Teknologi Informasi Lanjut 1 - Gunadarma Universitymkusuma.staff.gunadarma.ac.id/Downloads/files/6318/Teknologi... · Kelemahan TIK di Indonesia ... (think search engines and knowledge

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Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi 00

PerkembanganPerkembangan TeknologiTeknologiInformasiInformasi dandan KomunikasiKomunikasi (TIK)(TIK)

Dr. Tb. Dr. Tb. MaulanaMaulana [email protected]@staff.gunadarma.ac.id

http://http://staffsite.gunadarma.ac.id/mkusumastaffsite.gunadarma.ac.id/mkusuma

TeknologiTeknologi InformasiInformasi LanjutLanjut

11Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

TujuanTujuan TIKTIK

MeningkatkanMeningkatkan kualitaskualitas hiduphidup dandan kesejahteraankesejahteraanmasyarakatmasyarakat..MeningkatkanMeningkatkan dayadaya saingsaing bangsabangsa..MemperkuatMemperkuat persatuanpersatuan dandan kesatuankesatuan nasionalnasional..MewujudkanMewujudkan pemerintahanpemerintahan yang yang transparantransparan..MeningkatkanMeningkatkan jatijati diridiri bangsabangsa didi tingkattingkatinternasionalinternasional..

(Draft (Draft bukubuku putihputih TIK TIK KementrianKementrian Negara Negara RisetRiset dandan TeknologiTeknologi, 2006), 2006)

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ParadigmaParadigma StrategiStrategi PembangunanPembangunanBangsaBangsa

TerjadiTerjadi pergeseranpergeseran daridari pembangunanpembangunanindustriindustri era era informasiinformasi..BerimplikasiBerimplikasi padapada transisitransisi perekonomianperekonomianduniadunia daridari resourceresource--based economybased economyknowledgeknowledge--based economybased economy..DiperlukanDiperlukan TIK yang TIK yang beperanbeperan sebagaisebagaipendukungpendukung dandan muatanmuatan utamautama produkproduknasionalnasional..


KepentinganKepentingan StakeholdersStakeholdersMasyarakatMasyarakat untukuntuk menujumenuju masyarakatmasyarakatberbasisberbasis pengetahuanpengetahuan (knowledge(knowledge--based based society).society).PublikPublik untukuntuk menujumenuju ee--Services.Services.PemerintahPemerintah untukuntuk menujumenuju terciptanyaterciptanya ee--GovernmentGovernment..IndustriIndustri untukuntuk menujumenuju industriindustri TIK global TIK global dandanberdayaberdaya saingsaing..LembagaLembaga IPTEKIPTEK untukuntuk menujumenuju lembagalembagaIPTEK IPTEK kelaskelas duniadunia..

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KekuatanKekuatan TIK IndonesiaTIK IndonesiaJumlahJumlah tenagatenaga kerjakerja yang yang cukupcukup besarbesar, , terampilterampildandan berpengalamanberpengalaman..IndustriIndustri besarbesar TIK TIK sudahsudah berinvestasiberinvestasi didiIndonesia (IBM, Oracle, Microsoft, SUN Indonesia (IBM, Oracle, Microsoft, SUN Microsystems, INTEL, Microsystems, INTEL, dlldll).).SecaraSecara alamiahalamiah telahtelah terbentukterbentuk komunitaskomunitas TIK TIK yang yang berpotensiberpotensi membangunmembangun clustercluster..IndustriIndustri pendukung/komponenpendukung/komponen sudahsudah diproduksidiproduksididi dalamdalam negerinegeri..TelahTelah tersediatersedia infrastrukturinfrastruktur meskipunmeskipun belumbelummeratamerata..


