Tai lieu chuyen nghanhhttp://my.opera.com/chilinhkgcc/http://ngoinhachung.net/Trang tm kim bng cch g t kho:http://www.google.comhttp://www.vinaseek.comhttp://www.altavista.com2.Tra dinh dng ca cc loi thc phm (USDA nutrient database for standard reference)http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/ogibin/nutsearch.plhttp://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/3.Bng pht minh ca M v mi lnh vc:http://164.195.100.11/netahtml/search-bool.html4.FDA t chc thc phm v thuc ca M(Food and Drug administration)http://www.fda.gov5.T chc lng nng th gii(food agriculture organization)http://www.fao.org/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/APGC/doc/riceinfo/riceinfo.htmlhttp://www.apps.fao.org/ogibin/db.pl?subset=agriculture6.Vin ca cc nh k thut,thc phm M(Institude of food technologists)http://www.ift.org/7.Qui nh an ton v sinh thc phm theo tiu chun HACCPhttp://Vm.efsan.fda.gov/~comm/haccpsea.html8.B nng nghip M (United stade departement of agriculture)http://www.usdagov/9.Cc b mn thc phm ca mt s trng i hc Mhttp://www.cas.psu.edu/does/casover/afs497/university.html10.Cc a ch lin quan n thc phm Mhttp://www.esa.psu.edu/does/casover/afs497/ussites.html11.a ch mt s cng ty p nhttp://APVbaker.com/http://www.wenger.com/http://www.inst_pro.comhttp://www.kwpe.comhttp://leistrtz-extrution.delhttp://www.ewbrabinder.com.com/12.Tp ch nc gii kht(Food&Beverage international)http://www.foodandbeverageJournal.com/13.Tp ch ngnh CNTP:http://www.ift.orghttp://www.foodprocessing.com/http://www.preparedfoods.com14.Tp ch ch bin thc phm t sa(dairyfood magazine)http://www.dairyfood.com15.Tp ch cht lng thc phm(food quality magazine)http://www.foodquality.com/16.Tp ch k ngh thc phm(food manufacturing magazine)http://www.foodmanufacturing.com17.Mt s trang khchttp://www.msu.orghttp://www.ensat.frhttp://www.ciscohttp://www.pgmm.orghttp://www.dairyinfo.comhttp://www.doiwithdairy.comhttp://dairynetwork.comhttp://www.mpl.ird.frhttp://www.voila.frhttp://www.fr.yahoo.comhttp://www.cirad.frhttp://www.ykhoa.nethttp://www.ykhoa.net/SKDShttp://www.saigon.com/~hoasen/ac-thucphamraudau.html18.B thy sn Vit Namhttp://www.fistenet.gov.vn

Bn cha c blog?ng k!ng nhpTr gip Yahoo! Vit Nam Mail

Top of FormYahoo! SearchTm kim TM KIM WEB Bottom of Form Trang chnh Blog ca ti Cp nhti cu blastThm moduleSa trangi themeDn trang liSa h si nh hin thSa URLXem thng kVit blog Vit bi miQun l th mcBlog v tiHnh nh Ti nhQun l albumKt ni Ai kt mnhBlog a thchKhch mi voS enMi bn b Yahoo! 360plus Blog SearchTop of FormTm trn 360plus Bottom of Form

CDTP8K

ON KT-VUI VCho bn! Rt vui v bn vo thm blog ca LP CTP8K Tr liBi vitTop of FormTm bi vit: Bottom of FormBo coTm trng: Vui vCng ngh sn xut bia ng ngy: 15:03 01-10-2008 Th mc: ti liu Chng 3: Cng ngh sn xut bia Li gii thiuTrong hu ht lch s ca ngnh sn xut bia ru, sn phm thng mi c cung cp bi nhng nh sn xut nh. Ngy nay, vi nhng tin b v khoa hc k thut nht l s pht trin cng nghip vic cung cp cc sn phm ung cha cn c tp trung trong nhng cng ty ln. Cc cuc hi tho, m phn, lin kt trn ton th gii nhm mc ch pht trin sn phm thc ung cha cn cho xng vi vai tr ca chng.Bia l mt sn phm ca Nng NghipXt v ngun gc bia c xut x t cc sn phm t Nng nghip mc d mt s kin cho rng v mun tha mn nhu cu s dng cc sn phm cha Cn nn loi ngi mi pht trin ngnh Nng nghip. Cc chng c cho thy rng bia c pha ch ti xung quanh vng Lng H khang 6000 n 7000 nm trc. Ngi Ai Cp c i ru, bia bng cc loi ng cc ca h (la min), vic ny cng xy ra trong nhng b lc ngi chu phi. Lch s pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip sn xut bia, ru cng c rt nhiu thng trm, cng vi vic ngi La M cho rng s dng ru lm t ng cc l phm php.T th k th 10 trong giai on ny vic s dng tho dc rt ph bin nn ngi c s dng Hop trong sn xut bia v vic ny c ph bin ton Chu u. Ban u vic s dng Hop b chng i kch lit nhng nhng li ch m Hop mang li cho sn phm bia nh hng thm v nht l kh nng khng khun ca chng lm cho chng dn dn c chp nhn rng ri. Nhng nh sn xut bia khng s dng Hop mun ko di thi gian bo qun ch ph thuc v nng cn c trong sn phm nhng vic ny ph thuc nhiu yu t nn thng thi gian bo qun ca cc sn phm ny thng ngn. Mc d vic s dng Hop ng ngha vi vic trang b thm thit b v thao tc phc tp nhng nhng li ch do chng mang n l rt xng ng. Hop c s dng Anh vo th k th 15 v Bc M vo u th k 17.Trong mt thi gian ngn thut ng ru (Ale) v bia c dng ch nhng sn phm khc nhau. Ru (Ale) dng ch thc ung cha cn khng s dng Hop c cn cao hn s dng nhiu vng nng thn, ngc li bia dng ch nhng sn phm c s dng Hop c v ng hn, cn nh hn v c s dng ch yu thnh th. Vo th k th 16 nhng nh sn xut ru cng dng Hop nhng vi hm lng thp trong sn phm ca h. Vo th k 17 loi bia khng s dng Hop han tan bin mt th vo l s a dng ca cc sn phm bia ty thuc vo vng nguyn liu v iu kin kh hu. Nguyn liu ch yu sn xut bia l la i mch tuy nhin cng c th thay th bi nguyn liu khc nh yn mch, la m, goTrong thi gian ny vic nh thu ca mt s a phng trn sn phm bia l rt cao v bia ch c bn trong nhng qun ru. Nm 1516 mt o lut ra i ti Reinheitsgebot nhm bo h cho sn phm bia ca c c tn Lut thun khit ca sn phm bia c, cc ch tiu v i mch, Hop v nc sn xut bia c nu ra c