Tajuk_08_Kreativiti_100531

Kreativiti & Pembuatan Keputusan

Kreativiti dalam menjanakan alternatif

• Masalah komunikasi (penciptaan telefon biasa --- handphone)

• Peristiwa Singapura dilanggar todak• Kesesakan lalu-lintas di KL• Masalah pengangkutan ke KLIA• Masalah tempat letak kereta di UKM

Elemen kreativiti

• Vertical and lateral thinking (Edward de Bono, 1968)

Penyelesaian

Apa dia kreativiti

• Kreativiti = pengetahuan + imaginasi• Menghasilkan idea-idea atau produk yang

asli, sesuai dan beretika• Gabungan pengetahuan dan daya

imaginasi dalam menyelesaikan masalah

Fasa di mana kreativiti digunakan

• Bergantung kepada kekompleksan masalah• Fasa 1: Persediaan (preparation)

o Pencarian maklumat• Fasa 2: Penghasilan alternatif (production)

o Penyaranan idea o Dari ‘brain storming’ ke ‘synertics’ (pemikiran analogi)

• Fasa 3: Penilaian (evaluation)o Menilai idea mana yang paling sesuai dan efisien

Proses Berfikir secara Kreatif

• Orientationo Listing what to be solved

• Preparation and analysiso Fact-finding related to the listingo Establishing relationships among facts

• Brainstormingo More ideas, more solution

Proses Berfikir secara Kreatif

• Incubationo Don’t actively think about the problemo Allow subconscious mind to take aver

• Synthesis and verificationo Combination of the ideaso Advantage and disadvantage

• Pemikiran kreatif juga dikenali sebagai pemikiran divergen

• Pemikiran yang berdasarkan logik dan sistematik dikenali sebagai pemikiran divergen

Pemikiran Divergen (Guilford,1950)

Kreativiti• Menggunakan unsur-unsur intuitif, imaginasi• Sesuai digunakan untuk masalah terbuka ( tiada

jawapan yang dianggap tepat.• Memikirkan penyelesaian yang novel, luar biasa

dan pelik.• Kemahiran Pemikiran Divergen:

o Fluency -getting a large number of ideas or responds

o Flexibility- getting variety in categories of ideaso Elaboration-adding to existing ideao Originality- getting new,novel ideas

Pemikiran Konvergen (Guilford,1950)

Kepintaran• Diajarkan di sekolah-sekolah. • Menyelesaikan masalah tertutup.• Mencari jawapan dengan menggunakan

logik• Rasional, sistematik dan menggunakan

fakta-fakta secara tersusun rapi.• Contoh soalan. “Berapakah jumlah

dividen yang saya terima pada hujung tahun ini”

Contoh masalah yang memerlukan pemikiran kreatif• Bagaimana untuk mengatasi masalah

salahguna tandas awam?• Bagaimana untuk menawan hati lelaki

yang ego dan sombong?• Bagaimana menarik minat pelanggan

membeli produk baru?• Bagaimana menyekat penjualan CD cetak

rompak?

Keperluan untuk menyelesaikan masalah dengan kreatif

• Suspend judgmento Open mindo Judgment and criticism not permissible

• Develop a positive attitudeo All ideas are good

• Use checklistso Write down every ideas

• Be self-confident• Encourage others

o Praise and encouragement

Beberapa kekangan kepada kreativiti

• Takut kepada kegagalan/kerugian (risiko)• Tidak bersedia untuk dikritik (negative

thinking)• Tidak selesa dengan kekaburan• Kita percaya hanya terdapat satu jawapan

sahaja yang betul.

Penapisan & Penilaian Alternatif

• Dengan terperinci• Perlu dilakukan walau dengan masalah

yang kecil• Penapisan – mengetahui kelemahan &

kelebihan satu-satu alternatif• Membataskan kepada yang sangat

relevan – elak proses pemilihan yang panjang/rumit

Kaedah penyelesaian

• Lateral thinking (de Bono, 1973)• Brain storming• Jadual matriks• Dialectic reasoning (Mitroff & Emshoff, 1979)• Devil’s advocacy• Weighted ranking• Decision Tree• Influence Diagram

Kesimpulan

• Untuk menyelesaikan masalah atau mencari alternatif atau pilihan kita mesti menggunakan pemikiran divergen dan pemikiran konvergen.

• Pencarian masalah sangat penting agar kita menyelesaikan masalah yang betul.

• Terdapat pelbagai kekangan atau halangan untuk menggunakan kreativiti.

Latihan

• Dalam tempoh 2 minit. Senaraikan sebanyak mungkin kegunaan bagi klip kertas.