KelemahanKelemahan TIK TIK didi IndonesiaIndonesiaLingkunganLingkungan usahausaha belumbelum kondusifkondusif, , belumbelum adaada kepastiankepastianhukumhukum..DukunganDukungan risetriset, , pengembanganpengembangan dandan transfer transfer teknologiteknologimasihmasih lemahlemah karenakarena terbatasnyaterbatasnya pembiayaanpembiayaan..BelumBelum tersediatersedia standarstandar nasionalnasional Indonesia (SNI) Indonesia (SNI) untukuntukTIK.TIK.PasarPasar eksporekspor terbatasterbatas..KetergantunganKetergantungan barangbarang modal, modal, komponenkomponen dandan bahanbahanbakubaku imporimpor masihmasih tinggitinggi..TerbatasnyaTerbatasnya SDM SDM profesionalprofesional sebagaisebagai wirausahawanwirausahawanpengembangpengembang dibidangdibidang TIK.TIK.PotensiPotensi usahausaha berbasisberbasis TIK TIK belumbelum dikembangkandikembangkansecarasecara optimal.optimal.TingginyaTingginya tingkattingkat pembajakanpembajakan produkproduk pirantipiranti lunaklunak..

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PeluangPeluang

MembaiknyaMembaiknya perekonomianperekonomian nasionalnasional((diperkirakandiperkirakan pertumbuhanpertumbuhan ekonomiekonomiIndonesia 2005Indonesia 2005--2025 2025 beradaberada padapada kisarankisaran6%/tahun).6%/tahun).SemangatSemangat reformasireformasi dandan demokrasidemokrasi..TerbentuknyaTerbentuknya paradigmaparadigma ekonomiekonomi barubaru..MeningkatnyaMeningkatnya aksesakses informasiinformasi..GlobalisasiGlobalisasi..


TantanganTantanganMenyelaraskanMenyelaraskan kebijakankebijakan pembangunanpembangunan TIK TIK dandan kebijakankebijakan ekonomiekonomi..MeningkatkanMeningkatkan kemampuankemampuan sumbersumber dayadayamanusiamanusia (SDM).(SDM).MeningkatkanMeningkatkan pemahamanpemahaman pentingnyapentingnya budayabudayainformasiinformasi..MeningkatkanMeningkatkan peranperan duniadunia usahausaha besarbesar, , menengahmenengah dandan kecilkecil dalamdalam pengembanganpengembangan TIK.TIK.MeningkatkanMeningkatkan kemampuankemampuan dalamdalam pengelolaanpengelolaanhakhak kekayaankekayaan intelektualintelektual (HKI).(HKI).

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Modal Modal DasarDasar

MeningkatnyaMeningkatnya potensipotensi SDM SDM dandan sumbersumber dayadayaTIK.TIK.MeningkatnyaMeningkatnya kesadarankesadaran masyarakatmasyarakat terhadapterhadappentingnyapentingnya penguasaanpenguasaan TIK TIK sebagaisebagai pendukungpendukungdalamdalam pembangunanpembangunan ekonomiekonomi..MeningkatnyaMeningkatnya potensipotensi pasarpasar dalamdalam negerinegeri..BertambahnyaBertambahnya duniadunia usahausaha besarbesar dandan kecilkecil..BerkembangnyaBerkembangnya proses proses demokratisasidemokratisasi..


PrioritasPrioritas TIK TIK didi IndonesiaIndonesia

InfrastrukturInfrastruktur informasiinformasi..PerangkatPerangkat lunaklunak..KandunganKandungan (content) (content) informasiinformasi..PengembanganPengembangan SDM SDM dandan kelembagaankelembagaan..RegulasiRegulasi dandan standarisasistandarisasi..

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InfrastrukturInfrastruktur InformasiInformasi

JaringanJaringan informasiinformasi dandan telekomunikasitelekomunikasi..PertukaranPertukaran informasiinformasi..Digital broadcastingDigital broadcasting..PerangkatPerangkat keraskeras ((komputerkomputer, , instrumeninstrumen, , network devicesnetwork devices).).Community access pointCommunity access point..


PerangkatPerangkat LunakLunak

SistemSistem operasioperasi..SistemSistem aplikasiaplikasi..BahasaBahasa pemrogramanpemrograman ((development development toolstools).).PerangkatPerangkat lunaklunak open sourceopen source..SimulasiSimulasi dandan komputasikomputasi..

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KandunganKandungan InformasiInformasi

Repository.Repository.Information sharingInformation sharing..Creative digitalCreative digital..Data securityData security..ee--ServicesServices..