th. Nm men cng c a vo danh sch khi chng c ngun gc r rng (nh danh). Vic s dng la m trong cc loi bia c bit cng c cho php.Bia tr thnh vn ha trong cng ng dn c pha bc v trung tm Chu u vo thi trung c v khang u ca thi k hin i. Bia nh c s dng rt thng dng hng ngy cho mi i tng, cn bia mnh dng cho nhng ngi thch s dng thc ung c cn cao hay trong cc l hi. Vic phn bit v nh gi gia bia nh v bia mnh cng khng c mt cng thc chung. Thng ngi ta sn xut bia mnh t nc th nht dch trch Malt, cn bia nh c ln men t dch trch t Malt i mch nc 2, 3. Bia nh thi k ny bia c sn xut v d tr trong thi gian t thng 10 n thng 3 (v trong ma h bia thng b h hng)Vo cui th k th 17, c nhng nh my sn xut bia vi quy m hng ngn Hectoliter. Vic sn xut bia nh l vi quy m gia nh chim 50% sn lng lc by gi bia c bn ch yu trong nhng qun ru nh. Vic pht trin cc nh my vi quy m ln v sn phm a dng cng vi vic th ha tng nhanh dn n mt th trng rng ln cho ngnh sn xut bia.Th k 18 Ngnh bia c mt s chuyn i nh khi c s kt hp ca nhng c s sn xut gia nh vi nhng nh my quy m nh. Vic bun bn bia rng ri bi hng chc ngn nh sn xut khp Chu u v M n nm 1800 c trn 150 nh my sn xut bia. Vic bun bn cng rt thun tin khi ngnh vn ti bin pht trin gi thnh vn chuyn hng ha thp. Benjamin Wilson ngi bun bn bia vi s lng vi ngn Hectoliters ti vng Baltic.Dn c cc thnh ph Chu u tng nhanh dn n nhiu thay i ca ngnh sn xut bia. London l mt minh chng cho s thay i ny thm ch vo u th k 18 vic sn xut bia ti y tng nhanh v c chu s chi phi bi hip hi nhng nh sn xut bia. Sn lng to ra vt qu nhu cu tiu th vi t l 100:1 trong khi t l ny tnh cho ton quc l 1:1. Nm 1750 sn lng bia ti London do 5 nh sn xut ch yu (Thrale/Barclay Perkins, Whitbread, Truman, Meux, v Calvert) cung cp t con s n tng 80.000 Hectoliters n nm 1799 con s ny l 240.000 hectoliters. Sn phm do c ng cao, mu sm v gi thnh thp nn phc v ch yu cho gii cng nhn khun vcPorter: Sn phm bia c cng nghip ha u tinNgun gc ca bia porter c xut x t tn ca n l bia dnh cho gii khun vc tuy nhin iu ny cng cha r rng v cn nhiu tranh ci. Da trn nhng chng c cho thy rng chng c tiu th bi nhng ngi khun vc. Theo ti liu ghi chp li nm 1760 bia Porter c to ra nm 1722 ti vng pha Ty thnh London khi ngi ta pha ln 3 loi bia to ra loi Porter: Ch yu l bia nu ti mi sn xut; bia nht va chn (gi 3 xu); v bia nu c. Thc t ngun gc ca bia Porter xut pht t chnh sch thu rt cao i vi nguyn liu dn n vic gim gi thnh l vic khng th trnh. Vic tin b ca ngnh sinh ha v vi trng hc cng gp phn lm cho ngnh bia pht trin mnh.Trong thi gian ny bia thng c cha nhiu thng trong nhng thng ln trc khi em i tiu th. y l bin php ko di thi gian chn (ln men ph) nhm khc phc nhc im ca vic ln men bng chng nm men Brettanomyces l chng to ra acid bo v ester ethyl vi mc cao vt ngng cho php gp 10 ln mc d nng cn do chng ny to ra cao hn so vi cc chng khc. Vic kt hp gia 3 loi bia khc nhau cng vi hiu qu do hoa Houblon to ra mt sn phm c trng l bia Porter, n chinh phc c th trng thnh th. Gi bn l ca Porter thp hn 25% so vi sn phm khc (pale ale) tt c mi ngi t nh sn xut n ngi tiu dng v ngi phn phi u c hng li t sn phm Porter. Qu l mt thnh cng ngoi mong i.C gii ha v tiu chun ha sn phm biaDo nhu cu ngy cng cao nn vic c gii ha l iu cn thit. Nm 1785 khi Whitbreads lp t ti nh my bia th 2 ca mnh mt ng c hi nc v h sn xut 300,000 Hl bia hng nm. Vic ci tin my hi nc ca Boulton v Watt dn n thi im cui th k 18 t nht 26 ng c hi nc c lp t trong nhng nh my bia.Ghi chp u tin v nhit ca qu trnh sn xut bia c cho l ca Michael Combrune vo nhng nm 50 ca th k 18. ng quan st thy rng vi nhit sy Malt khc nhau s cho ra sn phm c mu sc thay i, ng cng quan st qu trnh nghin Malt v nhit ln men. Nm 1784 mt bc tin ln khi John Richardson, mt ngi sn xut bia gii thiu ng k cho php o hm lng ng trong nc nha. Vo cui th k 18 cc thng s tiu chun ca bia c chun ha da vo cn (ABV Alcohol by volume) trong sn phm: bia mnh cha 7- 9%, Porter cha 6- 7%, bia cha 5- 7%, v thc ung cha cn cha t 2- 3.5%.Th k 19Cng nghip ha, gia tng dn s, th ha, v nhu cu tiu th gia tng l tin cho s pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip sn xut bia. Chu u dn u trong nhng nc ung bia: Vng quc Anh, c v Belgium nhu cu tng t 2 n 4 ln t gia nhng 1830 n 1900. S pht trin ca nhng mng li ng st t nhng nm 1830 lm thay i phng thc phn phi p ng nhu cu tiu th ca c dn gia tng ti 50% ca Chu u.Ti nc Anh cc nghip on c thnh lp lin kt cng nghip vi nng nghip thng qua cc nh t bn cng nghip h ginh c a v x hi nht nh. n cui th k 19 tuy ch c 1% trong s nhng nh my bia c vo s giao dch chng khan, nhng Bavaria l ni c sn lng bia ln nht y c nhng cng ty chim 17% trong s tng sn lng ca th giiCuc chin gia bia Porter v bia AleVo u th k 19 bia Porter ca Anh gn nh chim lnh th trng. Vo nm 1830 th phn Porter ln u b gim st trong vng 50 nm th vo l s gia tng doanh s ca sn phm bia trung bnh (midle) v pale ale. Vic ng dng ng k xc nh hiu sut thu hi cng vi pht hin khi dng thm mt t Malt c mu sm (thay i ch sy) kt hp vi Malt nht mu cho hiu qu tng t nh cch s dng Malt nu vi gi thnh r hn nhiu. S thay i ny khch hng s dng rt kh pht hin, dn n v tr c tn ca bia porter trong mt thi gian di b lung lay. Thi i ca k thut ln men chmLch s ghi nhn nhng chuyn thm ca