvelisa

da demosis (anu saxelmwifosa da sociumis) arsebul urT-

ierTobaze. Savi Wirisagan Tavzardacemulma Tebelebma, ube-

durebis mizezTa Setyobisa da senisagan TavdaxsnisaTvis, mi-

m arTes aTenas da oidiposs (Seikribnen aTenas taZarTan da

mimarTes qurumis saxiT oidiposs, romelmac erTxel ukve

ixsna isini urCxulisagan). rogorc vxedavT, maTTvis oid-

iposis sibrZne da aTenas sibrZne erTnairi Zalisaa, oidiposi

maTTvis avtoritetia. amitomac endobian, mas miiCneven kri-

tikuli situaciidan moqalaqeTa gamoxsnis Semwed. amasTanave,

radganac maT Tavad airCies oisiposi mmarTvelad, moiTxoven

kidec misgan valdebulebaTa aRsrulebas (oidiposi kreonts

agzavnis delfos samisnoSi).

Tebelebma arCevani SeaCeres oidiposze mas Semdeg, rac man

ixsna qalaqis mosaxleoba. Tebes hyavs pirovnuli TvisebiT

SerCeuli, sibrZniT gamorCuli mmarTveli, e. i. demosma gan-

axorciela demokratiis upirvelesi moTxovna _ Tavisufali

arCevnebi! umTavresi ki is aris, rom moqalaqeebma ganaxor-

cieles sruliad gacnobierebuli da Segnebuli aqti _ maT

pirovnuli Rirsebis niSniT moaxdines arCevani. es ori mo-

menti _ oidiposis pirovnuli Rirsebis Sefaseba da demosis

Segnebuli moqmedeba _ aris moqalaqeTa politikuri nebis,

politikuri orientaciis gamovlinebis faqti. amitomac maT

46 naTela arvelaZe

aqvT ufleba, ufro zustad, maT moipoves ufleba, moiTxovon

mmarTvelisagan movaleobis aRsruleba. Tavis mxriv, oidiposma

xelketebiT ki ar gayara moqalaqeni, aramed Tavi valdebulad

CaTvala, gamosuliyo maT winaSe, Tavad aexsna viTareba da emc-

no maTTvis, ra moimoqmeda Savi Wiris mizezTa mokvlevisaTvis.

eqspozicia saxierad gvawvdis informacias saerTod de-

mokratiisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebze (aq gamefebul qce-

vaTa normaze); mmarTvelsa da demoss Soris uflebriv-movale-

obiTi urTierTobaa is erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli mocemuloba,

romelic gamoarCevs demokratiul formacias, Tundac es iyos

monaTmflobeluri wyobis farglebSi arsebuli demokratia.

SesaZlebelia iTqvas, demosis mier sajarod sakuTari wuxi-

lis, sakuTari nebis gamoxatva aris, agreTve, demokratiuli

saxelmwifos arsebobis, saxelmwifo-demosis TanacxovrebisT-

vis norma. amrigad, tragediis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, am or

Zalas Soris gawonasworebuli urTierTobaa, uflebriv-mova-

leobiTi damokidebuleba, rac aris demokratiis safuZveli.

mxolod am aspeqtiT ar amoiwureba sofokles didaqtika.

amjerad kidev erTi informaciis Taobaze gavamaxvileb yur-

adRebas. qurumis monologiT imasac vigebT, rom Tebelebi imy-

ofebian aTenas taZarTan da zevsis qurumis SemweobiT mimar-

Taven oidipossac, misgan iTxoven Svelas. amiT gaigivebulia

aTenas sibrZne da oidiposis sibrZne. da kidev _ ganxorcielda

mmarTvelis RvTaebasTan gaigivebis aqtic. amasTanave, mmarTve-

li Caenacvla misansac, rac TavisTavad migvaniSnebs, rom Zl-

ieri pirovneba, gonieri adamiani TandaTan ikavebs im kvarcxl-

beks, romelzec RmerTebi iyvnen xelSeuxeblad wamomarTulni.

am frTxili niSnebiT, am gaigivebiTa da CanacvlebiT (oidiposi

_ aTena, oidiposi _ misani) gamoisaxa sagulisxmo faqti _

erTgvarad Seirya is myari niSa, romelic antikur epoqaSi

RmerTebs hqondaT apriorulad dakavebuli.

civilizaciis ganviTarebisaTvis metad Rirebulia es faq-

ti, miT ufro, rom igi realuri yofiTac aris gamyarebuli.

sofokle gaxldaT strategosic, xolo 420 wels airCies

asklepiosis kultis mTavar qurumad, da rac yvelaze mniS-

vnelovania, sikvdilis Semdeg aRiares `wminda adgilis gmi-

rad~; amasTanave, aRiares da Tayvans scemdnen, rogorc Rv-


Taebas. es sinamdvile SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs aRiniSnos:

sofokles mier cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebis SeniSvna, misi

didaqtikis formiT gamoyeneba, mmarTvelisa da demosis damoZ-

Rvra, aris civilizaciis istoriisaTvis metad sagulisxmo

movlena, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT perspeqtivas, gavixsenebT human-

isturi moZraobis arssa da masStabs, mTlianad aRorZinebis

epoqis humanistTa moRvaweobis suliskveTebas, maT principebs,

gasagebi da kidev ufro naTeli gaxdeba, ra mniSvnelobisaa

sofokles, tragikosisa da politikosis figura, misi didaq-

tikis masStabi da Rirebuleba kacobriobis istoriisaTvis.

aRorZinebis epoqaSi xom im kvarcxlbekze, romelzec an-

tikur epoqaSi RmerTebi iyvnen wamomarTulni, maT Caenacv-

la adamiani! rogorc vxedavT, iq, antikur xanaSi, perikles

mmarTvelobis epoqaSi ukve SeiniSneboda es sagangebo mniSvn-

elobis ryeva. sofoklem es SeniSna, gaacnobiera da Seagona

kidec Tanamedrove moqalaqeni SefarviT, miTis interpreta-

ciis saSualebiT. amiT ki, gamoikveTa WeSmaritad moazrovne,

masStaburi Semoqmedis figurac da misi adgili civilizaciis

ganviTarebisaTvis. amiT ki, gamoikveTa kidev erTi, metad sa-

gulisxmo principi: saxelmwifo _ individis, saxelmwifo _

Semoqmedis urTierTobis problema, romelic erT-erT dile-

mad iqca Semdgomi epoqebisTvisac.

amrigad, Teatri _ saxelmwifos urTierToba, demokratiis

upirobo safuZvelze _ mmarTvelisa da sociumis uflebriv-

movaleobiT kavSirze, saxelmwifo _ individis, saxelmwifo

_ Semoqmedis gawonasworebul urTierTobaze bevrad aris

damokidebuli, sxva faqtorebTan erTad. saerTod, sociumis

mzaobaze, iyos yoveli saxis cvlilebaTa gacnobierebisa da gaT-

avisebis Semoqmedi, xolo saxelmwifos mzaobaze _ itvirTos

movaleobaTa, valdebulebaTa mZime jvari _ bevradaa damokide-

buli harmoniuli Tanacxovrebis warmoqmna. pasuxismgeblobaa

is mZime jvari, romlis tarebisTvisac orive mxare ara marto

sityvierad, aramed moqmedebiTac unda iyos mzad.

amitomac mimaCnia, rom sofokles tragedia, òidipos me-

fe~, metad aqtualuria Tanamedrove samyarosTvisac, miT uf-

ro saqarTvelos politikuri da socialur-kulturuli yo-

fisTvisac.

mamuka cuxiSvilimamuka cuxiSvili

oZrxes cixe da eklesia

jer kidev leonti mrovelma mogvawoda cnobebi oZrxes

warsulis Sesaxeb, romelic dRemde cocxlobs istoriul

mexsierebaSi. mcxeToss hyolia sami vaJi, romelTa saxelebia

ùflos, oZrxos da javaxos~, SuaTanas, anu oZrxos mamisgan

eboZa `tasiskaridan speramde, qveyana kldovani~, sadac aRaSe-

na ori cixe òZrxe da Tuxarisi~...

am droidan oZrxem istoriis furclebze Rirseuli adgi-

li daimkvidra. igi Semdgom saukuneebSic araerTxel gamxdara

JamTaaRmwerelTa Tu mterTa interesebis obieqti. farnavazis

mefobis dros aleqsandre makedonelma `daipyra yoveli qvey-

ana, da aRmovida queyanasa qarTlisasa. da povna cixe-qalaq-

ni ese Zlierni Sua-qarTl: wunda, xerTvisi mtkuarisa, oZ-

rxe mokidebuli kldesa Radosasa~1, mtris Semosevis Semdeg

dangreuli cixe-qalaqebi qarTvelTa brZolisa da Rvawlis

Sedegad kvlav aRdga. oZrxeSi kvlav ganaxlda sicocxle da

farnavazma, romelic ùSiS iqmna yovelTa mterTa TvisTagan~,

ganawesa rva erisTavi `yovelsa qarTlsa da egursa(egrisi)

zeda~ da maT Soris meeqvse `gagzavna oZrxis erisTavad, da mis-

ca tasiskariTgan vidre arsianiTamdis, nostis TaviTgan zRua-

mdis, romel ars samcxe da aWara~.

wmida mefem, vaxtang gorgasalma erT-erT mTavrad daad-

gina `bivritian, erisTavi oZrxesi~, xolo wlebis Semdeg es

mZlavri cixe-qalaqi mefis ojaxis zamTris rezidenciad iqca.

`da dajda saydarsa missa Ze misi daCi. xolo coli da orni

1 qarTlis cxovreba, leonti mroveli, cx. qarTvelT mefeTa, Tb., 1955, gv. 17.

49oZrxes cixe da eklesiaZeni vaxtangisni wariyvannes samTa maT erisTavTa, da daipyres

dasavleT qarTlisa, romeli misca vaxtang. da dasxdes wundas

qalaqsa zafxulis, da zamTris iyvnian oZrxes~.2

wmida mTavarTa daviT da konstantine mxeiZeTa Rvawlis aR-

werisas kidev erTxel cocxldeba Cvens mexsierebaSi didebuli

qalaqi oZrxe. saqarTveloSi Semosuli maoxrebeli mteri mur-

van yru `movida samcxes da daibanaka areTa oZrxisaTa. rameTu

iyo maSin qalaqi igi saxelovani, Zvel naqmarTa misTaTvis~.

xolo ramdenime dRis Semdeg zekaris uReltexiliT imereTs

gadavida. è. i. VIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi oZrxe, antikuri

qalaqi kvlav saxelovania, magram saxelovani ara awindeli

saqmeebis gamo, aramed tradiciiTa da warsuliT~.3

qarTlSi areulobisa da mefe-mTavarTa qiSpobis dros, da-

viT kurapalatis winaaRmdeg amxedrebulma guaram mamfalis

Zem nasram `Seipyrna samni cixeni samcxes: oZrxe, juaris-cixe

da lomsianTa, guaramisive aRSenebuli~.

bizantiis keisris moTxovniT, 1054 wels liparit IV gax-

da samxreT saqarTvelos mTavari, romelsac aumxedrda mesxi

didebuli sula kalmaxis erisTavi, swored am dapirispirebis

aRsakveTad mefe bagratma sulas uboZa `cixisjvari da oZrxe

bodo-kldiTa da sxuaca mravalni~.

IX saukunis damdegs oZraxes cixe kvlav augia guaram mam-

fals. mis CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda ìwroni rkinis xevisani~

– erTaderTi pirdapiri gza dasavleT saqarTvelodan samcxe-

Si misasvleli.

rogorc Cans, Tavisi strategiuli mniSvneloba oZrxes

gamagrebul cixe-qalaqs Tamaris epoqaSic SeunarCunebia. roca

rumis gaTavxedebuli sulTanis ruqnadinis dasasjelad mefem

daviT soslanis winamZRolobiT laSqari wargzavna, mematianis

cnobiT, `TviT movida oZrxesa kaTalikoziT feodosiT4, epis-

koposebiTa da winamZRvrebiT, da hyofdnen maradis locvasa,

mRviZarebasa da vedrebasa RmrTisasa~.

did cixe-qalaqSi, romelic mTeli qveynis Tavdacvisunari-

anobis ganmtkicebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda, taZari

namdvilad iarsebebda. miT umetes es iTqmis oZrxeze, romelic

2 qarTlis cxovreba, juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa, t. 1. gv. 205.3 l. WilaSvili, qalaqebi feodalur saqarTveloSi, t. II, Tb. 1970, gv. 61.4 Teodosi II saqarTvelos eklesias 1188-1205 wlebSi edga saTaveSi.

50 mamuka cuxiSvili

ar iyo Cveulebrivi da rigiTi cixe-qalaqi. `mesxeT-javaxeTis

gasamxedroeba xels uwyobda aqauri feodalebis gaZliere-

bas. Tamaris epoqaSi maT Soris cnobilni iyvnen: Toreli,

fanaskerteli, kalmaxeli, Tmogveli, jayeli, Tuxareli, ax-

alcixeli da sxv. romlebic mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen

sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi. am droisaTvis oZrxe

ìseT pirvelxarisxovani cixe-simagreTa Soris ixsenieba, ro-

gorebic iyvnen: Tmogvis, Toris, artanujis cixeebi da sxv.~5

`qvablianis xeoba mdinare ZinZes, RaRviswylis da sakuTriv

qvablianiswylis saTaveebTan iwyeba da focxovis SesarTavTan

mTavrdeba. am xeobis auzi 893 kv. m. Seadgens da Tavis mxriv

sam mikroxeobas Seicavs. esenia ocxes (igive abasTumniswylis),

RaRvisa da ZinZes xeobebi, saidanac dasaxlebuli am drois-

aTvis aris ocxesa da RaRvis xeobis soflebi. ocxes xeobaSia

soflebi abasTumani, varxani, xarjami da sxv., aseve mTis qimze

aRmarTuli IX-XII saukuneebis cixe (`Tamaris cixed~ wode-

buli) Tavisi naeklesiariT~.6

Cven viciT, rom oZrxe da ocxe erTi da imave istoriuli

provinciis saxelwodebaa, Tumca igive avtori abasTuman-var-

xanis Temis teritoriaze asaxelebs rogorc oZrxes, aseve

ocxesac: `varxnis TemSi Sedis: 164. oZrxis cixe-koSki, 165.

kurcxanis naeklesievi, 166. ocxis eklesia, 167. ocxis axali

zarzmis eklesia.“ oZrxis cixe-koSki udavod Tamaris cixea.

`Tamaris cixe dgas kurcxanasa da abasTumnis xevebs Sua

mdebare gorakze. igi qviTkiris Senobaa zomiT 50 X 10, 8 m.

daaxloebiT aRmosavleT nawilis Crdilo-dasavleT kuTxeSi

aris piramiduli Senoba, SigniT sufTa cementiseburi duRa-

biT galesili; mis zeviT aqvs mrgvali xvreli; igi xorblis

Sesanaxi unda iyos; axla mas aRmosavleTiT aqvs kari. kedlis

sisqe CrdiloeTiT 1,5 m, samxreTiT da sxvagan 1,3 metria. nage-

bia qviTkirisgan. cixis dasavleT nawilSi Senaxulia TaRis

nawili, SigniT aris sxvadasxva Senobebi, maT Soris patara

saydari, savaraudod agebuli mogviano saukuneebSi, aseve aris

gvirabic; Crdilo nawili dangreulia. gza Seudis Crdilo-

eTis mxridan, karic CrdiloeTis mxrisa aqvs~.7

5 s. makalaTia, mesxeT-javaxeTi, Tb., 1938, gv. 33.6 iqve.7 g. boWoriZe, mogzauroba samcxe-javaxeTSi, Tb., 1992. gv. 122.

51oZrxes cixe da eklesia`Sua saukuneTa qalaq oZrxisgan, Zvel cixeTa nangrevebis

garda, dRemdis aRarafers mouRwevia~, _ dananebiT wers qar-

Tuli xelovnebis mkvlevari, akademikosi vaxtang beriZe.

guldasmiT gavecaniT mecnieris sicocxleSi ramdenimejer

gamocemul samecniero monografias samcxe-javaxeTTan daka-

vSirebiT da yvelgan es winadadeba meordeba “.... erTi cixe

varxanTanaa, meore abasTumanSi, mdinare abasTumniswylis mar-

jvena napiras, tyian mTaze – e. w. `Tamaris cixe~. mecnieri

iqve SeniSnavs Semdegs: `sagangebo arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba,

ueWvelia, TviT Zveli qalaqis nakvalevsac aRmoaCenda, magram

igi jer ar Catarebula~.8

basianTan omis dros, rodesac Tamari kaTalikossa da

mcire amalasTan erTad oZrxes cixeSi loculobda, evlogi

salosi `winaSe iyo Tamarisa mwirveli~, ra Tqma unda, cixe-

qalaqSi mdgar taZarSi. oZrxis cixe-simagreSi taZris arse-

bobas amowmebs v. beriZec. igi oZrxes im bunebriv, miuval adg-

ils gaSenebul qalaqTa Soris asaxelebs, romlebic mxareebis

administraciul centrebs warmoadgendnen da romlebSic

qristianuli salocavebic idga. àseTi cixe-qalaqebia: oZrxe,

wunda, samSvilde~.9

yvela mkvlevari erTmniSvnelovnad aRniSnavs, rom `feoda-

lur qveyanaSi mTavari simagre cixe-qalaqia, radgan mxolod

qalaqi, cixis gareSe, Tavis funqcias ver Seasrulebda~, ris

gamoc `qveynis mesveurni cixisaTvis strategiulad gamar-

Tlebul adgils arCevdnen. aseTi cixe SemoWril mters gzas

advilad gadauketavda. cixis agebisas didi mniSvneloba hqon-

da bunebrivi simagris SerCevas. aseT SemTxvevaSi yovel cixes

Zala uorkecdeboda~.

Suasaukuneebis cixe-qalaqis aucilebeli Semadgeneli

nageboba iyo, agreTve, taZari, romelic xels uwyobda cixeSi

gamagrebulTa suliersa da zneobriv simaRles, mrwamss, Rmer-

TTan siaxloves.

profesorma levan WilaSvilma aRwera oZrxes, Tamar me-

fis cixis detalebi: òZrxes cixis sigrZea 40-50 metri

(Cveni gazomviT aris 53 metri - m. c.), mas aqvs ori ZiriTadi

8 v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi, Tb., 1970, gv. 79.9 l. WilaSvili, qalaqebi feodalur saqarTveloSi, t. I, Tb. 1968, gv. 125.

52 mamuka cuxiSvili

koSki samxreTiT da CrdiloeTiT. koSkebi mravalsarTuliani

Cans. kedlebi nagebia mkvidrad, nagleji qviT kiris sxnarze

(qviTkiri). CrdiloeTis koSkis didi nawili Cangreulia. mis

pirvel sarTulze patara oTaxia SemorCenili, romlis kedle-

bic zeviT da zeviT viwrovdeba da mTavrdeba wriuli gvirg-

viniT, dangreulia samxreTis koSkic. cixis sigane, rogorc

vTqviT, emTxveva qedisas. igi daaxloebiT 15 m. iqneba (Cveni

azomviT maqsimum 11 metria – m.c.). SemorCenili saTavsoebisa

da kedlebis mixedviT savaraudoa, rom cixis erT nawilSi idga

taZari, romelsac Sesasvleli aqvs dasavleT da CrdiloeT

mxares, xolo aRmosavleTiT aqvs patara sarkmeli, agebu-

lia Tlili qvis filebiT, romelic ganirCeva mTlianad sxva

kedlebis qvebis wyobisagan.~10 (ix. suraTi: oZrxes cixis gegma).

uSualod cixis teritoriis farTobi didi ar aris, ma-

gram cixe-qalaqi udavod iqneboda gaSenebuli mTis mimdebared

orive mxares, rogorc kurcxevis (igive kurcxana), ise ocxes

10 l. WilaSvili, qalaqebi feodalur saqarTveloSi, t. I, Tb. 1968, gv. 33.

cixis naxazi da adgilis gegma Sesrulebulia

prof. l. WilaSvilis mier 1970 wels (masala

moZiebulia l.

WilaSvilis ar-

qivSi, xec).

53oZrxes cixe da eklesiaxe obebSi. ̀ aq ramdenime adgilze (mTis ferdobebeze da maT mim-

debared – m.c.) SesamCnevia Tlili qvis natexebi, gamoyenebuli

meoradi daniSnulebiT. naqalaqaris didi nawili, vfiqrobT,

ganadgurebulia miwis samuSaoebis dros. samwuxarod, uyur-

adRebobis gamo arqeologiuri nivTebi, romlebic aq amodio-

da, daikarga~.11

`ngreva-aoxrebam saukuneTa manZilze mravali qalaqi aR-

gava miwis piridan, romelTagan zogis nangrevebi SemogvrCa,

zogis ki, mxolod saxeli matianeTa furclebze. aRaraa iseTi

didebuli qalaqebi, rogoricaa mcxeTa, wunda, xerTvisi, oZ-

rxe `mokidebuli kldesa Radosa~, kaspi.12

saWiroa ufro zusti aRricxva da aRwera regionSi Semor-

Cenili mravali safortifikacio nagebobisa, ̀ romelic erTian

TavdacviT sistemas qmnida. aRsaniSnavia axalcixis, awyuris,

slesis, xerTvisis, zanavis, oqroscixis, aspinZis, oTas, Tmog-

vis, eremWalis, wrioxis, SoreTis da sxva cixeebi da simagree-

bi, rolebic saukuneebis manZilze Sendeboda~.13 zemoTqmuli-

dan gamomdinare, maT Soris oZrxec unda vigulisxmoT.

oZrxeSi (Tanamedrove abasTumani, romelic amJamad imaze

ufro iavarqmnilia, vidre romelime omis Semdeg), idga cixe,

romelic Tamaris gamefebamde didi xniT adre iyo agebuli,

xolo amave cixeSi arsebuli taZris Tavdapirveli nageboba,

savaraudod, ganekuTvneba wmida mefis vaxtang gorgaslis epo-

qas, rameTu qristiani mefe Tavis ojaxs mTeli zamTari binas

ar miuCenda iseT rezidenciaSi, sadac salocavi mainc ar iqne-

boda.

jer kidev, 1930-ian wlebSi, ivane javaxiSvilis iniciati-

viT, profesorma boris kuftinma daiwyo mtkvar-araqsisa da

TrialeTis midamoebSi arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba da Tavis

sajaro gamosvlaSi Seexo oZrxes cixes: àRsaniSnavia maRali

kulturiT gamorCeuli oZrxes cixe-eklesia, romelic ori

epoqis gzagasayarze aris agebuli~.14.

dabolos, gavixsenoT wmida eqvTime RmrTiskaci, romelic

marTebulad aRniSnavda: `saqarTvelos yovel did qalaqSi

11 iqve.12 p. zaqaraia, saqarTvelos Zveli cixe-simagreebi, Tb., 1988, gv. 6.13 saqarTvelos geografia, naw. II, Tb., 2001, gv. 125.14 b. kuftini, qarTuli kulturis uZvelesi kera TrialeTSi, Tb., 1939, gv. 34.

54 mamuka cuxiSvili

saxelovani cixe idga, didi cixe saqarTvelos gadarCenisa da

siZlieris simbolo iyo, cixeebSi ki taZrebs agebdnen Cveni

winaprebi, raTa meti simtkice da erTianoba yofiliyo marad,

ramac gagvaerTiana kidec~.15

Cvenda sasixarulod, rogorc es abasTumnis wminda gior-

gis saxelobis mamaTa monastris morCilma gviTxra, Tamaris

cixeSi mdgar taZarSi, romelic wminda ninos saxels atarebs,

zogjer wirvac aRevlineba. am faqtma ganmimtkica saso imisa,

rom RmrTis wyalobiTa da wmida mefis Tamaris locviT, aR-

dgeba da Tavis Zvel didebas daibrunebs oZrxis cixeca da taZ-

aric.

da bolos minda madlobiT movixsenio Cemi megobari da

maspinZeli abasTumanSi giorgi goreliSvili, romelmac arc

dro dazoga da arc energia, CemTvis daxmarebis gasawevad.

15 e. TayaiSvili, artaanis mxaris qajis cixe, saqarTvelos kalendari, tf.,

1903, gv. 309.

dekanozi vladislav cipinidekanozi vladislav cipini

mainc vin daiwyo pirveli msoflio omi?!

nayofierma blogerma, erT-erTma maT Soris, vinc

ruseTs isev omisken mouwodebs, paraleli gaavlo dRe-

vandelobasa da asi wlis winandel pirveli msoflio

omis dawyebis mizez Soris: „ruseTi, TiTqos Tavisda

uneburad, gauazreblad imisa, Tu ratom da risTvis

ak eTebs amas, erTveba omSi, romelic SesaZlebelia

mso flio omSi gadaizardos. es 101 wlis winandel

movlenebs gvaxsenebs. Tumca maSin jer kidev ar ar-

sebobda sisxliani megobari asadi, magram iyvnen sxva

Zmobilebi, romelTa sakraluri ufleba, moeklaT av-

strieli erchercogebi, yvela saSualebiT, TviT im-

periis ganadgurebis fasadac ki, unda daecvaT“.

«vilhelm, es Seni namoqmedaria!» liTografia J. kombazisa,

romelzec sikvdilis simboluri saxe imperator vilhelm II-s

masobriv samarxze miuTiTebs.

56 dek. vladislav cipiniamrigad, avtoris sarkazmiT gajerebuli mosazrebis mix-

edviT, ruseTi omSi Caeba, raTa daecva serbebis ufleba _ si-

cocxles gamoesalmebinaT avstria-ungreTis taxtis yvela

memkvidre. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, omamdel diplomatiur

mimoweraSi ruseTis mxare icavda megobari serbeTis uflebas

_ ganexorcielebina terori mezobeli qveynis mimarT.

yuradRebas Tu ar mivaqcevT avtoriseul farTo masebisTvis

gaTvlil pozas, cxadia, rom misi mizania, STaagonos mkiTxvels

movlenaTa mimdinareobis iseTi versia, romlis mixedviTac omis

dawyebisTvis mTeli pasuxismgebloba swored ruseTs ekisreba.

ramdenadac im periodSi ruseTis xelisufali gaxldaT wminda

mowame imperatori nikoloz II, es bralic swored mas waeyeneba.

miuxedavad mravalvnebuli wminda mefis umwikvlobisa,

romlis xsovna araerTxel gamxdara istoriis bevrad ufro

mcodne da bevrad ufro gonebamaxvili mamxileblebis

kritikis Tema, saWirod migvaCnia, amjeradac yvelafers Tavisi

saxeli davarqvaT da ciliswamebas ruseTsa da mis mefeze _

ciliswameba vuwodoT. aseve gavixsenoT omis wina periodis

realuri mdgomareobac: saqme isaa, rom pirveli msoflio omis

dawyebis mizezTa Sesaxeb, gansxvavebul mosazrebaTa mixedviT,

brali, Tanabari an araTanabari wiliT, omSi monawile yvela

saxelmwifos ekisreba, maT Soris ruseTsac. es ki mcdari

Sefasebaa.

ra xdeboda sinamdvileSi omiswina ivnisisa da ivlisis im

metad rTul da mrisxane dReebSi? citirebul tiradaSi si-

na mdviles nawilobriv Seesabameba mxolod serbi erovnebis

avstrieli moqalaqis gavrilo principis mier 15 (28) ivniss

saraevoSi, avstria-ungreTis mier veragulad aneqsirebuli

bosnia da hercogovinas dedaqalaqSi, Cadenili erchercog

franc-ferdinandisa da misi meuRlis sofios mkvlelobis

faqtis aRniSvna. mkvleli da misi Tanamzraxveli CabrinoviCi

dauyovnebliv daapatimres. gavrilo principis qmedeba

sxvadasxva motivebma ganapiroba, sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom

maT Soris serbulma patriotizmmac. is darwmunebuli iyo, rom

bosniisa da hercogovinas, sadac gverdi-gverd cxovrobda erTi

da igive, serbul-xorvatul enaze molaparake marTlmadidebeli,

kaTolike da mahmadiani mosaxleoba, 1909 wels ganxorcielebuli

57vin daiwyo pirveli msoflio omianeqsia arakanonieri iyo. imperatorma nikoloz II, miiRo ra

mkvlelobis Sesaxeb informacia, dauyonebliv miusamZimra

avstria-ungreTis xandazmul imperators franc-iosebs. graf

Cernins, avstriis elCs peterburgSi, ewvivnen didi Tavadebi,

ministrebi da sxva cnobili pirebi.

amasobaSi avstriuli gazeTebi serbeTs omis dawyebiT

emuqrebodnen. avstria-ungreTis qalaqebSi serbebis maRaziebs

arbevdnen. uwesrigobis aRsakveTad xelisufleba araviTar zomebs

ar iRebda. bosniaSi daiwyo serbebis masobrivi dapatimreba.

uwesrigobisa da ukanonobis am aqtebma rusuli sazogadoebis

aRSfoTeba da mTavrobis SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia. diplomatiuri

arxebiT imarTeboda molaparakebebi, romelTa dros rusuli

mxare yovelmxriv cdilobda Tavidan aeridebina avstria-

ungreTis Tavdasxma serbeTze. 28 ivniss belgradSi, avstrieli

despanis kabinetSi, gardaicvala ruseTis elCi a.a. gartvigi:

misma gulma ver gauZlo rTuli molaparakebebis daZabulobas,

romelsac igi awarmoebda didi omis Tavidan acilebis mizniT.

ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba avstriis mTavrobas eWvi hqonoda,

rom teraqtTan serbeTis agentura iyo dakavSirebuli, magram am

kavSiris dasasabuTeblad araviTari mtkicebuleba ar gaaCnda.

SemdgomSi ki cxadi gaxda, rom gavrilo princips serbeTis

saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebTan kontaqti ar hqonia da amitom

serbiis mTavrobis kavSiri erchercogisa da misi meuRlis

mkvlelobasTan ar dasturdeboda. miuxedavad amisa, avstriis

mTavrobam belgrads wauyena ultimatumi. ultimatumis

teqsti damtkicebuli iyo avstria-ungreTis ministrTa sabWos

sxdomaze 6 (19) ivliss, magram, radgan im dReebSi peterburgSi

vizitiT imyofeboda ruseTis mokavSire safrangeTis prezidenti

r. puankare, ultimatumis wayeneba gadaido: venaSi ar surdaT,

rom ultimatumis gacnobisTanave ruseTsa da safrangeTs

maSinve daewyoT moelaparakebebi erTobliv SeTanxmebul

moqmedebebze. ultimatumi wayenebul iqna belgradSi avstria-

ungreTis despanis gizlemis mier 10 (23) ivliss, r. puankares

peterburgidan gamgzavrebis Semdeg erT saaTSi.

ultimatumi Seicavda moTxovnebs, romlebic absoluturad

miuRebeli iyo nebismieri suverenuli saxelmwifosTvis, kerZod:

«2) dauyovnebliv daixuros sazogadoeba „Народна Одбрана“,

58 dek. vladislav cipinimoxdes am sazogadoebis propagandis yvela saSualebis kon-

fiskacia da gatarebul iqnas igive RonisZiebebi serbeTis sxva

sazogadoebebisa da dawesebulebebis mimarT, romlebic ewevian

avstria-ungreTis monarqiis sawinaaRmdego propagandas...

3) serbeTSi moqmedi saswavlo dawesebulebebis programebidan,

es exeba rogorc moswavleTa pirad Semadgenlobas, aseve

swavlebis saSualebebs, dauyovnebliv amoRebul iqnas yovelive

is, rac emsaxureba an SesaZlebelia emsaxurebodes avstria-

ungreTis sawinaaRmdego propagandis gavrcelebas;

4) samxedro da administraciuli samsaxuridan gaTavi-

su fldes saerTod yvela oficeri da Tanamdebobis piri, ro-

mlebic damnaSaveni arian avstria-ungreTis monarqiis winaSe.

avstria-ungreTis mTavroba itovebs uflebas, acnobos ser beTis

mTavrobas maTi vinaoba maT mier Cadenili qmedebebis miTiTebiT.

5) revoluciuri moZraobis CaxSobis mizniT, romelic

mimarTulia monarqiis (igulisxmeba avstria-ungreTis monarqia

_ dek. v.c.) teritoriuli xelSeuxeblobis winaaRmdeg,

serbeTSi daiSvas avstria-ungreTis sadamsjelo organoebTan

TanamSromloba;

6) Catardes sasamarTlo gamoZieba im pirTa mimarT, vinc

monawileobda 15 ivnisis SeTqmulebaSi da imyofeba serbeTis

teritoriaze. gamoZiebis interesebidan gamomdinare, am pirebis

ZebnaSi monawileobas miiReben avstria-ungreTis mTavrobis

mier mivlinebuli pirebi.