PengembanganPengembangan SDM SDM dandanKelembagaanKelembagaan

Training Training dandan pendidikanpendidikan..Research Research centercenter..KurikulumKurikulum TIK TIK dandan sertifikasisertifikasi..PemberdayaanPemberdayaan software housesoftware house lokallokal..InkubatorInkubator bisnisbisnis dandan competence competence centercenter..Seminar, Seminar, workshopworkshop dandan publikasipublikasi..PengembanganPengembangan information and information and communication technologycommunication technology (ICT) (ICT) parkpark..

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RegulasiRegulasi dandan StandarisasiStandarisasi

RegulasiRegulasi konvergensikonvergensi TIK.TIK.PengembanganPengembangan sistemsistem insentifinsentif..StandardisasiStandardisasi peralatanperalatan TIK.TIK.Universal service obligationUniversal service obligation (USO).(USO).


CiriCiri--ciriciri TIK TIK MasaMasa DatangDatang

KonvergensiKonvergensi..MiniaturisasiMiniaturisasi..EmbeddedEmbedded..OnOn--demanddemand..GridGrid..IntelligentIntelligent..

Wireless Wireless internetworkinginternetworking..Open sourceOpen source..SeamlessSeamlessintegrationintegration..Ubiquitous Ubiquitous (anytime, (anytime, anywhere)anywhere)..

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Global Information SystemGlobal Information System

Serves organizations in multiple countriesServes organizations in multiple countriesUsed by multinational corporationsUsed by multinational corporationsUsed by consumersUsed by consumers

Unavoidably, any information system that Unavoidably, any information system that is linked to a visible Website is a global ISis linked to a visible Website is a global IS


The Web and International The Web and International CommerceCommerce

The Web has become an important vehicle for The Web has become an important vehicle for B2B and B2C commerceB2B and B2C commerceRatio of nonRatio of non--English speakers to English speakers English speakers to English speakers is growingis growingThe Internet opens enormous global opportunitiesThe Internet opens enormous global opportunitiesChinese market is expected to be the largest in Chinese market is expected to be the largest in the futurethe futureThe Web offers opportunities to save on costsThe Web offers opportunities to save on costs

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Think Globally, Act LocallyThink Globally, Act Locally

GlocalizationGlocalization: design global sites to cater to : design global sites to cater to local needs: local needs: ““think globally, act locallythink globally, act locally””Be sensitive to regional customsBe sensitive to regional customsControl must be decentralizedControl must be decentralizedStrategic planning should be global, butStrategic planning should be global, but…………should be followed with local flavor should be followed with local flavor (take a cue (take a cue from McDonaldfrom McDonald’’s: at least one local dish)s: at least one local dish)


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Challenges of Global Challenges of Global Information SystemsInformation Systems

Global information systems face Global information systems face challenges:challenges:

Technological barriersTechnological barriersRegulations and tariffsRegulations and tariffsDifferences in payment mechanismsDifferences in payment mechanismsDifferent languages and culturesDifferent languages and culturesEconomic and political considerationsEconomic and political considerationsDifferent measurement standardsDifferent measurement standardsLegal barriersLegal barriers


Technological ChallengesTechnological Challenges

Not all countries have adequate information technology Not all countries have adequate information technology infrastructuresinfrastructuresBroadband communication lines are neededBroadband communication lines are neededCompanies can offer two versions of Web sites to Companies can offer two versions of Web sites to compensate for slower bandwidth compensate for slower bandwidth (feature(feature--rich, fewer features)rich, fewer features)

Language is a technological challengeLanguage is a technological challengeEightEight--bit bytes are not sufficient for languages with large bit bytes are not sufficient for languages with large character setscharacter setsUnicode allows for 65,536 charactersUnicode allows for 65,536 charactersMust coordinate with databases and applicationsMust coordinate with databases and applications

Telephone numbers are differentTelephone numbers are different--lengths in different lengths in different countries (not only a display challenge, but also XML)countries (not only a display challenge, but also XML)

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Regulations and TariffsRegulations and Tariffs

Countries have different importing Countries have different importing regulations and other regulations and other ““differentdifferent”” local lawslocal lawsExecutives are some times reluctant to Executives are some times reluctant to explore international opportunities explore international opportunities because of misperceived because of misperceived ““hassleshassles””Services such as Services such as NextLinxNextLinx (now owned by (now owned by

Management Dynamics)Management Dynamics) help importers and help importers and exporters to do Web commerceexporters to do Web commerce