Gabriel Sedlmayr Jr. v Anton Dreher ngi c mt cuc hnh trnh chung quanh Nc Anh v Scotland vo 1833, thu nhn cc thng tin t nhng nh my bia. Khi tr li qu nh, nhng ngi ny nhanh chng p dng cc k thut sn xut trong nhng nh my bia ca h, bao gm c vic s dng ng k. Cc ng pht trin k thut ln men chm mc d k thut ny c bit n t nht t nm 1400 Bavaria . c im ca k thut ny l nhit thp, nhit ln men chnh t 4 ti 100C v nhit ln men ph t 2 ti 40C. Trong khi ton th gii s dng k thut ln men ni c nhit ln men cao, nhit ln men chnh 15 ti 250C v nhit ln men ph 130C. Vic to ra my lnh nhn to vo nhng nm 70 ca th k 18 gip cho k thut ln men chm cng pht trin. K thut ln men chm mang li nhng u im cho sn phm. Nm 1900 ti M c 1816 nh my bia c xy dng vi sn lng gn 47 triu hectoliters nng mc tiu thu u ngi hng nm t 4 lt/ ngi ln 60 lt/ ngi.n cui th k 19 ti c qu hng ca bia hu ht s dng k thut ln men chm; ti Anh a s cc nh my s dng k thut ny ch c B l quc gia chng li k thut ny.Khoa hc bia v cc ng dng Vo nm 1883 Vin nghin cu v ging dy v bia ra i ti c, cng thi gian ny ti o, Thy s cng xut hin cc Vin nghin cu vi chc nng tng t. Ti Anh khoa hc ngnh bia c phn i chng hn di hnh thc tuyn sinh nhng kha hc dnh cho nhng ngi lm vic sn xut hoc nhng ngi mun lm vic trong lnh vc sn xut bia. Cho n nm 1900 cha ni no trn th gii c trng dy v cng ngh sn xut bia. William Waters Butler chu trnh nhim ging dy ngnh mi ny ti trng i hc Birmingham . Bia c ging dy ti trng cao ng Heriot-Watt ti Edinburgh vo nm 1904. Tp ch u tin Brewers Journal xut bn ti Anh vo nm 1865. Lui Pasteur nghin cu qu trnh ln men ca ru v bia t nm 1860 n 1870. ng ta cho rng vic loi tr vi sinh vt bt li trong qu trnh ln men ru, bia l cc k quan trng nhng vic ng dng nhit thanh trng bia c p dng ln u tin li l ngi c khi nim thanh trng Pasteur ra i v ng dng nhiu ti c.Sn phm bia chai c l xut hin vo u th k 18, nhng mi n nm 1872 chai c nt vn mi c cp bng sng ch; Chai c nt bn vo nm 1875 v chai nh hin ti vo nm 1892. Nhng tin b ca ngnh sn xut bia trong nhng th k trc c han thin trong th k 20.Th k 20Vo nhng nm u ca th k 20 Anh, c v M l 3 nc c sn lng bia ln nht chim 67,5% tng sn lng trn ton th gii. Sn lng bia c st gim cht t trong thi k chin tranh th gii ln 1 v ln 2. Sau nhng nm chin tranh sn lng li tng n tng. T nm 1960 n 1990 sn lng bia ton th gii tng 3 ln. Trong cui th k 20 Trung Quc ni ln vi sn lng rt n tng 1 t Hectoliters trong 30 nm. Vo nm 2002 sn lng bia trn th gii c tnh 1400 triu Hectoliters cao gp 5 ln so vi th k trc. Mt c im quan trng ca ngnh bia trong th k 20 l chnh sch thu khc nhau trn sn phm bia ca cc quc gia y l mt vn ca ngnh bia. C th sau th chin ln th 2 thu sut i vi sn phm bia ti M v c khng thay i trong khi ti Anh li tng. Vo cui th k 20 thu bia ti M tng 2 ln nhng ch bng thu ti Anh. Thu trn bia ti Anh cao hn ti Php 7 ln nn xy ra hin tng bun bn nhn nhp (i khi bt hp php) gia ngi bun bn v khch hng tiu th ti cc bn cng v knh nhm thu li nhun t s chnh lch gi ny.ng dng khoa hc v thay i cng nghVic u t cho nghin cu bia cha bao gi cao thm ch trong iu kin sc tiu th cc sn phm thc phm thp. C th nc Anh ch chi 0,003% doanh thu ca ngnh bia cho nghin cu trong nhng nm 30 ca th k 20. Trong thi gian ny vi nhng tin b ca ngnh ha hc v vi trng hc dn n vic ng dng cc tin b ny vo sn xut tuy nhin ch c nhng nh sn xut vi quy m trung bnh p dng. Trong nhng nm 20 ca th k 20 s a dng ca nguyn liu Malt v cu trc ca acid ng c nghin cu. Thp nin 1930 cc k thut phn tch ha hc v vi sinh vt hc c pht trin. Tuy nhin, vai tr ca nhng nh ha hc v vi khun hc khng c nh gi cao trong nh my sn xut. Ngi ta ch xp nhng nh khoa hc ny v tr gia th 2 v th 3. Chnh v th trong thi gian ny nhng nh khoa hc lm vic trong nh my him khi c cc bo co c ng ti trn cc tp ch v t khi xut hin trong cc cuc hi tho ngoi tr cc nh khoa hc lm vic ti phng th nghim ca Carlsberg ti y cc nh khoa hc c nh gi cao. Cc nh khoa hc c ng gp to ln nh Auntie Cornelius' Sullivan, Horace Brown, v cng s. Mt iu th v na l ngnh bia hnh nh l mt ngnh c quyn ca Nam gii; Ph n ch lm vic trong phng th nghim v hu nh khng c ngi ph n no lm Gim c nh my bia trn th gii.ng dng khoa hc k thut vo thc tMy nghin trc dng nghin Malt c ng dng vo nm 1902; Richard Seligman gii thiu b trao i nhit ngc chiu c cp bng sng ch nm 1923. Vo nm 1951 Qu nghin cu bia cng nghip (the Brewing Industry Research Foundation BIRF) ra i hat ng bng ngun ti chnh t ng gp ca ngnh cng nghip bia t tr s ti Anh. Trong 25 nm u tin tn ti, BIRF t c nhng thnh tu ni bt, hn 100 nh khoa hc v nhn vin h tr, v h xut bn hn 700 bn bo co khoa hc.Trong na u th k 20 mc d xu hng sn xut ring l cn thng tr th trng nhng quy m ca nhng c s ny ngy cng tng vi cc ng dng v vt liu ch to thit b (Inox, thp khng r); k thut phn tch; k thut ny mm gii quyt cc vn cng ngh v vn hnh. Vo nm 1950 ng dng c gii ha qu trnh ny mm gip gii phng lao ng v n nh cht lng Malt. Cc ng dng cht hocmon sinh trng (gibberellic acid kt hp vi kali bromate) trong qa trnh ny mm vo nhng nm 60 nhng vic ny dng hn trong thp nin 80 v cc ng dng iu chnh nhit ny mm. Vo nm 1998 c 30 cng ty sn xut Malt to ra 60% sn lng trn ton th gii. Thp nin 1980 a ra nhng kt qu nghin cu ca s hnh thnh Nitrosamin v cc tiu chun p dng cho