9) avstria-ungreTis mTavrobas ganemartos, rom dauSvebelia

serbeTis maRali Tanamdebobis pirebis mier rogorc serbeTSi,

aseve sazRvargareT gakeTebuli gancxadebebis gamarTleba,

ro mlebmac, miuxedavad maT mier dakavebuli oficialuri md-

gomareobisa, 15 ivnisis Tavdasxmis Semdeg micemul in terviuebSi

ufleba misces sakuTar Tavs, esaubraT avstria-ungreTis

monarqiasTan mimarTebaSi miuRebeli da mtruli toniT...»

serbeTis despanma ruseTSi spoilakoviCma ruseTis sagareo

saqmeTa ministrs s.d. sazonovs Sexvedris dros acnoba, rom

ko nfliqtis dawyebisTanave «belgradis xelisufleba aR ni-

Snavda, rom isini mzad arian dasajon SeTqmulebaSi mo na w i-

le pirebi. msgavsi sakiTxebis mogvareba yovelTvis da int e-

r esebul mTavrobebs Soris urTierTmolaparakebebis gziT

59vin daiwyo pirveli msoflio omixdeba da mocemul SemTxvevaSic raime gaugebrobas adgili ar

SeiZleba hqondes... bosniisa da hercogovinas sakiTxi evropis

dainteresebuli qveynebis molaparakebebis sagani iyo da amitom...

serbeTis mier nakisri valdebulebebis Seusruleblobis sa-

kiTxic evropis imave qveynebis mTavrobebma unda ganixilon da

maTve unda daadginon, ramdenad samarTliania avstriis mier

se rbeTisTvis wayenebuli brali. xom ar SeiZleba, rom avstria

er Tdroulad mbraldebelic iyos da mosamarTlec!»

avstriuli karikaturi: «serbeTi unda ganadgurdes!»

evropis dedaqalaqebma omis safrTxis Semcvel konfliqtze

dauyonebliv daafiqsires TavianTi damokidebuleba. parizis

gazeTi «Journal des Débats», gamoxatavda ra safrangeTis mT-

avrobis pozicias, im dros werda: «Tavdasxma, romelsac s e-

r beTze amzadeben, dauSvebelia. serbeTi unda daTanxmdes yv-

e la moTxovnas, romelic ar arRvevs mis damoukideblobas,

da iwyos gamoZieba da daadginos damnaSaveebis vinaoba. magram

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misgan ufro mets moiTxoven, mas ufleba aq-

vs, ar daTanxmdes. Tu mis winaaRmdeg Zalas gamoiyeneben, ma Sin

evropis sazogadoebrivi azri da didi saxelmwifoebi, ro melTa

mizania evropaSi wonasworobis dacva, ver darCebian gulgrilni

da serbeTis Txovna, daexmaron mas, amao ar iqneba».magram germaniaSi avstriulma ultimatumma sabrZolo

enTuziazmi gaaRviva. gazeTma «Berliner Lokal Anzeiger» Semdegi

komentari gaakeTa: «nota risxviTaa nakarnaxebi... moxuci im-

peratoris moTminebis fiala aivso. ra Tqma unda, belgradSi

notas silis gawnis efeqti eqneba, magram serbeTi miiRebs da-

mamcirebel moTxovnebs, Tu arada, avstriuli Tofebi, ro -

mlebic ase xSir-xSirad iteneba, TavisTavad gaisvris. am ao iqneba

60 dek. vladislav cipinibelgradis mcdeloba, daxmarebisTvis mimarTos pe terburgs.

germaneli xalxi Tavisuflad amoisunTqavs. is mi esalmeba

venis mokavSiris gambedaobasa da simtkices da ua xloes dReebSi

daamtkicebs Tavis erTgulebas».ruseTis mTavrobis reaqcia avstriis ultimatumze da-

fiqsirda «Русский инвалид»-is 12 ivlisis gamoSvebaSi: «mTa-

vroba Zalian Sewuxebulia mimdinare movlenebiTa da ser b e-

TisTvis ultimatumis wayenebiT. mTavroba fxizlad adevnebs

Tvals avstria-serbeTis konfliqtis ganviTarebas, romlis

mi marT ruseTi ver darCeba gulgrili».13 ivliss serbeTma ultimatumze ukiduresad kompromisuli

pasuxi gasca: avstrielebis mxridan wayenebuli moTxovnebis

umetesoba miRebul iqna, magram serbeTi ar daeTanxma moTxovnas,

romlis mixedviTac avstria-ungreTis xelisufleba serbeTis

teritoriaze mimdinare sasamarTlo gamoZiebaSi unda Careuliyo,

rac arRvevda serbeTis saxelmwifos suverenitets. serbeTis

mTavrobis mSvidobismoyvare poziciam STabeWdileba moaxdina

TviT germaniis imperator vilhem II, romelmac serbebis pasuxi

damakmayofileblad CaTvala.

magram avstriis mTavrobam, rogorc ityvian, „kriWa Se-

k ra“. man es pasuxi damakmayofileblad ar CaTvala da imave

dR es serbiasTan diplomatiuri urTierTobebi gawyvita. omi

ga rdauvali iyo. ori dRiT adre, 11 ivliss, serbeTis uf l-

iswulma-regentma aleqsandrem depeSa gaugzavna imperator

nikoloz II: «Cven ver SevZlebT Tavis dacvas. amdenad, gevedrebiT

Tqven, Tqveno udidebulesobav, rac SeiZleba swrafad da-

gvexmaroT». am depeSaze wminda imperatorma nikoloz II sami

dRis Semdeg upasuxa: «vidre arsebobs sisxlisRvris Tavidan

aci lebis sul mcire imedi, mTeli Cveni Zalisxmeva mimarTuli

un da iyos am miznisken. Tuki, Cveni gulwrfeli survilisda mi-

uxedavad, daxmarebas ver movaswrebT, Tqveni udidebulesoba

da rwmunebuli unda iyos, rom ruseTi serbeTis xvedrisadmi gu-

lgrili ar darCeba».15 ivliss avstria-ungreTma omi gamoucxada serbeTs. ga-

erTianebul monarqiaSi daiwyo sayovelTao mobilizacia. av-

stria-ungreTis jari uaxlovdeboda aramarto serbeTis, ar-

amed ruseTis sazRvrebsac.

61vin daiwyo pirveli msoflio omiSeqmnili viTarebidan gamomdinare, ruseTis mTavrobam av-

striis sazRvarTan momijnave oTx samxedro olqSi mobilizaciis

Catarebis gadawyvetileba miiRo. mTavrobis gadawyvetileba ar

gaiziara generaluri Stabis ufrosma. n.n. ianuSkeviCis azriT,

aucilebeli iyo sayovelTao mobilizaciis Catareba. man aRniSna,

rom avstria-ungreTis ruseTTan dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi,

germania omSi namdvilad dauWerda mxars Tavis uaxloes mo-

ka vSires avstria-ungreTs; nawilobrivi mobilizaciis Cat-

arebas ki SeeZlo gaerTulebina sayovelTao mobilizaciis ge-

gmis Sesruleba, romelic, rogorc wesi, winaswar detalurad

iyo damuSavebuli generalur StabSi: momzadebuli gegmebis

da rRvevis gamo SesaZlebelia logistikuri problemebi wam oW-

ri liyo. genStabis winadadeba mefem gaiziara mxolod samxedro

mrCevelebTan moTaTbirebis Semdeg. 17 ivliss, misi brZanebiT,

na wilobrivi mobilizacia Seicvala sayovelTao mobilizaciiT.

acnobierebda ra moaxloebuli safrTxis masStabebs, ni k-

oloz II mainc cdilobda omis Tavidan acilebas. mas, misi da

Ta visi meuRlis axlo naTesavis, germaniis imperatoris vi l-

hem II keTilgonierebis imedi hqonda. imave dRes nikoloz II

depeSa gaugzavna germaniis imperators, romelic ruseTis mT-

avrobisagan mobilizaciis Sewyvetas moiTxovda:

„teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT SeuZlebelia Cveni samxedro

momzadebis SeCereba, rac avstriaSi Catarebuli mobilizaciis

gardauvali Sedegi iyo. Cven ar gvsurs omi. vidre avstriasTan

serbeTis sakiTxze molaparakebebi gagrZeldeba, Cemi ja r e bi

ar wamoiwyeben arcerT saomar moqmedebas. me sruli pa s u x-

ismgeblobiT gaZlev am sityvas“.

germaniis sapasuxo reaqcia sikeTis momaswavebeli ar iyo.

18-dan 19 ivlisis Rames, ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrs s.d.

sazonovs ewvia germaniis elCi peterburgSi purtalesi. man

ministrs wauyena moTxovna, dauyonebliv SeewyvitaT mobilizacia,

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi omis gamocxadebiT daemuqra. germaniis

mTavrobam ruseTTan ultimatumis eniT daiwyo saubari, rac, ra

Tqma unda, suverenuli da didi saxelmwifosTvis miuRebeli iyo.

ultimatumis pirobebze elCma uari miiRo, Tumca sazonovma iqve

daudastura, rom avstriis serbeTTan molaparakebebis periodSi

ruseTi ar daiwyebda maT winaaRmdeg saomar moqmedebebs.

62 dek. vladislav cipini

1914 wlis 19 ivliss (1 agvistos) 7 saaTsa da 10 wuTze

purtalesma sazonovs gadasca omis gamocxadebis oficialuri

aqti. ase daiwyo didi omi da, imavdroulad, poetis sityvebiT

rom vTqvaT, daiwyo „arakalendaruli, namdvili meoce sau-

kune“. 20 ivliss sankt-peterburgSi (romelsac sul male, pat-

riotuli enTuziazmis gavleniT, pirvelad Seucvlian saxels

da petrograds daarqmeven) sasaxlis moedani xalxiT gaivso.

rodesac zamTris sasaxlis aivanze nikoloz II gamovida, gaisma

SeZaxilebi _ „vaSa“, aJRerda himni „ufalo, daifare mefe!“,

xalxma daiCoqa; TiTqosda, saukunis dasawyisSi gadatanili

revoluciuri SfoTi sabolood Cabarda warsuls. armiisa da

flotis maRali Tanamdebobis pirebisTvis sasaxleSi mowyobil

miRebaze, imperatorma aRniSna: „me aq sazeimod vacxadeb, rom

ar davdeb sazavo xelSekrulebas, vidre mtris ukanaskneli

mebrZoli ar datovebs Cvens miwa-wyals“. imave dRes gamovida

umaRlesi manifesti, romelic ase mTavrdeboda: «amjerad mo-

gviwevs, davicvaT ara marto usamarTlod ganawyenebuli Cv-

eni monaTesave qveyana, aramed ruseTis pativic, Rirsebac, mT-

lianobac da misi adgilic did saxelmwifoTa Soris».rogorc citirebuli dokumentebidan Cans, omis win ruseTma

Tavisi monarqis pirovnebaSi aRmoaCina iseTi Tvisebebi, rog-

oricaa udidesi mSidobismyofeloba, kompromisebisadmi mza d-

yofna, da yovelive es _ pativisa da Rirsebis SenarCunebiT,

erTmorwmune da Tvistomi serbeTis erTgulebiT, romelsac Tavis

droze damoukideblobis garantiebi hqonda micemuli. aseTia

movlenaTa moraluri mxare da Sefaseba. magram ra mdgomareobaa

politikur-pragmatuli TvalsazrisiT, rogor aRiqmeboda es

movlenebi ruseTis saxelmwifos interesebidan gamomdinare?

didi omis moaxloebaze, ufro metic, mis gardauvalobaze

63vin daiwyo pirveli msoflio omifiqrobdnen evropis sxvadasxva qveynebsa da sxvadasxva fenebSi:

politikur olimpze _ ministrebi, diplomatebi da generlebi,

opoziciuri partiebi da revoluciuri iatakqveSeTi, pol-

itikurad angaJirebuli inteligencia da apolitikuri wr-

eebi. es ganwyoba omiswina wlebisa da Tveebis sagazeTo pub-

likaciebSi aisaxa. omis moaxloebaze miuTiTebda germaniasa

da safrangeTs Soris arsebuli seriozuli uTanxmoeba. sa-

frangeTi ver Seurigda elzasisa da lotaringiis dakargvas

da Tavisi sagareo da TavdacviTi politika umaRles mizans _

re vanSs dauqvemdebara. avstria-ungreTi, ver dakmayofilda ra

bosniisa da hercogovinas aneqsiiT, agrZelebda balkaneTSi eq-

spansias. misi mizani aSkara iyo _ daemorCilebina balkaneTis

marTlmadidebeli qveynebi, romlebzec osmaleTis imperia

nabij-nabij kargavda Zalauflebas. habsburgebis imperiis ms -

g avs politikas ewinaaRmdegeboda marTlmadidebeli ru s e-

Ti, romlisTvisac es eqspansia miuRebeli iyo. germaniasa da

did britaneTs Soris izrdeboda metoqeoba ucxouri ko lo-

niebisTvis. germanias, miuxedavad Tavisi industriuli da sa-

mxedro Zlierebisa, koloniebi naklebad hqonda. da es mx olod

aisbergis mwvervali iyo did evropul saxelmwifoebs So ris

arsebuli uTanxmoebisa.

am situaciaSi, Tu omi daiwyeboda, ruseTisTvis sasicocxlo

mniSvneloba hqonda ufro Zlier koaliciaSi yofnas. da marTlac,

ruseTis mTavrobis gaTvlebi gamarTlda. daiwyo ra ruseTis

winaaRmdeg omi, germaniis xelisuflebas eWvi ar epareboda,

rom safrangeTi, romelsac ruseTTan megobruli xelSekruleba

hqonda dadebuli da romelsac 1871 wlis samarcxvino wagebisTvis

samagieros gadaxda swyuroda, ar daarRvevda SeTanxmebas. amitom,

samxedro-strategiuli mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, germania ar

daeloda potenciuri mowinaaRmdegis reaqcias da 21 ivliss omi

gamoucxada safrangeTs. avstria-ungreTi, romlis agresiulma

moqmedebebma serbeTis winaaRmdeg aRaSfoTa evropa, agvianebda

ruseTisTvis omis gamocxadebas. am pauzis ukan diplomatiuri

fandi imaleboda: italiam, romelic germaniasa da avstria-

ungreTTan erTad samTa kavSirSi Sedioda, Tavisi samokavSireo

valdebulebebi omis TavdacviTi miznebiT Semofargla. is faqti,

rom ara ruseTma germanias, aramed germaniam gamoucxada omi

64 dek. vladislav cipinijer ruseTs da Semdeg ki safrangeTs, italias aTavisuflebda

movaleobisgan, ebrZola Tavisi mokavSireebis mxareze. am i-

tom avstria dros Wimavda, ruseTis mxridan Tavdasxmas el-

o deboda. magram, samxedro mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, is ma-

inc iZulebuli gaxda 24 ivliss pirvels gamoecxadebina omi

ru seTisTvis. italiam maSin neitralitetis politika airCia,

xolo mogvianebiT, 1915 wels, CaerTo omSi da antantis mxareze

ibrZoda. saqme isaa, rom italia meryeobda, ver gadaewyvita,

vin aerCia mokavSired. mas teritoriuli pretenziebi hqonda

rogorc safrangeTTan, nicis gamo, aseve avstria-ungreTTan,

triestisa da samxreT tirolis gamo. ase rom, gamovidoda ra

samTa kavSiridan, italias arCevnis gakeTebis saSualeba eZleoda

_ mokavSired aerCia is mxare, romelsac gamarjvebis meti Sansi

eqneboda.

didi britaneTi safrangeTTan mokavSireobis xelSe kr u leb iT

_ „guliTadi kavSiriT“, anu antantiT iyo daka vS i rebuli, magr-

am, ramdenadac mas centralur aziasa da So reul aRmosavleTSi

seriozuli uTanxmoeba hqonda ru seTTan, britaneTis mTavroba

omSi CarTvas ar Cqarobda. mag ram, rodesac germaniis armiam,

imis gamo, rom safrangeTis mxridan sazRvari, sainJinro

TvalsazrisiT, Zlierad iyo gamagrebuli da swored iq iyo

Tavmoyrili mowinaaRmdegis yvelaze brZolisunariani Zalebi,

gadawyvita, neitraluri belgiis teritoriidan ieriSi mietana

parizze, londonma ultimatumis toniT moTxova germanias,

pativi eca am qveynis neitralitetisTvis da gamoeyvana Tavisi

jari. miuxedavad imisa, rom mTavrobisa da generaluri Stabis

strategiuli gaTvlebi britanul neitralitets emyareboda,

germaniam britaneTis moTxovnas yuradReba ar miaqcia.

22-dan 23 ivlisis Rames didma britaneTma omi gamoucxada

germanias. 1 agvistos antantas SeuerTda britaneTis mokavSire

iaponia. im droisTvis neitraluri rumineTi, miuxedavad imisa,

rom misi mefe, hoencolernebis dinastiis warmomadgeneli,

karlos I amaod cdilobda mTavrobis dayoliebas, germaniisa

da avstriis mxareze Cabmuliyvnen saomar moqmedebebSi,

mogvianebiT antantas mxareze CaerTo omSi. germaniam da

avstriam, Tavis mxriv, mokavSireobaze daiyolies osmaleTis

imperia da bulgareTi. 1917 wels, rodesac sabolood gairkva

65vin daiwyo pirveli msoflio omimsoflio omis Sedegebi, antantas mokavSire gaxda amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebi.

amgvarad, mniSvnelovani upiratesoba, rogorc Seiara R -

e b uli Zalebisa da mosaxleobis, aseve ekonomikuri mas St-

a bebis TvalsazrisiTac, antantis mxareze iyo. germaneli

ja riskacebis samxedro momzadeba da simamace, germaneli ge ne-

rlebisa da oficrebis maRali profesionalizmi mo wi naaRmdegis

am kolosalur upiratesobas ver gadawonida. or fr ontze

gaSlili omis koSmari, romlisac ase eSinoda brZen po litikos

oto bismarks da amis Taobaze afrTxilebda kidec germanias,

realoba gaxda, ramac misi damarcxeba ganapiroba. ase rom, Caeba

ra omSi, ruseTi gaazrebulad, mtkice pragmatuli gaTvliT

moqmedebda.

da mainc, ruseTisTvis es omi aranaklebi katastrofuli

SedegebiT damTavrda, vidre germaniisTvis. sagazeTo pu b-

likaciebSi xSirad SexvdebiT mosazrebas, rom am omSi ruseTi

damarcxda: es, ra Tqma unda, absurduli mosazrebaa _ erTis

damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi gamarjvebuli xdeba meore mxare.

damarcxdnen ruseTis mowinaaRmdegeebi, omis gamCaReblebi.

maTze gamarjveba, Zi ri Tadad, mopovebul iqna rusi jariskacebis

msxverplad gaRebuli sisxliT, romlebmac germaniisa da

avstria-un greTis cocxali Zalis mniSvnelovani nawili

gaanadgures. Tu mca, rodesac 1919 wels versalis samSvidobo

konferenciaze gamarjvebulebi teritoriebs inawilebdnen,

ruseTi am ganawilebaSi monawileobas ar iRebda.

versalSi misi delegaciis aryofnis mizezi ara marto yo-

fili mokavSireebis usamarTloba iyo: ruseTis konferenciaSi

monawileobisgan acilebis sababi gaxda, germaniisa da avstriis

ganadgurebis win, misi gamosvla omidan da brestis zavis dadeba.

cnobilia, rom brest-litvis samSvidobo xelSekrulebas win

uswrebda revoluciuri katastrofa: wminda imperatoris

nikoloz II iZulebiTi gadadgoma taxtidan _ saimperatoro

saxlis wevrebis, did TavadTa intrigebis, umaRlesi samxedro

mxedarTmTavrebis daufaravi Ralatisa da im politikuri

op ozicionerebis SeTqmulebis gamo, romlebic 1917 wlis Te-

bervlis sabediswero dReebSi aSkara revolucionerebi aR m-

oCndnen. mravalvnebuli mefe gadadga Tavisi Zmis, didi Tavadis

66 dek. vladislav cipinimixeil aleqsandres Zis sasargeblod, romelmac sa imperio

Zalauflebaze uari ganacxada. im droisTvis da Txovili sa-

xelmwifo dumis deputatebis umniSvnelo wa rmomadgenlobam

Tavrizis sasaxleSi kreba gamarTa da Seqmna dr oebiTi mTavroba,

romlis Semadgenloba SeaTanxmes imave darbazSi saswrafod

Camoyalibebul muSaTa da jariskacTa sabWos deputatebTan. amiT

safuZveli Caeyara axal rusul areulobas, romlis talRazec,

TiTqmis erTi wlis Semdeg, petrogradSi xelisuflebaSi movida

partia, romlis lideri didi omis dasawyisisTanave Tavisi

qveynis damarcxebis momxre iyo am omSi da gamoTqvamda imeds

(romelic savsebiT gamarTlda), rom ruseTSi xalxTa Soris

omi samoqalaqo omSi gadaizrdeboda. Tanac, 1918 wels, brestis

xelSekrulebis dadebis dros, saxalxo komisrebis sabWo

(romelmac gadaayena iseTive TviTmarqvia droebiTi mTavroba,

rogoric TviT iyo), omis gagrZelebisTvis mzadac rom yofiliyo

(riskenac mas ubiZgebda bolSevikebis liderebis umravlesoba),

moklebuli iyo am SesaZleblobas: mefis Camogdebis Semdeg

dawyebulma moqmedi armiis daSlis procesma, erT weliwadSi

logikur finals miaRwia - masobrivi dezertiroba da frontis

rRveva gamoiwvia.

ruseTis imperiis dacema Tavis droze nawinaswarmetyvelebi

iyo profetikulad Rirsi serafime sarovelis, xolo is-

toriosofiurad _ k.n. leontievis mier, aseve poeturadac _

m.i. lermontovis axalgazrdul, TiTqmis bavSvobis droindel

leqsSi: «dadgeba Jami, ruseTisTvis Savbneli Jami; odes gvirgvini

mefeebis Zirs daecema; brbo daiviwyebs mis siyvaruls winare

Jamis, da mravalT sazrdod sikvdili da sisxli gadaiqceva».ruseTis omSi Cabmis Semdeg movlenebis ganviTarebis po-

litikuri prognozi detalurad winaswar ganWvrita gamocdilma

politikurma moRvawem, yofilma Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma p.n.

durnovom. is aleqsandre III dros dawyebuli ruseTisa da re-

spublikuri safrangeTis daaxloebis pro cesis winaaRmdegi iyo

da winamorbedi mefobis droindeli ge rmanofiluri or ientaciis

rusuli diplomatiis da brunebisken mouwodebda. 1914 wlis

TebervalSi, xelmwifis sax elze gadacemul „baraTSi“, durnovo

afrTxilebda, rom germaniasTan omSi ruseTs «germanuli

Tavdacvis yve laze Zlieri xazis gatarvnis roli» daekisreba,

67vin daiwyo pirveli msoflio omida rom «warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi... socialuri revolucia,

misi yvelaze ukiduresi gamovlinebiT, CvenTan gardauvalia...

socialisturi lozungebi erTaderTi saSualebaa, rasac Se-

uZlia mosaxleobis farTo masebis gamoRviZeba da erT muStad

Sekvra; Tavdapirvelad „Savi“ gadanawileba, Semdeg ki mTeli

qonebisa da faseulobebis sayovelTao gayofa. damarcxebuli

armia, romelmac omis dros Tavisi sakadro Semadgenlobis yv-

elaze sando nawili dakarga da umeteswilad miwisadmi gl-

exuri ltolviT xasiaTdeba, imdenad demoralizebuli aR-

moCndeba, rom kanonierebisa da wesrigis burji veRar iqneba.

sa kanonmdeblo dawesebulebebi da xalxis TvalSi namdvil av-

toritets moklebuli opoziciur-inteligenturi partiebi

veRar SeaCereben maT mierve aRzevebuli xalxis mRelvarebas

da ruseTi Cavardeba anarqiis wyvdiadSi, saidanac gamosavlis

gzebis winaswarganWvretac ki SeuZlebelia». igi marTalic aRmoCnda. imperatori nikoloz II germaniasTan

omis saSiSroebas acnobierebda. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, mas ar

surda ruseTis Cabma am omSi, magram avstriis mTavrobis mier

erTmorwmune serbeTisTvis, Semdeg ki germaniis mier Tavad

ruseTisTvis wayenebulma ultimatumma, arCevani ar dautova:

mokvdavi adamiani Tavisi qmedebebis yvela SesaZlo Sedegs wi-

naswar ver gaTvlis, magram qristiani yvela viTarebaSi qr i-

s tianuli sindisis karnaxiT unda moqmedebdes. 1914 wlis iv-

lisSi imperatori nikoloz II sindisierad moiqca _ serbeTi

da saglejad ar gaimeta.

xalxuri sibrZnis Tanaxmad: „kaci bWobda, RmerTi icinodao“.

RmrTis gangebas ruseTi misTvis gankuTvnili gziT miyavda.

Tavis droze didma saxelmwifo moRvawem k.p. pobedonoscevma

mravalmniSvnelovani sityvebi warmoTqva: „ruseTi rom ar

daWaodbes, unda moyino“. mas, ra Tqma unda, mxedvelobaSi sulac

ar hqonda iseTi moyinva, rogoris atanac ruseTs sinamdvileSi

mouwia. magram ruseTma am gamocdas gauZlo.

rac Seexeba ruseTisTvis msoflio omis Sedegebs: rogorc am

omSi erT-erTma gamarjvebulma, safrangeTis marSalma f. foSma

aRniSna, versalis sazavo xelSekruleba, ramdenadac man ver

gadaWra qveynebs Soris arsebuli omis gamomwvevi uTanxmoebebi,

aRmoCnda aranamdvili mSvidoba, aramed mxolod droebiTi

68 dek. vladislav cipinizavis xelSekruleba. 20 wlis Sesvenebis Semdeg omi ganaxlda.

ganaxlda TiTqmis imave monawileebiT, rogorc msoflio-is-

toriuli dramis pirvel aqtSi da 1945 wels ruseTisa da misi

mokavSireebisTvis triumfaluri gamarjvebiT damTavrda.

magram es ukve sxva istoriaa.

Tanamedroveobasa da asi wlis winandel movlenebs Soris

paralelis gavleba ar SeiZleba. ar SeiZleba imitom, rom

amJamad ar arian iseTi SeSlilebi da ugunurebi, romlebic

gariskaven da gaaCaReben msoflio oms Cveni qveynis winaaRmdeg.

magram erTi ramiT mainc exmianebian epoqebi erTmaneTs: rogorc

1914 wels, ruseTi isev uwevs mfarvelobas xalxs, romelic

agresiis mxverpli gaxda; xalxs, romlis sakmao nawili Cveni

er Tmorwmunea _ sirieli marTlmadidebeli qristianebi,

romlebsac, rogorc am qveynis sxva religiuri umciresobebis

warmomadgenlebs, am konfliqtSi ruseTis monawileobis

gareSe ganadgureba, gaZeveba an, yvelaze mcire, damamcirebeli

uufleboba emuqreboda.

Targmani Tamar fanculaiasi.

_____________ Targmnilia teqstidan: Протоиерей Владислав Цыпин, Так кто же начал первую мировую войну?! http://www.pravoslavie.ru. 2016.

mixeil Cistimixeil Cisti

1936-38 wlebis moskovis procesebi: sxvagvarad-moazrovneTa Tu mexuTe kolonis ganadgureba?1

gardaqmnis Semdgom periodSi Cvens qveyanaSi saTaveSi mov-

idnen politikuri Zalebi, romlebic “msoflio sazogadoe-

briobis” mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen. saSinao da sagareo

politikaSi miRebuli yvela ZiriTadi gadawyvetileba SeTanx-

mebuli iyo msoflios wamyvani qveynebis mTavrobebTan, rac

ruseTis interesebs ewinaaRmdegeboda. amJamad, yirimisa da

sevastopolis ruseTTan xelaxla SemoerTebis Semdeg, gaaq-

tiurda dasavleTze orientirebuli politikuri gaerTiane-

bebis saqmianoba, romlebic sakuTar Tavs “demokratebsa” da

“liberalebs” uwodeben. maTi mizania, daabrunon ruseTi maTi

mmarTvelobis 90-an wlebSi.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, udavod aqtualuria im ZalTa saqmi-

anobis analizi, romlebsac xelisuflebasTan sabrZolve-

lad ucxo saxelmwifoebis imedi aqvT. metad mniSvnelova-

nia, pasuxi movZebnoT kiTxvaze: ibrZvian Tu ara isini Cveni

saxelmwifos an, rogorc Tavad amboben, reJimis winaaRmdeg,

maSin, rodesac dasavleTis qveynebi, maTi azriT, “demokrati-

isTvis” brZolaSi mxardaWeras ucxadeben da realurad ex-

marebian maT? am kuTxiT, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas “memarj-

vene-trockistuli” bloki imsaxurebs, romlis saqmianobaSic

uam ravi “TeTri laqaa”.

sazogadoebriv-politikur sivrceSi, Tavad memarcxene moZ-

raobis SigniTac ki, 1936-38 wlebis procesebis Tema (trock-

1 Михаил Чистый, аспирант Исторического факультета МГУ, Московские процессы 1936 – 1938 гг.: разгром инакомыслящих или пятой колонны? 2016.

70 mixeil Cisti

istul-zinovievuri centri, trockistuli paraleluri

centri, memarjvene-trockistuli bloki) erT-erTi yvelaze

sadiskusio Temaa. jer kidev 1956 wels Catarebul skkp2 XX

yrilobaze cdilobdnen SeemuSavebinaT mosazreba, romlis

Tanaxmad, trockistebma da buxarinelebma kavSiri gawyvites

trockisTan da 1937 wlisTvis i.b. stalinis mxareze gadavid-

nen. n.s. xruSCovma zemoxsenebul yrilobaze gakeTebul mox-

senebaSi ganacxada, rom, TiTqos, isini jaSuSebi, mavneblebi

da SeTqmulebi ar iyvnen, rom ar arsebobs maTi antisabWo-

Ta saqmianobis damadasturebeli araviTari mtkicebuleba,

garda maTi sakuTari aRiarebisa, romelic gamomZieblebis

mier wamebis safuZvelzea mopovebuli. gorbaCovis droindel

“gardaqmnis” periodSi moskovuri procesebis yvela figur-

anti reabilitirebul iqna. burJuaziuli da memarcxene mkv-

levrebis garkveuli nawili Tavisi poziciis ZiriTad Teziss

ase ayalibebs: trockistebi da buxarinelebi xelisuflebis

biurokratiul gadagvarebas upirispirdebodnen da sazoga-

doebis demokratizaciisTvis ibrZodnen, xolo i.b. stalinma,

Tavisi bunebrivi diqtatoruli Cvevebidan gamomdinare, isini,

TiTqos-da, Tavidan moicila.

dReisTvis ukve gamovlenilia dokumentebis sakmaod didi

raodenoba, romlebic adastureben trockistebisa da bux-

arinelebis danaSaulebriv saqmianobas. isini marTlac ga-

reuli aRmoCndnen yvela im danaSaulSi, raSic maT 1936-38

wlebis procesebze brali oficialurad wauyenes. ra Tqma

unda, bevri gadaxrac iyo, magaliTad, rodesac adgilobri-

vi xelisufleba erTmaneTs “ejibreboda”, vin ufro meti

raodenobis kontrrevolucionerebs gamoavlenda an fizi-

kurad gaanadgurebda. yovelive es dagmobil iqna jer kidev

i.b.stalinis dros, razec saubaria iseT dokumentebSi, ro-

goricaa ssrk sks3 da skp(b) 1937 wlis 28 aprilis dadge-

nileba, maTi 1938 wlis 17 noembris erToblivi dadgenileba,

aseve, politbiuros mier 1937 wlis 5 maiss ssrk general-

uri prokuroris a.i. viSinskisTvis wardgenili winadadeba,

romelic exeboda arasakmarisi mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze

2 sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partia.

3 saxalxo komisarTa sabWo.

711936-38 wlebis moskovis procesebi

usamarTlod msjavdebulebis, donbasis inJinrebisa da te-

qnikosebis, zogierTi sasamarTlo ganaCenis gadasinjvas. im

droisTvis ki, memarjvene-trockistuli bloki, romelsac

Tavisi warmomadgenlebi hyavda partiaSi, saxelmwifo apar-

atSi, wiTel armiaSi, Sinsaxkomsa4 da adgilobriv ujredebSi,

saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg ZirgamomTxrel saqmianobas aqtiu-

rad eweoda. igi germaniisa da iaponiis mxardaWeriT sarge-

blobda da warmatebis SemTxvevaSi mzad iyo mniSvnelovan eko-

nomikur da teritoriul daTmobebze wasuliyo.

Cveni azriT, movlenaTa realuri suraTis dadgenis mizniT,

mizanSewonilia, ukanasknel wlebSi gamocemuli samamulo da

ucxouri wyaroebis gamoyenebis safuZvelze, skkp XX yri-

lobis droidan sazogadoebaSi danergili miTebi Tanmimdev-

robiT ugulebelvyoT.

miTi 1. 1930-an wlebSi trockistebi da buxarinis mimdevre-

bi stalinuri reJimisTvis araviTar safrTxes ar warmoad-

gendnen. ufro metic, bevrma trockistTa rigebi datova, i.b.

stalinis mxareze gadavida da partiasa da saxelmwifo apar-

atSi sakvanZo Tanamdebobebi daikava.

sinamdvileSi ki, jer kidev 1920-an wlebSi trockis mom-

xreebi konspiraciul jgufebs ayalibebdnen da maTi meSveo-

biT antistalinur gegmebs amzadebdnen. saidumlo Sekrebebze

aqtiurad monawileobda trockis vaJiSvili lev sedovi. Ta-

vad lev daviTis Zem 1938 wels, Svilis gardacvalebis Semdeg

gamocemul broSuraSi “lev sedovi: Svili, megobari, mebrZo-

li” aRniSna, rom jer kidev 1923 wels misi Svili “aqtiurad

Caeba opoziciur saqmianobaSi. swrafad aiTvisa SeTqmulTa

saqmianobis, aralegaluri Sekrebebis, saidumlo beWdvisa da

opoziciuri dokumentebis gavrcelebis xelovneba”. Sesabam-

isad, am broSuraSi saubaria xelisuflebisTvis brZolaSi

kanonsawinaaRmdego meTodebis gamoyenebaze.

aRniSnulma tendenciam ganviTareba hpova 1930-an wlebSi.

trockis yofilma TanamebrZolebma (radeki, piatakovi, kamen-

evi, zinovievi) formalurad gawyvites masTan kavSiri _ sa-

jaro gamosvlebSi samarcxvinod gmobdnen lev daviTis Zes,

xolo trocki, Tavis mxriv, yofil Tanamoazreebs RalatSi

4 Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariati.