Differences in Payment Differences in Payment MechanismsMechanisms

EE--commerce allows easy payment for commerce allows easy payment for online purchasesonline purchasesCredit cards are the preferred payment Credit cards are the preferred payment method in North America, but not in all method in North America, but not in all other countriesother countries

Japanese avoid using credit cards; allow them Japanese avoid using credit cards; allow them to purchase online but pick up and pay at to purchase online but pick up and pay at brickbrick--andand--mortar stores of business partners mortar stores of business partners

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Language DifferencesLanguage Differences

International parties must agree on a common languageInternational parties must agree on a common languageData might not be transmittable internationally in real Data might not be transmittable internationally in real time because the information must be translatedtime because the information must be translatedEnglish is considered the English is considered the de factode facto international language, international language, but a growing number of Web pages are in other but a growing number of Web pages are in other languages languages (think search engines and knowledge management)(think search engines and knowledge management)

Largest companies translate Web sites into local Largest companies translate Web sites into local languages languages (labor cost; must: attention to language nuances, even (labor cost; must: attention to language nuances, even within a country)within a country)


Cultural DifferencesCultural Differences

Different countries vary in their:Different countries vary in their:TastesTastesGesturesGesturesTreatment of peopleTreatment of peopleEthical issuesEthical issues

Conservative groups are against Conservative groups are against ““AmericanizationAmericanization””Web designers must be sensitive to Web designers must be sensitive to cultural differencescultural differences

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Conflicting Economic, Scientific, Conflicting Economic, Scientific, and Security Interestsand Security Interests

Scientific information is an important national Scientific information is an important national resourceresourceThe U.S. government restricts the export The U.S. government restricts the export (any way, (any way,

including downloading)including downloading) of encryption software of encryption software compromise national security compromise national security (see >64(see >64--bit key regulation: bit key regulation:

http://www.bis.doc.gov/encryption/MassMarket_Keys64bitsNUp.html)http://www.bis.doc.gov/encryption/MassMarket_Keys64bitsNUp.html)

The ease of Web posting and universal access The ease of Web posting and universal access to the Internet pose extra threats to national to the Internet pose extra threats to national security and corporate confidentiality security and corporate confidentiality

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Political ChallengesPolitical ChallengesInformation is powerInformation is powerGovernments may limit Internet use Governments may limit Internet use (e.g., (e.g., China, N. Korea, Singapore, Saudi Arabia; in China, China, N. Korea, Singapore, Saudi Arabia; in China, using Yahoo, MSN, or Google to search using Yahoo, MSN, or Google to search ““Taiwan,Taiwan,””““Tibet,Tibet,”” or or ““FalunFalun GongGong”” will yield nothing!)will yield nothing!)

Some countries oppose a policy of free Some countries oppose a policy of free access to informationaccess to information

Gives other nations the opportunity to control Gives other nations the opportunity to control indigenous resourcesindigenous resources

Governments may require software to be Governments may require software to be purchased within their borderspurchased within their borders

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Different StandardsDifferent Standards

Standards must be considered when Standards must be considered when integrating ISs internationally, lest integrating ISs internationally, lest --Records may be incompatibleRecords may be incompatible


Different Standards Different Standards (continued)(continued)

Different standards include:Different standards include:Communicating dates Communicating dates (What is 4/3/06?)(What is 4/3/06?)

Times Times (5 PM or 17:00?)(5 PM or 17:00?)

Temperatures Temperatures (Celsius or Fahrenheit?)(Celsius or Fahrenheit?)

Addresses Addresses (#, Street, Town vs. Street, #, Town)(#, Street, Town vs. Street, #, Town)

U.S. is the U.S. is the onlyonly country that officially still uses country that officially still uses nonnon--metric units and the metric units and the month/day/year month/day/year notation. This causes duplication and the need notation. This causes duplication and the need for conversion software.for conversion software.Web design: Allow flexibility when controlling Web design: Allow flexibility when controlling formform--fields of telephone #s and other fields.fields of telephone #s and other fields.