tc nhn gy ung th ny. S dng hi nc bng cch un nng ng ng c ng dng t nm 1880 nhng gp nhiu phn i cho n th k 20 sau khi c nhng ci tin. H thng lc thng c ng dng trong nhng nm 60 v l chun ca cc nh my. Thit b lng xay tm (the Whirlpool separator) c lp t u tin ti nh my ca Molson Canada nm 1960 v n nhng nm 80 c lp t trong mi nh my.Khng phi tt c nhng ng dng khoa hc vo sn xut bia u mang li hiu qu, c nhng ng dng gy nn thm ha nh vic s dng mui Cobatl trong ci thin kh nng to bt vo cui nhng nm 1950 gy nn ci cht ca hng trm ngi ti Bc M, vic s dng mui Cobatl b cm vo nm 1966. Cng ngh ln men lin tc c trin khai v ng dng trong thp nin 50 nhng khng c hng ng bi cc nh sn xut. Nh my u tin ng dng k thut ln men lin tc trn th gii c lp t ti New Zealand nm 1957. Nhng nm 1990 thm 1 nh my ng dng k thut ln men ph lin tc ti Phn Lan. Tnh n thi im cui th k 20 c 99,99% nh my sn xut bia trn th gii s dng k thut ln men gin on. Kh khn ca k thut ln men lin tc l chng nm men. Cc tin b v bin i gene ca th gii c th gii quyt c vn nu trn. Tuy nhin, vic p dng nhng i tng chuyn i gene vo thc t cha c mi ngi trn th gii chp nhn. Ch c M l quc gia chp nhn sn phm chuyn i Gene hoc c thi trung lp i vi sn phm ny. Ti liu tham kho1. Anderson , R.G., bia, in Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopaedia, Blocker, J., Tyrrell, I., and Fahey, D., Eds., Vol. 1, ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara , 2003, pp. 92100.2. Katz, S.H. and Voigt, M.M., Bread and bia: the early use of cereals in the human diet, Expedition, 28:2334, 1986.3. Wilson , R.G. and Gourvish, T., The production and consumption of alcoholic beverages inWestern Europe , in Alcoholic Beverages and European Society. Annex 1. The Historical, Cultural and Social Roles of Alcoholic Beverages, The Amsterdam Group, Eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam , 1993, pp. 134.4. Mayer, K.T., Germany s Reinheitsgebot and brewing in the 20th century, Tech. Q. Master Brew. Assoc. Am., 20:138145, 1983.5. Anderson, R.G., Samuel Allsopp & Sons, in Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopaedia, Blocker, J. Jr., Fahey, D., and Tyrrell, I.,Eds., Vol. 1, ABC-Clio, Santa Barbra, 2003, pp. 3738.6. Mathias, P., The Transformation of England . Essays in the Economic and Social History of England in the Eighteenth Century, Methuen , London , 1979, pp. 209230.7. Mathias, P., The Brewing Industry in England 17001830, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1959, pp. 6, 542545, 551552.8. Cornell, M., Porter myths and mysteries. Brewery history, J. Brew. Hist. Soc., 112:3039, 2003. A fuller discussion of the origins of porter is given in the Cornell, M., bia: The Story of the Pint, Headline Book Publishing, London , 2003, p. 89120.9. O Poundage, The history of the London brewery, London Chronicle, November 4, 1760. (Quoted at length in Ref.10).10. MacDonagh, O., The origins of porter, Econ. Hist. Rev., 16:530535, 1964.11. Corran, H.S., A History of Brewing, David and Charles, Newton Abbot, 1975,pp. 112115.12. Van Oevelen, D., De L Escaille, F., and Verachtert, H., Synthesis of aroma compounds during the spontaneous fermentation of lambic and gueuze, J. Inst. Brew., 82:322326, 1976.13. Spaepen, M., Van Oevelen, D., and Verachtert, H., Fatty acids and esters produced during the spontaneous fermentation of lambic and gueuze, J. Inst. Brew., 84:278282, 1978.14. Claussen , N.H. , On a method for the application of Hansens pure yeast system in the manufacturing of well-conditioned English stock bias, J. Inst. Brew.,10:308331, 1904.15. Simpson,W.J., Studies on the sensitivity of lactic acid bacteria to hop bitter acids,J. Inst. Brew., 99:405411, 1993.16. Bennison, B., Adoption of steam by North-Eastern Breweries during the nineteenth century, J. Brew. Hist. Soc., 98:4956, 1999.17. Sumner, J., John Richardson Saccharometry and the pounds-per-barrel extract: the construction of a quantity. Br. J. Hist. Sci., 34:255273, 2001.18. Richardson , J., The Philosophical Principles of the Science of Brewing, New York , 1788. 19. Morrice, A., A Treatise on Brewing, 3rd ed., London , 1802.20. Baverstock, J., Ed., Treatise on Brewing, London , 1824.21. Gutzke, D.W., The social status of landed brewers in Britain since 1840, Histoire Sociale Social History, 17:93113, 1984.22. Glamann, K., Founders and successors. Managerial changes during the rise of the modern brewing industry, Proc. 18th Eur. Brew. Conv. Congr., European BreweryConvention, Copenhagen , 1981, pp. 110.23. Barclay, C., Evidence to the report on the retail sales of bia, ParliamentaryPapers, 1830, X, p. 16. (Quoted in Ref. 6, p. 210). 