72 mixeil Cisti

adanaSaulebda. magram es urTierTobis mxolod garegnuli

mxare iyo. sinamdvileSi isini partiis SecdomaSi Seyvanis taq-

tikas iyenebdnen – irgebdnen sabWoTa xelisuflebis momxre-

Ta niRbebs da ikavebdnen sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebs,

ssrk xelmZRvanelobis zurgs ukan ki trockisTan kavSirs ar

wyvetdnen da SeTqmulebis gegmebze muSaobdnen. am mosazrebas

adasturebs Semdegi faqtebi da dokumentebi: 1980 wels is-

torikosma j. arC getim, harvardis universitetis hiustonis

biblioTekaSi trockis arqivSi aRmoaCina mis mier 1930-ian

wlebSi radekis, sokolnikovisa da golcmanisTvis gagzavnili

werilebis safosto qviTrebi. yvelaze meti werili 1932 wels

iyo gagzavnili. memarjvene-trockistuli bloki swored im

dros Camoyalibda. arada, zemoCamoTvlilma pirebma, TiTqos,

swored im periodSi gawyvites l.d. trockisTan kavSiri da

brZola Sewyvites. xsenebul werilebSi saubaria swored i.b.

stalinTan brZolis taqtikaze, rasac adasturebs 1932 wels

trockis arqivSi istorikos pier brues mier aRmoCenili lev

sedovis mamisadmi gagzavnili erT-erTi werili. “[bloki] Cam-

oyalibebulia. masSi gaerTiandnen zinovielebi, sten-lomina-

Zis jgufi da trockistebi... z-sa da k-s gancxadeba, maT mier

1927 wels Cadenili udidesi Secdomis Taobaze, gakeTebul

iqna blokis Taobaze CvenebTan molaparakebebis dros, uSua-

lod z-sa da k-s gadasaxlebis win” (SeniSvna: z da k – zino-

vievi da kamenevi).

Tavis droze n. buxarinis TanamebrZoli iyo Sveicareli

komunisti da kominternis aRmasrulebeli komitetis wevri

J. ember-dro. 1971 wels, Tavis mogonebebSi, is ixsenebs bux-

arinTan bolo Sexvedras, romlis dros sakmaod xangrZlivi

saubari Sedga. Sveicarieli komunistis sityvebiT, buxarinma

mas acnoba, rom “misi jgufi zinoviev-kamenevis fraqciasTan

kavSirs ar wyvets, raTa koordinirebulad ibrZolon stali-

nis Zalauflebis winaaRmdeg”. ember-drosTvis es kavSiri mi-

uRebeli aRmoCnda, radganac buxarinelebi Tavis droze tro-

ckistebis programas miuReblad Tvlidnen da gamarjvebis

Semdeg politikur azrTa sxvadasxvaoba SesaZloa ganxeTq-

ilebis mizezi gamxdariyo. igi iqve aRniSnavs, rom buxarinma

aseve acnoba, ”rom maT stalinis mosaSoreblad gadawyvitili


hqondaT individualuri teroris gamoyeneba.”

aucileblad unda davimowmoT buxarinis erT-erTi Taname-

brZolis, romelmac XX saukunis bolomde icocxla, valen-

tin astrovis publikaciac. 1993 wlis 27 Tebervals gazeT

“izvestiaSi” igi ixsenebda, rom 1931 wlis zafxulSi bux-

arinma “pirdapir, daufaravad ganacxada, rom aucilebelia

stalinis fizikuri ganadgureba”. astrovis Tanaxmad, bux-

arinma, “stalinuri xelmZRvanelobis winaaRmdeg da partiis

leninuri kursis Secvlis” mizniT, trockistebTan blokSi

gaerTianebis sakiTxi daayena. metad sayuradReboa is gare-

moeba, rom astrovma amis Taobaze 1990-ani wlebis dasawyisSi

dawera, maSin, rodesac presaze zemoqmedebda is Zala, ro-

melic sabWoTa xelisuflebis mtrebis udanaSaulobis damt-

kicebas cdilobda.

amgvarad, trockisa da buxarinis momxreebi gaerTiandnen.

maT ganaxorcieles Tavdasxmebi i.b. stalinze, v.m. moloto-

vsa da k.e. voroSilovze; maTi iniciativiT 1934 wels mokles

s.m. kirovi; wiTel armiaSi hyavdaT ndobiT aRWurvili pire-

bi, romelTa daxmarebiT 1937 wels samxedro gadatrialebis

mowyobas imedovnebdnen. maTi Tanamoazreebi iyvnen tuxaCevski,

iakiri, uboreviCi da sxv. Tumca, es sakiTxi calke statiis

Temaa.

memarjvene-trockistuli bloki ar dakmayofilda miRweu-

liT da sawarmoo da satransporto obieqtebze sabotaJisa

da mavneblobis kompania gaaCaRa. Tu rogor mimdinareobda

sabotaJi, kargad Cans amerikeli inJinris j. litlpeijis

memuarebidan “sabWouri oqros ZiebaSi”. igi aRwers, ra qa-

osTan da uwesrigobasTan hqonda saqme uralis maRaroebSi.

sawarmos personalTan misma axsna-ganmartebiTma muSaobam

Sedegi gamoiRo, situacia sagrZnoblad gamosworda. magram

uralis partiuli komisiis xelmZRvanelis i. kabakovis Care-

vis Semdeg, romelic moqmedebda mZime mrewvelobis saxkomis

moadgilis g.l. piatakovis miTiTebiT, mdgomareoba isev kri-

tikuli gaxda. analogiuri mdgomareoba aRiniSneboda yazax-

eTSi rideris rkinisa da TuTiis sabadoebze. saboloo jamSi,

sawarmoo maCveneblebma daiklo, dargma zarali ganicada.

miTi 2. trocki, buxarini da maTi momxreebi germaniasa da

74 mixeil Cisti

iaponiasTan ar TanamSromlobdnen. ufro metic, Tavis naS-

romebSi trocki acxadebda, rom mosalodnel omSi is ssrk-is mxares daiWerda; periodulad stalinsa da hitlers Soris

tolobis niSans svamda; germaniaSi 1930-ani wlebis dasawyis-

Si antifaSisturi moZraobis ganxeTqilebaSi stalins adana-

Saulebda kidec.

ra Tqma unda, l.d. trocki Tavis SromebSi yovelive zemo-

CamoTvlilze werda. magram, imavdroulad, Tavisi moRvaweo-

bis sxva mxareebze dumda. ase magaliTad, jer kidev 1927 wels,

rodesac sabWoTa kavSirs omis safrTxe daemuqra, man dau-

faravad mouwoda “aRedginaT klemansos taqtika, romelic...

safrangeTis mTavrobis winaaRmdeg gamovida im dros, roca

germanelebi parizidan oTxmoc kilometrSi imyofebodnen”.

ufro metic, trocki maSinac ar uaryofda Tavis sityvebs,

rodesac 1927 wlis 11 ivliss orjonikiZisadmi miweril wer-

ilSi poraJencobis arss xsnida: poraJencoba niSnavs “mtru-

li klasis xelSi myofi “sakuTari” saxelmwifos damarcxebis

xelisSewyobas”. zustad imave azrs aviTarebda igi liberal

germanel mweralTan emil ludvigTan princis kunZulebze

Sexvedris dros. mweralma aRniSnuli saubris Sinaarsi gad-

mosca Tavis wignSi “cxovrebis ZRveni”. trockim ganacxada,

rom ruseTi TiTqos CixSi aRmoCnda, xuTwlianma gegmam da in-

dustrializaciam warumatebloba ganicada. kiTxvaze, ramdeni

mimdevari hyavs ruseTSi, trockim upasuxa, rom rTulia zus-

ti raodenobis gansazRvra, radgan isini daqsaqsulni arian da

iatakqveSeTSi muSaoben. emil ludvigis kiTxvaze, rodisTvis

imedovneben trocki da misi momxreebi Riad moqmedebis daw-

yebas, pasuxi aseTi iyo: “rodesac sasurveli gare-pirobebi

Seiqmneba. es SeiZleba iyos omi an axali intervencia – maSin

Cveni stimuli mTavrobis sisuste iqneba”.

arCeuli taqtika imis identuria, romelic generalma an-

drei vlasovma didi samamulo omis wlebSi gamoiyena – ucxoe-

li dampyroblebis daxmarebiT Tavis mTavrobasTan brZola.

ra aris es, Tu ara moRalateoba...

qvemoT Cven moviyvanT sayuradRebo cnobebs, romlebic

adastureben 1930-an wlebSi trockistul-buxarinuli Za-

lebis germanelebTan da iaponelebTan TanamSromlobas. ase,


magaliTad, 1937 wlis 20 Tebervals gazeTma “miako”-m ga-

moaqveyna iaponiis mTavrobis sagegmo-sabiujeto komisiis

sxdomis angariSi. am sxdomaze iaponiis samxedro ministrs,

general sugiamus deputatma iosidam hkiTxa, cimbiris rki-

nigzis gamtarianobaze Tu hqonda raime informacia. ministrma

dadebiTad upasuxa da daumata, rom Sesabamisi informacia mi-

iRo “ruseTSi mTavrobasTan... opoziciaSi myofi elementebi-

sgan”. publikaciis Semdeg gazeTi saidumlo informaciis gam-

JRavnebisTvis daajarimes, xolo misi redaqtori, samxedro

ministris moTxovniT, gadadga.

arsebobs trockistebisa da hitlerelebis TanamSromlo-

bis damadasturebeli faqtebis sakmaod didi raodenoba. Tqvens

yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT espaneli trockistebis orpiroba-

ze, kerZod, marqsistuli gaerTianebis muSaTa partiaze (mgmp), romelsac saTaveSi trockis erT-erTi megobari andres nini

edga. sityvierad isini socialisturi gardaqmnebis forsirebis

momxreebi iyvnen, espaneTis kompartiis xelmZRvanelobas adana-

Saulebdnen muSaTa klasis interesebis RalatSi da formal-

urad Sediodnen saxalxo frontis SemadgenlobaSi, romelic

frankos meamboxeebs upirispirdeboda. ufro metic, a. nins

swored im momentSi ekava iusticiis ministris Tanamdeboba

kataloniaSi, rodesac frankom ajanyeba daiwyo. imavdroulad

respublikur mTavrobas akritikebdnen. erTi SexedviT, gareg-

nulad Canda, rom es memarcxene Zalebis SigniT arsebuli wi-

naaRmdegobebis Sedegia, Tumca mTavari mainc is iyo, rom yvela

faSizmis mowinaaRmdege iyo, magram 1937 wlis zafxulSi, gad-

amwyvet momentSi, espanelma trockistebma barselonis respub-

likuri mTavrobis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba daiwyes. gairkva, rom

mgmp frankosTan saidumlod TanamSromlobda. 1937 wlis 23

oqtombers barselonis policiis ufrosma, podpolkovnikma

buriliom gamoaqveyna, SemTxveviT xelSi Cavardnili, said-

umlo dokumentebi, romlebic mgmp-s SeTqmulebas exeboda. am

dokumentebidan cxadi xdeboda, rom organizacia faSistebis

sasargeblod jaSuSur saqmianobas eweoda, respublikuri armi-

is sabrZolo masalis gadazidvis sabotaJs da frontze samx-

edro operaciebs awyobda.

mgmp aseve sargeblobda germaniis mxardaWeriT, ris Ses-

76 mixeil Cisti

axebac Tavis memuarebSi “specoperaciebi. lubianka da krem-

li. 1930-1950 wlebi” p.a. sudoplatovi werda. misi sityve-

biT, espanelma trockistebma 1937 wels, abveris mxardaWeriT,

barselonis respublikuri mTavrobis winaaRmdeg daiwyes

ajanyeba. es informacia maT trockistuli iataqveSa jgu-

fis “wiTeli kapela”-s erT-erTma momavalma xelmZRvanelma

Sulce-boizenma miawoda. dapatimrebis Semdeg Sulce-boizeni

gestapom aRniSnuli informaciis gadacemaSi daadanaSaula.

nacisturi tribunalis stenogramis fragmentSi aRniSnuli

iyo, rom “1938 wlis dasawyisSi, espaneTis samoqalaqo omis

dros, braldebulma, dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan gamomdin-

are, Seityo, rom barselonaSi adgilobrivi wiTeli mTav-

robis winaaRmdeg, germaniis saidumlo samsaxurTan erTad,

mzaddeboda ajanyeba. es informacia, polnicisgan miRebul

masalebTan erTad, maT gadasces sabWoTa ruseTis saelCos

parizSi”. daaxloebiT es hqonda 1927 wels mxedvelobaSi l.d.

trockis, rodesac yvela SesaZlo SedegiT klemansos taqti-

kis gameorebas iTxovda...

Zalian mniSvnelovania Tvali gavadevnoT da gavaanalizoT,

Tu rogor moqmedebdnen trockistebi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi meo-

re msoflio omis dros. yvela maTi qmedeba stalinuri pro-

pagandis simarTles adasturebs, anu faSistebisTvis gaweul

daxmarebaze miuTiTebs. ase, magaliTad, 1938 wlis seqtem-

berSi, rodesac germanelebi Cexoslovakiaze TavdasxmisTvis

emzadebodnen, trockistebis mxardamWeri niu-iorkis gazeTi

“socialistepili” mowinave statiaSi werda: “Cexoslovakia,

versalis samarcxvino konferenciis nayofi... – saxelmwifo-

Ta ojaxSi namdvili simaxinjea... Cexoslovakuri demokratia

yovelTvis iyo ganviTarebul kapitalistur eqspluataci-

aze wamoxuruli gacveTili gadasafarebeli... es perspeqtiva,

yvela da nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Cvengan moiTxovs Cexoslo-

vakuri burJuaziuli saxelmwifosTvis na mdvili revoluci-

uri opoziciis Camoyalibebas”. CineTSi tro ckistebi iaponuri

samxedro dazvervis xelmZRvanelobiT mo qmedebdnen. iaponiis

sainformacio-sadazvervo samsaxuris ufrosma beipinSi 1937

wels Riad ganacxada, rom iaponiis interesebisTvis umjobe-

sia, `mxari dauWiros trockistebis jgufs da xeli Seuwyos


maT saqmianobas CineTis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, radgan es Cinelebi

Cineli xalxis erTianobas arRveven. trockistebi sufTad da

daxvewilad muSaoben~.

aSS-ma, romelic antihitleruli koaliciis wevri iyo,

trockistebis qmedeba dagmo da Seafasa, rogorc nacistebis

xelisSemwyobTa da mesabotaJeTa saqmianoba. ase, magaliTad,

1941 wlis 1 dekembers mineapolisSi federalurma saolqo

sasamarTlom 18 wamyvani trockisti SeTqmulebis mowyobaSi

damnaSaved cno, romelic organizebuli iyo amerikeli jaris-

kacebisa da mezRvaurebis disciplinis moSlisa da loialo-

bis Sesustebis mizniT. braldebulTa Soris iyo trockis ad-

vokati a. goldmani, meqsikaSi misi dacvis erT-erTi yofili

wevri jeik kuperi da sxvebi. yvelas erTi weli an 16 Tve

miusajes. 1943 wlis martSi ki trockistuli organo “mili-

tanti” amoRebul iqna aSS-is safosto qselis CamonaTvalidan,

radganac miiCnies, rom is “zians ayenebs da xels uSlis mTav-

robis qmedebebs omis warmatebiT dasrulebaSi”. iusticiis

saministros dadgenilebaSi Cawerili iyo, rom “militanti”

“Riad uwevda xalxs agitacias da mouwodebda, monawileo-

ba ar mieRoT saomar moqmedebebSi... am gamocemis svetebSi...

ibeWdeboda masalebi... romelebic miznad isaxavda samxedro

qmedebebisTvis opoziciis Seqmnas da armiisa da flotis su-

lieri simtkicis daqveiTebas”.

germaniis Cvens qveyanaze Tavdasxmis drosac trockistebi

mzad iyvnen analogiuri saSualebebiT emoqmedaT.

miTi 3. trocki arasodes yofila kapitalizmis restavra-

ciis momxre. bolSevikur partiaSi igi meore adamiani iyo da

araviTar SemTxvevaSi am poziciaze ar dadgeboda.

is, rom trocki SeuZleblad Tvlida erT calke aRebul

qveyanaSi socializmis aSenebas da misi gamarjvebis SesaZle-

blobas mxolod msoflio masStabiT uSvebda – yvelasT-

vis cnobilia. 1910 wlis bolos, rodesac mTeli msoflios

masStabiT revoluciuri xanZari gizgizebda, is msoflio

revoluciisken mouwodebda. 1920-an wlebSi ki, rodesac rev-

oluciurma talRam gadaiara, trocki sapirispiro pozici-

aze dadga, razec, rogorc konkretuli faqtebis safuZvelze,

aseve pirvelwyaroebze dayrdnobiTac SegviZlia vimsjeloT.

78 mixeil Cisti

rogorc cnobilia, 1925 wels trocki dainiSna koncesiuri

komitetis Tavmjdomaris Tanamdebobaze, ris Semdegac daiwyo

saerTaSoriso kompaniebTan kabalur pirobebze xelSekrule-

bebis dadeba. ase, magaliTad, 1925 wlis 14 noembers kompa-

nia “lena goldfildss” gadaeca koncesia lenis sabadoebis

damuSavebaze. britanulma sabanko konsorciumma, romelic

kompania “lena goldfildsis” mflobeli iyo da amerikul

sabanko saxlTan “kun leeb”-Tan hqonda kavSiri, oqros mop-

ovebis ufleba 30 wliT moipova. xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad,

koncesiis farTobi iakutiidan uralis mTebis aRmosavleT

ferdobamde teritorias moicavda. kompaniam ara marto

oqros, aramed rkinis, tyviis, vercxlis, spilenZis mopovebis

uflebac miiRo; mis gankargulebaSi gadavida metalurgiuli

sawarmoebis udidesi kompleqsi, kerZod, biserskis, sever-

skisa da revdinis metalurgiuli qarxnebi, zuzelskoesa da

dektiarskoes spilenZis sabadoebi, egorSinis naxSiris da

revdinis rkinis maRaroebi. axla, rac Seexeba produqciis

ganawilebas. molaparakebis Tanaxmad, mopovebuli Zvirfasi

metalebis raodenobidan sabWoTa xelisuflebis wili Sead-

genda mxolod 7%. amgvarad, kompaniis gankargulebaSi udide-

si preferenciebi, uzarmazari teritoria da sawarmoTa mniS-

vnelovani raodenoba aRmoCnda.

marTalia, qveyanaSi rRveva da siduxWire iyo, magram saqme

sulac ar iyo ise, rogorc zogierTi mkvlevari amtkicebs:

situaciis gamosworebisTvis nebismieri saSualeba da nebis-

mieri piri unda gamoeyenebinaT, maT Soris ucxoeli inves-

torebi, SeeqmnaT maTTvis yvela piroba, oRond ki qveynis eko-

nomika krizisidan gamoyvanaT. sinamdvileSi, dawyebuli 1921

wlidan, rodesac SemoRebul iqna nepi5, qveyanam rRvevidan

gamosvla daiwyo. sabWoTa xelisufleba, ra Tqma unda, iyeneb-

da koncesiis meqanizms, Tumca garkveul farglebSi da Cveni

saxelmwifosTvis xelsayreli pirobebiT.

magram 1925 wels, rodesac Cveni qveynis ekonomikam 1913

wlis dones miaRwia, dRis wesrigSi dadga CamorCenilobis

daZlevis, ruseTis agraruli qveynidan industriul qveynad

gadaqcevis sakiTxi. im droisTvis ukve arsebobda negatiuri

5 НЭП _ axali ekonomikuri politika.


gamocdileba: rodesac ruseTi pirvel msoflio omSi Caeba,

mniSvnelovani amocanebis gadawyveta ver SeZlo. im periodis-

Tvis ekonomikis mniSvnelovan wils agraruli seqtori Sead-

genda, mrewvelobas umniSvnelo adgili eWira (Tanafardoba

aseTi iyo: 80% – 20%-ze soflis sasargeblod, maSin, roca

evropis qveynebSi am dargebis proporciuli Tanafardoba

daaxloebiT Tanabari iyo), manqanebsa da mowyobilobebs saz-

RvargareT yidulobdnen. amgvarma CamorCenilobam Cven qvey-

anas pirveli msoflio omis periodSi umZimesi ekonomikuri

Sedegebi moutana, razec Tavis memuarebSi a.i. denikini werda.

precedenti ukve arsebobda! axali gare safrTxis arsebobis

pirobebSi, aqcenti unda gadaetanaT industrializaciaze. es

Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo. da am pirobebSi trocki ucxour

kapitals ganviTarebis ZiriTad lokomitivad ganixilavda,

ganusazRvreli raodenobiT yvela resursiT sargeblobis

uflebas aZlevda da, faqtobrivad, mis saqmianobas ar akon-

trolebda. cxadia, rom ucxoelebi, romlebmac Cveni qveynis

saxalxo meurneobis didi wili miiRes, ssrk-Si industri-

alizaciis ganviTarebis sakiTxs seriozulad ar miudgebod-

nen – aravis unda sakuTari xeliT Tavisi konkurentis ga-

Zliereba. garda amisa, aRniSnuli daskvna marTebuli iqneba

zemoaRniSnuli kompaniis “lena goldfilds”-is saqmianobis

Sefasebis drosac, romelmac, xelSekrulebis dadebis SemTx-

vevaSi, investiciebis Cadebis piroba dado, magram sabadoebisa

da sawarmoebis ganviTarebaSi erTi maneTic ar daubandebia.

mTeli misi saqmianoba oqros sazRvargareT gataniT Semoi-

fargleboda.

yuradReba unda mivaqcioT imasac, rom Tavad trocki wignSi

“Cemi cxovreba”, ixsenebs ra koncesiuri komitetis Tavmjdo-

maris postze Tavis moRvaweobas, wers, rom saxalxo meurneo-

bis aRmavlobis TvalsazrisiT sulac ar xelmZRvanelobda.

misi sityvebiT, “sameurneo sakiTxebisadmi gonebaClunguri

nacionaluri midgomis nacvlad” (TviTkmari izolaciis gziT

“damoukidebloblobis” miRweva) man wamoayena “Cveni meurneo-

bisa da msoflios SefardebiTi koeficientebis sistemis Se-

muSavebis problema. es problema gamomdinareobda msoflio

bazarze swori orientaciis SemuSavebis aucileblobidan...”

80 mixeil Cisti

trocki aRniSnavda, rom “SefardebiTi koeficientebis prob-

lema, gulisxmobda ra msoflio sawarmoo Zalebis batono-

bis aRiarebas nacionalur sawarmoo Zalebze, Tavisi arsiT,

niSnavda calkeul qveyanaSi socializmis reaqciuli Teoriis

winaaRmdeg laSqrobas”. trockis am striqonebis wakiTxvis

Semdeg, Tu kargad gaviazrebT zemomoyvanil faqtebs, marti-

vad vupasuxebT kiTxvas – stalinurma propagandam daabrala

mas kapitalizmis restavraciis idea, Tu trockis realurad

surda misi ganxorcieleba?

aRniSnul mosazrebas trocki aviTarebs 1930 wlis 23 marts

“opoziciis biuletenSi” gamoqveynebul statiaSi “Ria weri-

li skp(b) wevrebs”. ssrk-Si mimdinare industrializaciasa

da koleqtivizacias is afasebs, rogorc “avantiuras” da

maT forsirebul meTodebs akritikebs (aviwydeba, rom ssrk imyofeba mtruli qveynebis garemocvaSi, romlebic Tavdasx-

misTvis mzad arian). daskvnis saxiT, igi aRniSnuli politikis

Secvlis aucileblobaze miuTiTebs. trockim sityva-sityviT

dawera Semdegi: “ukandaxeva yvela SemTxvevaSi gardauvalia.

saWiroa es moxdes, rac SeiZleba male da rac SeiZleba mowes-

rigebulad”. miaqcieT yuradReba sityvebs – “ukandaxeva, rac

SeiZleba mowesrigebulad” – cxadia, rom saubaria swored

kapitalizmis restavraciaze. aRniSnul statiaSi mis mier

SemoTavazebul winadadebebs Soris iyo Semdegi: “Caketili

meurneobis “idealebze” uaris Tqma. gegmis axali variantis

SemuSaveba, romelic gaTvlili iqneba msoflio bazarTan rac

SeiZleba farTo urTierTobaze”. zemoT Cven aRvniSneT, rom

saubari iyo Cven qveyanaSi mZlavri industriuli bazis, manqa-

nebisa da mowyobilobebis importze damokidebulobis likvi-

daciis Sesaxeb da ara “Caketilobaze”.

garda amisa, 1930-ani wlebis dasawyisSi wamyvanma kapi-

talisturma qveynebma sabWoTa saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg eko-

nomikuri sanqciebi SemoiRes. ase, magaliTad, 1930-31 wleb-

Si aSS-Si sabWoTa saqonlis Setanaze SezRudvebi daaweses,

analogiuri nabiji gadaidga safrangeTSi 1930 wels, xolo

did britaneTSi embargo daades sabWoeTidan eqsportirebul

yvela saqonels. amgvarad, dasavleTTan urTierTobisa da

investiciebis mozidvis araviTari Sansi ar arsebobda. ro-


gor apirebda am pirobebSi trocki mis mier dasaxuli amoca-

nis ganxorcielebas? mas ekonomikur da sagareo politikaSi

msoflio imperializmTan sakmaod did daTmobebze wasvla

mouwevda, rac 1980-1990-an wlebSi gorbaCovma da elcinma gaa-

keTes; Tumca koncesiuri politikis sferoSi 1925-29 wlebSi

trockimac igive gaakeTa...

yvela CamoTvlili faqti uflebas gvaZlevs xmamaRla gan-

vacxadoT – trockis ganzraxuli hqonda kapitalizmis aRd-

gena ssrk-Si. miTi 4. trockisTan SeTqmulebis gegmebze mosalaparakeblad,

piatakovi 1935 wlis dekemberSi osloSi ar Casula. amas adas-

turebs norvegiuli gazeTebis – konservatuli “aftenposten”-

isa da social-demokratiuli “ar b a iterbalten”-is 1937 wlis

ianvris publikaciebi, romlebSic oslos maxloblad ganla-

gebuli heleris aerodromis administraciis TanamSromlebma

da misma direqtorma ganacxades, rom 1935-1936 wlebis zamTris

periodSi ucxouri TviTmfrinavebi maT aerodromze ar dafre-

nilan. da es faqti, antisabWoTa ganwyobis moRvaweebis azriT,

adasturebs, rom opoziciis SeTqmuleba ar arsebobda.

samwuxarod, aravis ucdia am miTis ugulebelyofa. imas,

rasac werdnen zemoaRniSnuli gazeTebi, trockic werda Ta-

vis naSromebSi – es SecdomaSi Seyvanis daufaravi mcdelobaa.

gasagebi rom iyos, razea saubari, mivmarToT radekisa da pi-

atakovis Cvenebebs, romlebic maT 1937 wlis ianvarSi para-

leluri trockistuli centris procesze misces. 1935 wlis

bolos, radekma werili miiRo trockisgan, romelSic igi

aRniSnavda, rom stalinTan sabrZolvelad aucilebelia ger-

maniisa da iaponiis mxardaWeris garantia. gamarjvebis Sem-

deg aucilebelia mniSvnelovan ekonomikur da teritoriul

daTmobebze wasvla da kapitalizmis restavracia. werilis

wakiTxvis Semdeg radekma trockisTan Sexvedris sakiTxi

dasva. piatakovi, romelic 1935 wlis dekemberSi berlinSi

samsaxurebriv mivlinebaSi gaemgzavra, radekis rekomenda-

ciiT, “izvestiis” korespondents d.p. buxarcevs Sexvda. man,

Tavis mxriv, tirgartenis parkSi piatakovs gaacno gustav

Stirneri, romelmac SesTavaza, meore dRes SekveTili kerZo

TviTmfrinaviT trockisTan gadafreniliyvnen. 1935 wlis 12

82 mixeil Cisti

dekembers, dilaadrian, piatakovi da Stirneri tempelgo-

fis aerodromidan gafrindnen da SuadRisas oslos aero-

dromze dafrindnen, sadac maT ukve avtomobili elodeboda,

romelmac isini trockis agarakze miiyvana. zemoaRniSnuli

sasamarTlo procesis masalebi cxadyofen: saubari daaxloe-

biT ori saaTi gagrZelda. trockim isaubra stalinuri sax-

elmwifos dangrevis gardauvalobaze, romelic mosalodnel

omSi ver gauZlebda faSistebis Semotevas. misi mosazrebiT,

am pirobebSi trockistebs arCevani hqondaT: an sabWoTa sax-

elmwifos nangrevebSi unda moyoliliyvnen, an daemxoT i.b.

stalini, risTvisac germaniisa da iaponiis mxardaWeris ga-

rantia iyo saWiro. trockim aRniSna, rom misi gnsmp6-is Tavm-

jdomaris moadgilesTan, rudolf hessTan Sexvedris dros

maT moilaparakes im daTmobebze, romlebzec trockistebi

maTi gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi wavidodnen. maT Soris: sakvanZo

saerTaSoriso sakiTxebSi germaniis mTavrobis mimarT keTil-

ganwyobili damokidebuleba; teritoriuli daTmobebi; ger-

maneli mewarmeebis daSveba ssrk-Si nedleulis resursebis

eqsploataciisTvis; sabWoTa kavSirSi germanuli kerZo

sawarmoebis saqmianobisTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna;

omis dros TavdacviT sawarmoebsa da frontze diversiuli

saqmianobis gaSla.

rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, aerodrom heleris (ro-

melic oslos maxloblad, TiTqosda, erTaderTi iyo) Tanam-

Sromlebi amtkicebdnen, rom 1935 wlis 19 seqtembridan 1936

wlis 1 maisis CaTvliT, arcerTi TviTmfrinavi maT aerodromze

ar daSvebula, linCepingidan Camofrenili norvegiuli TviT-

mfrinavis garda (SeniSvna: linCepingi mdebareobs SveciaSi da

ara norvegiaSi – ix. “msoflios atlasi”, m., gam. oniqsi, 2001

w., gv. 118-119. amgvarad, es kontrrevoluciuri propagandis

pirveli Secdomaa).

rac Seexeba aeroport heleris Sesaxeb sagazeTo pub-

likaciebs... upirveles yovlisa, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom

piatakovis viziti saidumlo iyo. TviTmfrinavi germani-

is specsamsaxurebma moamzades. saidumlo reisebs arsad ar

afiqsireben, aeroportis JurnalSi Canawerebi ar keTdeba.