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Using different standards can be very costlyUsing different standards can be very costlyNASA lost a spacecraft because of measurement unit NASA lost a spacecraft because of measurement unit discrepancydiscrepancy

European Article Number (EAN)European Article Number (EAN): bar code that : bar code that includes an extra number to identify the productincludes an extra number to identify the product’’s s country of origincountry of originUniversal Product Code (UPC)Universal Product Code (UPC): American : American standard without the last country code numberstandard without the last country code numberGS1GS1--US US (formerly: Uniform Code Council):(formerly: Uniform Code Council): promoted the promoted the use of the European standard. use of the European standard. (World Org.: GS1)(World Org.: GS1)

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Companies must adapt ISs to Companies must adapt ISs to de factode facto or or formal standardsformal standardsAdapting Adapting ISsISs to intto int’’l product codes is l product codes is essential in global supply chainsessential in global supply chainsThere is a push for using RFID tags (to There is a push for using RFID tags (to hold hold EPCEPC –– electronic product code electronic product code ----instead of barcodes)instead of barcodes)


Legal BarriersLegal Barriers

Countries have different laws, which poses Countries have different laws, which poses challenges:challenges:

International transfer of dataInternational transfer of dataFree speechFree speechLocation of legal proceedingsLocation of legal proceedings

Respect for privacy in international Respect for privacy in international business is an unresolved challengebusiness is an unresolved challengeMajority of democratic nations protect Majority of democratic nations protect individual privacy at least to some extentindividual privacy at least to some extent

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Legal Barriers Legal Barriers (continued)(continued)

European Union practices may conflict European Union practices may conflict with U.S. practices: with U.S. practices:

Personal data is collected only for specified Personal data is collected only for specified purposespurposesOrganizations must ask a personOrganizations must ask a person’’s permission s permission to collect, maintain, process, and transfer to collect, maintain, process, and transfer personal datapersonal dataCollecting organizations must identify Collecting organizations must identify themselvesthemselvesEUEU citizens have discrepancy rightscitizens have discrepancy rights



American companies are busy collecting American companies are busy collecting data for marketingdata for marketingSafe HarborSafe Harbor: an arrangement brokered by : an arrangement brokered by U.S. Dept of Commerce. A list of U.S. U.S. Dept of Commerce. A list of U.S. companies that agreed to comply with the companies that agreed to comply with the EU directive with respect to EU directive with respect to EUEU citizens. citizens. Enables U.S. companies to trade with Enables U.S. companies to trade with EUEUwith violating the with violating the EUEU law. law. See: See: www.export.gov/safeharborwww.export.gov/safeharbor

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Other laws affect:Other laws affect:Online gamblingOnline gamblingOnline sale of alcohol and drugsOnline sale of alcohol and drugsOnline auctions and auctions of certain items Online auctions and auctions of certain items (e.g., Nazi memorabilia)(e.g., Nazi memorabilia)



Traditional law is territorialTraditional law is territorial““CyberlawCyberlaw”” cannot be applied to territorycannot be applied to territory

You live in the U.S., place a purchase order on a WebYou live in the U.S., place a purchase order on a Web--server server placed in the U.K., and the item is shipped from China. Where diplaced in the U.K., and the item is shipped from China. Where did d the transaction take place, legally?the transaction take place, legally?

Two approaches:Two approaches:Country of Origin Country of Origin (buyer can only sue in the seller(buyer can only sue in the seller’’s country)s country)

Country of Destination Country of Destination (buyer can sue in her own country)(buyer can sue in her own country)EUEU passed a law: Country of Origin. No legal approach in U.S.passed a law: Country of Origin. No legal approach in U.S.

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Different Time ZonesDifferent Time Zones

Different global regions require policies for work Different global regions require policies for work and information systemsand information systemsTeams in support centers must work at (locally) Teams in support centers must work at (locally) unusual times unusual times (e.g., U.S. workers [3 (e.g., U.S. workers [3 PM]PM] need online help in realneed online help in real--

time from Indian programmers time from Indian programmers [1[1 AM])AM])

Managers must be aware of incorrect time Managers must be aware of incorrect time stampingstampingSystems at both locations can be designed to Systems at both locations can be designed to record the local times of both locations or record record the local times of both locations or record a single time a single time (for example, at company headquarters)(for example, at company headquarters)

Documents

Teknologi Informasi Lanjut 1 - Gunadarma Universitymkusuma.staff.gunadarma.ac.id/Downloads/files/6318/Teknologi... · Kelemahan TIK di Indonesia ... (think search engines and knowledge