24. Wilson, R.G., The changing taste for bia in Victorian Britain, in The Dynamics of the International Brewing Industry since 1800,Wilson, R.G. and Gourvish, T.R., Eds., Routledge, London, 1998, pp. 93104.25. Owen, C.C., The Development of Industry in Burton upon Trent, Phillimore, Chichester , 1978, pp. 8788.26. Donnachie, I., A History of the Brewing Industry in Scotland , John Donald, Edinburgh , 1979, pp. 206230.27. Lynch, P. and Vaizey, J., Guinness Brewery in the Irish Economy 17591876, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1960.28. Anderson , R.G., Highlights in the history of international brewing science, Ferment, 6:191198, 1993.29. Anderson, R.G., Current practice in Malting, brewing and distilling, in Cereal Biotechnology, Morris, P.C. and Bryce, J.H., Eds., Woodhead, Cambridge , 2000, pp. 183214.30. Teich, M., Bier,Wissenschaft undWirtshaft in Deutschland 18001914. Ein Beitragzurdeutschen Industrialisierungsgeschichte, Bohlau Verlag, Wein, 2000.31. Halcrow, R.M., A look at the brewing industry in America 100 years ago, Tech. Q. Master Brew. Assoc. Am., 24:121128, 1987.32. Protz, R., The Taste of bia, Weidenfield & Nicholson, London, 1998, p. 127.33. Anderson, W., bia, USA , Morgan & Morgan , New York , 1986.34. Ohnishi, T., Yoshida, H., and Kono, T., The history of automation in Japanese breweries and their future development, Tech. Q. Master Brew. Assoc. Am., 31:2631, 1994.35. Jackson , M., The World Guide to bia, Michael Beazley, London , 1979, p. 236.36. Anon., Focus on Carlton and United Breweries, The Brewer, 75:827830, 1989.37. Bud, R., The Uses of Life. A History of Biotechnology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge , 1993, pp. 1721.38. Kruger, R., The history of Weihenstephan, Brauwelt Int., 4:296297, 1990.39. Manners, D.J., Brewing and Biological Sciences at Heriot-Watt University 19041989, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, 2001.40. Anderson , R.G., Louis Pasteur (18221895): an assessment of his impact on the brewing industry, Proc. 25th Eur. Brew. Conv. Congr., Brussels , 1995, pp. 1323.41. Puddick, A.J., Changes in British bottling techniques, in One hundred Years of British Brewing. The Centenary Issue of the Brewers Guardian, 1971, pp. 117119.42. Anderson, R.G., Yeast and the Victorian brewers: incidents and personalities in the search for the true ferment, J. Inst. Brew., 95:337345, 1989.43. Anon., The History of Anheuser-Busch Companies. A Fact Sheet, Anheuser-Busch Inc., St. Louis , 1995, p. 12.44. Anderson , R.G., The pattern of brewing research: a personal view of the history of brewing chemistry in the British Isles, J. Inst. Brew., 98:85109, 1992.45. Gourvish, T.R., Wilson, R.G., The British Brewing Industry 18301980, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994, p. 295.46. The Brewers and Licensed Retailers Association Statistical Handbook, Brewing Publications Ltd., London , 2000.47. Gourvish, T.R., Economics of brewing, theory and practice: concentration and technological change in the USA , UK and West Germany since 1945, Bus. Econ. Hist., 23:253261, 1994.Thnh phn v gi tr dinh dng ca biaBia l loi thc ung gii kht rt giu dinh dng. Nu c s dng ng vi hm lng thch hp, bia s gip cho c th cm thy thoi mi, d chu v tng sc lc cho c th. So vi tr v c ph, bia khng cha cc kim loi gy hi, so vi ru th hm lng cn trong bia rt thp (3-6%v/v)Bn cnh cng dng gii kht, bia cn cung cp cho con ngi cc gi tr dinh dng nht nh: cung cp ngun nng lng cho c th hot ng, cung cp cc vitamin v khong cht.Mt lt bia c th cung cp t 400-800Kcal (tu theo tng loi bia) trong khi nng lng cn thit cho c th ca con ngi bnh thng l 3000-3500Kcal/ ngy. Do vy, nu ta s dng ng mc th s tit kim c nng lng ly t nhng ngun thc phm dinh dng khc ( tht, trng, sa, bnh m)Ngoi ra, trong bia cn c mt s viatmin, trung bnh 1 lt bia c 20-50mg tianin (B1); 340-560mg riboflavin (B2); 5800-9000mg acid nicotinic (PP).Trong bia nc chim trn 90%. Bia c ru nh (hm lng ru khong 3-6%), c gas (hm lng CO2 khong 3-4 g/l), c bt mn xp, c hng v thm ngon rt c trng.Hng v v ca bia l do cc hp cht chit t nguyn liu, cn, CO2 v cc sn phm ln men khc to ra.Trong bia c mt s cht b dng:Cht m : c bit l m ho tan chim 8- 10% cht tan bao gm : protein, peptid, v amino acid.Glucid : Glucid tan (70% l dextrin, pentosan- sn phm caramen ho).Vitamin : ch yu l cc vitamin nhm B (vitamin B1, B2,PP).Lupulin trong bia (c hoa houblon) c tnh an thn d ng.c bit CO2 trong bia c tc dng lm gim nhanh cn kht cho ngi ung, gip tiu ho nhanh thc n v n ung ngon ming, gim mt mi, tng phn tnh to nu s dng mt liu lng thch hpCc loi bia.Bia l mt biu tng tinh thn ca loi ngi, bng cc tin b khoa hc k thut chng ta to ra tnh ngh thut cho sn phm ny. Ngy nay c khang 5000 nh my bia ni ting trn th gii cho ra 8 loi bia khc nhau. C khong 40.000 nhn hiu bia c bn trn th trng ton th gii trong s nhiu nhn hiu c cng phong cch. Theo t in phong cch (Style) c nh ngha: Bng phng php, k thut khc nhau to ra sn phm c cht lng khc bit so vi nhng sn phm khc Lm th no to ra nhng phong cch bia khc nhau?Tt c cc nhn hiu bia u c s kt hp ca cc yu t sau:Thnh phnQuy trnhBao bTip thVn haBng s kt hp nhun nhuyn cc yu t trn chng ta c th to ra hng trm loi bia thnh cng khc nhau. iu ny gii thch ti sao nhiu nhn hiu tn ti lu di v ti sao c nhng sn phm ch tn ti mt thi gian ngn.Thnh phn: bia c to thnh bi thnh phn gm: nc; dch trch ly t Malt i mch; Hop v s chuyn ha ca nm men. y l nhng thnh phn ch yu v s thay i cc thnh phn ny dn n vic cho ra i nhng sn phm c phong cch khc nhau.Nc: Nc dng trong sn xut bia rt quan trng v n c tc dng rt ln n qu trnh trch ly dch ng t Malt; qu trnh ln men; hng thm v v ca sn phm.Dch trch ly t Malt: (ng c th s dng ln men) Mi loi Malt c mt c tnh c bit gp phn to nn cht lng ca bia. Chng ta ch quan tm n nhng loi ng to ra trong qu trnh trch ly Malt.