6 germaniis nacionalur-socialisturi muSaTa partia.


jer erTi, sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom TviTmfrinavi, kon-

spiraciis mizniT, dasaSvebi bilikis gverdis avliT daeSva.

specialistebi aRniSnaven, rom 1930-an wlebSi TviTmfrinave-

bi mcire gabaritebis iyo da garkveul situaciebSi SeeZloT

aeroportis nacvlad sxva adgilebSic daSvebuliyvnen; da

meore, norvegiuli presis versia uaryo ssrk generalurma

prokurorma a.i. viSinskim. man sasamarTlos warudgina ssrk sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis (sssk) sakonsulo gan-

yofilebis informacia, romlis Tanaxmad, sabWoTa kavSiris

sruluflebianma warmomadgenlobam norvegiaSi miiRo ofi-

cialuri cnoba imis Taobaze, rom oslos maxloblad mdebare

aerodromi heleri mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi iRebs sxva qvey-

nebis TviTmfrinavebs, afrena da daSveba SesaZlebelia zam-

Tris TveebSic. am informacias yvela ar iTvaliswinebs: maTi

azriT, es mxolod sssk sakonsulo ganyofilebis cnoba iyo

da ara norvegiis xelisuflebis, romlis azri miukerZoebu-

lad unda CaiTvalos, amitom am cnobis seriozul dokumen-

tad miCneva mizanSewonili ar aris. maT mxedvelobidan rCebaT

erTi ram: miwodebuli monacemebi ssrk sssk-s ki ar aris, ar-

amed misi sakonsulo ganyofilebis informaciaa oficialuri

cnobis Sesaxeb, romelic man norvegiaSi ssrk sruluflebi-

ani warmomadgenlobisgan miiRo. maSasadame, cxadia, rom es

norvegiis xelisuflebis monacemebia. amasTan dakavSirebiT,

SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva: maSin rogor unda aRviqvaT gazeTeb-

Si dabeWdili cnobebi? “gardaqmnis” Semdeg Cven davrwmundiT,

rom gazeTebs SeuZliaT nebismieri dezinformaciis dabeWvda;

SeuZliaT, garkveuli Tanxis gadaxdis SemTxvevaSi, maTTvis

sasurveli Sinaarsis interviu miiRon. sul sxvaa, roca sax-

elmwifo struqturebi gamowmeben. maT verafers daumalav.

maTi arc is gancxadeba Seesabameba simarTles, rom heler-

is aeroporti erTaderTi iyo osloSi. sinamdvileSi heleri

erTaderTi aeroporti ar yofila. 1912 wlidan oslos max-

loblad funqcionirebda meore aeroportic – gradermuni.

helerisa da gradermunis velebi gamoiyeneboda TviTmfri-

navebis asafrenad da dasaSvebad (masala ixileT vikipediis

inglisurenovan versiaSi - KjellerAirport, Wikipedia). ase rom,

1935 wels iyo ori aerodromi da TviTmfrinavebs orive Re-

84 mixeil Cisti

bulobda. SeiZleba Segvepasuxon, rom samoqalaqo TviTmfri-

navebs mxolod heleri iRebda, meore ki samxedro aerodromi

iyo. magram, Tu vikipediis inglisurenovan versiaSi heleris

aeroportis Sesaxeb SeniSvnas wavikiTxavT, davrwmundebiT,

rom isic samxedro aerodromi iyo.

aseve unda davimowmoT tuxaCevskis mier gamoZiebisTvis

micemuli Cvenebebi, romlebSic dafiqsirebulia, 1935 wlis

dekemberSi ra mouyva mas piatakovma osloSi gafrenis Sem-

deg. “1935-dan 1936 wlis zamTarSi... me vesaubre piatakovs.

man gamacno trockis miTiTeba, romelic exeboda sabWoTa ka-

vSiris upirobo damarcxebis uzrunvelyofas hitlerTan da

iaponiasTan omSi, agreTve ssrk-dan ukrainisa da zRvispire-

Tis SesaZlo CamoSorebas. es miTiTebebi mianiSnebdnen imaze,

rom aucilebeli iyo germanelebTan kavSiris damyareba, raTa

gagverkvia, sad apirebdnen TavianTi armiebis daZvras da sad

unda mogvemzadebina sabWoTa armiis damarcxeba”.

magram norvegiuli presis peblikaciebiT saqme ar Semoi-

fargla. trocki Tavis naSromSi “stalinis danaSaulobebi”

da avtorebi statiisa “piatakovis Sexvedra trockisTan”, ro-

melic 1937 wels “opoziciis biuletenSi” gamoqveynda, am ori

kontrrevolucioneris Sexvedris faqtis uaryofas yvela sa-

SualebiT cdilobdnen. trocki gaocebas gamoxatavda, rogor

SeiZleboda buxarcevis StirnerTan Sexvedris meore dResve

piatakovisTvis mzad yofiliyo TviTmfrinavic da pasportic.

gana es SesaZlebelia? – kiTxvas svamda trocki. TviTmfri-

navi moamzades specsamsaxurebma. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom

Stirneri fsevdonimia. misi namdvili saxelia karl iohansoni

(raixi). man organizeba gaukeTa trockis yvela Sexvedras se-

dovTan da mis TanamebrZolebTan ssrk-Si, mas sazRvargareT

farTo kavSirebi da, aseve, ramdenime qveynis pasporti hqon-

da. da ra gasakviria, rom, Tavisi kavSirebis wyalobiT, yvela

saqmes swrafad moagvarebda (Stirneri axsenes memarjvene-

trockistuli blokis sasamarTlo procesze 1939 wels).

sxvaTa Soris, ssrk generalurma prokurorma a.i. viSinskim

mowme d.p. buxarcevs igive kiTxva dausva: erTi saxelmwifo-

dan meoreSi gadafrena ioli ar aris. ase swrafad da martivad

rogor moiZieT germaniaSi TviTmfrinavi? buxarcevma upasuxa,


rom, rogorc Stirnerma uTxra, mas germaniis xelmZRvanelo-

basTan kavSiri hqonda da saqmesac swrafad moagvarebda.

cdilobda ra daemtkicebina, rom aRniSnuli Sexvedra

TiTqos ar Semdgara, trocki ase msjelobda: masTan rom

megobari da SeTqmulebis Tanamonawile marTlac Casuliyo,

is valdebuli iqneboda saimedo Ramis gasaTeviT uzrunve-

leyo stumari, raTa sabWoTa specsamsaxurebis agentebisTvis

SeumCneveli darCeniliyo. misTvis TiTqos warmoudgeneli iyo,

rogor SeeZlo piatakovs, erTi dRiT daetovebina berlini,

roca sabWoTa Cinovnikebi sazRvargareT, upirveles yovlisa,

gsps7-s mxridan, mkacri zedamxedvelobis qveS imyofebodnen.

unda gvaxsovdes, rom isini sabWoTa xelisuflebas ebrZodnen

da sxva ramisTvis ar ecalaT, gansakuTrebiT Tu piatakovis

mdgomareobas gaviTvaliswinebT, romelmac, imyofeboda ra

berlinSi mivlinebaSi, erTi dRiT datova qalaqi. meti xniT

aryofna SesamCnevi iqneboda da Tavs gamoaaSkaravebda. amde-

nad, berlinSi saswrafod unda dabrunebuliyo.

rac Seexeba gsps-s mxridan sabWoTa Cinovnikebis zedamxed-

velobas, romlisagan damalva SeuZlebeli iyo da, rogorc

trocki aRniSnavda, mas swrafad gamoaaSkaravebdnen, ar unda

dagvaviwydes, rom im dros gsps-s xelmZRvanelobda g. ia-

goda, romelic aseve memarjvene-trockistuli blokis wevri

iyo. arsebobs mtkicebulebani, rom iagoda xels afarebda maT

saqmianobas. jer erTi, 1997 wels gamoqveynda naSromi “hen-

rix iagoda. ssrk Sinagan saqmeTa saxkomi, saxelmwifo us-

afrTxoebis generaluri komisari. dokumentebis krebuli”,

romelSic warmodgenilia misi dakiTxvis oqmebi. gamoZiebis

dros man SeTqmulebTan kavSiri aRiara, da meore, g.a. tokaevi,

romelsac 1937-1948 wlebSi n.e. Jukovskis sax. samxedro-sahae-

ro sainJinro akademiis partiuli komitetis mdivnis Tanamde-

boba ekava da imavdroulad SeTqmulTa iatakqveSeTis orga-

nizaciis wevric iyo, emigraciis dros daweril memuarebSi

wers, rom mas da mis TanamebrZolebs kavSiri hqondaT lubian-

kis SefTan henrix iagodasTan da mas afasebdnen ara rogorc

reJimis “msaxurs, aramed rogorc mters”. tokaevi aRniSnavs,

rom iagodas daxmarebiT bevri maTgani gamoaSkaravebas gad-

7 gaerTianebuli saxelmwifo politikuri sammarTvelo.

86 mixeil Cisti

aurCa. magram rodesac iagoda “Sinsaxkomidan gaaTavisufles,

maTma opoziciam sadazvervo samsaxurTan mtkice kavSiri da-

karga”. axla gasagebia, rogor moaxerxa piatakovma SeumCneve-

lad Cafreniliyo osloSi 1935 wels.

gavaanalizeT ra yvela zemoCamoTvlili garemoeba, saf-

uZveli gvaqvs vamtkicoT, rom 1937-1938 wlebSi i.b. stali-

ni da Sinsaxkomis organoebi droulad reagirebdnen da na-

cisturi germaniis agentebis saqmianobis aRsakveTad qmediT

zomebs mimarTavdnen. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, repre-

siebis mqnevara patiosan adamianebsac Seexo, rac sabWoTa xe-

lisuflebis mier jer kidev 1938 wels iqna dagmobili, magram

imavdroulad SeuZlebelia isic ar davafasoT, rom mexuTe

kolonis ganadgurebisTvis miRebulma zomebma msoflio impe-

rializmTan mosalodnel omSi Cveni qveynis damarcxebis Sansi

minimumamde daiyvanes.

aRniSnul mosazrebas arakomunisturi qveynebis mTeli rigi

cnobili saxelmwifo moRvaweebi iziarebdnen. ase, magaliTad,

ruzveltis megobari, aSS-is elCi sabWoTa kavSirSi j. devisi,

Tavis dRiurSi, 1941 wlis 7 ivliss werda: “... gfb8-s Zalisx-

mevis wyalobiT, Cven dRes ukve viciT, rom germaneli agente-

bi yvelgan arian, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSic da samxreT

amerikaSic. germanelebis Sesvla praRaSi ganxorcielda gen-

leinis samxedro organizaciebis aqtiuri mxardaWeris safuZ-

velze. igive xdeboda norvegiaSi (kvislingi), sloveniaSi

(tiso), belgiaSi (degreli)... magram msgavs verafers vxedavT

ruseTSi. xSirad mekiTxebian _ “sad arian hitleris rusi xe-

lisSemwyobebi?” me vpasuxob _ “isini daxvrites”. adamiani mx-

olod axla acnobiereb, ramdenad SorsmWvretelurad moiqca

sabWoTa mTavroba wmendis wlebSi”. britanuli gazeTis “sandi

eqspres”-is 1941 wlis noembris erT-erT nomerSi gamoqveynebul

interviuSi j. devisi aRniSnavs, rom 1937 wels msoflios mniS-

vnelovani nawili gmobda sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare wmendas

da Tvlida, rom es iyo “barbarosobis, umadurobis aRmaSfoTe-

beli zomebi da isteriis gamovlena. magram axlandel droSi

cxadi gaxda, rom es movlena stalinisa da misi axlo Taname-

brZolebis saocar SorsmWvretelobaze metyvelebs”. manve ga-

8 gamoZiebis federaluri biuro.


nacxada, rom sabWoTa kavSiris mxridan winaaRmdegobis gaweva,

“risi mowmenic Cven dRes varT,... nulamde iqneboda dayvanili,

stalinsa da mis TanamebrZolebs moRalate elementebi Tavidan

rom ar moeSorebinaT”, rom “... es aris gakveTili, romelzec

sxva Tavisuflebismoyvare erebi unda dafiqrdnen”.

magram antisabWourad ganwyobili mkvlevrebi zemoT Camo-

Tvlil arcerT garemoebas ar iTvaliswineben. dRes cxadia,

rom “ga rdaqmnisa” da “reformebis” avtorebis, romlebic aSS

mTa vrobisa da evropis mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen, dasax-

uli mizani – Cveni qveynis ganadgureba (“borotebis impe-

riis”, “agresoris” likvidacia, misi Secvla “civilizebuli

qveyniT”), misi gadaqceva msoflio saxelmwifoTa wiaRiseul

da namatad da gasaRebis bazrad _ miRweulia. am miznis gansax-

orcieleblad saWiro iyo Cveni qveynis warmoCena dedamiwis

zurgze yvelaze mtacebeli imperiis saxiT, rogorc saer-

TaSoriso arenaze, ise qveynis SigniT, misi gaTanabreba hit-

lerul germaniasTan; aucilebeli iyo imis dasabuTeba, rom,

radgan es saxelmwifo ar emorCileboda reformacias, Sesa-

Zlebeli iyo mxolod misi ganadgureba. dasaxuli amocanis

misaRwevad reabilitirebul iqna politikuri Zalebis saqmi-

anoba, romlebic meore msoflio omis wlebSi, faqtobrivad,

hitlerelebis sasargeblod muSaobdnen, es gansakuTrebiT

memarjvene-trockistebis bloks exeba, romlis taqtika –

ucxour qveynebTan TanamSromloba, qveynis rRveva – 1989-1991

wlebSi “demokratiulma ruseTma” gaiTvaliswina.

axlandel droSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ar davuS-

vaT tragikuli movlenebis ganmeoreba, msoflio sazogadoe-

baSi integrirebis egidiT ruseTis interesebis sruli daqvem-

debareba dasavleTis qveynebis interesebisadmi. amisTvis,

upirveles yovlisa, unda gavacnobieroT, Sesabamisi poli-

tikuri dajgufebebis mier gamoyenebuli propagandis sruli

siyalbe. amasTan dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

imsaxurebs warsulSi qveynis im moRalateebis saqmianobis

Seswavla, romelTa TvalsaCino warmomadgenelicaa 1936-1938

wlebSi ganadgurebuli memarjvene-trockistuli bloki.

Targmna Tamar fanculaiam.

akaki SaniZeakaki SaniZe

dafaruli saunje1

(qarTuli mTavruli Sriftis sakiTxis gamo)

ar ixmareb, ra xelsa hxdi

saunjesa dafarulsa?

SoTa rusTveli.

qarTul weras mravali saukunis istoria aqvs. qarTuli wer-

isa da qarTuli enis uZvelesi nimuSebi Semogvenaxa mexuTe sau-

kunidan. sul bolo xanebamde uZvelesad iTvleboda bolnisis

warwerebi, romelTaganac erTi TbilisSia motanili da dacu-

lia muzeumSi. igi 493/4 wels ganekuTvneba. magram cxra wlis

winaT (1953 w.) aRmoCnda amaze adrindeli qarTuli warwera:

italielebma palestinaSi, beTlemis axlos (ierusalimidan

7-ode kilometris daSorebiT), gaTxares erTi borcvi, sadac

aRmoCnda uZvelesi qarTuli taZris nangrevebi.

sur. 1. beTlemis warwera (V s.). ikiTxeba: SewevniTa q͂ÀsiTa (=qri-

steÁsiTa) da meoxebiTa wmidisa T͂eÁsiTa (=TevdoreÁsiTa) S͂n (=Seiwyalen) an-

toni abaÁ da iosia momsxmeli amis sefisaÁ da mama-dedaÁ iosiaÁsi, amen.

1 `sabWoTa xelovneba~, #9, 1962.

89dafaruli saunjeam nangrevebs SemoenaxaT sami warwera, romelTaganac erTi

mSvenivrad aris moRweuli da Sesrulebulia meeqvse sauku-

nis Sua xanebSi, xolo ori danarCeni dazianebulia, magram

ufro Zvelia da uswrebs bolnisisas. am qarTuli warwerebis

mixedviT damtkicda istoriuli cnoba, rom qarTvelTa mon-

asteri, romelic petre qarTvelma uriastanis udabnoSi aaS-

ena, swored es aris.2 qarTuli weris istorias am warwerebiT

viwyebT, radganac amaze adrindeli jer ar mogvepoveba (sur.

1,2). moyvaniloba da saerTo Sexeduleba beTlem-bolnisis

warwerebis da uZvelesi xelnawerebis asoebisa, TiTo-orola

gamonaklisis garda, mrgvalia, simaRliT isini sazogadod

Tanabarnia, mxolod ramdenime maTgans Camoudis boloebi Zirs

(gansakuTrebiT xelnawerebSi). aseT weras mrglovani daerqva.

sur. 2. bolnisis warwera (V s.). TavSi da boloSi Camotexilia.

amnairi asoebiT aris Sesrulebuli yvela Cvenamde moRweuli

uZvelesi qarTuli enis Zegli V-IX saukuneebisa da, maT Soris,

uZvelesi TariRiani xelnaweric 864 wlisa, romelic saba-wmi-

dis monasterSia gadawerili (ierusalimidan 16-ode kilome-

tris daSorebiT, aRmosavleTiT), agzavnilia sinas mTaze da ax-

lac iq aris daculi. sxvaTa Soris, am wignis bolos moipoveba

minaweri, romlidanac irkveva, rom es wigni makari leTeTels

Seuwiravs sinas mTisaTvis, sadac is-is iyo qarTvelebi iw-

yebdnen moRvaweobas. es minaweri 21 striqonisagan Sedgeba da im

mxrivac aris sayuradRebo, rom dawerilia ara mrglovani asoe-

biT, rogorc mTeli xelnaweri, aramed im asoebiT, romelTac

SemdegSi nusxuri daerqva. am asoebis xazebi daxrilia marjvni-

dan marcxniv. amas garda xazebis gadakveTis adgilas kuTxeebi

keTdeba, ris gamoc es kursivi Srifti Sesaxedavad kuTxovania.

2 g. wereTeli, uZvelesi qarTuli warwerebi palestinidan. 1960.

90 akaki SaniZeigi mrglovnisagan imiTac gansxvavdeba, rom simaRlis mixedviT

asoebi oTx jgufad iyofa: zogi aso Suaze iwereba, zogi zemoT

adis, zogi qvemoT Camodis, zogsac mTeli simaRle uWiravs, ro-

gorc es aris dRevandel qarTul weraSi (sur. 3). es nusxuri

Srifti Cveulebriv sateqsto Sriftad iqca da gabtonda X-XI

saukuneebSi. im droidan SemorCenili xelnawerebis umetesoba

nusxuri xeliT aris naweri. amave xelnawerebSi mrglovani ix-

mareboda saTaurebSi da inicialebad. amas garda, mrglovani iyo

TiTqmis erTaderTi qarTuli Srifti, romelic warwerebisTvis

iyo gamoyenebuli am saukuneebSi da mometebulad Semdegac, me-18

saukunemdisac ki.

sur. 3. sinuri mravalTavi 864 wlisa. marcxena sveti mrglovani xeliT aris

naweri (ori striqonis garda), marjvena _ nusxuriT (sami striqonis garda).

91dafaruli saunjenusxurisagan meTerTmete saukuneSi warmoiSva da Semdeg

TandaTan gadakeTda axali qarTuli wera, romelic ixmareboda

yovelgvar saqmeSi, eklesiis garda: saxelmwifo aqtebis Sed-

genisas, sigel-gujrebis boZebisas, sasamarTlos dadgenileba-

Ta gamotanis dros, saero Sinaarsis wignebis dasawerad, kerZo

miwer-moweris dros da sxv.

sur. 4. bagrat IV-is sigeli (XI s.), romelic Seicavs sasamarTlos

dadgenilebas mijnaZorelTa da opizelTa sarCelis gamo. zogierTi sityva

Semoklebulad aris dawerili da Tavze Semoklebis niSani (xazi) uzis. aq

maT qaragmebiT aRvniSnavT, xolo srul wakiTxvas frCxilebSi vuCvenebT.

ikiTxeba: man: da Ãel-vyav xarkebiT; sauravsa maTsa Sevkriben: karsa: dar-

bazisa C͂nisasa (Cuenisasa) mRdelT moZRuarni: e͂eni (erisTavT erisTavni): e͂ni

(erisTavni): da y͂lTa (yovelTa) ÃevTa zemoTa da quemoTa aznaurni mecni-

erni sabWoTa: sa qmeTani: da davsxeniT w͂e (winaSe) C͂nsa (Cuensa): da wavikiTx-

eniT: maTnica: da maTnica dawerilni: da r͂li (romeli) sityuis gebai iyo:

maT Soris: movism ineT: da samarTlad: ese gavigoneT: r͂l (romel) Ãelni am-

aTni m͂rvni (mravalni) da mtkiceni: iyunes: da C͂ngan (Cuengan) maTi: gatexai:

ara: jer-iyo: da sulsa maT pirvelTa mefeTasa: ara davamZimebdiT: da Tumca:

opizarni unugeSinis.

92 akaki SaniZeZveli wera (mrglovani da nusxuri) darCa eklesias da mis

msaxurebs, kerZod xucebs, da daerqva xucuri, axal qarTul

weras ki daerqva mxedruli (sur. 4) daviT aRmaSenebels Zalian

uyvarda mrglovani da nusxuri xeliT dawerili saeklesio

wignebis kiTxva, magram TviTon ufro mxedrulad werda da mx-

edruladve awerda boZebul siglebs xels.

sur. 5. qarTuli anbani. weris ganviTareba saukuneTa mixedviT

(gadmoxata r. Smerlingma).

XI saukunis mxedruli jer kidev sakmaod hgavda nusxurs,

romlisaganac igi warmoiSva, magram Semdeg da Semdeg igi Tan-

daTan dahSorda mas asoTa moxazulobiT, ase rom warmoiqmna

TiTqmis sruliad axali saxe qarTuli werisa. nusxuri asoebi

daxrili iyo da kuTxovani, mxedrulSi asoebi gasworda, ku-

Txeebi moeSala da oTx xazs Sua moqceuli nawilebis nacvlad

rgolebi gaukeTda, Zirs daSvebuli xazebi ki moukauWda. erTi

Tviseba mainc gamohyva am axal qarTul weras nusxurisagan:

asoebi simaRlis mixedviT oTxi zomisaa: Suaze saweri (a, i,

o, T), sazedao (b, z, m da sxv.), saqvedao (g, e, v, k, l da sxv.)

93dafaruli saunjeda mTeli simaRlis mqone (q, w, W), (sur. 5). qarTuli Sriftis

aseTi ganviTarebis gamo arsebiTad ornairi wera gvaqvs: Zveli

da axali. Zvels amJamad aRaravin misdevs, garda TiTo-orola

pirisa, romelnic Cvens warsuls ikvleven (istorikosebi da

sxv.). sazogadod, igi miviwyebulia da, sadme rom Segvxvdes

Zveli qarTuli wigni an Zveli qarTuli warwera, ver mivxvdeb-

iT, rom igi qarTulia. amas garda, radganac qarTuli nusx-

uri Tavisi daxrilobiT da kuTxovnobiT ramdenadme somxurs

mogvagonebs (Tumca masTan arafriT saerTo ara aqvs erTi k

asos garda), amitom Zveli qarTuli asoebiT, ufro ki nusxuri

xeliT dawerili qarTuli wigni zogs SeiZleba somxuri ego-

nos, rogorc amas Semdeg magaliTebi gviCvenebs.

1924 w. Semodgomaze TbilisSi gamoiara avstriidan somxeTs

mimavalma venelma mxiTaristma n. akinianma, romelmac, prof.

l. melqiseT-begis sityviT, samiode weli dayo erevansa da eC-

miaZinSi iqauri somxuri xelnawerebis asawerad. TbilisSi man

inaxula prof. i. javaxiSvili, romlisTvisac uambnia, rom ev-

ropis wignTsacavebSi zogan xelnawerebi miCvenes da miTxres,

rom somxuriao, magram namdvilad qarTulebi iyoo.

es me i. javaxiSvilisagan maqvs gagonili. axla piradi ga-

mocdilebidanac mogaxsenebT.

erTxel xelSi meWira erTi aseTi xelnaweri universite-

tis erT darbazSi. Semovida erTi friad cnobili profesori

da, rom daminaxa xelSi Zveli xelnaweri, mkiTxa: àkaki, Sen

somxuric icio?~ _ somxuric vici-meTqi, vupasuxe, magram es

xelnaweri qarTulia da ara somxuri-meTqi.

1949 w. martSi saq. mecnierebaTa akademiam samecniero eqs-

pedicia moawyo bulgareTSi, sadac unda gvenaxa rodopis

mTebSi mdebare petriwonis qarTvelTa monasteri (plovdi-

vidan, anu filipopolidan 30-ode kilometris daSorebiT),

romelic 1083 wels daaarsa saberZneTis dasavluri nawilis

didma domestikosma taoelma qarTvelma grigol bakurianis-

Zem (eqspediciis Sedgeniloba: n. berZeniSvili, o. gigineiSvi-

li da am striqonebis damweri). iq gamoirkva, rom bulgareTis

dedaqalaqSi, sofiaSi, saxalxo biblioTekas moepoveba petri-

wonis qarTvelTa monastris tipikonis (wesdebis) qarTuli

teqstis erTi gadmonaweri, romelic Sesrulebulia nusxuri

94 akaki SaniZexeliT. aRniSnuli biblioTekis dabeWdil katalogSi am xel-

naweris Sesaxeb naTqvamia: `naweria somxuri asoebiT, Sinaarsi

ki ucnobiao~. diaR, asea! Cemi TvaliT minaxavs da wamikiTxavs.

amisi mowmec myavs _ istorikosi n. berZeniSvili.

es tipikoni gadmowerilia adrindeli xelnaweridan, ro-

melic petriwonis monasterSi iyo daculi warsuli saukunis

80-ian wlebamde, rodesac igi iqedan monastris winamZRvarma,

tomiT berZenma, gaitaca da gadasca berZenTa sazogado moR-

vawis korais saxelobis biblioTekas kunZul xiosze. iqauri

biblioTekis katalogSi es qarTuli wigni somxurad yofila

miCneuli da erTi berZeni mecnieri iZulebuli iyo, sagangebo

werili daebeWda, rom daemtkicebina, rom xelnaweri qarTu-

lia da ara somxuri.

miuxedavad amisa, rodesac Cven dagvWirda misi fotosu-

raTebi da Cveni mecnierebaTa akademiis centralurma bib-

lioTekam 1957 w. miswera xiosis biblioTekas, gamogvigzavneT

petriwonis monastris tipikonis qarTuli teqstis fotosu-

raTebio, iqidan pasuxad moiweres: ès xom somxuria da rad

gindaTo?~ aqedan upasuxes: ̀ gadmogvigzavneT mainc da Cven ro-

gorme SevZlebT mag somxuris garCevaso~. amis Semdeg, rogorc

iqna, miviReT fotosuraTebi.

sxva magaliTi: Cexoslovakiis dedaqalaq prahaSi rom Ca-

dioda Cveneburi xalxi, erovnuli mwerlobis mudmiv gamofe-

naze uCvenebdnen xelnawers, romelic iq aRniSnuli yofiliyo,

rogorc somxuri. mis mnaxvel qarTvelTagan aravin daeWveb-

ula mis somxurobaSi, mxolod udrood daRupul mwerals

akaki beliaSvils iq yofnisas 1959 wlis Semodgomaze ucvnia,

rom xelnaweri qarTulia, da maSinve ucnobebia profesor iar-

omir iedliCkasTvis, romelmac es Zegli amis Semdeg Seiswavla

da dabeWda kidev gamokvleva mis Sesaxeb qarTulad da ger-

manulad (qarTulad `mnaTobSi~ 1961, ivnisi, gv. 180). akaki be-

liaSvili rom ara, dResac ar gvecodineboda, rom prahaSi

moipoveba qarTuli xelnaweri X saukunisa, miuxedavad imisa,

rom igi zogi qarTveli moRvawisaTvis uCvenebiaT da uTqvamT,

rom somxuriao.

amas winaT miviRe werili miunxenidan doqtor i. asfal-

gisagan, romelic m. TarxniSvils exmareboda k. kekeliZis

95dafaruli saunje`qarTuli literaturis istoriis~ I tomis germanulad ga-

daTargmnaSi. asfalgi ukanasknel xans adgens katalogs qar-

Tuli xelnawerebisa, romlebic germaniis sxvadasxva qalaqSi

moipoveba. igi, sxvaTa Soris, mwerda: ̀ me kidev laifcigis uni-

versitetis biblioTekidan miviRe xuTi qarTuli xelnaweris

nawyvetebi, romlebic k. tiSendorfs wamouRia aRmosavleTidan

(sinas mTidan da ierusalimidan). xuTive qarTulia (umetesad

nawyvetebia liturRikuli wignebisa, rogoricaa: Tveni, svi-

naqsari, agreTve bibliis nawyvetebic, zogi ram asomTavruli-

Tac ki), Tumca ki oTxi maTgani K. Vollers-is katalogSi somxu-

rad aris aRniSnulio~.

es magaliTebi imitom moviyvane, rom mkiTxvelma naTlad

warmoidginos, Tu ra ucnauri mdgomareoba Segveqna imis gamo,

rom qarTuls qarTulad veRar vcnobT verc Cven da verc sx-

vebi. rogorc abreSumis parkidan gamomZvrali pepeli ar hgavs

im Wias, romelmac es parki gaakeTa, ise Cveni dRevandeli wera

ar hgavs im weras, romlisganac igi warmoiSva. qarTuls qarTu-

lad rom ver vcnobT, amis mizezia ara marto qarTuli Srift-

is ganviTareba da sxvagvari weris SemuSaveba, vidre Zvelad

gvqonda, aramed ufro metad Cveni mZime istoriuli pirobebi:

mtrebis ganuwyveteli Semosevisa, Cveni qveynis mudmivi rbevisa

da gaCanagebis gamo qarTveli eri veRar warmodga fexze da

welSi ver gaimarTa imdenad, rom Tavisi kulturuli moTx-

ivnilebani normalurad daekmayofilebina.

wera-kiTxvis mcodne somex bavSvs rom uCvenon mecxre-me-

aTe saukunis somxuri wigni an warwera, uTuod icnobs, rom

somxuria; wera-kiTxvis mcodne qarTvel bavSvs ki ar SeuZlia

Zveli qarTuli wigni an warwera icnos da Tqvas, rom qarTu-

liao. ara Tu bavSvs, aramed umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqonesac ar

SeuZlia waikiTxos Zveli qarTuli wigni. wakiTxvas vin Civis,

netavi gamoicnobdes mainc, rom qarTulia!

saintereso ambavi moxda 1867 wels. mcxeTis qvemoT, Svid-

iode kilometris daSorebiT, mtkvris marjvena mxares gza

unda gaefarTovebinaT da kldes afeTqebdnen. erTi afeTqebis

dros warweriani qva gadmovardnila da gzaze dacemula. muSeb-

Si erivnen axalcixeli berZnebi da, rom dauxedavT, ucvniaT,

rom warwera berZnulia da, metad gakvirvebulan. warwera I

96 akaki SaniZesaukunisaa da ekuTvnis romis imperators vespasianes (69-79

w. w.) erTi mibrZaneT, romeli qarTveli muSa SeZlebda ecno,

rom Seswreboda, mag., italielebis gaTxrebs 1953 w. beTlems

axlos, sadac aRmoCnda qarTuli warwera, mrglovniT Ses-

rulebuli? _ veravin. an kidev: rom uCveno qarTvel muSas S.

rusTvelis ierusalimuri portreti da uTxra: aba wamikiTxe,

ra aweria Tavzeo, SeZlebs ki wakiTxvas? an erTi kidev: saSu-

alo ganaTlebis mqone qarTveli kaci provinciidan (vTqvaT,

yvarlidan, Coxatauridan an Cxorowyudan) an Tund Tbilise-

li, quTaiseli an baTumeli miiyvano TbilisSi, veris bazris

axlos mdebare lurji monastris ezoSi da uCveno taZris

karis Tavze moTavsebuli SoTa rusTvelis droindeli warwera

da uTxra: aba gamoicani, ra asoebiao, gamoicnobs ki? ara mgo-

nia da Cveni ubedurebac swored eg aris.

1959 wlis ivlisis pirvel ricxvebSi aw gansvenebulma pro-

fesorma k. kekeliZem moxseneba waikiTxa bolnisis taZris im

warweris Sesaxeb, romelic taZris aRmosavleTis mxares aris

moTavsebuli, sarkmlis Tavze. moxseneba moewyo TviT taZris

ezoSi, warwerasTan. momxsenebelma gaarkvia am uZvelesi (V

s.) warweris ori ukanaskneli asos mniSvneloba, rac manamde

gaurkveveli iyo. moxsenebas daeswrnen adgilobrivi xelisu-

flebis warmomadgenlebi da inteligencia. moxsenebam didi

interesi gamoiwvia msmenelebSi, magram amodena xalxSi sami-

oTxi kaci Tu eria, romelTac SeeZloT amoecnoT am uZve-

lesi qarTuli eniT dawerili teqstis qarTuli asoebi. ise

ukuRmarTad warimarTa Cveni istoria, rom mravlis metyveli

warwera, romelic 1500 wlis winaT aris amokveTili, ucxo aR-

moCnda ara marto adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis, romelic

dRes umTavresad somxebi da Turqebia, aramed taZris ezoSi

Sekrebili qarTvelebisTvisac, romelTa Soris bevri iyo

friad ganaTlebuli piri.

roca saqarTvelom cotaodnad wamoixeda meCvidmete sauku-

nis bolos da meTvrametis dasawyisSi da daiwyo kulturuli

aRorZineba, vaxtangma SemoiRo stamba da wignis beWdvas mi-

hyo xeli orive qarTuli SriftiT, ZveliT da axliT: saekle-

sio wignebis didi nawili dabeWda ZveliT, `vefxistyaosani~

da zogi sxva axliT. Zveli SriftiT nabeWd qarTul wignSi,

97dafaruli saunjesazogadod, yvelgan gatarebulia mTavruli asoebis xmareba,

rogorc amas gviCvenebs, mag., quTaisSi 1803 wels dabeWdili

vnebis kviriakis saxareba, sadac, sxvaTa Soris, mTavruli asoe-

bi naxmaria agreTve sazogado saxelebis TavSic (sur. 6). es

mTavruli iyo mrglovani, romelsac amis gamo asomTavruli

ewoda. magram ufro sayuradRebo is aris, rom zogs me-18 sau-

kunis mxedrulad nawersa da nabeWd wignSic mTavrul asoebad

SemoiRes igive mrglovani. es movlena sazogadod, imasTan aris

dakavSirebuli, rom daiwyo warsulis Seswavla da mis monap-

ovarTa gamoyeneba. cnobilia, mag., rom sulxan-saba orbelia-

nis leqsikonic ki gadaweres Zveli (xucuri) asoebiT. magram

es gadaWarbeba iyo. mSvenieri mxedrulis Secvla ar gvWirdeba,

Zvelisa gvWirdeba mxolod mTavruli asoebi, romelTac kar-

gad iyenebdnen Cveni winaprebi xelnawerebsa da nabeWd wignebSi.

aseTia, magaliTad `kitaiis sibrZne anu swavla queyanasa zeda

bednierad cxovrebisa~, rusulidan Targmnili gaiozis mier da

dabeWdili moskovs 1777 wels (sur. 7). am wignis nawilebis sa-

Taurebi da Tavebi mrglovani asoebiT aris nabeWdi.

sur. 6. vnebis kviriakis saxareba (quTaisi, 1803 w.).

98 akaki SaniZe

sur. 7. kitaiis sibrZne (Tavfurceli).

erekle mefem rom politikuri xelSekruleba dado ruseT-

Tan 1783 w., mis qarTul teqstSi, romelic mxedrulad aris

naweri, mTavrulebad ixmares mrglovani (sur. 8)

sur. 8. 1783 wlis xelSekruleba saqarTvelosa da ruseTs

Soris (dasawyisi). sur. 8b. 1783 wlis xelSekruleba

saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris (bolo).

gaiozma rom qarTuli gramatika gamosca kremenCukSi 1789

wels, Sig axal SriftTan erTad Zvelic gauria da, rasak-

virvelia, misi mTavrulebic.

mrglovani Sriftis mTavrulad xmarebas me-19 saukunis

pirvel naxevarSic misdevdnen. mag., `ganweseba Sinaganisa saqa-

rTveloÁsa marTvisa~ (1801) imgvarad aris dabeWdili, rom sa-

Tauri mTlad mrglovniT aris, amas garda, winadadebis dasawy-

isSi da sakuTar saxelebSi igive Sriftia naxmari. maSasadame,

99dafaruli saunjemrglovnis xmarebas aqac, rogorc 1783 w. traqtatSi, orTo-

grafiuli daniSnuleba aqvs (sur. 9).

sur. 9. ganweseba Sinaganisa saqarTveloÁsa marTvisa (1801)

Teimuraz bagrationi mxurvale mimdevari iyo mTavrulebis

xmarebisa. man es wesi `vefxistyaosnis~ xelnawer `ganmarteba-

Sic~ gaatara Tavidan bolomdis3 da Tavis istoriaSic, romelic

daibeWda 1848 w.4 es is Sriftia, romlis naxazebi TviT Teimu-

razma SeimuSava da parizSi broses Camoasxmevina (sur. 10a, 10b).

sur. 10a. Teimuraz bagrationi, ganmarteba.