• Rekakan tiga cerita berdasarkan rangka Good news/Bad news/ Good newso Contoh (Good news) Cuti mid sem yang lepas saya

terjumpa dengan bil RM 50 di atas rumput. (Bad news) Bila saya hendak mengutip wang tersebut datang seekor ular mematuk saya. (Good news) Pemandu ambulan yang membawa saya ke hospital sungguh baik hati dan mengambil berat kini kami telah pun bertunang.

Maznah Hj [email protected]

5/31/2010 creativity n decision making

Creativity

• Creativity is a mental and social process involving the generation of new ideas or concepts, or new associations of the creative mind between existing ideas or concepts. Creativity is fueled by the process of either conscious or unconscious insight.

• An alternative conception of creativeness is that it is simply the act of making something new.


Definition and MeaningCreativity

Imagination / Fantasy + Logic / Rationality

Requirement:

• Availability of diverse information & Perspectives• Ability to combine Unrelated ideas• Optimism and Curiosity


WHAT IS CREATIVITY?

• Thinking of novel and appropriate ideas• Doing something that has not been done

before• Offering different and appropriate ideas• Looking at the same thing as everyone else

and thinking something different• Ability to view a situation from many

perspectives


WHAT IS NEEDED FOR CREATIVITY • Strong Memory

• Questioning Attitude

• Multi-disciplinary studies

• Independence

• Curiosity

• Persistent striving

• Sensitivity

• Imaginative Mind

• Tacit knowledge

• Creative thinking

• Lateral thinking

• Solitude (different)


SOLITUDE

Thinking

Inner-worldInnovation

Learning

Solitude


QUESTIONING ATTITUDE

I keep six honest serving menThey taught me all I knowTheir names are What and Why and WhenAnd How and Where and Who

-Rudyard Kipling




Quote: Imagination

• “Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination will take you everywhere”.

• Albert Einstein (1879-1955) quotes (German born American Physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity. Novel Prize for Physics in 1921.


WHEN DOES IMAGINATION WORK?

• multi-disciplinary studies

• large experience

• intimate knowledge of nature

• judgment

• deep reflection

• solitude



Human Brain

Left Brain

• Verbal• Analytical• In box• Defines• Organizes• Literal • Numerical

Right Brain

• Imaginative• Intuitive

• Visual• Unusual

Ways• Out of Box


VERTICAL AND LATERAL

Convergent/ Focusing on one Vertical Thinking Right Answer

Divergent/ Generating manyLateral Thinking Possibilities


CONVERGENT THINKING• Defining problem• Analyzing it• Alternative solutions• Evaluating alternatives• Choosing best alternative• Making logical inferences• Refining solution


DIVERGENT THINKING• Generating imaginative and unusual alternatives• Associative thinking• Analogical thinking• Metaphorical thinking• Symbolical thinking


VERTICAL IS SEQUENTIAL

B CA D

A B C D

G

LATERAL CAN JUMP


CHALLENGING ASSUMPTIONS

. . .

. . .

. . .


SOLUTION . . . . . .. . .



Creative Problem SolvingConventional Method

PROBLEM

Standard

TechniquesStyle

MethodsProcedures

Rules / Regulations

SOLUTIONS


Creative Problem SolvingCreative Method

SOLUTIONPROBLEM

ALTERNATIVES

Redefining

Imagining

Generating Ideas

Exploring

Analyzing

Evaluating Ideas

Judging

Using Logic


VERTICAL VS LATERAL

Vertical

• Stability oriented• Looks for solutions• Uses yes/no • Analytical • Unimaginative• High probability• Looking for right• Satisfied with the obvious

Lateral

• Change oriented• Looks for questions• Uses and/also• Provocative• Imaginative• Low probability• Looking for different• Goes beyond the obvious


Group Interaction & Dynamics

Techniques

• Brainstorming• Parallel thinking • Forced Relationship• Attribute Listing • Morphological Analysis


Group Interaction & Dynamics

Synectics Approach“ Making the Familiar Seem Strange”

• Direct Analogy ( Direct Comparison)• Personal Analogy ( Empathize)• Fantasy Analogy ( Constraint Free)• Symbolic Analogy ( Provocative Phrase)


Creativity and Leadership

Effective leadership

• become a hero maker rather than be a hero• promote and nurture a self leadership culture• lies in the efficient decision-making• encourage people to criticize and speak their mind

Tolerance to failure - A stepping stone to success.• Freedom to experiment

“leader is he who teaches others to lead themselves”


Documents

Tajuk_08_Kreativiti_100531