Bng 2.2Cc loi Malt ng ccPale MaltsAmerican two-rowAmerican six-rowBelgian two-rowBritish two-rowCanadian two-rowBritish PilsenerGerman PilsenerBelgian PilsenerBritish Lager (two-row)Lager Malt (two-row)Lager Malt (six-row)Malt khcAmerican wheatAmerican soft white wheatBelgian wheatGerman wheatGerman dark wheatAmerican ryeMalt c bitLightSauer (acid)American ViennaGerman ViennaBritish mildGerman smoked ( Bamberg )British peatedScottish peatedDarkAmerican victoryBritish brownBelgian biscuitBelgian aromaticBritish amberCanadian honeyAmerican two-row (toasted)American special roastMelanoidinBelgian MunichGerman MunichAmerican Munich (light)American Munich (dark)Canadian Munich (light)Canadian Munich (dark)British MunichCaramelized MaltsDextrin MaltBelgian caramel PilsBritish CaraMaltAmerican crystal 108LAmerican crystal 208LAmerican crystal 308LAmerican crystal 408LAmerican crystal 608LAmerican crystal 808LAmerican crystal 908LAmerican crystal 1208LBritish Light CarastanBritish CarastanBritish crystal 50608LBritish crystal 70808LBritish crystal 951158LBritish crystal 1351658LGerman CarahellGerman light caramelGerman dark caramelGerman wheat caramelBelgian CaraVienneBelgian CaraMunichBelgian Special BRoasted MaltsAmerican chocolateBelgian chocolateBritish chocolateGerman black CaraffeGerman Caraffe specialAmerican black patentBritish black patentBelgian blackNg cc khng ny mmAmerican roasted barleyAmerican black barleyBelgian roasted barleyBritish roasted barleyGerman roasted wheatRoasted ryeGerman Caraffe chocolate

Hop (Hoa Houblon): ng vai tr rt ln trong vic to v ng v hng v ca bia ngoi ra n cn c tc dng khng khun cho sn phm. Cao Houblon l sn phm trch ly t hoa chng ng vai tr to v ng cho sn phm nhiu hn l to hng. Vic kt hp cc loi hoa Houblon to nn s cn bng gia v ng v ngt gp phn to ra hng trm loi bia khc nhau.Nm men: Hu ht bia s dng 2 loi Nm men (Lager v Ale) c hng trm chng nm men t 2 loi trn c s dng trong sn xut bia. Mi chng u c c tnh ring nh hng n sn phm. V d nh hm lng ester; hp cht sulfua; diacetyl; hp cht phenolQuy trnh: C hng trm quy trnh sn xut nh hng n hng v, cm quan, s cn bng v nhng c tnh ca sn phm bia. Cc yu t lin quan n quy trnh cng ngh trong sn xt bia nh:Thit k v cu hnh ca thit bQu trnh ny mm ng ccQu trnh nghinQu trnh ng haQu trnh lcQu trnh un siNhit v thi gian ln menThi gian ln men phQu trnh lc trong biaTip th sn phmTrong qu trnh tiu th sn phm tip th ng vai tr cc k quan trng nhm to ra ham mun tiu th sn phm trong tm tr ca khch hng. Rt nhiu v d cho thy vai tr ca tip th trong vic tiu th mt sn phm mc d sn phm khng c g ni bt so vi cc sn phm khc cng loi c mt trn th trng.Vn haCc yu t v chnh tr; vn ha; x hi; tn gio u nh hng n sn phm bia. V d: Vo nm 1516 lut thun khit ca c (Reinheitsgebot) ra i nh hng n cc nh sn xut nh.Vic hn ch nhp khu la mch ti Nigeria dn n vic pht trin cc sn phm bia nh lm t la min. Cng nh th do thu sut tng cao ca nguyn liu sn xut bia dn n sn phm SoSho.Trong thi k lp thuc a Anh l nc c nhiu thuc a nht th gii: Mt tri khng bao gi ln trn thuc a ca Anh. Chnh v th ch c mt kiu bia ca Anh tn ti v n nh trong thi gian di.Trong thi k cm ru do x hi ln n cc mt tiu cc ca ru bia v do chnh sch thu nh rt cao nn nhng nh sn xut to ra nhng sn phm c nhng c tnh ph hp v khng phm lut.Cc tu vin v cc tn gio cng to ra nhng kiu sn phm ph hp vi gio lut ca h. Ngun gc ca cc kiu biaBia Bock ca c l mt loi bia sm mu, cn cao v c xut x t th trn Einbeck ca c. Mt cng tc ca vng min Nam khi thng thc loi bia ny rt thch th v cho nhp vo qu hng mnh.Bia nh ca n c to ra bi nhu cu c bit. Do lc ny n l thuc a ca Anh v vic cung cp bia cho mt ni c khang cch xa rt kh khn v d b h hng. V th sn phm ny s dng hm lng Hop rt cao v nng cn cng cao chng li h hng xy ra trong hi hnh vt bin t Anh n n . Kt qu sn phm ny rt gt v ng. D nh ban u ca nh cung cp s pha long vi nc sau khi n ni nhng khch hng thch th vi sn phm khng pha long hn.Bia nh Pilsener ra mt u tin ti Plzen mt a danh thuc Tip Khc nay l Cng ha Czech. N s dng k thut ln men lnh (ln men chm), nng cn thp v lm t nc c cng thp (mm). Ngy nay bia Pilsener rt ph bin ti Chu u.Trn y l nhng v d v ngun gc ca mt s kiu bia c in cn tn ti qua thi gian, cc kiu khc khng thy c chng c c th.Mt minh chng th v v xut x ca 1 kiu bia c ghi chp trong sch The Flowing Bowl xut bn nm 1899 ti Anh ni v cng thc to ra bia g trngCc kiu bia trn th giiTt c cc kiu bia trn th gii c th tm thy trn mng Internet ti a ch http://www.biatown.org/education/styles.html.Bia Ales xut x ti AnhLoi bia Anh c in ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.044- 1.056 (11- 140 Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.008- 1.016 (2- 4 0 Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 3.5- 4.2% (4.5- 5.5%) ng (IBU): 20- 40 mu (EBC): 5- 14 (10- 28 EBC)Loi bia Anh- n ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.050- 1.064 (12,5- 160 Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.012- 1.018 (3- 4,5 0 Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 4- 5,6% (5- 7%) ng (IBU): 35- 55 mu (EBC): 6- 14 (12- 28 EBC)Loi bia ng thng ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0331.038 (89.50Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0061.012 (1.530Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 2.43.0% (33.7%) ng (IBU): 2035 mu (EBC): 812 (1624 EBC)Bia ng v rt ng ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0381.045 (9.5110Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0061.012 (1.530Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 3.33.8% (4.14.8%) ng (IBU): 2846 mu (EBC): 814 (1628 EBC)Bia nh kiu Scottish ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0301.035 (7.590Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0061.012 (1.530Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 2.22.8% (2.83.5%) ng (IBU): 920 mu (EBC): 817 (1634 EBC)Bia nng kiu Scottish ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0351.040 (9100Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.00101.014 (2.53.50Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 2.83.2% (3.54%) ng (IBU): 1220 mu (EBC): 1019 (2038 EBC)Bia Scottish xut khu ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0401.050 (1012.50Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0101.018 (2.54.50Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 3.24.2% (4.05.3%) ng (IBU): 1525 mu (EBC): 1019 (2038 EBC)Bia nu kiu Anh ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0401.050 (1012.50Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0081.014 (23.50Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 3.34.7% (45.5%) ng (IBU): 1525 mu (EBC): 1522 (3044 EBC)Bia nu nng (Imperial Stout) ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0801.100 (19.5230Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0201.030 (47.50Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 5.59.5% (712%) ng (IBU): 5080 mu (EBC): 20- 40 EBCBia la mch kiu Anh (English-Style Barley Wine Ale) ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0851.120 (21.5280Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0241.032 (680Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 6.79.6% (8.412%) ng (IBU): 4060 mu (EBC): 1422 (2844 EBC)Cc sn phm xut x t Ailen (Irish Origin)Bia ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0401.048 (10120Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0101.014 (2.53.50Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 3.23.6% (44.5%) ng (IBU): 2028 mu (EBC): 1118 (2236 EBC)Bia c in ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0381.048 (9.5120Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0081.012 (230Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 3.24.2% (3.85%) ng (IBU): 3040 mu (EBC): 40+ (80+ EBC)Bia c xut x t Bc MBia nh kiu M ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0441.050 (1112.50Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0081.014 (23.50Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 3.54.3% (4.55.5%) ng (IBU): 2840 mu (EBC): 614 (1228 EBC)Bia nh n kiu M ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0501.070 (12.5170Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0121.018 (34.50Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 46% (57.5%) ng (IBU): 4065 mu (EBC): 614 (1228 EBC)Bia h phch/ kiu M ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0481.058 (1214.50Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0121.018 (34.50Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 3.54.8% (4.56%) ng (IBU): 3040 mu (EBC): 1118 (2236 EBC)Bia vng ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0451.056 (11140Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0081.016 (240Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 3.24% (45%) ng (IBU): 1525 mu (EBC): 37 (614 EBC)Bia nu nng kiu M ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0501.075 (1317.50Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0101.022 (2.55.50Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 4.57% (5.78.8%) ng (IBU): 3560 mu (EBC): 40+ (80+ EBC)Bia c xut x t cBia nu ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0441.048 (11120Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0081.014 (23.50Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 3.64% (4.35%) ng (IBU): 2548 mu (EBC): 1119 (2238 EBC)Bia kiu min Nam c Hefeweissbier ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0471.056 (11.8140Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0081.016 (240Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 3.94.4% (4.95.5%) ng (IBU): 1015 mu (EBC): 39 (618 EBC)Bia kiu min Nam c Kristal Weissbier ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0471.056 (11.814 0Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0081.016 (24 0Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 3.94.4% (4.95.5%) ng (IBU): 1015 mu (EBC): 39 (618 EBC)Bia kiu min Nam c Dunkel Weissbier ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0481.056 (1214 0Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0081.016 (24 0Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 3.84.3% (4.85.4%) ng (IBU): 1015 mu (EBC): 1019 (2038 EBC)Bia c xut x t B v PhpBia Flanders ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0441.056 (1114 0Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0081.016 (24 0Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 3.84.4% (4.85.2%) ng (IBU): 1525 mu (EBC): 1220 (2440 EBC)Bia Dubbel ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0501.070 (12.517 0Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0121.016 (34 0Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 4.86.0% (6.07.5%) ng (IBU): 1825 mu (EBC): 1418 (2836 EBC)Bia Tripel ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0601.096 (1524 0Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0081.020 (25 0Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 5.68.0% (7.010.0%) ng (IBU): 2025 mu (EBC): 3.57 (714 EBC)Bia nh ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0441.054 (1113.5 0Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0081.014 (23.5 0Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 3.25.0% (4.06.0%) ng (IBU): 2030 mu (EBC): 3.512 (724 EBC)Bia trng (Bia la m) ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0441.050 (1112.5 0Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0061.010 (1.52.5 0Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 3.84.4% (4.85.2%) ng (IBU): 1017 mu (EBC): 24 (48 EBC)Bia Lambic ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0441.056 (1114 0Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0001.010 (02.5 0Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 45% (56%) ng (IBU): 1123 mu (EBC): 613 (1226 EBC)Lager bia (Bia nh)Xut x c- Chu uBia Pilsener kiu c ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0441.050 (1112.50Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0061.012 (1.53 0Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 3.64.2% (45%) ng (IBU): 3040 mu (EBC): 34 (68 EBC)Bia Pilsener kiu Bohemian ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0441.056 (11140Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0141.020 (3.550Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 3.24% (45%) ng (IBU): 3045 mu (EBC): 37 (614 EBC)Bia Pilsener kiu Chu u ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0441.050 (1112.50Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0081.010 (22.5 0Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 3.64.2% (45%) ng (IBU): 1730 mu (EBC): 34 (68 EBC)Bia Bock truyn thng c ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0661.074 (16.518 0Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0181.024 (4.56 0Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 56% (67.5%) ng (IBU): 2030 mu (EBC): 2030 (4060 EBC)Bia xut x Nam MBia nh M ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0401.046 (1011.50Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0061.010 (1.52.50Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 3.24.0% (3.85%) ng (IBU): 514 mu (EBC): 24 (48 EBC)Bia t cn kiu M ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0241.040 (6100Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0021.008 (0.520Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 2.83.5% (3.54.4%) ng (IBU): 510 mu (EBC): 1.54 (38 EBC)Bia nh thp ng kiu M ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0241.036 (690Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 0.9921.004 (-2 n 10Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 2.83.5% (3.54.4%) ng (IBU): 310 mu (EBC): 1.510 (320 EBC)Bia cao cp kiu M ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0441.048 (1112 0Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0101.014 (2.53.50Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 3.64% (4.35%) ng (IBU): 615 mu (EBC): 26 (412 EBC)Bia c ngun gc khcBia c, chu M latin; nhit i ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0321.046 (811.50Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0041.010 (12.5 0Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 2.34.5% (2.95.6%) ng (IBU): 925 mu (EBC): 24 (48 EBC)Nc gii kht ln men c hng liu ng ban u (0Plato ): 1.0301.110 (7.5260Plato)ng st (0Plato ): 1.0061.030 (1.57.5 0Plato)Alcohol % khi lng (th tch): 29.5% (2.512%) ng (IBU): < thng 6> SMTWTFS

12345

6789101112

13141516171819

20212223242526

27282930

Top of Form

Bottom of FormTh mc ringTng hp( 18 )ti liu( 18 )k nng sng( 7 )gii tr( 8 )Bi mi nhtMT CHUYN BC MNH KH HIUDE CUONG ON THI TOT NGHIEP CDTP8KK HOCH THI TT NGHIPTAI LIEU CHUYEN NGANH TPK HOCH NGH TT K SU NM 2009Diem mon luat TP va CNCB che_ca phe_cacaoKhng ci khng ly tinIM MN NG BNH KOdua danh sach len nhe ku vip ngu gatRu cnKt Qu Bo Tr:Th Gii Di ng - Khuyn Mi c BitChnh sch Quyn Ring tCc iu khon Tha thun v S dng Dch vQui nh v cc Quyn S hu Tr tuTr gipNguyn tc Cng ngBn quyn 2010 Yahoo! Southeast Asia Pte. Ltd. (Co. Reg. No. 1999700735D). Gi ton quyn.