3 Teimuraz bagrationi, ganmarteba poema vefxistyaosnisa. gaioz imedaSvilis re-

daqciiT, gamokvleviT da saZiebeliT, 1960, gv. 033.4 mefis giorgis Ze Teimuraz, istoria dawyebiTgan iveriisa, e. i. giorgiisa, romel ars

sruliad saqarTveloÁsa, s. peterburRs, 1848. stambasa Sina samecniero akademiisasa.

100 akaki SaniZe

sur. 10b. Teimuraz bagrationi, saqarTvelos istoria (1848).

me-19 saukunis ormocdaaTiani wlebis Semdeg Zveli mTavr-

ulebis xmareba arsebiTad Sewyda, magram iyo mainc TiTo-oro-

la cda tradiciis gangrZobisa. erT aseT cdad SegviZlia

da vasaxeloT `ciskris~ 1861 wlis Tebervlis nomeri, sadac Ju-

rnalis Tavfurcelze sami sityvis pirvel asod mrglovania ga-

moyenebuli: ciskari, wodeba TxzulebaTa da tfiliss (sur. 11).

sur. 11.

101dafaruli saunjesamocian wlebSi mTavrulebis xmarebis sakiTxSi didi gar-

datexa moxda. 1866 w. daarsda gazeTi `droeba~, romlis re-

daqtori iyo g. wereTeli, gamomcemeli ki _ s. meliqiSvili.

`droebis~ redaqciam gabeduli nabiji gadadga: saWirod miiC-

nia, mTavrulebis xmareba gaetarebina sistemebr Tavisi gazeTis

furclebze: mTavruli asoebiT unda dabeWdiliyo saTaurebi da

axal winadadebaTa da sakuTari saxelebis dasawyisi asoebi, e.

i. qarTul nabeWd teqstSi unda gatarebuliyo igive wesi, rac

didi xania gamtkicebuli iyo evropis enebSi: rusulSi, fran-

gulSi, inglisurSi, italiurSi, berZnulSi da sxv.5 (sur. 12a.).

sur. 12a.

idea, romelic g. wereTels da mis Tanamoazreebs amoqmedeb-

da, uTuod progresuli iyo, magram am ideis praqtikuli ganx-

orcieleba ar gamodga nayofieri. saqme is gaxlavs, rom imis

nacvlad, rom aeRoT lamazi xeliT Sesrulebuli Zveli xel-

nawerebisa da warwerebis saukeTeso nimuSebi da maTi mixed-

viT daexatvinebinaT asoebi da Semdeg am naxatebis mixedviT

daemzadebinaT namdvili qarTuli mTavruli asoebi, gverdi

auqcies qarTuli Sriftis ganviTarebis istoriul gzas, ai-

Res mxedruli beWduri Srifti da misgan gaakeTes mTavrulebi.

mxedrulSi, rogorc zemoT vTqvi, istoriulad oTxi zomis

asoebi SemuSavda: sazedao, saqvedao, Suaze mosaTavsebeli da

mTeli simaRlisa; mag., am sityvebSi qarTuli weris saqme, sami

sazedao asoa naxmari (m, r, s), sami saqvedao (e, l, u), sami

Suaze mosaTavsebuli (a, T, i), ori ki mTeli simaRlisa (q,

w). axali mTavrulebis gakeTebisas yvela aso erT simaRleze

daayenes. amitom Suaze saweri asoebi gaiwela da dagrZelda,

mTeli simaRlis mqone asoebi daitylapa, sazedaoebs saqved-

aoebi amoudga gverdiT, erTi sityviT, istoriuli principi

dairRva da mSvenieri qarTuli mxedruli asoebi damaxinjda

da dauSnovda. amis magaliTia igive sityvebi, qarTuli weris 5 germanelebi sazogado saxelebsac mTavruliT iwyeben, romlis nimuSi qarTuli-

danac vnaxeT zemoT (sur. 6), magram g. wereTeli am SemTxvevaSi maT Sexedulebas ar

iziarebda.

102 akaki SaniZesaqme, sadac yvela aso erTi simaRlisaa. amitom gasakvirveli

rodia, rom amnairi asoebiT dawerili sityvebi Zneli sakiTxa-

via. rom naTeli iyos, Tu rogor gamoiyureba qarTuli nabeWdi

teqsti `droebis~ reformis mixedviT, moviyvanoT erTi nimuSi

(sur. 12b).

sur. 12b. `droeba~. 1866 w. 22 dekembrisa (nawyveti meTauridan).

aqedan vxedavT, rom `droebis~ reformas mTavrulebis Se-

moRebiT garkveuli orTografiuli miznebi hqonda dasaxuli.

ar SeiZleboda, am reformas Tavis dros CoCqoli ar

gamoewvia, radganac mkiTxvelTa farTo wreebi gulgrilad ver

Sexvdebodnen qarTuli asoebis damaxinjebas. amitom `droe-

bis~ redaqcia iZulebuli gamxdara, xma amoeRo da pasuxi

gaeca. pasuxidan Cans, Tu ras usayvedurebdnen `droebas~:

`droebas~ zraxavdnen, rom axali asoebiT raT ibeWdebao.

Cveneburs stambaSi rom asomTavruli ara yofila, `droebam~

saidam SemogvaCeCao. sazogadoeba swyreboda asomTavrulis Se-

moRebaze, _ es ra asoebia, ini ins ara hgavs da eni ens. am

gvaraT wera, Tqveni WirimeT, vis gaugonia: ensa da vins rom

103dafaruli saunjemaRla smeno, sxva asoebs ki dabla. zogi aweulia, zogi daweu-

lia, TiTqo asoebi yiramalazed gadasvlas apirebeno. amisTana

sjaSi bevrjer iyvnen xolme garTulni Cveni moxucebulebi.

magram `droeba~ amisTanaebs yurs ar ugdebda. iman kargad

icoda, rom yoveli axali saqme da nivTi kacs TvalSi eCxireba,

ar moswons imisTvis, rom Tvali SeuCveveli aqvs: imisi winaaR-

mdegia, radganac jereT imisgan sargeblobas ver hxedavs. amas-

Tanave `droeba~ kargad xedavs asomTavrulis sargeblobas.

iman icoda, rom uasomTavruloT kaci sakuTar saxels Znelad

gamoicnobs xolme, ase rom kiTxvaSi xSirad SeuniSnavad rCe-

bian ucxo qveynebis da kacebis saxelebi. amas garda, yoveli

azri kiTxvaSi ufro mkafiod anu naTlad ixedeba, radganac

is yovelTvis asomTavruliT iwyeba xolme. asomTavrulis Se-

moRebiT agreTve TviTon qarTuli stambac6 mravalgvardeba

da mSvenierdeba. `droeba~ kargaT grZnobda, rom, rodesac

mkiTxvelebs asomTavrulzed Tvali gautydebaT, maSin isini

RirsebaT CaTvlian im naklulevanebas, romelsac pirvelaT

xedavdnen. am azris iyo `droeba~ da, vgoneb, arc motyuebu-

la~ (`droeba~, 1867, #1).

am kamaTs rom 95 wlis Semdeg vecnobiT da msjelobis sa-

gnad vixdiT, unda vTqvaT, rom erTi mxarec marTali iyo da

meorec: `moxucebulebi~ im mxriv, rom àxalgazrdebma~ asoe-

bis proporcia daarRvies, àxalgazrdebi~ ki im mxriv, rom

mTavrulebis SemoRebas, sazogadod, didi upiratesoba hqonda

da aqvs. idea àxalgazrdebisa~ swori iyo, misi praqtikuli

ganxorcieleba ki _ mcdari, rogorc es Semdgomma ambebma

cxadyo.

`droeba~ yovel nomerSi atarebda axal orTografias mxe-

druli `mTavrulis~ gamoyenebiT calkeuli werilebis saTau-

rebSi da sakuTari saxelebis Tu winadadebaTa pirvel asoe-

bad. miuxedavad gazeTis redaqtorebis cvlisa (g. wereTeli

1866-69, s. mesxi 69-73, k. lorTqifaniZe 73-74, s. mesxi 74-80,

i. WavWavaZe da s. mesxi 80-81, isev s. mesxi 82-83, i. maCabeli 83-

85), am orTografiulma mimdinareobam gastana `droebis~ ar-

sebobis mTel manZilze, cxrameti wlis ganmavlobaSi (1866-86).

calkeul pirTagan, romlebic droebis~ orTografias izi-

6 avtors undoda eTqva: qarTuli stambis Sriftic.

104 akaki SaniZearebdnen, SegiZlia davasaxeloT i. gogebaSvili, romelic Ta-

vis saxelmZRvaneloebSi mxedrul mTavrulebs xmarobda sis-

temebr, rogorc amas gviCvenebs misi `bunebis karis~ 1876 w.

gamocemidan amoRebuli erTi patara leqsi (sur. 13).

sur. 13. i. gogebaSvilis `bunebis kari~ (1876).

sainteresoa, Seswavlil iqnes specialurad da gamoirkves

detalurad, Tu vin, rodis da ra SemTxvevaSi ganagrZobda

kidev `droebis~ SemoRebuli wesebis dacvas. TviT g. wereTe-

li mTavrulebs xmarobda 1876 w. calke wignakad gamocemuls

àranka~-Si, magram mermindels beletristulsa da publicis-

tur nawerebSi xeli aiRo mTavrulis xmarebaze (mag., `ruxi

mgeli~, 1892, ̀ qarTvelTa da somexTa urTierToba~: kvali 1893,

#15). magram kargad cnobilia, rom mTavrulebis xmarebis we-

sebs TavgamodebiT icavda quTaisSi silovan xundaZe, romelic

Tavis nawerebSi (gramatikebsa da leqsebSi) mTavrulebs xma-

robda sistemebr da, g. axvledianis sityviT, masve moiTxovda

Tavisi mowafeebisganac da Secdomad uTvlida, Tu vinme am we-

sebs daarRvevda.

g. wereTlis dawyebulsa da gogebaSvili-xundaZis moZax-

ils aravin misca bani da mxedrulma mTavrulma dakarga Tavisi

pirvandeli daniSnuleba. igi darCa xmarebaSi, magram gamoe-

cala orTografiuli miznebi, misi xmareba ganisazRvra mar-

tooden TvalsaCinoebiT: mas iyeneben mxolod wignisa da wer-

ilebis saTaurebSi da zogierT sxva SemTxvevaSi, vTqvaT, roca

Soridan unda daCndes naweri, mag., afiSebSi, firniSebSi da sxv.

amgvarad, `droebis~ iniciativam, romelsac miznad hqonda

evropuli enebis msgavsad, kerZod rusulisa, mTavrulebis Se-

moReba qarTulSic, Tavis mizans ver miaRwia. man sabolood

gaaxmo me-18 s-Si gaRivebuli da me-19-is pirvel naxevarSi ram-

denadme amojejlebuli orTografiuli mimdinareoba, ro-

melic mTavrulebad mrglovans miiCnevda. miuxedavad amisa,

mainc iyo cda mrglovnis ganedlebisa da gamococxlebisa:

105dafaruli saunjedimitri yifianma rom 1882 wels Tavisi `qarTuli Rramatika~

dabeWda peterburgSi ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis stam-

baSi, man Sig mTavrulebad yvelgan mrglovani ixmara (sur. 14). sur. 14. d. yifianis `qarTuli Rramatika~ (1882).

me-19 s-is dasawyisSi (1802 w.) ialRuziZe saWirod miiCnevda

osurad naTargmn saxarebaSi, romelic Tavidan bolomdis qar-

Tuli asoebiT iyo naweri, calkeuli Tavebi mrglovani asoebiT

gamoeyvana da mrglovanive exmara sakuTari saxelebisa da wi-

nadadebaTa TavSi. 65 wlis Semdeg TiTqmis fiqradac aRaravis

mosdioda, rom Zveli qarTuli Srifti ara Tu osurSi (saekle-

sio wignebis garda), aramed qarTul wignSi an Jurnal-gazeTSi

gamoeyenebina. saTvalavSi ar aris Casagdebi, ra Tqma unda, Zve-

li Sriftis xmareba specialuri mizniT gamocemul wignebSi,

rogoricaa, vTqvaT, d. CubinaSvilis qrestomaTia (1846 w.), sa-

dac ìvdiTis~ wigni mTlad Zveli SriftiT aris dabeWdili

(gv. 343-377), an i. yifSiZis Zveli qarTuli qrestomaTia (pe-

terburgi, 1918), romlis Zveli SriftiT dabeWdili teqstebi

mTlianad gadabeWdes n. marma da m. brierma qarTuli enis sax-

elmZRvaneloSi (La langue géorgienne, parizi, 1931). mxedvelo-

106 akaki SaniZebaSi araa misaRebi arc `saxis metyveli~, romelic mTlianad

mrglovani SriftiT dabeWda n. marma (1904), an kidev marisave

gamocema spevsipes, elasipes da melasipes cxovrebis teqstisa,

romelic dabeWdilia nusxuri SriftiT (1907), arc v. beneSe-

viCis gamocemuli ori Tavi saxarebisa: maTesi (peterb. 1909) da

markozisa (iqve, 1911), romlebic mrglovani SriftiT aris da-

beWdili ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis stambaSi, k. kekeliZis

ierusalimis ganweseba-ganCinebis teqsti (nusxurad, Tbilisi,

1912), misive àrqieratikoni~ (Tb., 1912), romelic dabeWdilia

im xanebSi axlad Camosxmuli SriftiT, arc a. SaniZis `Zveli

qarTuli qrestomaTia~ (1935), romlis Srifti d. SevardnaZis

naxatebis mixedviT aris damzadebuli, da i. imnaiSvilis `qa-

rTuli enis istoriuli qrestomaTia~ (1949, 1953), sadac erT

nawilSi igive Sriftia naxmari.

igive iTqmis warwerebis Sesaxeb, romelTa gamocemis dros

Zvel Sriftsac iyenebdnen xolme (m. brose, n. mari, e. TayaiS-

vili, g. CubinaSvili da sxvebi).

Zveli Srifti kanti-kuntad sxva gamocemebSic gvxvdeba:

sabininis `samoTxeSi~ (gv. 1-28), T. Jordanias `qronikebSi~ (I,

gv, 12-26, 31-32, 39, 48, 49, 61, 62, 66, 69, 70, 73, 75, 190-192, II,

gv. 53-54, 62-66) da sxvagan. erT aseTad SegviZlia davasaxeloT

`fsalmuni~, romelic gamoica 1960 w. aq Zalian gamogvadga

Zveli Srifti: saWiro iyo fsalmunTa muxlebis ormagi nu-

meracia: Zveli da axali. Zveli damuxlva ar emTxveva axals.

amitom axali saTvalavi arabuli cifrebiT aRiniSna, Zveli

ki _ qarTuli asoebiT; magram, rom naTeli yofiliyo, Tu sad

iwyeba muxli Zveli dayofis mixedviT, iq mrglovani asoebi

davsxiT. ase gamovediT gaWirvebidan.

Cven rom TandaTan vSordebodiT Zvel istoriul ambebs me-

19 s-Si da mis meore naxevarSi sul mTladac movswydiT war-

suls, es gasakvirveli ar aris. qarTuli skola aRar arsebob-

da, TviTmpyrobelobis moxeleebs qarTuli kulturisaTvis ar

ecalaT, an, ukeT rom vTqvaT, mtrulad epyrobodnen mas. mest-

ambeebs ki arc codna hqondaT, arc Segneba, arc sakmao SeZleba,

rom stambis saqme maRal doneze daeyenebinaT, SeeqmnaT axal-

axali Sriftebi didi istoriuli bedis mqone qarTuli weris

saukeTeso nimuSebis mixedviT. grigol tatiSvilic ki Tavisi

107dafaruli saunjebrwyinvale niWiT ver gascda mxedrul asoebs.

mkiTxvelma uTuod icis (da Tu ar icis, grZnobs mainc),

rom mTavruli asoebis gareva SriftSi marto gonebisTvis ki

ar aris saWiro, aramed esTetikuri grZnobis dasakmayofile-

bladac; mis xmarebas marto orTografiuli miznebi ki ar aqvs

safuZvlad (rom, vTqvaT, gairCes sakuTari saxeli sazogadosa-

gan), aramed mTeli naweri an nabeWdi teqsti sasiamovno Sesaxe-

davi iyos da wasakiTxavad mimzidveli.

me-19 saukunem gaaerTiana politikurad daqsaqsuli qar-

Tuli tomebi, magram ukan daxia kulturulad da, rac mTavar-

ia, waarTva xalisi Tavisi simdidris movlisa da gamoyenebisa.

amitom yvelaze mdidari xelnaweri Sriftebis mqone xalxi

yvelaze Raribi aRmovCndiT beWdvisas da iseTsave viTarebaSi

CavcvivdiT, rogorSiac arian arabebi, sparselebi da yvelani,

romelnic arabul weras iyeneben. arabuls ki mTavruli asoe-

bi ara aqvs da saTaurSi Cveulebriv ufro didi zomis asoe-

bs xmaroben, vidre teqstSi. aseTive viTarebaa ebraulsa da

asurulSic.7 arc maT aqvT mTavruli asoebi. qarTuli wera ki

ZiriTadad gansxvavdeba arabul-ebraul-asurulisagan: Cven

marcxnidan marjvniv vwerT, aRniSnuli semituri Sriftebis

mimdevarni ki _ marjvnidan marcxniv (ùkuRma~). striqonTa

mimarTulebiT Cvenca da somxebic berZnebTan, rusebTan da sxva

evropelebTan varT, romlebic laTinur Srifts xmaroben,

mTavruli asoebis uqonlobis gamo ki samxreTis erebTan varT:

arabebTan, sparselebTan, ebraelebTan, asurebTan.

somxebma Tu mTavruli asoebis xmareba SemoiRes, amisi

mizezi marto is ki ar aris, rom maTi Srifti ar ganviTarebula

ise, rom sxva saxe mieRo, rogorc es moxda qarTulSi, aramed

isic, rom isini gafantulni arian da mravlad moipovebian sx-

vadasxva qveyanaSi da saSualeba aqvT, Tval-yuri adevnon sxva

erebis werisa da beWdvis saqmes da maTi gamocdileba gamoiy-

enon.

qarTvelma erma XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi ver isarge-

bla verc Tavisi istoriiT da verc sxva erebis gamocdilebiT,

rom namdvili mTavruli asoebi gamoeyenebina, romlebic mas

hqonda da aqvs, gverdi auqcia istoriuli ganviTarebis gzas

7 asurebis Camomavlebia dRevandeli aisorebi.

108 akaki SaniZeda daiwyo axali saxis mTavruli asoebis Zieba. rogorc vTq-

viT, amas Sedegad mohyva lamazi mxedruli asoebis propor-

ciebis darRveva da maTi damaxinjeba axali saxis mTavrulSi.

es axali viTomcda mTavruli asoebi marto beWdvis dros

ixmareba, xeliT rom vwerT, aravin maT ar xmarobs. maSasa-

dame, isini marto nabeWd teqstSi SeiZleba Segvxvdes, isic

mxolod saTaurebSi. es kidev araferi. rodesac gvWirdeba

Semoklebani, maT ver viyenebT da varCevT sityvis srulad daw-

eras (`gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia~ da ara geo da sxv.),

rasac yuradRebas aqcevda prof. p. guguSvili; maT ver viy-

enebT sakuTar (pirTa da geografiul) saxelebSi, winadadebis

dawyebisas da sxva SemTxvevebSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom sasveni

niSnebis sakiTxSi imave wess mivsdevT, rasac rusulSi. maS,

raRa mTavrulia aseTi mTavruli?

gamigonia: viRacas RviZli deda dahviwyeboda da dedi-

nacvals ficulobdao. asea Cveni saqmec: namdvili da lamazi

mTavruli asoebi gvaqvs, SemuSavebuli da xmarebuli saukune-

Ta manZilze, magram isini daviviwyeT da maT nacvlad uSno da

tlanq asoebs viyenebT, isic mxolod garkveuli SemTxvevebi-

saTvis. namdvil mTavrul asoebs ki ver viyenebT, radganac gam-

oyenebas codna unda, codna ki ara gvaqvs.

ucnauri da savalalo mdgomareoba Segveqmna qarTul saSu-

alo skolaSi, rusulis garda, erT-erT ucxo enas swavloben:

franguls, germanuls an inglisurs. es niSnavs, rom Cveni

mowafeebi swavloben 26 laTinur asos, romelTac ramdenime

gansxvavebuli mTavruli moepoveba, aranakleb cametisa (maSa-

sadame, naxevari): Aa, Bb, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Ll, Mm, Nn, Qq, Rr, Tt. es aris nabeWdur anbanSi. xelnawerSi ki gansxvavebuli asoebi

gacilebiT metia. magram davaneboT Tavi xelnawerebs da marto

beWduri viangariSoT. 26 da 13 aris 39. maSasadame, romelime

evropuli enis teqstis dasaZlevad qarTvel bavSvs pirvel

rigSi 39 niSnis daswavla sWirdeba. magram es kidev araferi,

daumateT amas, rom zogi bgeris gadmosacemad jgufebis mniS-

vneloba unda iswavlos (mag., germanulSi ch x, sch S, sp Sp, st St, frangulSi ch S, ou u, au o da sxv., inglisurSi sh S, ch C, oo u da sxv., an iZulebulia, asos sxvadasxva bgeriTi mniSvneloba

gamoarkvios mdebareobis mixedviT. magaliTisTvis mivmarTavT

109dafaruli saunjefranguls, sadac g aso zogjer g aris, zogjer J, imi mixedviT,

Tu ra mosdevs: ga ga, magram gi Ji; asevea c asoc, xan k-d gamoiTq-

mis, xan s-d: ca ka, magram ci si da sxv.). axla es aso vnaxoT:

u. misi gamoTqma Cveulebriv daviwrovebuli u aris, i-saken

gadaxrili: une. magram sxvaa misi gamoTqma un-Si, xolo eu-sa

da au-Si mas sakuTari bgera arca aqvs da winamaval asosTan

erTad sul sxva bgerebs gadmogvcems. exla esec gavsinjoT: i Cveulebriv igi i aris, magram sul sxva bgeras gadmogvcems

igi in-Si da araferi saerTo aqvs i-sTan oi jgufSi. daumateT

amas sxva saxis siZneleebic, romlebic frangul orTografias

axlavs. mag., zogi niSani iwereba, magram ar gamoiTqmis, vTqvaT,

il parl(e) `laparakobs~, il(s) parl(ent) `laparakoben~, da Tqven

darwmundebiT, Tu ra mZime tvirTi awevs bavSvs Tavze.

inglisurSi kidev metia wera-kiTxvis siZneleebi, radganac

wera da gamoTqma Zalian daSorebulia erTmaneTisagan. magram,

sityva rom ar gagvigrZeldes, inglisurze aRaras vityvi.

TiTqo advilia germanuli wera-kiTxvao, magram namdvilad

iqac didi siZneleebis daZleva sWirdeba qarTvel bavSvs,

radganac xmovanTa sigrZe-simoklis gadmocema erTob rTul

principzea damyarebuli.

sur. 15a. afxazuri anbani (a. WoWuas wignidan, 1961).

rusuli orTografiis siZneleebi xom kargad cnobilia

yvelasaTvis. mag., sul sxvaa е, ю, я asoebis gamoTqma sityvis

110 akaki SaniZeTavSi da sityvis SuaSi an boloSi. amas garda, Zalian rTulia

rbili Tanxmovnebis gadmocemis sistema da umaxvilo xmovnebis

gamoxatvis saSualeba; mag., iwereba `moloko~ da gamoiTqmis

`malako~ da sxv.

kidev meti siZneleebia afxazurSi. jer qarTuli anbaniT

swavleba Wirda afxazurisa da, rusul anbanze rom gadavid-

nen, siZneleebma erTi-orad imata. afxazur saliteraturo

enas safuZvlad uZevs samxruli kilo, abJuuri, sadac bgeraTa

ricxvi naklebia, vidre Crdilour kiloSi, bzifurSi. Tum-

ca abJuurSic samocze metia bgera, magram saliteraturo

miznebisaTvis 56-ze SeCerebulan; am 56 bgeraTagan zogi TiTo

asoTia gadmocemuli, zogi _ wyvil-wyviliT. ai, mag., rogor

gamoiyureba afxazuri anbani a. WaWuas saxelmZRvanelos mixed-

viT (sur. 15a). aq TviTeul ujredSi Casmulia TiTo bgeris

gadmomcemi erTi an ori niSani. rusuli anbanidan yvelaa gamo-

yenebuli garda eqvsisa (ё й щ ю я э). mTavrul asoebTan erTad

cxrilSi maTi mcire asoebia moTavsebuli, pirveli (а) samjer,

sxvebi ki orjer an erTjer. gamoTqmis mixedviT axlos mdgomi

bgerebi diakritikuli (ganmasxvavebeli) niSnebiT aris gamor-

Ceuli: kudebiT, winwklebiT, xazebiT. ganmasxvavebel niSnebad

gamoyenebulia agreTve silbos niSani (ь, mag., гь, кь, жь, шь) an gadmobrunebuli е (Те Де, da sxv.). martivi da diakritikul

niSnebiani asoebi 40-ia, wyvil-wyvili niSniT gadmocemul

bgeraTa ricxvi ki _ 16, sul 56. Tu amas davumatebT sam gan-

sxvavebul mTavrul asos (Аа, Бб, Ее), miviRebT sul 59 niSans,

caleuls, Tu wyvileuls. exla kidev Tu davsZenT, rom ramden-

ime aso gansxvavebulia xelnawerSi , advilia warmovidginoT

afxazi bavSvis gaWireba wera-kiTxvis Seswavlis dros.

afxazur anbans kidev ra uSavs! afxazebma ramdenime aso war-

suli saukunis bolo xanebSi SemuSavebuli anbanidan amoiRes.

amas garda, diakritikul (ganmasxvavebel) niSnebs mihmarTes,

amis wyalobiT maT minimumamde daiyvanes wyvil-wyvili niS-

nebis xmareba.

abazebis ena uaxloesia afxazurTan. q. lomTaTiZe mas afxa-

zuris dialeqtad Tvlis, magram arao, calke enaao, gaiZaxian

zogni da Tavisi mwerloba Seuqmnes ocaTasian xalxs. bgeraTa

SedgenilobiT abazuri bevrad ar gansxvavdeba afxazurisagan.

111dafaruli saunjemisi mwerloba, afxazuriviT rusul grafikazea damyarebuli,

magram ganmasxvavebel niSnebs iq adgili ara aqvs da, radganac

rusuli asoebi ar hyofnis, iq zogierTi bgera sxvadasxva asos

kombinaciiT aris gadmocemuli. amitom arc gasakviria, rom

erTi bgeris gadmosacemad ori, sami da zogjer oTxi aso iyo

gamoyenebuli.8

CerqezulSi, romelic imave enaTa jgufs ekuTvnis, rasac

afxazuri, agreTve rusuli anbania gamoyenebuli, uwinwklod

da urameod, da aqac erTi bgera zogjer sami an oTxi niSniT

aris gadmocemuli, mag. хъ, кхъ, кхъу.9

vityodi oriode sityvas qisturisa (CaCnurisa) da daRist-

nis romelime enis axal Seqmnil anbanzedac, magram, rom ar

movawyino mkiTxveli, mokled movWri. vityvi mxolod erTs:

afsusi kia, rom umwerlobo kavkasiuri enebis anbanis Sedgenis

dros daviwyebul iqna principi, romliTac xelmZRvanelobda

100 wlis winaT am enebis mkvlevari p. uslari. 1500 wlis wi-

naT moxerxda mSvenieri qarTuli da saucxoo somxuri anbanis

Sedgena da Cven dros ki gaWirda srul-yofili anbanis Sedge-

na kavkasiis umwerlobo erTaTvis! magram, mogexsenebaT, Zala

aRmarTs xnavso da moswavle axalgazrdoba eZaleba swavlas da

amgvari rTuli da Seuferebeli anbaniTac axerxeben, avad Tu

kargad werasa da kiTxvas.

dailocos qarTuli wera da kiTxva! yovel asos mxolod

erTi bgera Seesatyviseba da yoveli bgerisTvis calkeuli aso

moipoveba. am mxriv igi somxurzedac maRla dgas, radganac

somxurs dRevandlamde SemohrCa ori niSani u-s gadmosacemad.

amas garda, somxurSi iwereba rb, rg da rd, gamoiTqmis ki rf,

rq da rT (Sesabamisad). aris sxva saxis siZneleebic, magram

unda iTqvas, rom, miuxedavad amisa, somxuri wera saerTod Za-

lian kargia, yvela evropuls sjobs da, maT Soris, axal ber-

Znulsac, sadac wera da gamoTqma Zalian dascilda erTmaneTs.

magram erTi vikiTxoT; ramdeni niSnis Seswavlaa saWiro

dRevandeli somxuri wera-kiTxvisaTvis? _ ara nakleb 48-isa.

amaTgan mcire asoebi 38-ia, amaT emateba mTavruli asoebi,

8 Русско-абазинский словарь, М., 1956.9 Б. М. Карданов, Краткий грамматический очерк кабардино-черкесского языка (Приложение к Русско-кабардинско-черкесскому словарю Б. М. Карданова и А. Т. Бичоева, М., (1955), стр. 997.

112 akaki SaniZeromlebic gansxvavebulia Tavis moxazulobiT, rogorc amas

Semdegi giCvenebs:

Tavi rom davaneboT xelnaweri asoebis gansxvavebas, somexma

bavSvma unda iswavlos 48 beWduri niSani.

zemoxsenebuli enebis werasTan SedarebiT qarTuli wera,

mTavrulianad, imdenad advilia, rom Sedarebac ki ar SeiZle-

ba. Tu afxazma bavSvma 60-ze meti niSani unda iswavlos, rom

ase Tu ise Tavi gaarTvas werasa da kiTxvas, qarTvel bavSvs

viTom gauWirdeba ramdenime damatebiTi mTavruli asos Seswav-

la? aba ra brZanebaa! aba sad qarTuli orTografia da sad af-

xazuri an Cerqezuli, an berZnuli, an Tundac rusuli, fran-

guli da inglisuri! Cven arc wyvil-wyvili an sami Tu oTxi

niSani gvaqvs erTi bgeris gadmosacemad, arc asos mdebareobas

vaqcevT yuradRebas, arc raime diakritikuli niSani gvWird-

eba (rogorc arabulSia an afxazurSi), ar sxva rame xerxia

gamoyenebuli sworad dawerisa da sworad wakiTxvisaTvis.

es Sedareba qarTuli wera-kiTxvis sistemisa sxva enebis

sistemasTan imaTTvis moviyvane, romelTac SeiZleba saqmis

garTulebad moeCvenos mTavrulebis SemoReba qarTulSi. Cven

ver CamovrCebiT Cvens mezobel somxebs, azerbaijanelebs da

osebs, romlebic mTavrulebs xmaroben. Cven fexi ki ar unda

avubaT arabebsa da sparselebs, aramed unda mihvyveT evropis

erebis magaliTs da mivsceT qarTul nawersa da nabeWds Sno da

silamaze.

dRes Cven ver dagvakmayofilebs, ra Tqma unda, verc saekle-

sio wignebSi xmarebuli mTavruli asoebi, Tundac vaxtangiseu-

li Srifti, romelic brosem gamosca `qarTuli enis TviTmas-

wavlebelSi~ (parizi, 1834), verc sinodis stambis (moskovSi),

verc e. xelaZis stambisa (TbilisSi). mTavruli asoebi unda

gakeTdes axlad, saukeTeso xelnaweri da qvaze amokveTili ni-

muSebis mixedviT da ara erTi da ori, aramed sxvadasxva gar-

niturisa da Sexamebuli dRevandel yvela saxis mxedrulTan.

franguli orTografiis magaliTze zemoT davrwmundiT, Tu

113dafaruli saunjera mZime tvirTi awevs qarTvel bavSvs ucxo enebis Seswavlisas.

am tvirTs Cven vurigdebiT, magram imas ufro vurigdebiT, sx-

visas vswavlobT da Cvensas ki ara. ar vswavlobT imitom, rom

mecxramete saukuneSi movtydiT, movdundiT, davkargeT swori

gza da avirCieT mrudi, namdvili mivagdeT da yalbi SemoviReT.

namdvili mTavruli asoebis SemoReba ki gagvmarTavda welSi,

misi gareva teqstSi qarTul wigns, Jurnalsa da gazeTs miscem-

da Snos, daamSvenebda qarTul beWdviT nawarmoebs da qarTul

wigns garegnuli gaformebis mxriv, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi (qa-

Raldi, wamali, yda, suraTebi), aiyvanda rusuli da laTinuri

SriftiT dabeWdili wignis simaRleze. kacs oqro-vercxli

hqondes, ver xmarobdes, mSier-mwyurvali iyos da konkebSi da-

diodes, ai rasa hgavs Cveni mdgomareoba Sriftis saqmeSi.

arc erT ers ar moepoveba iseTi farTo gasaqani nair-nairi

da erTimeoreze ulamazesi Sriftebis Sesaqmnelad, rogorc

qarTvel ers. magram ra! ver mogviclia amisTvis, ver mivmx-

vdarvarT, ver CavhkvirvebivarT Cvens umweo mdgomareobas da

namdvili saSualeba ver mogvinaxavs. saWiroa gamovifSvnitoT

Tvalebi da mZime mdgomareoba gamovasworoT.

ra aris saWiro praqtikulad? saWiroa, dawyebiT skolebSi

SemoRebul iqnes namdvili mTavruli asoebis swavleba, ro-

gorc es aris ruseTisa da evropis skolebSi. frangul skola-

Si frangi bavSvi striqonis asosTan erTad mis mTavrulsac

swavlobs: Aa, Bb, Dd, Ee da sxv. agrea rusulSic, somxurSic

da agre unda iyos qarTulSic. unda SemoRebul iqnes, ra Tqma

unda, namdvili mTavruli, romelic warwerebSi ixmareboda.

evropul enaTa mTavrul asoebs mxatvrebi Zveli laTinuri

warwerebis asoebis mixedviT akeTeben. amgvaradvea berZnul-

Sic, somxurSic. qarTvelma bavSvma ra daaSava, rom mas saTana-

do gonebriv sazrdos ar vaZlevT? gaZneldeba saqme? garTul-

deba? advili fafis Wamac ar ariso, mogaxseneben. cota Tu ar

SevwuxdiT, araferi iqneba. Tavis dinebaze saqmis migdeba ar

varga, arc miyrueba ivargebs. Careva unda saqmeSi, gamrudebuls

gamosworeba unda. saxelmZRvanelo ar aris, es marTalia, ma-

gram saxelmZRvanelo unda daiweros, an arsebuli gadakeTdes

da gamoices. maswavleblebi saTanadod unda momzaddnen. ga-

mocdilebiT vici (universitetis praqtikidan), rom saSualo

114 akaki SaniZeniWis mqoneTaTvis 30-ode mTavruli niSnis daswavlas erTi

kviris varjiSi hyofnis.

xalxTa daZabul kulturul WidilSi, romlis mowame-

ni da monawileni dRes varT, mxolod is eri gadarCeba, ro-

melic yovel mxriv aris aRWurvili kulturulad. kultu-

ris erTi iaraRTagania (SeiZleba iTqvas, umZlavresic) wera

da beWdva, romelic yovel mxriv unaklo unda iyos. qarTuli

wera idealuria, magram misi nakli is aris, rom mTavrulebs

ar vxmarobT. Tu gvsurs namdvilad gavaumjobesoT qarTuli

wera, unda gaviziaroT g. wereTlis `droebis~ sabuTianoba da

mTavruls mivsceT orTografiuli daniSnuleba, e. i. igi unda

ixmarebodes ara marto satitulod da calkeuli werilebis

saTaurebSi, aramed teqstSic.

marTali iyo is profesori, romelmac konstantine gamsax-

urdias SehniSna, rom qarTuli Srifti kargia, magram Tvals

Rlis, radganac mTavruli asoebi ar gqoniaTo. marTlac, erT-

ferovani asoebis kiTxva mTeli gverdebis manZilze Tvalis

damRlelic aris da didad mosawyenic. qarTvel kacs amJamad

saSualeba ara aqvs wignis an gazeTis kiTxvis dros erTbaSad

aRiqvas sakuTari saxeli, qalaqisa da mdinaris saxeli, mTisa,

tbisa, soflisa da sxvaTa sakuTari saxeli. am mxriv sworad

daayena sakiTxi `droebis~ redaqciam da scada kidec praq-

tikulad ganexorcielebina mTavrulebis xmareba. marTal-

ni iyvnen cnobili pedagogebi i. gogebaSvili da s. xundaZe,

romelTac gaiziares `droebis~ dawyebuli saqme. oRond g.

wereTels da mis mimdevrebs is unda vusayveduroT, rom tradi-

cia daarRvies da iseTi saxis mTavrulebi Seqmnes, romlebic

ver gamodga praqtikuli moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad.

Tu rusul anbanSi, laTinurSi, berZnulsa da somxurSi

zogierTi mTavruli asoa gansxvavebuli sastriqonosagan (ru-

sulSi 3, somxurSi 10, laTinurSi 13, e. i. naxevari, berZnulSi

ori mesamedi, 24-idan 16), qarTulSi TiTqmis yvela mTavru-

li aso (mrglovani) iqneba gansxvavebuli, garda erTaderTi

sanisa, romelic dResac ise iwereba, rogorc me-5 saukuneSi.

dRevandel saliteraturo qarTulSi saerTod ixmareba 33

aso, amdenive gvinda mTavrulic. amaTgan erTi (s) ukve viciT,

radganac misi mTavrulis moxazuloba igive darCeba rac dRes

115dafaruli saunjearis. damatebiT Sesaswavli gvaqvs, maSasadame, 32 mTavruli

aso, romelTaganac oTxi (T, m, n, q) axlos dgas Tavisi moxazu-

lobiT dRevandel asoebTan da advili dasaxsomebelia. gvrCe-

ba, maSasadame, 28 aso, romlebic sruliad gansxvavebulia dRe-

vandelisagan; magram es gansxvaveba kidev met Rirsebas hmatebs

Cvens mTavrulebs, radganac isini mkveTrad gamoirCevian mcire

(sastriqono) asoebisagan.

mTavrulebis SemoRebas moiTxoven mwerlebi da sazogado

moRvaweebi: k. gamsaxurdia, g. leoniZe, p. guguSvili, romelT-

ac Tavisi azri amis Sesaxeb werilobiT gamoTqves gazeTis fur-

clebze. magram ueWvelia, bevria aseTi pirebi, romelTac igive

undaT, magram saSualeba ara hqondaT, werilobiT gamoeTqvaT

Tavisi azri. ukve dadga dro, rom SemoRebul iqnes sayovel-

Tao xmarebisaTvis mTavrulebi da gatarebul iqnes Jurnal-

gazeTebsa da wignebSi. rac sayovelTaod ar ixmareba, is davi-

wyebas miecema xolme.

Cvens saqmes sxva ver gaakeTebs da arc gaakeTebs. Cvens tkivi-

lebs Cvenve unda vuwamloT. Tu movindomebT da mtkiced ga-

davwyvetT, es saqme sul male brwyinvaled dagvirgvindeba.

saWiroa modunebidan gamovideT, movikrifoT nebisyofa, Cveni

Tavi da Cveni Rirseba davicvaT da gavakeToT is, rac saWiroa.

Tu ase moviqceviT, erTi wlis Semdeg qarTuli wigni, gazeTi Tu

Jurnali sul sxva iqneba, vidre aqamde iyo. es mcireodeni cv-

lileba rom gatardeba cxovrebaSi, bevri sixarulis grZno-

biT, magram odnav naRvel-gareuli toniT wamoiZaxebs: `netavi

sad viyaviT aqamdiso!~ _ sada da aqve, saqarTveloSi, magram

sxvebi fxizlobdnen, Cven ki tkbilad gveZina.

sulxan-saba orbelianis dabadebis 300 wlisTavis saiub-

ileo dRes mec viyavi sulxanis sofel tanZiaSi (bolnisis

raionSi). didZali xalxi Seikriba mitingze orbelianTa ezo-

Si, sadac maTi sasaxle aRar aris, magram koxta taZari isev

dgas. iyo didZali inteligencia, bevri maTgani Tbilisidan mi-

sulebi. Zalian aRfrTovanebuli viyav, rom Rirseulad dafas-

da didi adamianis Rvawli samSoblos winaSe. magram Cems did

sixaruls didi tkivilic dahyva: friad ganaTlebuli pirebi

me mekiTxebodnen, ra aweria taZarsao? warwera, sazogado we-

sisamebr, mrglovani asoebiT aris Sesrulebuli me-17 saukune-

116 akaki SaniZeSi, sulxan-sabas sicocxleSi. qarTveli inteligentebi idnen

sulxan-sabas ezoSi, Sescqerodnen qarTul Zegls, uyurebdnen

mis qarTul warweras da ver kiTxulobdnen. zogma maTganma

inglisuric icoda. erTs vexumre: ase weria-meTqi: `Tvali

daudges im qarTvels, vinac ver wamikiTxoso~ (sur. 16).

sur. 16. orbelianT taZris warwera s. tanZiaSi (XVII)

ikiTxeba: +. w ͂o n͂kz (wmidao nikoloz), meox eqmen

pt͂rns (patrons) orbels.

droa gamovfxizldeT da vizrunoT, namdvilad vizrunoT

imisaTvis, rom Cveni simdidre gamoviyenoT. merme iciT, mkiTx-

velo, ramden rameSi gamogvadgeboda Cveni lamazi mrglovani

da ramdenad viqnebodiT wel-gamarTuli? rogor unda mo-

dundes da daZabundes eri, rom misi Svilebi laTinur asoebs

gulmodgined swavlobdnen da Tavis asoebs ki vera scnobdnen!

da merme rogor saWiroa CvenTvis mrglovani asoebi, es Cveni

namdvili mTavruli asoebi! aviRoT erTi magaliTi: literatu-

ris institutis rusTvelologiurma ganyofilebam Seadgina

da gamosca vefxistyaosnis 48 xelnaweris variantebis nusxa.

es xelnawerebi laTinuri asoebiT aRiniSna: A, B, C, D, E, F da sxv., magram radganac laTinuri asoebi ar eyo, iZulebuli

gaxdnen, danarCeni xelnawerebi primebiT aReniSnaT: A1, B1, C1, D1, E1, F1 da sxv. qarTuli mTavruli rom gvqonoda, jer amas

vixmardiT da, roca Semogvakldeboda, laTinurs moviSveli-

117dafaruli saunjeebdiT. aRar iqneboda saWiro primebi, rac did uxerxulobas

qmnis. magram eg sxvaTa Soris. mTavari mainc is iqneboda, rom

asoebi, maT Soris mTavrulebi, samkaulia wignisa. kargi sam-

kauli sul sxva Snos miscems qarTul xelnawersa da beWdur

nawarmoebs. lamazi da moxdenili mTavrulebi sixalises Sei-

tans kiTxvaSi, gagviadvilebs wanakiTxis gagebas, saSualebas

mogvcems advilad vixmaroT sxvadasxva saxis Semoklebani da

sxva. modi, principul debulebaSi mivhyveT samociani wlebis

àxalgazrdebs~, xolo gaformebis mxriT imave xanis `mox-

ucebs~, romlebic, rogorc Cans, mtkiced icavdnen tradicias,

visargebloT me-18 saukunis da me-19 s-is pirveli naxevris ga-

mocdilebiT, SevqmnaT saukeTeso warwerebisa da xelnawerebis

mixedviT erTmaneTTan Sexamebuli mxedruli da misi mTavrule-

bi da davayenoT qarTuli orTografiis saqme swor gzaze.

vinmem SeiZleba ifiqros, rom me Zveli qarTuli enis aRdge-

nas moviTxov. ara! mxolod yeyeCi unda iyos kaci, rom naTqvami

sworad ver gaigos, an iyos Suriani, RvarZliani da qarTuli

kulturis mteri, rom gagebiT ki gaigos, magram sxvisi naTq-

vami gadaamrudos da iseTi ram momaweros, rasac ar vfiqrob

da arc vambob da rac araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gamomdinareobs

Cemi winadadebidan. ena, ra Tqma unda, igive darCeba, rac amJa-

mad gvaqvs, ZiriTad dRevandel Sriftadac mxedruli darCe-

ba, rac amJamad gvaqvs, oRond mTavrulebis gareviT qarTuli

naweri Tu nabeWdi wigni didad Seimkoba da Snoiani gaxdeba.

mTavruli asoebi nawer-nabeWdis saukeTeso samkaulia. amas

garda, igi garkveul orTografiul samsaxursac eweva.

1550 welze metia, rac qarTuli wera gvaqvs. droa, Cveni

mSvenieri wera SevufardoT dRevandeli dRis moTxovnilebas

da yovelmxriv uzado da unaklo gavxadoT igi.

ama wlis maisis bolo ricxvebSi somxebma 1600 wlis iu-

bile gadauxdes mesrop-maStocs, romelic somxuri anbanis

gamomgoneblad iTvleba. Cven ara naklebi xnis mwerloba gvaqvs,

vidre somxebs, am mwerlobam Semogvinaxa uZvirfasesi Zeglebi.

igi gvSveloda mtrebTan brZolaSi. Cvenc vsceT imdeni pativi

Cvens Zvelebs, rom maTi Seqmnili qarTuli asoebi gonivrulad

gamoviyenoT da gazrdili kulturuli moTxovnileba davik-

mayofiloT.

118 akaki SaniZera aris saWiro praqtikulad? _ pirvel yovlisa, mtkice

gadawyvetileba, SemoRebul iqnes bunebrivi mTavruli asoebi

qarTulSi. Sriftis komitetma unda gamoacxados konkursi

sastambo asoebis mTeli kompleqtis dasaxatavad, mxatvreb-

ma asoebi (mxedruli da misi mTavruli) daxaton saukeTeso

xelnawerebisa da warwerebis mixedviT da ise, rom mTavruli

asoebi kargad Sewyobili iyos sastriqono asoebTan. Semdeg

am naxatebis mixedviT unda gakeTdes punsonebi da matrice-

bi, Camoisxas asoebi da momaragdes stambebi. aucilebelia,

gonivrulad gamoviyenoT Cveni zRapruli simdidre lamazi

Sriftebis Sesaqmnelad. es erTbaSad wagvwevs win: aRdgeba

gawyvetili xazi Cveni kulturuli ganviTarebis gzaze da, rac

mTavaria, gavuswordebiT somxebs da sxvebs, romlebic mTavru-

lebs xmaroben. amis Sedegad gaizrdeba Cveni TviTcnobiereba,

qarTuli wigni, Jurnali da gazeTi gaumjobesdeba da damSv-

endeba.

mSvenivrad Tqva geniosma SoTam:

aras gargebs swavluleba,

Tu ara iqm brZenTa Tqmulsa:

ar ixmareb, ra xelsa hxdi

saunjesa dafarulsa?

marTlac, rad gvargebs dafaruli saunje? _ arafers. Cven

igi unda gamovaCinoT, mzis sinaTleze gamovitanoT, movixma-

roT da saTanadod gamoviyenoT.

ai, es aris dRevandeli dRis mkacri moTxovnileba, rom-

elsac saTanado angariSi unda gaewios da, rac SeiZleba, male.

______________amJamad, ra Tqma unda, saqme sagrZnoblad gamartivebulia, radgan lino-

tipis asoTamwyobi manqanisTvis saWiro mTeli es teqnikuri aRWurviloba

kompiuterma Caanacvla (s.s.red.)

boris darCia

boris darCiasTan araferi makavSirebda, garda Soridan

keTili nacnobobisa. aRmoCnda, mas, Turme, saSualo skolis

damamTavrebeli klasebi Cems sofelSi dausrulebia. maSin

an Zlier patara viyavi, anda ufrosklaseli rogorRac ar

damamaxsovrda. am faqtma erTgvari mizidulobis roli Sea-

srula. qalaqs gadmotyorcnili ori euli, mSobliur sana-

piroebs mowyvetili pirovneba erTsa da imave skolasTan

ziarebam TiTqosda Segvkra, sulier Zmebad gvaqcia. mere da

mere ki Cveni urTierToba ganmtkicda. mgonia, amas xeli didad

Seuwyo erTsa da imave sakvlev Temaze muSaobam _ es gaxlavT

rusTavelis poema.

axla aqedan Sevyureb da mkafiod vxedav: zogi mecnieri,

Cveni Jurnalis saredaqcio sabW os

Rirseuli wevris, b-n boris da rC-

i asTvis saiubileo TariRis milo-

cvis nacvlad (mas TebervalSi 80

we li Seusruldeboda), samwuxarod,

ma sTan gamosamSvidobebeli werilis

gam oqveyneba gviwevs.

b-n murman TavdiSvilis statia jer

kidev Rvawlmosili mecnieris sico-

cxleSi daiwera, magram, vfiqrobT,

igi kargad warmoaCens aw gardacvli-

li, magram mudam sicocxliT savse

boris darCias pirovnebas, romel-

mac samecniero asparezi uSiSrad da

patiosnad ganvlo.

RmerTma gaanaTlos misi suli.

120 murman TavdiSvili

didebis SaravandediT mosili rom gveCveneboda, Turme, mcire

samecniero nadavlis patroni yofila. diax, zogierTsa hgo-

nia, TiTqosda didi droSa miaqvs. sinamdvileSi ki aRmoCndeba,

rom es patara alamia da meti _ araferi! mavanTa didebis

Tvalmatyuara nisleuli rom ganimqra, boris darCias mecni-

eruli profili ukeT gamoikveTa, ukeT gamoCnda misi Rvawli

Cvens mecnierebaSi. Tumca ki calkeuli uamuri SemTxvevebi mas

Tavs mudam qorebiviT dastrialebdnen (martooba, mSoblebis

daxocva, dauojaxebloba, groSis fasad samsaxuri da bolos

erTguli samsaxuris sanacvlod institutidan daTxovna…),

Tavis saqmes mainc mudam energiulad emsaxureboda da me mwa-

dia, eg Rvawli obieqturi TvaliT Sevafaso.

* * *

Tu mis Soreul winapar sisona darCias Tvali da xeli fiS-

tosa da filTa Tofisaken gaurboda, boris darCia siymawvi-

lidanve kalamsa da wigns iyo CabRauWebuli da maTTvis xeli

bolomde ar gauSvia. brwyinvaled daamTavra saSualo skola

da gaxda warmatebuli studenti. universitetis dasrulebis

Semdeg rusTavelis saxelobis institutis rusTvelologiur

ganyofilebaSi moRvaweobda. TiTqosda ocneba aRisrula. oc-

neba ki yovelTvis ufro damajerebelia realobaze, radgan

misgan ufro nakleb praqtikulobas moviTxovT, vidre _

sinamdvilisagan. axalbeda mkvlevarsac bevri ara undoda ra:

saarsebod aucilebeli xelfasi da sakuTari saqmis keTeba.

imTaviTve irwmuna, rom mecnieruli keTilsindisiereba

mecnierul niWierebaze naklebs ar unda fasobdes. amas dRe-

mudam Caagonebda iseTi sufTa sindisis mqone didi mecnier-

is gverdiT muSaoba, rogoric iyo akademikosi aleqsandre

baramiZe. igi ki, Tavis droze yvelaze warmatebuli insti-

tutis direqtori, uzakveli pirovneba gaxldaT. marTalia,

eSmakoba uniWod ar arsebobs, oRond xalasi niWi mudam ueS-

makoa. am deviziT saqmianobdnen ostati da Segirdi marad da

marad.

boris darCias mTeli samecniero moRvaweoba SeiZleba or

nakadad warmovadginoT: erTia pozitiuri kvlevebi, meorea

negatiuri, kritikuli masalebi. am SemTxvevaSi orive Tana-

121boris darCia

barRirebulia, vinaidan ganmaqiqebeli paTosis mqone statiebi

da gamokvlevebic Seicavs srul samecniero siaxleebs, aqac

bevri sadavo da sakamaTo problema wydeba.

mkvlevarma gamowvlilviT da safuZvlianad Seiswavla

brwyinvale poetis vaxtang meeqvsis Semoqmedeba da mas ori

vrceli wigni uZRvna. am safuZvelzeve daicva sadoqtoro dis-

ertacia. paralelurad muSaobda rusTvelologiaSi. rusTv-

els jer kidev 1975 wels uZRvna sagangebo monografia.

samive wigni gamoirCeva sandoobiT, mecnieruli utyua-

robiT, uaruTqmeli siaxliT, problemebis gadawyvetiTa da

farTo horizontiT.

qarTul mecnierebaSi mainc yvelaze meti fociakali gamoi-

wvia monografiam iakob dumbaZe_Semoqmedelze (2009).

es iyo mecnieruli gambedaobisa da uJangavi patiosnebis

principuli zeimi, Tanac moulodneli samecniero garRveva,

rogorc erTxel ukve SevniSne, `didi moulodneloba~.

seriozul qarTvel mecnierebs miaCndaT, rom iakob dumba-

Ze_Semoqmedelma SavTelis àbdulmesiani~ gadawera, Sesa-

bamis adgilebSi Cawera arCil mefis saxeli da gvirgvinosans

sakuTar naSromad miasaRa.

maSasadame, eklesiis cnobil moRvawes, wminda kacs, plagia-

toba daswames. boris darCiam gaarkvia, rom `vefxistyaosnis~

boloSi naxsenebi àbdulmesiani~ dakargulia, xolo Cvens

xelT arsebuli teqsti iakob dumbaZisaa. ase rom, saeklesio

mamisaTvis qurdobis dabraleba aris didi mecnieruli mkrex-

eloba. ase aRdga simarTle, ase Wama puri samarTlianobam. da

aq uneblieT gvagondeba arCilis Tqma: ̀ rad mierCi mas ritor-

sa, ar anebeb missa masa?!~

amrigad, SavTelis àbdulmesiani~ dakarguli aRmoCnda;

me-12 saukunisa rom gvegona, is Zegli meCvidmete saukunisad

gamocxadda, ase gakeTda didi roqi qarTul literaturaSi.

es imdenad gamaognebeli aRmoCena gamodga, rom bevr mec-

niers reti dasca da dRemdec ver gamorkveula, saqme is aris,

rom am moulodneli aRmoCeniT mkvlevari daupirispirda

cnobil mecnierebs da erTgvarad kidevac gaagulisa zepurni

mamani soflisa qarTlisani. drom vera, oRond am gamokvlevam

erTbaSad da-ca-aWkno, daabera pirvandeli mosazreba. marT-


lac, araferi ise ar aZvelebs Zvel Teorias, rogorc axali,

amitom arsebul Tvalsazriss droisa ki ar unda eSinodes,

aramed axali WeSmariti Tvalsazrisis gamoCenisa!

zemore vTqvi, jer pozotiuri narkvevebi ganvixiloT-me-

Tqi, oRondac sinamdvileSi yoveli WeSmariti gamokvleva

kritikulia, ramdenadac xmalSi iwvevs Zvel TvalsazrisTa

avtorebs.

rogorc vxedavT, Cvenma mkvlevarma sityvakazmul mwerlo-

baSi kidev erTi literaturuli kereoni aanTo. am CiraRdans

iakob dumbaZe-Semoqmedeli ewodeba.

aRniSnuli wigni erTgvari gza da xidia, romelmac metad

mZlavri sayrdeni burjebis Cadgma moiTxova. aseT svetebad

meCveneba amave mwerlis saTanado samecniero aparaturis mqone

sruli poeturi memkvidreobis publikacia (2014). am wignma

ki TavisTavad moiTxova, Seqmniliyo monografia bagrat ba-

toniSvilze (2011). esec sensaciuri wignis meore burji!

samive novatoruli gamokvlevis udidesi nawili Cvens

periodul gamocemebSia dabeWdili.

mkvlevaris xelxvavianobisa da SemoqmedebiTi nayofi-

erebis macnea rusTvelologiuri narkvevebi (I da II tomebi

_ 2010, 2015), sadac Tanamedrove samecniero donezea momar-

jvebuli faqtebi da movlenebi, sailustracio masala, Cans

`vefxistyaosnis~ teqstis myari da zedmiwevniTi codna. aqve

SevniSnav: poemis teqstis gamowvlilviTi codnis uqonloba,

ramdenadac moulodnelad ar unda mogeCvenoT, bevri rusT-

velologis aqilevsis quslia! Cveni avtori poemas ikvlevs

Teologiuri, esTetikuri, teqstologiuri TvalsazrisiT,

ufrore _ xelnawerul memkvidreobas.

Zveli siyvaruli ar berdeba. mecnieri kvlavac muSaobda

vaxtang meeqvsis Semoqmedebaze; moaxerxa sruli krebulis

momzadeba, romelic moculobiT 4-jer aRemateba aleqsandre

baramiZis cnobil gamocemas; Sesrulebulia didi samuSao _

warmodgenilia teqsti, variantebi, leqsikoni (2016).

bevri mkvlevari mTlianad iketeba Tavisi ZiriTadi kvle-

vis sferoSi da mis sazRvrebs gareT fexis gadgmisa eSinia.

Tu WeSmariti literatori xar, SeuZlebelia Rrma codna da

xangrZlivi gamocdileba win ar wargiZRves literaturis

123boris darCia

farTo frontze gamosasvlelad. axlac ase moxda: mkvlevarma

dawera sakmaod msxviltaniani wigni, romelSic Sedis lit-

eraturul-filologiuri narkvevebi Zvel, axal da uaxles

mwerlobaze (2013). aq moTavsebuli werilebi dabeWdilia pre-

saSic.

rogorc yoveli guruli, romelsac iumorze Wipi aqvs mi-

Wrili, Cveni seriozuli avtori xalisiT wers cnobil mecni-

erTa iumoristul epizodebsa da gamonaTqvamebze (salaRobo

da naRvliani ambebi, 2012).

yvela wigns Tu daviTvlidiT, sabolood gamovidoda

Tormetze meti da maTgan zogierTi xuTas gverdsac ki aWar-

bebs! da arc erTi maTgani ar imeorebs winas, rogorc es xSir-

ad xdeba xolme Cvens mecnierebaSi.

arsebul dakanonebul TvalsazrisTa bastionebze ieri-

Sis mitana ki saerTod axasiaTebs Cvens mkvlevars. ase, mag-

aliTad: ganTqmuli aforizmi `cema gmarTebs gamzrdelisa, ra

yrma naxo avad zrdili~ mTeli asi weli rusTvelisa egonaT.

gairkva: ekuTvnis vaxtang meeqvses; aseve popularuli sibrZne

`sadac ara sjobs, gacla sjobs kargisa mamacisagan~ SoTasi

egonaT, maT Soris, iliasac. aRmoCnda, rom igi rusTvelis

ar aris. boris darCias azriT, xalxuria. me ki, Cemi mxriv,

davsZen: mivageni aRniSnuli aforizmis Tavwyaros. zahiri sa-

maryandelis ̀ sindbad-nameSi~ vkiTxulobT: ̀ sadac ara sjobs,

gacla sjobs~ (qarTuli Targmani a. lomTaZisa, gv. 50). iqve

miTiTebulia wyaro _ `TviT winaswarmetyvels ubrZanebia:

`Tavi aaride imasTan Sebmas, visi gamklavebac ar ZalgiZs~ (gv.

195); gabatonebuli iyo Sexeduleba, TiTqosda `vefxistyao-

sanSi~ arsebuli erTaderTi ocmarcvliani strofi rusTv-

els Tevqsmetmarcvliani sazomiT Seusrulebia, oRond mere

interpolatorebs misi gadakeTeba ucdiaTo. Cvenma mkvle-

varma daasabuTa, rom momxdara piriqiT: gadamwerlebs Tavda-

pirveli fistikauris gardaqmna ucdiaT Teqvsmetmarcvlian

poetur abzacad, oRond _ warumateblad. aqve SevniSnav:

meamayeba, rom am genialur leqss gaSiSvlebuli xmliTa da

spilenZis simZimis mqone argumentebiT mudam vicavdi mavanTa

xelyofisagan da, mgonia, gaqrobisagan kidevac vixseni (`ve-

fxistyaosis dafantuli strofebi~, 60).


axla gadavideT kritikuli paTosiT gamorCeul or wignze.

erTi maTgani amas winaT gamovida da misi redaqtori me gax-

lavarT.

cnobili ambavia: bevr Tanamedrove mkvlevars uzarmazari

warmodgena aqvs sakuTar Tavze da am warmodgenis simZimiT

itanjeba. boris darCia cdilobs, Camoxsnas maT eg mtanjveli

tvirTi.

am azrs Cagvagonebs 2008 wels gamocemuli wigni ùvico-

bis, plagiatobisa da ganukiTxaobis winaaRmdeg rusTvelo-

logiaSi~.

aq bolomde, ZirisZirobamde, gamoZiebulia zogi rusTve-

lologisa da rusTvelologias mitmasnebul pirTa mTeli

`samecniero~ Rvawli, naCvenebia is savalalo mdgomareoba

am dargSi, razedac jer kidev 1980-iani wlebSi sagangebo za-

rebs varisxebdiT mwerali revaz miSvelaZe da me; magram gan-

sxvaveba is aris, rom, Tu me da batoni revazi `garedan~ ve-

brZodiT usaqmur da uniWo rusTvelologTa armias (sxvaTa

Soris, am dargSi muSaoba prestiJuli iyo da aseTad dRemde

rCeba), boris darCiam am armiis cixe Signidan gatexa. unda

vigulwrfelo: Tu maSin Cemi mwvave kritikuli gamosvlebisa

gamo Zvirfasi megobari saxeloze meqaCeboda da Cems daSoS-

minebasa lamobda, axla, rogorc ityvian, Tavad aiwyvita da

Tavisuflad Seutia rusTvelologiaSi arsebul myaye sinamd-

viles (faqtia: 80 welze metia, ikvleven da adgenen poemis

teqsts da igi, faqtobrivad, dRemde daudgenelia). am wign-

Si gvaocebs calkeul mcdar SexedulebaTa gamowvlilviT

gamoZieba da maTze swori pasuxebis gacemis mkvlevariseuli

unari. saerTod, vaginebT Tu vaqebT visme, sul erTia, amiT

sakuTar pozicias vamagrebT. aRniSnuli ganmaqiqebeli wignis

mixedviT, doqtori boris darCia mtkiced da safuZvlianad

icavs Tavis samecniero pozicias. am viTarebaSi mis frazas

eniWeba sagangebo Zalmosileba. sityvas ki maSin aqvs mWreli

Zala, Tu mis ukan Rrma azri da saTanado argumenti dgas. am

monografiaSi ara marto rusTvelologias mitmasnilni, ar-

amed bevri sakmaod cnobili moRvawec iwvneven ideur, zneo-

briv da mecnierul damarcxebas, oRond aman isini ar unda

gaagulisos. saqme isaa, rom sabolood isini mogebulni darC-

125boris darCia

nen. marTlacda, agebs omSi damarcxebuli, Torem kamaTSi dam-

arcxebuli igebs, ramdenadac sakuTar codnas zrdis. saer-

Tod ki am deteqtiviviT damaintrigebel monografiaSi Cvens

mkvlevars sawyali profesorebi cxvrebiviT beraSi Cauyenebia

da bejiTad parsavs. es TavismoWriswina mdgomareobaa _ me-

tad moxerxebuli, raTa kargad dainaxo samarcxvino bolo da

erTob mouxerxebeli da ugergilo, raTa Tavs raime uSvelo!

ar SemiZlia ar aRvniSno: swored am dros da aRniSnulis

paralelurad gamoqveynda Cemi vrceli statia `laxudrebi

rusTvelologiaSi~. vfiqrob, es faqti bevr sagulisxmo

rasme gveubneba!

meore wigni, romelsac ewodeba èrTi plagiatobis kval-

dakval~, ufro adre Seiqmna (2000). am naSromis momwifebis,

dawerisa da gamocemis mTeli ambis uSualo TviTmxilveli

gavxdi da, ar SemiZlia, amaze sagangebod ar visaubro.

sakmaod Raribi kaci var, oRond erTaderTi, riTac ze-

naarma uxvad damabertya kalTa, saukeTeso megobrebi arian.

Tanac yoveli maTgani Tavis dargSi TavgamoCenili kalmosa-

nia. Cemi upirvelesi megobrebi iyvnen da arian: akaki gawerel-

ia, revaz miSvelaZe, guram gogiaSvili, roland beriZe, soso

sigua, nugzar SataiZe, zaur bolqvaZe, zaza TvaraZe, leri

alimonaki, zurab cucqiriZe, boris darCia da am ukanasknelis

gamoisobiT _ doqtori, gamoCenili leqsmcodne da uebro mo-

qarTule akaki xinTibiZe.

akaki xinTibiZes manamde ar vicnobdi. mis gamokvlevebs

diaxac vkiTxulobdi, oRond masTan piradi nacnoboba ar ma-

kavSirebda. boris darCiam daiJina: saukeTeso adamiania da,

ginda Tu ara, unda gagacnoo! marTlac gamacno. saocrad

Tbili da xalisiani kaci gamodga. Cems naSromebs kargad ic-

nobda, vgrZnobdi, ufro metad mafasebda, vidre vimsaxureb-

di da, SemiZlia Tamamad vTqva: bolos vuyvardi kidec! boris

darCiasTan xom viyaviT, magram masTanac xSirad mivsulvarT

ojaxSi. urumi pirovneba rodi gamodga, didi purmariliano-

biT gamoirCeoda. brwyinvaled mReroda (Cem garda, romeli

guruli ar mReris kargad! sasimRerod piri erTaderTxel

gavxseni revaz miSvelaZis ojaxSi. gaocebulma qarTuli nov-

elistikis amirbarma erTxans mismina, miTmina da bolos sasim-


Rerod piris gaReba samudamod samarTlianad amikrZala).

ase SeviyareniT `sami Zmebi gurulebi~.

am sameulSi is yvelaze ufrosi iyo, me _ umcrosi.

ase erToblivad davdiodiT stumrad Tu kus tbis midamoe-

bSi xan sokoze, xanac kunel-askilis nayofis mosakrefad, tyis

kaklis dasabertyad; bunebis wiaRSi am gasvlebs Tan erTvoda

Cveni SuaTana Zmis emfatikuri saubrebi mitropolit iakob

dumZabis àbdulmesianze~, romelmac namdvilad àRadgina~

aw dakarguli SavTeliseuli Sesxma da miuZRvna arCil mefes

(borisi imJamad swored am aRmoCeniT iyo aRtkinebuli da amis

Taobaze gatacebiT laparakobda). Cven, ufrossa da umcros

Zmebs, diaxac gveniazeboda eg migneba, siamovnebiT vusmendiT

da erTmaneTs gaocebuli SevscqerodiT. veraffriT war-

momedgina, Tu leqsis cnobili dastaqari am mignebaSi wils

daidebda, magram moxda moulodneli ram _ erT mSvenier dRes

batonma akakim mignebis Tanaavtorad Tavisi Tavi gamoacxada.

es swored is periodia, rodesac naSromis gamoqveyneba Wirda

da am sameulSi beWdvaze yovelTa ufrore me mimiwvdeboda

xeli (erT gazeTsa da JurnalSi erTdroulad vmuSaobdi) da,

daswrebaze rom yofiliyo, im saintereso ideas Cemze adre

verc erTi Zma ver gamoaqveynebda!

diax, idea orives dia mogvwonda, oRond, rogorc mogvi-

anebiT gairkva, baton akakis Cemze metad Sevardnoda guli

masze, imdenad moswoneboda, Tanaavtorobac daibrala.

ase warmoiSva dauZleveli konfliqti or ̀ moyvass~ Soris.

ukan arcerTi aRar ixevda.

swored am viTarebis gamoZaxilia mwuxarebiTa da sinanu-

liT dawerili wigni èrTi plagiatobis kvaldakval~, sadac

patiosnurad aris naCvenebi mTeli am gaugebrobis Casaxva-gan-

viTareba.

aqac, am wignSic, mkvlevarebi da sakiTxiT dainteresebuli

pirebi bevr rasme sagulisxmos ipovian da gaigeben.

axla ki vnaxoT, Tu ra bedi elis amgvar namdvil mkvlevar-

sa da patriots saakaSvilis sulisSemxuTveli xelisuflebis

pirobebSi.

erT zamTris dRes adealiT SefuTulsa da aTasgvarad Sex-

veul-Segonjils karad maTxovari miadga. maT Soris dialogi

127boris darCia

gaimarTa. avtori am saubars amnairad gadmogvcems:

`_ ratom xarT ase Cacmuli?

pirdapir veubnebi:

_ mciva da imitom.

_ gaTboba ara gaqvs?

_ ara maqvs.

_ ratom?

_ samsaxuridan gagdebuli profesori var. ra stipendi-

asac mTavroba maZlevs, is purisa da gadasaxadebis fulad

Zlivs myofnis.

vxedav, Tavisi mzera man Cem ukan gadaitana da, Sevatyve,

Cemi derefnis kedelze Weramde gaWedil wignis Taroebs Tva-

li moavlo.

_ Svilebi ara gyavs? _ isev momibrunda.

_ ara, martoxela var.

_ mecnierebas gadahyevi?

pasuxs aRar dalodebia. Savi Tavsafridan, romelic we-

lamde swvdeboda, marjvena xeli gamoaZvrina. vxedav, xelSi

uW iravs, ar vici, Suaze gakecili erTlariani Tu ori TiTo-

lariani (fuls ori yuri uCanda) da mawvdis _ es Cemgan.

_ rasa brZanebT, qalbatono! _ Sevicxade me.

rom dainaxa, ar varTmevdi, fulis oTaxSi Semogdeba Tu

Semoyra moindoma, magram kari saswrafod mivxure. ramdenime-

jer moawva, magram Caketva movaswari~.

eses pirovnulis gareva iseve Svenis, rogorc nawvimar

mTebs _ cisartyela.

erTgvari ekonomikuri gamodarebis Semdeg im weliwads isev

gamiWirda. TiTqmis cincxali avtomobili garaJSi uZravad

SeyuJuliyo _ sawvavi gaaZvires da veRar avuTave. im weli-

wads ra damaviwyebs! tanjviT, janjRariT, facifuciT, ro-

gorc iqna, lanCxuTs mivaRwieT. iq matareblidan Camovbarg-

diT da avtobusSi avbargdiT. marTlacda, is weliwadi, aba,

ram damaviwyos? mwvaned axasxasebuliyo guriis `gareSamoni~.

alvis xeebi sparsuli laJvardiviT lurj cargvals wvero-

kinebiT elamunebodnen. gzaSarebs manqanebi aRar amtverebdnen


_ ubenzinobis gamoisobiT idgnen da kidevac idga gulismom-

wyvleli siCume da mdumareba…soflad aTiode dRe davyavi da usaxsrobaze metad umego-

brobam Semawuxa. gardauvalobasaviT mZafrad vigrZeni: ufu-

lod xelwarTmeuli viyavi, umegobrod _ frTebwarTmeuli.

da borisTan fexiT wavedi.

ZimiTidan silauramde mdinare sufsis dayolebiT napir-

napir Tu ivli, 12-14 kilometria gadasalaxavi. es gza erT-

droulad damRlelic gamodga da saxalisoc. soflis centr-

Si, Zvelad Tems rom eZaxdnen, komunistebis mier aSenebuli,

aw ukve mitovebuli da dafxavebuli sakolmeurneo kantora

aConCxiliyo. imis ukan, alvis xeTa tevrSi, Camaluli tipuri

guruli oda morcxvad gamoiyureboda.

ezoSi Sevedi. Zaxilze boria simindis yanidan gamovida,

Tavze xelmandili guruli wesisamebr waekra, Sarvali ki dae-

karwaxebina. etyoba, alerds aSorebda yanas. roca dakvirve-

biT SevaTvaliere, da igi am ociode wlis winandeli gamax-

senda, mivxvdi: dros CasZineboda da misi saxis daWknoba veRar

moeswro.

ra kargia, roca xandaxan droc CaTvlems da Tavisi saqme

gadaaviwydeba!

amod gavixareniT. Widan wyali amoviReT, xeli davibaneT

da mWadis gamocxobas daveSureT. sadilobis dro axlovde-

boda. vsaubrobdiT aqeTur-iqeTurze, ra Tqma unda, rogorc

yovelTvis, rusTvelologiur problemebzec. `mdivni msx-

lis~ CeroSi gansakuTrebiT gemrieli gveCvena kecis mWadi da

Semwvari Tevzi, zed dayolebuli odnav mWaxe adesis Rvino.

gzis siZnelis warmatebiT daZlevis gamo rom wavitrabaxe,

gaecina, miTxra: silaurs saSualo skola ara hqonda. ZimiTis

skolaSi davdiodi da yovel SabaT-kviras ymawvilkaci iqiT-

aqeT swored mag gzawvrilebsa vTelavdio!

erTi sityviT, im dRes Cveneburad ̀ viqeifeT~ da ̀ ar cudad

viyveniT~.

mosaRamurda. wamosasvlelad Sevemzade. gamomyva, kar-

ga gvarian manZilze, TiTqmis ZimiTis sazRvramde, gamomaci-

la: ase pirdapir, aRmosavleTiT, iareo! da TviTon Roburs

moadga, patara gorakze rom gadadioda. me qveviT Camov-

129boris darCia

diodi, flateze, mdinaris sanapirosaken. aman, tarieli rom

avTandils acilebs, is epizodi momagona. Zmobili Zmobils

iqac ase arigebs: aRmosavleTiT iareo!

uneblieT gamecina: me _ avTandili, is _ tarieli rusT-

velologiaSi-meTqi!

im weliwads marTlac ra damaviwyebs!

man xom am samegobro mogzaurobis, gzadagza wakrefili

surnelovani mayvlis Sav TvalTa brialis, axalmoWrili

alerdis surnelis, dedamdinaris Cxrialis, cxeniani kaci rom

Caimaleba, imgvari simindis yanebis Srialis niSniT Caiara.

maSin ufro axalgazrdebic viyaviT, sabrZolo SemarTebac

meti gvqonda, sasicocxlo sivrcec ufro vrceli gvedo win…axla aqedan rom Sevyureb Cvens urTierTobas, vrwmundebi:

Cveni Zmoba sruliad akmayofilebda rusTvelis cnobil sam

moTxovnas megobrobisadmi:

sami aris moyvrisagan moyvrobisa gamoCena:

pirvel, ndoma siaxlisa, siSorisa ver-moTmena;

micema da aras Suri, Cuqebisa ar-mowyena;

gavlena da moxmareba, misad rgebad velTa rbena.

da Cvens mTavar saurTierTo safuZvels mudam da yovelT-

vis gansakuTrebul Zalasa da qviTkiris simyares aniWebda

rusTveli _ Cveni sulis maradiuli donori.

magram megobroba _ megobrobad!

Zmakacoba _ amxanagoba karg mecnierad ver gagxdis. is ki

iyo da dResac rCeba namdvil mkvlevarad, daudgromel maZie-

blad, romelsac mudam swamda, rom axal azrs administraci-

uli qvemexiT ver daangrev. azrs mxolod azri amarcxebs!

WeSmarit mecnierebas ki gars akravs raRacnairi SeubRalavi

sispetakisa da kriala haeris Saravandedi da kurTxeulia

igi, vinc am haeriT sunTqavs.

murman TavdiSvili.murman TavdiSvili.

130 Cveni avtorebi

Cveni avtorebiCveni avtorebi

grigol nikolozis Ze ruxaZegrigol nikolozis Ze ruxaZefilosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, patrologi; avtoria mono-filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, patrologi; avtoria mono-

grafiebisa: RmrTis Seuqmnel da Seqmnil xatTa gagebisaTvis (2000), grafiebisa: RmrTis Seuqmnel da Seqmnil xatTa gagebisaTvis (2000),

msoflio saeklesio krebebi/dogmaturi RmrTismetyveleba (mesame ga-msoflio saeklesio krebebi/dogmaturi RmrTismetyveleba (mesame ga-

mocema, 2008), saRmrTismetyvelo leqsikoni-cnobari (2010) da sxv.; mocema, 2008), saRmrTismetyvelo leqsikoni-cnobari (2010) da sxv.;

samecniero da publicisturi werilebisa.samecniero da publicisturi werilebisa.

gvanca vaxtangis asuli koplataZegvanca vaxtangis asuli koplataZefilologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, bizantinisti; filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, bizantinisti;

avtoria monografiebisa: literaturismcodneoba aristoteles avtoria monografiebisa: literaturismcodneoba aristoteles

moZRvrebaSi (1986), qristianuli eklesiis istoria (mexuTe gamocema, moZRvrebaSi (1986), qristianuli eklesiis istoria (mexuTe gamocema,

2012), cxovreba da moqalaqeoba wm. ilia marTlisa (2006) da sxv.; 2012), cxovreba da moqalaqeoba wm. ilia marTlisa (2006) da sxv.;

mravali samecniero da publicisturi werilisa; Zv. berZnulidan mravali samecniero da publicisturi werilisa; Zv. berZnulidan

Targmnili aqvs sami bibliuri wigni da ramdenime patristikuli Targmnili aqvs sami bibliuri wigni da ramdenime patristikuli

Txzuleba. Txzuleba.

gulbaaT viqtoris Ze rcxilaZe gulbaaT viqtoris Ze rcxilaZe politologi da germanisti, politikis mecnierebaTa doqtori. politologi da germanisti, politikis mecnierebaTa doqtori.

Tbilisis ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis ucxo enebis institutis dam-Tbilisis ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis ucxo enebis institutis dam-

Tavrebis (1995 w.) Semdeg jer staJorad, Semdgom – saerTaSoriso Tavrebis (1995 w.) Semdeg jer staJorad, Semdgom – saerTaSoriso

sakiTxebis referentad muSaobda qveynis prezidentis aparatSi, sakiTxebis referentad muSaobda qveynis prezidentis aparatSi,

agreTve, axorcielebda prezidentis Tarjimnis funqciebs (2003 agreTve, axorcielebda prezidentis Tarjimnis funqciebs (2003

wlamde). 2009 wels daaarsa analitikuri centri „evraziis insti-wlamde). 2009 wels daaarsa analitikuri centri „evraziis insti-

tuti~. aris avtori mravali samecniero da publicisturi statiisa tuti~. aris avtori mravali samecniero da publicisturi statiisa

rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebis, politikisa da religiis urT-rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebis, politikisa da religiis urT-

ierTdamokidebulebis, saerTaSoriso politikis Temebze. gamosca 2 ierTdamokidebulebis, saerTaSoriso politikis Temebze. gamosca 2

monografia.monografia.

TinaTin vladimeris asuli ivelaSviliTinaTin vladimeris asuli ivelaSviliistoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori. 1979-2006 wlebSi istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori. 1979-2006 wlebSi

muSaobda iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis, arqeologiisa da muSaobda iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis, arqeologiisa da

eTnografiis institutSi mecnierTanamSromlad, 1992 wlidan dRemde eTnografiis institutSi mecnierTanamSromlad, 1992 wlidan dRemde

axalcixis saswavlo universitetSi muSaobs. 2000 wels dajildov-axalcixis saswavlo universitetSi muSaobs. 2000 wels dajildov-

da Rirsebis ordeniT. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 12 monografia da 100-da Rirsebis ordeniT. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 12 monografia da 100-

ze meti samecniero statia qarTul, rusul, inglisur da Turqul ze meti samecniero statia qarTul, rusul, inglisur da Turqul

131

enebze. misi kvlevis sferoa: eTno-socialuri da eTno-religiuri enebze. misi kvlevis sferoa: eTno-socialuri da eTno-religiuri

sakiTxebi.sakiTxebi.

naTela daviTis asuli arvelaZenaTela daviTis asuli arvelaZexelovnebaTmcodneobis mecnierebaTa doqtori, Teatrmcodne. xelovnebaTmcodneobis mecnierebaTa doqtori, Teatrmcodne.

1961 wlidan aqveynebs Jurnal-gazeTebis furclebze publicistur 1961 wlidan aqveynebs Jurnal-gazeTebis furclebze publicistur

statiebs, recenziebs saqarTvelosa da ucxoeTis Teatrebis speqtak-statiebs, recenziebs saqarTvelosa da ucxoeTis Teatrebis speqtak-

lebze, werilebs scenis ostatTa Semoqmedebaze. 300-mde publika-lebze, werilebs scenis ostatTa Semoqmedebaze. 300-mde publika-

ciisa da ramdenime wignis avtoria, maT Soris: msaxiobi, reJisori, ciisa da ramdenime wignis avtoria, maT Soris: msaxiobi, reJisori,

repeticia (978), sandro axmeteli (1980), TeatrmcodneobiTi kvlevis repeticia (978), sandro axmeteli (1980), TeatrmcodneobiTi kvlevis

formebi (speqtakl `samSoblos~ Seswavla rekonstruqciis meTodiT) formebi (speqtakl `samSoblos~ Seswavla rekonstruqciis meTodiT)

(1998), Teatris istoriis swavlebis sakiTxisaTvis (2002), axmetele-(1998), Teatris istoriis swavlebis sakiTxisaTvis (2002), axmetele-

bi aswlian omSi (2006), Teatrmcodneobis safuZvlebi (2013) da sxv. bi aswlian omSi (2006), Teatrmcodneobis safuZvlebi (2013) da sxv.

wlebis manZilze eweoda pedagogiur moRvaweobas SoTa rusTavelis wlebis manZilze eweoda pedagogiur moRvaweobas SoTa rusTavelis

saxelobis Teatrisa da kinos universitetSi, samxatvro akademiasa, saxelobis Teatrisa da kinos universitetSi, samxatvro akademiasa,

teqnikur universitetsa da ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis teqnikur universitetsa da ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

universitetSi. 1973 wlidan mihyavs gadacemebi tele-radio depar-universitetSi. 1973 wlidan mihyavs gadacemebi tele-radio depar-

tamentis Sesabamis redaqciebSi.tamentis Sesabamis redaqciebSi.

mamuka avTandilis Ze cuxiSvilimamuka avTandilis Ze cuxiSvilifilologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori; avtoria monografiebisa: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori; avtoria monografiebisa:

dRevandeloba da qarTuli folklori (2005), qalis saxe qarTul dRevandeloba da qarTuli folklori (2005), qalis saxe qarTul

folklorSi (2006), ivane javaxiSvili da saqarTvelos saganZuri folklorSi (2006), ivane javaxiSvili da saqarTvelos saganZuri

(2006), leo kvaWaZe _ qarTuli enis amagdari (2008), Cemi patriarqi (2006), leo kvaWaZe _ qarTuli enis amagdari (2008), Cemi patriarqi

(2009) da sxv.; mravali samecniero da publicisturi werilisa.(2009) da sxv.; mravali samecniero da publicisturi werilisa.

dekanozi vladislav cipinidekanozi vladislav cipinieklesiis istoriis doqtori, RmrTismetyvelebis magistri, eklesiis istoriis doqtori, RmrTismetyvelebis magistri,

profesori. moskovis sasuliero akademiis saeklesio-praqtikul profesori. moskovis sasuliero akademiis saeklesio-praqtikul

disciplinaTa kaTedris gamge; ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis disciplinaTa kaTedris gamge; ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

istoriul-samarTlebrivi komisiis Tavmjdomare. avtoria mravali istoriul-samarTlebrivi komisiis Tavmjdomare. avtoria mravali

monografiisa, maT Soris: «saeklesio samarTali. leqciebis kursi» monografiisa, maT Soris: «saeklesio samarTali. leqciebis kursi»

(1997), «ruseTis eklesiis istoria. 1917-1997» (1998), «saeklesio (1997), «ruseTis eklesiis istoria. 1917-1997» (1998), «saeklesio

samarTlis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb» da sxv. misi ramdenime naSromi rusul samarTlis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb» da sxv. misi ramdenime naSromi rusul

saitebzec aris ganTavsebuli.saitebzec aris ganTavsebuli.

sami saunje #1(17), 2016

132

murman TavdiSvilimurman TavdiSvili

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori. saqarTvelos humanitarul-filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori. saqarTvelos humanitarul-

ekonomikuri sabakalavro kolejis asocirebuli profesori. saqa-ekonomikuri sabakalavro kolejis asocirebuli profesori. saqa-

rTvelos humanitarul da saxelovnebo akademiis akademikosi, niko rTvelos humanitarul da saxelovnebo akademiis akademikosi, niko

kalandaZis premiisa da daviT aRmaSeneblis premiis laureati, Tbili-kalandaZis premiisa da daviT aRmaSeneblis premiis laureati, Tbili-

sis meriis oqros meda-losani. aris aTamde wignis redaqtori, maT sis meriis oqros meda-losani. aris aTamde wignis redaqtori, maT

Soris, samecniero monografiebis. gamoqveynebuli aqvs sami romani, Soris, samecniero monografiebis. gamoqveynebuli aqvs sami romani,

eqvsi monografia, Jurnal-gazeTebSi dabeWdili aqvs 500-mde samec-eqvsi monografia, Jurnal-gazeTebSi dabeWdili aqvs 500-mde samec-

niero statia, recenzia. 2007 wlidan dRemde kiTxulobs leqciebs niero statia, recenzia. 2007 wlidan dRemde kiTxulobs leqciebs

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133РЕЗЮМЕНаучно-общественный журналНаучно-общественный журнал

«САМИ САУНДЖЕ» (Три сокровища) №1 (17), 2016«САМИ САУНДЖЕ» (Три сокровища) №1 (17), 2016(на грузинском языке)(на грузинском языке)

РЕЗЮМЕРЕЗЮМЕ

ГРИГОЛ РУХАДЗЕГРИГОЛ РУХАДЗЕПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЕ КРЕДО СВ. ИЛЬЯ ПРАВЕДНОГОПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЕ КРЕДО СВ. ИЛЬЯ ПРАВЕДНОГО

С 70-ых годов прошлого века представители т.н. национально-С 70-ых годов прошлого века представители т.н. национально-го движения лозунгом грузинской политики выбрали слова горца го движения лозунгом грузинской политики выбрали слова горца (мохеве) Лелт Гуния из рассказа св. Ильи Праведного «Записки (мохеве) Лелт Гуния из рассказа св. Ильи Праведного «Записки путника», который он написал в двадцати четырех летнем возрас-путника», который он написал в двадцати четырех летнем возрас-те: «сами себе должны принадлежать». В этих словах лидеры на-те: «сами себе должны принадлежать». В этих словах лидеры на-ционального движения подразумевали не только стремление к го-ционального движения подразумевали не только стремление к го-сударственной независимости, но и разрыв связи, существующей сударственной независимости, но и разрыв связи, существующей между Россией и Грузией.между Россией и Грузией.

Автор статьи, на основе анализа публицистических писем Автор статьи, на основе анализа публицистических писем Илия Чавчавадзе, делает вывод, что св. Илья Праведный, в дей-Илия Чавчавадзе, делает вывод, что св. Илья Праведный, в дей-ствительности, был сторонником сохранения взаимоотношений ствительности, был сторонником сохранения взаимоотношений между Грузией и Россией и за оказанную Грузии поддержку и за-между Грузией и Россией и за оказанную Грузии поддержку и за-боту, открыто, без утайки выражал любовь и уважение к России.боту, открыто, без утайки выражал любовь и уважение к России.

ГВАНЦА КОПЛАТАДЗЕГВАНЦА КОПЛАТАДЗЕСВ. ИЛЬЯ ПРАВЕДНЫЙ СВ. ИЛЬЯ ПРАВЕДНЫЙ

О МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ ПОЛИТИКЕ О МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ ПОЛИТИКЕ

Св. Илья Праведный не стремился к политической деятель-Св. Илья Праведный не стремился к политической деятель-ности, поскольку высшей целью своей жизни ставил служение От-ности, поскольку высшей целью своей жизни ставил служение От-чизне и родному народу и заботу о его духовном и физическом чизне и родному народу и заботу о его духовном и физическом спасении. В выборе путей достижения своей цели он возлагал спасении. В выборе путей достижения своей цели он возлагал на себя огромную ответственность. Именно высокая степень от-на себя огромную ответственность. Именно высокая степень от-ветственности обусловила его, как защитника национальных це-ветственности обусловила его, как защитника национальных це-нностей, интерес к международной, в частности, европейской по-нностей, интерес к международной, в частности, европейской по-литике, занимающей в то время, впрочем как и сегодня, ве ду щее литике, занимающей в то время, впрочем как и сегодня, ве ду щее место в мировой политике. Он хорошо понимал, что ра ссмотрение место в мировой политике. Он хорошо понимал, что ра ссмотрение настоящего и будущего грузинского народа, как одной составной настоящего и будущего грузинского народа, как одной составной

134 «САМИ САУНДЖЕ» № 1(17), 2016части человечества, невозможно отдельно, без учета общечелове-части человечества, невозможно отдельно, без учета общечелове-ческой судьбы. ческой судьбы.

В основу писем Илья Праведного, посвященных обзору между-В основу писем Илья Праведного, посвященных обзору между-народной политики, лежит его же мнение о существовании двух народной политики, лежит его же мнение о существовании двух противоположных точек зрения: народ для политики, или, наобо-противоположных точек зрения: народ для политики, или, наобо-рот, политика для народа. Он считал, что вся политическая исто-рот, политика для народа. Он считал, что вся политическая исто-рия Европы представляет борьбу этих двух позиции с друг другом. рия Европы представляет борьбу этих двух позиции с друг другом. Рассматривая с точки зрения справедливости и нравственности Рассматривая с точки зрения справедливости и нравственности политику ведущих европейских стран той поры, Англии, Герма-политику ведущих европейских стран той поры, Англии, Герма-нии и Франции, делает однозначный вывод: они являлись слугами нии и Франции, делает однозначный вывод: они являлись слугами первой точки зрения, т.е. народ для политики, что, в первую оче-первой точки зрения, т.е. народ для политики, что, в первую оче-редь, означала приносить в жертву эти народы.редь, означала приносить в жертву эти народы.

ГУЛБААТ РЦХИЛАДЗЕ ГУЛБААТ РЦХИЛАДЗЕ ВИЗАЛИБЕРАЛИЗАЦИЯ ИЛИ ЕВРОПЕЙСКИЙ ВИЗАЛИБЕРАЛИЗАЦИЯ ИЛИ ЕВРОПЕЙСКИЙ

МЫЛЬНЫЙ ПУЗЫРЬ ДЛЯ ГРУЗИНМЫЛЬНЫЙ ПУЗЫРЬ ДЛЯ ГРУЗИН

За последние годы стало очевидным разочарование значи-За последние годы стало очевидным разочарование значи-тельной части грузинского народа в Западе. У такой перемены тельной части грузинского народа в Западе. У такой перемены настр оений есть свои причины, хотя беспричинным не является настр оений есть свои причины, хотя беспричинным не является и то обстоятельство, что власть, политические партии, СМИ и и то обстоятельство, что власть, политические партии, СМИ и неп равительснвенный сектор в большинстве своём не восприня-неп равительснвенный сектор в большинстве своём не восприня-ли эти самые перемены, и представители указанных социальных ли эти самые перемены, и представители указанных социальных групп по-прежнему с религиозным рвением продолжают гласить групп по-прежнему с религиозным рвением продолжают гласить о «незыблемом курсе в сторону Запада». Однако сегодняшнее по-о «незыблемом курсе в сторону Запада». Однако сегодняшнее по-ложение, с точки зрения общественного мнения, значительно от-ложение, с точки зрения общественного мнения, значительно от-личается от прежних лет и десятилетий – имидж Запада в Грузии личается от прежних лет и десятилетий – имидж Запада в Грузии серьёзно расшатан.серьёзно расшатан.

Эту тему анализирует в своей статье автор и приходит к вы-Эту тему анализирует в своей статье автор и приходит к вы-воду, что ослабленная возникновением больших социальных про-воду, что ослабленная возникновением больших социальных про-блем в последние годы, включая проблему беженцев из Ближнего блем в последние годы, включая проблему беженцев из Ближнего Востока, Европа не в силах и не намерена облегчить социальное Востока, Европа не в силах и не намерена облегчить социальное положение населения Грузии посредством визовой либерали-положение населения Грузии посредством визовой либерали-зации. В статье также раскрыта провокационная суть политики зации. В статье также раскрыта провокационная суть политики «Восточного партнёрства» ЕС, а также подчёркивается стремле-«Восточного партнёрства» ЕС, а также подчёркивается стремле-ние грузинской бюрократии, окончательно привязать Грузию к ние грузинской бюрократии, окончательно привязать Грузию к Брюсселю, при политическом надоре Вашингтона, из чего выгоду Брюсселю, при политическом надоре Вашингтона, из чего выгоду извлекает лишь эта самая бюрократия, а не широкие слои населе-извлекает лишь эта самая бюрократия, а не широкие слои населе-

135РЕЗЮМЕния. Этим и отличается нынешнее положение отношений между ния. Этим и отличается нынешнее положение отношений между центром (Брюссель) и периферией (Тбилиси), в отличие от Совет-центром (Брюссель) и периферией (Тбилиси), в отличие от Совет-ского Союза, когда уровень жизни Грузии достиг невиданных до ского Союза, когда уровень жизни Грузии достиг невиданных до того высот.того высот.

P.S. Институт Евразии подготовил документальный фильм под P.S. Институт Евразии подготовил документальный фильм под названием «Вилайет Гюрджистан», в котором речь идёт о при-названием «Вилайет Гюрджистан», в котором речь идёт о при-чинах происходящего в Сирии, о внешней политике Турции и вы-чинах происходящего в Сирии, о внешней политике Турции и вы-текающей из этого опасности исламизма для Грузии. Не так давно текающей из этого опасности исламизма для Грузии. Не так давно появились сведения, что т. н. «Исламское государство» объявило появились сведения, что т. н. «Исламское государство» объявило Грузию своим «вилайетом», т. е. провинцией, с другой стороны Грузию своим «вилайетом», т. е. провинцией, с другой стороны Османская Империя исторически тоже рассматривала Грузию сво-Османская Империя исторически тоже рассматривала Грузию сво-им вилайетом – именно на данное обстоятельство сделан намёк, им вилайетом – именно на данное обстоятельство сделан намёк, при выборе названия фильма.при выборе названия фильма.

В фильме рассмотрена ситуация в Сирии и отмечается, что в В фильме рассмотрена ситуация в Сирии и отмечается, что в случае ухода Башара Асада с поста президента сирийских хри-случае ухода Башара Асада с поста президента сирийских хри-стиан, шиитов и курдов ждёт геноцид со стороны террористов ИГ. стиан, шиитов и курдов ждёт геноцид со стороны террористов ИГ. Но и суннитское большинство населения, которое не желает исла-Но и суннитское большинство населения, которое не желает исла-мистского террора, останется без защиты.мистского террора, останется без защиты.

Особой проблемой остаётся политика Саудовской Аравии и Особой проблемой остаётся политика Саудовской Аравии и Турции, поддерживающих исламизм и терроризм. В отношении Турции, поддерживающих исламизм и терроризм. В отношении Грузии Турция проводит политику искусственной поддержки бес-Грузии Турция проводит политику искусственной поддержки бес-контрольного строительства мечетей и медресе в Грузии, а ради-контрольного строительства мечетей и медресе в Грузии, а ради-кализированную мусульманскую молодёжь Турция испо льзует в кализированную мусульманскую молодёжь Турция испо льзует в своих целях – пока что в Сирии, но в будущем это будет опасность своих целях – пока что в Сирии, но в будущем это будет опасность и для Грузии – отмечается в фильме.и для Грузии – отмечается в фильме.

Фильм можно найти в интернете на «Ютуб», вписав в по-Фильм можно найти в интернете на «Ютуб», вписав в по-иск словосочетание: «Вилайет Гюрджистан (документальный иск словосочетание: «Вилайет Гюрджистан (документальный фильм)».фильм)».

ТИНА ИВЕЛАШВИЛИТИНА ИВЕЛАШВИЛИ «УХА» «УХА» – НАЗВАНИЕ ОДНОГО ИЗ ВИДОВ НАЗВАНИЕ ОДНОГО ИЗ ВИДОВ

ВЫПЕЧЕННОГО ХЛЕБАВЫПЕЧЕННОГО ХЛЕБА Следует отметить, что способом приготовления и техно логией Следует отметить, что способом приготовления и техно логией

выпечки, ритуальным значением и даже формой, грузинский ла-выпечки, ритуальным значением и даже формой, грузинский ла-ваш диаметрально отличается от лаваша наших соседних народов. ваш диаметрально отличается от лаваша наших соседних народов. Во всех уголках Грузии, где распространен этот вид хлеба, его вы-Во всех уголках Грузии, где распространен этот вид хлеба, его вы-пекают из поднявшегося (с дрожжами) теста, тогда, как т.н. лаваш пекают из поднявшегося (с дрожжами) теста, тогда, как т.н. лаваш

136 «САМИ САУНДЖЕ» № 1(17), 2016пекут из пресного (в данном случае, без дрожжей) теста. Исходя пекут из пресного (в данном случае, без дрожжей) теста. Исходя из вышесказанного, будет справедливо, если восстановят его на-из вышесказанного, будет справедливо, если восстановят его на-стоящее (историческое), тюркоязычное название – «уха». стоящее (историческое), тюркоязычное название – «уха».

В прошлом в Грузии лаваш выпекали в определенные дни, В прошлом в Грузии лаваш выпекали в определенные дни, как ритуальный хлеб (на новый год, на Пасху, в дни поминания как ритуальный хлеб (на новый год, на Пасху, в дни поминания усопших), а не как ежедневно потребляемый продукт. А распро-усопших), а не как ежедневно потребляемый продукт. А распро-страненный у соседних народов этот вид хлеба входил в меню страненный у соседних народов этот вид хлеба входил в меню ежедневного питания. В системе питания эта традиция отчасти со-ежедневного питания. В системе питания эта традиция отчасти со-храняется и сегодня. храняется и сегодня.

Автор считает, что т.н. «армянский лаваш», своей тех но логией Автор считает, что т.н. «армянский лаваш», своей тех но логией приготовления (без дрожжей, твердое пресное те сто, техника вы-приготовления (без дрожжей, твердое пресное те сто, техника вы-печки, значение и т.д.) следует считать не ла в ашем, а разновидно-печки, значение и т.д.) следует считать не ла в ашем, а разновидно-стью ухи, широко распространенной в прошлом в Южной Грузии. стью ухи, широко распространенной в прошлом в Южной Грузии. Из приведенных материалов оч евидно, что наименование этого Из приведенных материалов оч евидно, что наименование этого вида выпеченного хлеба, о чем давно спорят между собой исследо-вида выпеченного хлеба, о чем давно спорят между собой исследо-ватели соседних стран, не лаваш, а турецкая уха. Первоначальная ватели соседних стран, не лаваш, а турецкая уха. Первоначальная технология выпечки и его настоящее турецкое наименование до технология выпечки и его настоящее турецкое наименование до сегодняшнего дня не изменно сохранилось только среди грузин-сегодняшнего дня не изменно сохранилось только среди грузин-ского коренного населения Самцхе-Джавахети.ского коренного населения Самцхе-Джавахети.

По мнению автора, грузинское население Самцхе-Джавахети По мнению автора, грузинское население Самцхе-Джавахети этот простейший способ выпечки хлеба должно было усвоить от этот простейший способ выпечки хлеба должно было усвоить от переселившихся в эти края в XVII-XVIII веках представителей переселившихся в эти края в XVII-XVIII веках представителей других этнических групп. Они, при необходимости, могли испо-других этнических групп. Они, при необходимости, могли испо-льзовать его в трудные для них времена или экстремальных си-льзовать его в трудные для них времена или экстремальных си-туациях. Основанием для подобного предположения служат их туациях. Основанием для подобного предположения служат их наименования и технологии выпечки, сохраненные у коренного наименования и технологии выпечки, сохраненные у коренного населения до сегодняшних дней. Вполне возможно, что грузин-населения до сегодняшних дней. Вполне возможно, что грузин-ский хозяйственник, находясь на летние пастбища, эту разновид-ский хозяйственник, находясь на летние пастбища, эту разновид-ность хлеба, соответственно, наименованием и технологией при-ность хлеба, соответственно, наименованием и технологией при-готовления, перенял от соседнего тюркоязычного населения и готовления, перенял от соседнего тюркоязычного населения и постепенно улучшил и технологию его выпечки. постепенно улучшил и технологию его выпечки.

Коренному грузинскому населению Самцхе-Джавахети издав-Коренному грузинскому населению Самцхе-Джавахети издав-на было известно о разновидности хлеба с древним персидским на было известно о разновидности хлеба с древним персидским названием «лаваш», приготовленного особой технологией из названием «лаваш», приготовленного особой технологией из дрожжевого теста и испеченногодрожжевого теста и испеченного в «пурне» (а в других районах в «пурне» (а в других районах Восточной Грузии, в «тоне»).Восточной Грузии, в «тоне»).

Очевидно, что технологию выпечки этой разновидности хлеба Очевидно, что технологию выпечки этой разновидности хлеба армяне переняли от тюркоязычного населения, а наименованием армяне переняли от тюркоязычного населения, а наименованием взяли, широко распространенный и прочно укоренившийся в Гру-взяли, широко распространенный и прочно укоренившийся в Гру-

137РЕЗЮМЕзии, иранский термин и представили в UNESCO, как достояние зии, иранский термин и представили в UNESCO, как достояние армянского нематериального культурного наследия. Каким бы армянского нематериального культурного наследия. Каким бы термином не называли эту разновидность выпеченного хлеба, тех-термином не называли эту разновидность выпеченного хлеба, тех-нология его приготовления и наименование, сохраненные до се-нология его приготовления и наименование, сохраненные до се-годняшних дней в Самцхе-Джавахети, указывают, что он является годняшних дней в Самцхе-Джавахети, указывают, что он является наследием тюркоязычных народов. Следовательно, в список нема-наследием тюркоязычных народов. Следовательно, в список нема-териального культурного наследия UNESCO он должен входить териального культурного наследия UNESCO он должен входить под названием «уха», как наследие азербайджанцев и турок, а не под названием «уха», как наследие азербайджанцев и турок, а не как достояние Армении. как достояние Армении.

НАТЕЛА АРВЕЛАДЗЕНАТЕЛА АРВЕЛАДЗЕК ВОПРОСУ О ВЗАИМООТНОШЕНИИ К ВОПРОСУ О ВЗАИМООТНОШЕНИИ

ТЕАТРА И ГОСУДАРСТВАТЕАТРА И ГОСУДАРСТВА

Профессиональный театр, как достояние государства, ре-Профессиональный театр, как достояние государства, ре-шая специфические вопросы, на протяжении веков, воплоще-шая специфические вопросы, на протяжении веков, воплоще-нием ве р бально-визуального акта, воздействовала на социум нием ве р бально-визуального акта, воздействовала на социум посре дством разума и чувственного восприятия. Иногда, выра-посре дством разума и чувственного восприятия. Иногда, выра-жая го сударственной важности идеи, способствовала внедрению жая го сударственной важности идеи, способствовала внедрению при нципов официоза, а иногда откликалась на интересы общ ес-при нципов официоза, а иногда откликалась на интересы общ ес-твенности. Театр своими представлениями старался вразумить и твенности. Театр своими представлениями старался вразумить и убеждать зрителя и тем самым участвовал в процессе формирова-убеждать зрителя и тем самым участвовал в процессе формирова-ния общества. Проблема театр – государства и театр – социума ста-ния общества. Проблема театр – государства и театр – социума ста-новится реально осязаемой. По мнению автора, в этом отношении, новится реально осязаемой. По мнению автора, в этом отношении, весьма поучительна греческая политическая театральная жизнь весьма поучительна греческая политическая театральная жизнь античной эпохи; в особенности, трагедия Софокла «Царь Эдип». античной эпохи; в особенности, трагедия Софокла «Царь Эдип». Софокл, на основе интерпретации мифа, параболическим вразум-Софокл, на основе интерпретации мифа, параболическим вразум-лением указывает, что балансированные отношения государства – лением указывает, что балансированные отношения государства – социума, в большей степени, обусловлены существующими между социума, в большей степени, обусловлены существующими между ними правовыми отношениями и гражданским долгом. Дидакти-ними правовыми отношениями и гражданским долгом. Дидакти-ка тра гика указывает на необходимость защиты принципов дем-ка тра гика указывает на необходимость защиты принципов дем-ок ратии – в каждом отдельном случае; а также, насколько важно ок ратии – в каждом отдельном случае; а также, насколько важно для нормализации театра-государства иметь правителем человека, для нормализации театра-государства иметь правителем человека, выделяющегося особыми качествами – мудростью, авторитетом, выделяющегося особыми качествами – мудростью, авторитетом, чувством осознанной ответственности; со своей стороны, демос чувством осознанной ответственности; со своей стороны, демос в отношении избранного с учетом индивидуальных особенностей в отношении избранного с учетом индивидуальных особенностей правителя приобрел право быть требовательным по отношению к правителя приобрел право быть требовательным по отношению к

138 «САМИ САУНДЖЕ» № 1(17), 2016нему. Сценической адаптацией этой трагедии Софокл выступает нему. Сценической адаптацией этой трагедии Софокл выступает в роли наставника и воздействует на разум как демоса, так и пра-в роли наставника и воздействует на разум как демоса, так и пра-вителя. Тем самым он выделил вопрос взаимоотношения театра – вителя. Тем самым он выделил вопрос взаимоотношения театра – государства в демократическом Афинах. Этим принципом может государства в демократическом Афинах. Этим принципом может руководствоваться и современный театр. Дидактика Софокла не руководствоваться и современный театр. Дидактика Софокла не потеряла актуальности и в условиях сегодняшнего мирового по-потеряла актуальности и в условиях сегодняшнего мирового по-рядка. рядка.

МАМУКА ЦУХИШВИЛИМАМУКА ЦУХИШВИЛИОДЗРХСКАЯ КРЕПОСТЬ И ЦЕРКОВЬОДЗРХСКАЯ КРЕПОСТЬ И ЦЕРКОВЬ

Автор лично посетил древнейшую одзрхскую крепость и на-Автор лично посетил древнейшую одзрхскую крепость и на-ходящуюся в ней церковь, где молились и просили Господа за-ходящуюся в ней церковь, где молились и просили Господа за-щитить Грузию святые цари Вахтанг Горгасали и царица Тамара.щитить Грузию святые цари Вахтанг Горгасали и царица Тамара.

После осмотра местоположения и с учетом письменных ис-После осмотра местоположения и с учетом письменных ис-точников, с уверенностью можно сказать, что в одзрхской «кре-точников, с уверенностью можно сказать, что в одзрхской «кре-пости Тамары» с древнейших времен существовала церковь, пости Тамары» с древнейших времен существовала церковь, кот орая сегодня нуждается в должном внимании и тщательном кот орая сегодня нуждается в должном внимании и тщательном изу чении со стороны специалистов. Это, с одной стороны, око-изу чении со стороны специалистов. Это, с одной стороны, око-нчательно внесет ясность и подтвердит соображения наших зна-нчательно внесет ясность и подтвердит соображения наших зна-менитых ученых о вышеупомянутой крепости и храме, а с др у гой менитых ученых о вышеупомянутой крепости и храме, а с др у гой стороны, пробудит интерес у нашей молодежи к одному из уни-стороны, пробудит интерес у нашей молодежи к одному из уни-кальных курортов Южной Грузии, древнейшему Одзрхи. кальных курортов Южной Грузии, древнейшему Одзрхи.

ПРОТОИЕРЕЙ ВЛАДИСЛАВ ЦИПИНПРОТОИЕРЕЙ ВЛАДИСЛАВ ЦИПИНТАК КТО ЖЕ НАЧАЛ ПЕРВУЮ МИРОВУЮ ВОЙНУ?!ТАК КТО ЖЕ НАЧАЛ ПЕРВУЮ МИРОВУЮ ВОЙНУ?!

Автор является известным современным историком, который Автор является известным современным историком, который критически рассматривает распространенное одним из блогером в критически рассматривает распространенное одним из блогером в социальной сети мнение, согласно которому вся ответственность социальной сети мнение, согласно которому вся ответственность за развязывание Первой мировой войны ложится на Россию. В за развязывание Первой мировой войны ложится на Россию. В этот период Россией правил царь-страстотерпец Николай этот период Россией правил царь-страстотерпец Николай II и по-II и по-стольку это обвинение предъявляется именно ему. Автор, опира-стольку это обвинение предъявляется именно ему. Автор, опира-ясь на документальные материалы, делает вывод – 19 июля (с.ст.) ясь на документальные материалы, делает вывод – 19 июля (с.ст.) 1914 года Германия объявила войну Сербии, а император Николай 1914 года Германия объявила войну Сербии, а император Николай II поступил по совести, не предав Сербию на растерзание.II поступил по совести, не предав Сербию на растерзание.

139РЕЗЮМЕАКАКИ ШАНИДЗЕ АКАКИ ШАНИДЗЕ

СКРЫТОЕ СОКРОВИЩЕСКРЫТОЕ СОКРОВИЩЕ

Представленная статья известного грузинского ученого, ака д-Представленная статья известного грузинского ученого, ака д-емика Акаки Шанидзе была опубликована в 1962 году, однако не емика Акаки Шанидзе была опубликована в 1962 году, однако не по теряла своей актуальности и в настоящее время. Несмотря на то, по теряла своей актуальности и в настоящее время. Несмотря на то, что многие литераторы и издатели поддерживали обоснованное что многие литераторы и издатели поддерживали обоснованное тре б ов ание и искреннее желание ученого, в современной грузин-тре б ов ание и искреннее желание ученого, в современной грузин-ской пи сьменности использовать асомтаврули (заглавный) шрифт, ской пи сьменности использовать асомтаврули (заглавный) шрифт, вопрос ок ончательно не был решен. Из трех основных типов пят-вопрос ок ончательно не был решен. Из трех основных типов пят-надцати векового грузинского алфавита практически использует-надцати векового грузинского алфавита практически использует-ся один – мхедрули (саэро или гражданский), а асомтаврули (за-ся один – мхедрули (саэро или гражданский), а асомтаврули (за-главный, или же округлый) и нусхури («для списков», церковный) главный, или же округлый) и нусхури («для списков», церковный) буквы ис по льзуются Грузинской Православной Церковью только буквы ис по льзуются Грузинской Православной Церковью только лишь для це рковных книг.лишь для це рковных книг.

140 «SAMI SAUNJE» № 1(17), 2016Scientifi c and Social Journal Scientifi c and Social Journal

`SAMI SAUNJESAMI SAUNJE~ (Three Treasures) №1 (17), 2016 (Three Treasures) №1 (17), 2016(in Georgian)(in Georgian)

S U M M A R YS U M M A R Y

GRIGOL RUKHADZEGRIGOL RUKHADZETHE POLITICAL CREED THE POLITICAL CREED

OF SAINT ILIA THE RIGHTEOUSOF SAINT ILIA THE RIGHTEOUS

From the 1970’s the representatives of so-called national move-From the 1970’s the representatives of so-called national move-ment policy have used the words of Saint Ilia the Righteous character, a ment policy have used the words of Saint Ilia the Righteous character, a mountaineer Lelt Gunia from “Letters of a Traveler” as a Georgian po-mountaineer Lelt Gunia from “Letters of a Traveler” as a Georgian po-litical slogan:” We should belong to ourselves”. Saint Ilia the Righteous litical slogan:” We should belong to ourselves”. Saint Ilia the Righteous wrote the story when he was 24. With these words, the leaders of the wrote the story when he was 24. With these words, the leaders of the national movement demonstrate not only the pursuit of independence national movement demonstrate not only the pursuit of independence but also the break of union between Russia and Georgia.but also the break of union between Russia and Georgia.

The author, based on the analysis of journalistic letters of Ilia The author, based on the analysis of journalistic letters of Ilia Chavchavadze, concludes that Saint Ilia the Righteous, in fact, was a Chavchavadze, concludes that Saint Ilia the Righteous, in fact, was a supporter of preserving the relationship between Georgia and Russia. supporter of preserving the relationship between Georgia and Russia. He openly expressed his love and respect towards Russia for their sup-He openly expressed his love and respect towards Russia for their sup-port and care of Georgia.port and care of Georgia.

GVANTSA KOPLATADZEGVANTSA KOPLATADZESAINTSAINT ILIAILIA THETHE RIGHTEOUSRIGHTEOUS

ONON INTERNATIONALINTERNATIONAL POLITICSPOLITICS

Saint Ilia the Righteous did not aspire to become a politician. As Saint Ilia the Righteous did not aspire to become a politician. As the ultimate goal of his life, he considered serving his motherland and the ultimate goal of his life, he considered serving his motherland and putting the physical and spiritual salvation of his native people above putting the physical and spiritual salvation of his native people above all. In choosing so, he bestowed great responsibilities upon himself as a all. In choosing so, he bestowed great responsibilities upon himself as a defender of the national values. It was this high degree of responsibility defender of the national values. It was this high degree of responsibility that led his interest into international, particularly European politics, that led his interest into international, particularly European politics, which just like today is the leading place in world politics. He was well which just like today is the leading place in world politics. He was well aware that singling out Georgia and considering the present and future aware that singling out Georgia and considering the present and future of the Georgian nation by itself, separate from the overall destiny of of the Georgian nation by itself, separate from the overall destiny of humanity was impossible.humanity was impossible.

The basis of the letters of Ilia the Righteous about international The basis of the letters of Ilia the Righteous about international

141SUMMARYpolitics is his opinion of the existence of two contrary ideas: “People politics is his opinion of the existence of two contrary ideas: “People for politics” and “Politics for people.” He believed that the entire po-for politics” and “Politics for people.” He believed that the entire po-litical history of Europe represented the struggle of these two points. litical history of Europe represented the struggle of these two points. He considered the politics of the leading European countries, the UK, He considered the politics of the leading European countries, the UK, Germany and France from the perspective of fairness and morality. He Germany and France from the perspective of fairness and morality. He concluded that its rulers were the followers of the fi rst notion, people concluded that its rulers were the followers of the fi rst notion, people for politics, which meant sacrifi cing their own people. for politics, which meant sacrifi cing their own people.

GULBAAT RTSKHILADZEGULBAAT RTSKHILADZETHE VISA LIBERALIZATION OR THE EUROPEAN THE VISA LIBERALIZATION OR THE EUROPEAN

SOAP BUBBLE FOR THE GEORGIANSSOAP BUBBLE FOR THE GEORGIANS

In recent years, the frustration of a large part of the Georgian people In recent years, the frustration of a large part of the Georgian people towards the West has become very noticeable. The change of sentiment towards the West has become very noticeable. The change of sentiment has its reasons. However, the Government, political parties, media and has its reasons. However, the Government, political parties, media and non-governmental organizations do not share the same viewpoint and non-governmental organizations do not share the same viewpoint and religiously continue their admiration of “a steadfast course towards the religiously continue their admiration of “a steadfast course towards the West”. Nevertheless, it is clear that the current public opinion, is signifi -West”. Nevertheless, it is clear that the current public opinion, is signifi -cantly different from the previous years and decades - the image of the cantly different from the previous years and decades - the image of the West in Georgia has severely shaken.West in Georgia has severely shaken.

The author analyzes the issue in this article and comes to a conclu-The author analyzes the issue in this article and comes to a conclu-sion, that due to weakened by the occurrence of greater social problems sion, that due to weakened by the occurrence of greater social problems in recent years, including a refugee problem from the Near East, Europe in recent years, including a refugee problem from the Near East, Europe is not willing to help improve the social status of the population of is not willing to help improve the social status of the population of Georgia by visa liberalization. The article reveals provocative politics Georgia by visa liberalization. The article reveals provocative politics of the EU Eastern Partnership. It also highlights the desire of Georgian of the EU Eastern Partnership. It also highlights the desire of Georgian bureaucracy to bind Georgia to Brussels, under Washington’s political bureaucracy to bind Georgia to Brussels, under Washington’s political control which benefi ts only the bureaucracy rather than broad sectors control which benefi ts only the bureaucracy rather than broad sectors of the population. This connection and the current status of relations of the population. This connection and the current status of relations between the center (Brussels) and the periphery (Tbilisi), differs from between the center (Brussels) and the periphery (Tbilisi), differs from that of the Soviet Union when Georgia’s standard of living reached un-that of the Soviet Union when Georgia’s standard of living reached un-precedented heights.precedented heights.

P.S. Eurasia Institute produced a documentary movie “The Vilayet P.S. Eurasia Institute produced a documentary movie “The Vilayet of Gurjistan”. It shows what is taking place in Syria, along with Tur-of Gurjistan”. It shows what is taking place in Syria, along with Tur-key’s foreign policy and the possible impact of Islamism and the con-key’s foreign policy and the possible impact of Islamism and the con-sequences on Georgia. Not so long ago some information emerged that sequences on Georgia. Not so long ago some information emerged that “Islamic State,” declared Georgia its “vilayet,” i.e. province. Histori-“Islamic State,” declared Georgia its “vilayet,” i.e. province. Histori-cally, the Ottoman Empire also considered Georgia its vilayet-just as it cally, the Ottoman Empire also considered Georgia its vilayet-just as it

142 «SAMI SAUNJE» № 1(17), 2016is hinted by the title of the movie.is hinted by the title of the movie.

The fi lm examines the situation in Syria and states that if President The fi lm examines the situation in Syria and states that if President Bashar al-Assad resigns the Syrian Christians, Shiites and Kurds will Bashar al-Assad resigns the Syrian Christians, Shiites and Kurds will face genocide. Most of the Sunni population who do not want Islamist face genocide. Most of the Sunni population who do not want Islamist terror will remain without protection.terror will remain without protection.

A critical problem remains the policy of Saudi Arabia and Turkey, A critical problem remains the policy of Saudi Arabia and Turkey, supporting Islamism and terrorism. Concerning Georgia, Turkey is supporting Islamism and terrorism. Concerning Georgia, Turkey is pursuing a policy of artifi cial support of the uncontrolled construction pursuing a policy of artifi cial support of the uncontrolled construction of mosques and madrasas in Georgia. Turkey uses radicalized Muslim of mosques and madrasas in Georgia. Turkey uses radicalized Muslim youth for its purposes - thus far in Syria, but according to the movie, in youth for its purposes - thus far in Syria, but according to the movie, in the future, it will be done in Georgia too. the future, it will be done in Georgia too.

The fi lm can be found on the Internet on YouTube by typing “Gur-The fi lm can be found on the Internet on YouTube by typing “Gur-jistal Vilayet” (a documentary) in the search window.jistal Vilayet” (a documentary) in the search window.

TINA IVELASHVILITINA IVELASHVILI“UKHA”“UKHA” – THETHE NAMENAME OFOF ONEONE

OFOF THETHE TYPESTYPES OFOF BAKEDBAKED BREAD.BREAD.

The Georgian bread referred to as Lavash drastically differs from The Georgian bread referred to as Lavash drastically differs from the bread with the same name of neighboring nations. It differs by shape the bread with the same name of neighboring nations. It differs by shape (of fi nished product), preparation, baking technology and ritual signifi -(of fi nished product), preparation, baking technology and ritual signifi -cance. In every corner of Georgia, where this kind of bread is popular, cance. In every corner of Georgia, where this kind of bread is popular, it is baked using leavened dough (with yeast). The other so-called La-it is baked using leavened dough (with yeast). The other so-called La-vash bread (from Georgia’s neighbors) is baked from unleavened dough vash bread (from Georgia’s neighbors) is baked from unleavened dough (without yeast). Based on this information, it would be fair if its authen-(without yeast). Based on this information, it would be fair if its authen-tic (historical), Turkish name of the bread baked without yeast “Ukha” tic (historical), Turkish name of the bread baked without yeast “Ukha” is restored. is restored.

In the past, in Georgia, Lavash bread was only baked during specifi c In the past, in Georgia, Lavash bread was only baked during specifi c dates (New Year’s Eve/Day, Easter, during days of remembrance of the dates (New Year’s Eve/Day, Easter, during days of remembrance of the dead) for ritualistic purposes and not as a daily food. For neighboring dead) for ritualistic purposes and not as a daily food. For neighboring nations this type of bread used to be part of the daily menu and in cer-nations this type of bread used to be part of the daily menu and in cer-tain instances it still is. tain instances it still is.

The author believes that so-called “Armenian Lavash,” due to its The author believes that so-called “Armenian Lavash,” due to its preparation and baking technique (without yeast, from unleavened preparation and baking technique (without yeast, from unleavened dough) should not be considered Lavash but as a widely known type of dough) should not be considered Lavash but as a widely known type of bread in the Southern Georgia from earlier times called “Ukha.” From bread in the Southern Georgia from earlier times called “Ukha.” From the information presented, it is clear that the name of this type of baked the information presented, it is clear that the name of this type of baked bread which has become the topic of an argument of neighboring re-bread which has become the topic of an argument of neighboring re-

143SUMMARYsearchers should be referred to as Ukha and not Lavash. Its original searchers should be referred to as Ukha and not Lavash. Its original preparation and baking technology and real Turkish name has invari-preparation and baking technology and real Turkish name has invari-ably been preserved only among the indigenous Georgian population of ably been preserved only among the indigenous Georgian population of Samtskhe-Javakheti. Samtskhe-Javakheti.

According to the author, the Georgian population of Samtskhe-According to the author, the Georgian population of Samtskhe-Javakheti adopted this simple way to baking bread from other ethnic Javakheti adopted this simple way to baking bread from other ethnic groups in 17th and 18th centuries and used it during the extreme times groups in 17th and 18th centuries and used it during the extreme times of hardship. The reason for this assumption is the name, the prepara-of hardship. The reason for this assumption is the name, the prepara-tion and baking technology that is still used by the local indigenous tion and baking technology that is still used by the local indigenous population of Samtskhe-Javakheti to the present day. It is possible that population of Samtskhe-Javakheti to the present day. It is possible that Georgian farmers could have adopted this type of bread making tech-Georgian farmers could have adopted this type of bread making tech-nique from their neighboring Turkish population while on summer pas-nique from their neighboring Turkish population while on summer pas-tures, and gradually improved it. The indigenous Georgian population tures, and gradually improved it. The indigenous Georgian population of Samtskhe-Javakheti have long been aware of the kind of bread with of Samtskhe-Javakheti have long been aware of the kind of bread with the ancient Persian name of “Lavash” made with a special technique us-the ancient Persian name of “Lavash” made with a special technique us-ing yeast dough and baked in “Purna (and elsewhere in eastern Georgia, ing yeast dough and baked in “Purna (and elsewhere in eastern Georgia, in” tone “). in” tone “).

It is evident that Armenians have adopted this type of bread baking It is evident that Armenians have adopted this type of bread baking technology from the Turkish-speaking population. For the name, Ar-technology from the Turkish-speaking population. For the name, Ar-menia used a Persian word which is widespread and fi rmly entrenched menia used a Persian word which is widespread and fi rmly entrenched in Georgia: the name Lavash. Moreover, Armenia presented the Lavash in Georgia: the name Lavash. Moreover, Armenia presented the Lavash bread to UNESCO, as the heritage of the Armenian intangible cultural bread to UNESCO, as the heritage of the Armenian intangible cultural heritage. Whatever name we use for this type of baked bread, its prepa-heritage. Whatever name we use for this type of baked bread, its prepa-ration and baking technology, as well as the name preserved to pres-ration and baking technology, as well as the name preserved to pres-ent day in Samtskhe-Javakheti, indicates that it is the heritage of the ent day in Samtskhe-Javakheti, indicates that it is the heritage of the Turkish-speaking people. Consequently, in UNESCO intangible cul-Turkish-speaking people. Consequently, in UNESCO intangible cul-tural heritage it should be listed under the name of ‘Ukha’, as a legacy tural heritage it should be listed under the name of ‘Ukha’, as a legacy of Azerbaijanis and Turks, and not listed as Armenian.of Azerbaijanis and Turks, and not listed as Armenian.

NATELA ARVELADZE NATELA ARVELADZE REGARDINGREGARDING THETHE ISSUEISSUE OFOF THETHE RELATIONSHIPRELATIONSHIP

BETWEENBETWEEN THETHE THEATERTHEATER ANDAND THETHE STATE.STATE.

Over the centuries, professional theatre, as an asset of the State, Over the centuries, professional theatre, as an asset of the State, infl uenced intellectual and sensory perceptions of society by verbal and infl uenced intellectual and sensory perceptions of society by verbal and visual acts while addressing specifi c issues. By expressing the ideas visual acts while addressing specifi c issues. By expressing the ideas of national importance, sometimes it promoted the principle interests of national importance, sometimes it promoted the principle interests of the offi cials and sometimes the interests of the public. The theatre of the offi cials and sometimes the interests of the public. The theatre

144 «SAMI SAUNJE» № 1(17), 2016inspired the audience by performances and thus participated in the for-inspired the audience by performances and thus participated in the for-mation of the society. The issue of the Theatre and State and State and mation of the society. The issue of the Theatre and State and State and the Theater in the society became real. According to the author, in this the Theater in the society became real. According to the author, in this respect, Greek political theatres of ancient times; in particular Athenian respect, Greek political theatres of ancient times; in particular Athenian tragedy by Sophocles Oedipus the King is very instructive. Based on tragedy by Sophocles Oedipus the King is very instructive. Based on the interpretation of the myth, Sophocles parabolically suggests that the interpretation of the myth, Sophocles parabolically suggests that the balanced relationship between the state and society, to a greater ex-the balanced relationship between the state and society, to a greater ex-tent, is due to the existing civic duty and legal relationship between tent, is due to the existing civic duty and legal relationship between them. The didactics of the tragedian highlights an indispensability of them. The didactics of the tragedian highlights an indispensability of the protection of principles of democracy – in each instance; He also the protection of principles of democracy – in each instance; He also demonstrates how important it is for the normalization of a theater-state demonstrates how important it is for the normalization of a theater-state to have a ruler with unique qualities - wisdom, authority, and a sense to have a ruler with unique qualities - wisdom, authority, and a sense of perceived responsibility;. Demos acquired the right to be demanding of perceived responsibility;. Demos acquired the right to be demanding towards the ruler who was elected based on the individual characteris-towards the ruler who was elected based on the individual characteris-tics. By the theatrical presentation of this tragedy, Sophocles acts as a tics. By the theatrical presentation of this tragedy, Sophocles acts as a mentor and preached and infl uenced the mind of demos and the ruler. mentor and preached and infl uenced the mind of demos and the ruler. Thus, he singled out the issue of the relationship of the theatre-State in Thus, he singled out the issue of the relationship of the theatre-State in democratic Athens. This principle can be used for guidance by the mod-democratic Athens. This principle can be used for guidance by the mod-ern-day theatre as well. Didactics of Sophocles has not lost relevance ern-day theatre as well. Didactics of Sophocles has not lost relevance even in today’s world.even in today’s world.

MAMUKA TSUKHISHVILIMAMUKA TSUKHISHVILIODZRKHEODZRKHE FORTRESSFORTRESS ANDAND CHURCHCHURCH

The author has visited the ancient Odzrkhe (Abastumani) Fortress The author has visited the ancient Odzrkhe (Abastumani) Fortress and the Church; where in early times sacred king Vakhtang Gorgasali and the Church; where in early times sacred king Vakhtang Gorgasali and King Tamar prayed and asked the Lord for the protection of Geor-and King Tamar prayed and asked the Lord for the protection of Geor-gia.gia.

After surveying the site and studying the written sources, one can After surveying the site and studying the written sources, one can say with confi dence that in King Tamar’s Odzrkhe Fortress, the church say with confi dence that in King Tamar’s Odzrkhe Fortress, the church has been present since ancient times. The church requires adequate at-has been present since ancient times. The church requires adequate at-tention and careful study from experts. These actions will help clarify tention and careful study from experts. These actions will help clarify and defi nitively confi rm the considerations of our famous scientists re-and defi nitively confi rm the considerations of our famous scientists re-garding the fortress and the church, and also, awaken the interest of our garding the fortress and the church, and also, awaken the interest of our youth towards one of the unique resorts in South Georgia, the ancient youth towards one of the unique resorts in South Georgia, the ancient Odzrkhe.Odzrkhe.

145SUMMARYARCHPRIEST VLADISLAV TSIPINARCHPRIEST VLADISLAV TSIPIN

SO, WHO STARTED THE FIRST WORLD WAR?SO, WHO STARTED THE FIRST WORLD WAR?

The author is a well-known modern historian who criticizes one of The author is a well-known modern historian who criticizes one of the blogger’s postings in social media. According to the posting the en-the blogger’s postings in social media. According to the posting the en-tire responsibility for the outbreak of the First World War rests on Rus-tire responsibility for the outbreak of the First World War rests on Rus-sia. During that period, Russia was ruled by Holy Tsar-Martyr Nicholas sia. During that period, Russia was ruled by Holy Tsar-Martyr Nicholas II, and thus, these accusations are directed towards him. The author, II, and thus, these accusations are directed towards him. The author, based on historical documents, concludes that on July 19, 1914 (old based on historical documents, concludes that on July 19, 1914 (old calendar) Germany declared war on Serbia. Emperor Nicholas II could calendar) Germany declared war on Serbia. Emperor Nicholas II could not let Orthodox Christian Serbia be torn into pieces.not let Orthodox Christian Serbia be torn into pieces.

AKAKI SHANIDZEAKAKI SHANIDZEHIDDENHIDDEN TREASURETREASURE

Presented here is an article of the known Georgian scientist, aca-Presented here is an article of the known Georgian scientist, aca-demician Akaki Shanidze. It was published in 1962; however, it re-demician Akaki Shanidze. It was published in 1962; however, it re-tains its usefulness, relevance and importance. Despite the reasonable tains its usefulness, relevance and importance. Despite the reasonable arguments and sincere desire of the academician and the support of arguments and sincere desire of the academician and the support of many writers and publishers to introduce Asomtavruli (“capital letters”, many writers and publishers to introduce Asomtavruli (“capital letters”, “round”) script in the modern Georgian alphabet as capital letters to be-“round”) script in the modern Georgian alphabet as capital letters to be-gin sentences, the issue is still not resolved. Out of the three main types gin sentences, the issue is still not resolved. Out of the three main types of fi fteen-century history Georgian alphabet only one is used - Mkhe-of fi fteen-century history Georgian alphabet only one is used - Mkhe-druli (“civilian”). Asomtavruli (“capital letters”, “round) and Nuskhuri druli (“civilian”). Asomtavruli (“capital letters”, “round) and Nuskhuri (“inventory” or “schedule”) are used only by the Georgian Orthodox (“inventory” or “schedule”) are used only by the Georgian Orthodox Church.Church.

samecniero-sazogadoebrivi Jurnalisamecniero-sazogadoebrivi Jurnali

`sami saunjesami saunje~ ~ #1(17), 20161(17), 2016

gamomcemeli Sps `sami saunje~gamomcemeli Sps `sami saunje~

samtredia, daviT aRmaSeneblis q. samtredia, daviT aRmaSeneblis q. № 409. 409.

el. fosta: el. fosta: [email protected]@sinergia.getel.: 298-26-34, 599-19-68-23tel.: 298-26-34, 599-19-68-23

Научно-общественный журналНаучно-общественный журнал

«САМИ САУНДЖЕ» (Три сокровища) №1(17), 2016«САМИ САУНДЖЕ» (Три сокровища) №1(17), 2016(на грузинском языке)(на грузинском языке)

Scientifi c and Social Journal Scientifi c and Social Journal

“SAMI SAUNJE” (Three Treasures) №1(17), 2016“SAMI SAUNJE” (Three Treasures) №1(17), 2016(in Georgian)(in Georgian)

pativcemulo mkiTxvelebo, gTxovT gaiTvaliswinoT, pativcemulo mkiTxvelebo, gTxovT gaiTvaliswinoT,

yoveli gamowerili nomeri Jurnalis yoveli gamowerili nomeri Jurnalis

Tanadgomasa da sami saunjis dacvas niSnavs.Tanadgomasa da sami saunjis dacvas niSnavs.

Jurnalze xelmosawerad daukavSirdiTJurnalze xelmosawerad daukavSirdiT

gamavrcelebel saagentoebs _ gamavrcelebel saagentoebs _

TbilisSi: `macne~, 214-74-22; èlva.ji~, 238-26-73(74);TbilisSi: `macne~, 214-74-22; èlva.ji~, 238-26-73(74);

agreTve SegiZliaT Tanxa (7 an 14 l.) agreTve SegiZliaT Tanxa (7 an 14 l.)

CaricxoT Sps `sami saunjis~ angariSze: CaricxoT Sps `sami saunjis~ angariSze:

TBCBGE 22, GE18 TB79 6263 6060 1000 01TBCBGE 22, GE18 TB79 6263 6060 1000 01da Jurnali Tqvens misamarTze mogewodebaT;da Jurnali Tqvens misamarTze mogewodebaT;

xolo respublikis sxva qalaqebisa daxolo respublikis sxva qalaqebisa da

raionebis filialebs daukavSirdeT Cvens veb-gverdze raionebis filialebs daukavSirdeT Cvens veb-gverdze

miTiTebuli nomrebis saSualebiT.miTiTebuli nomrebis saSualebiT.

xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 28.03.2016. tiraJi 200.xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 28.03.2016. tiraJi 200.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

daibeWda gamomcemloba `meridianis~ stambaSi.daibeWda gamomcemloba `meridianis~ stambaSi.

Tbilisi, al. yazbegis gamz., 47.Tbilisi, al. yazbegis gamz., 47.

Documents

samecniero-sazogadoebrivi Jurnalidspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/168308/1/Sami_Saunje_2016_N1… · pirveli msoflio omi?! ..... mixeil Cisti, 1936-38 wlebis moskovis procesebi: