2

∆∆√√ ªª√√ÀÀ™™∂∂ππ√√

∂∂••∞∞ªª∏∏¡¡ππ∞∞ππ∞∞ ∂∂∫∫¢¢√√™™∏∏ ∆∆∏∏™™ ∂∂¶¶ππ∆∆ƒƒ√√¶¶∏∏™™ ªª√√ÀÀ™™∂∂ππøø¡¡ ∆∆√√ÀÀ ¶¶∞∞¡¡∂∂¶¶ππ™™∆∆∏∏ªªππ√√ÀÀ ∞∞££∏∏¡¡øø¡¡

ññ ∆∆∂∂ÀÀÃÃ√√™™ 33oo

ππ√√ÀÀ¡¡ππ√√™™ 22000033IISSSSNN:: 11110099--77443344

™™ÀÀ¡¡∆∆∞∞∫∫∆∆ππ∫∫∏∏ √√ªª∞∞¢¢∞∞

ññ ∂∂ÎΉ‰��ÙÙˢ̃ -- ÀÀ��‡‡ıı˘̆ÓÓÔÔ˜̃ ÛÛ‡‡ÌÌÊʈ̂ÓÓ·· ÌÌ ÙÙÔÔÓÓ ÓÓ��ÌÌÔÔ::∞ÓÙÈ�Ú‡Ù·Ó˘ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ & ∞Ó¿�Ù˘Í˘, ηı. ª. ¢ÂÚÌÈÙ˙¿Î˘

ññ ™™‡‡ÓÓÙÙ··ÍÍËË,, ∂∂��ÈÈÌÌ��ÏÏÂÂÈÈ·· ¶¶··ÚÚÔÔ˘̆ÛÛ››··ÛÛˢ̃::ª. π. ¶·�·ÁÚËÁÔÚ¿Î˘ ∫. ª. ¢ÂÚÌÈÙ˙¿ÎË∆. ¢ÔÍ·Ó¿ÎË

ññ ∂∂��ÈÈÌÌ��ÏÏÂÂÈÈ·· ∫∫ÂÂÈÈÌÌ��ÓÓˆ̂ÓÓ::X. ™Ô˚Ï�

ññ ™™¯̄‰‰ÈÈ··ÛÛÌÌ��˜̃::∞. & ∫. ™·ÌÔ˝Ï˘

ññ ∂∂ÎÎÙÙ‡‡��ˆ̂ÛÛËË::B. & E. ª�·Ì�¿Ë˜

™™ÙÙÔÔ ÙÙ‡‡¯̄ÔÔ˜̃ ··˘̆ÙÙ�� ÛÛ˘̆ÓÓÂÂÚÚÁÁ¿¿ÛÛÙÙËËÎη·ÓÓ::µ. ∞ÚÁ˘ÚÔ�Ô‡ÏÔ˘ª. ∫·Ú·‚·Û›ÏË∂. ∫›ÙÙ·∞. ∫Ô˘ÙÛÂÏ›Ó˘°. §‡Ú·˜ ∂. ªÈÎÂÏ¿Î˘°. ¶·Ó·ÁÈ¿Ú˘¡. ¶·�·‰¿ÙÔ˜™. ¶˘Ú�‡ÏË ∂. ™Ù·Ì·ÙÔ�Ô‡ÏÔ˘º. ∆ÚÈ�ÔÏÈÙÛÈÒÙÔ˘¶. ÃÚÈÛÙÔ‰Ô‡ÏÔ˘

¢¢Èȇ‡ıı˘̆ÓÓÛÛËË:: °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù›· ªÂÙ·�Ù˘¯È·ÎÔ‡ “ª√À™∂π∞∫ø¡ ™¶√À¢ø¡”¡�Ô ∫Ù‹ÚÈÔ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡¶·ÓÂ�ÈÛÙËÌÈÔ‡�ÔÏË, 157 84, ∑ˆÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘

∆∆ËËÏÏ��Êʈ̂ÓÓ·· ÂÂ��ÈÈÎÎÔÔÈÈÓÓˆ̂ÓÓ››··˜̃:: 210 74 61 229, 210 74 76 465

EE--mmaaiill:: manjpap@dent.uoa.gradoxana@arch.uoa.graikdermi@arch.uoa.gr

EEÍÍÒÒÊÊ˘̆ÏÏÏÏoo:: √È ÊˆÙÔÁڷʛ˜ �ÚÔ�Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·�� ÙÔ ªÔ˘Û›Զ·Ï·ÈÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È °ÂˆÏÔÁ›·˜ ηıÒ˜ Î·È ·��ÙÔ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È πÛÙÔÚ›·˜ Ù˘∆�¯Ó˘ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂ�ÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ.

√¢∏°π∂™ ™À¡∆∞•∏™ ∞ƒ£ƒ√À√È ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ˘fiÎÂÈÓÙ·È Û ÎÚ›ÛË ·fi ÙËÓ ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡. √È ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÚˆÙfiÙ˘Â˜. ™Â ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô˘ ÌÈ· ÂÚÁ·Û›· Á›ÓÂÈ ‰ÂÎÙ‹ ÁÈ· ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË Ô Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜ -ÂȘ ı· ÂÓËÌÂÚˆı›.

¢√ª∏:ñ ª¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘:

1000-1500 ϤÍÂȘñ ™ÂÏ›‰· ∆›ÙÏÔ˘:

Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ Ù›ÙÏÔ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ı¤ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ, ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ΤÓÙÚÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È, ÙË ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ, ÙËϤʈÓÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË. °È· ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ·ÓˆÓ˘Ì›·˜ Ù· ÚÔÛˆÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙˆÓ ÁÚ·ÊfiÓÙˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÔÓÙ·È, ·ÏÏ¿ ÚÔÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ì ÙË Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÈÙÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡

ñ ∫˘Ú›ˆ˜ £¤Ì·:∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙÔ ı¤Ì· ÙÔ˘ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘ (̤¯ÚÈ 200 ϤÍÂȘ): ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ÁÂÓÈ΋ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô, Ù· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·. ÀfiÙÈÙÏÔÈ, ·Ó ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜

ñ ∂›ÏÔÁÔ˜ñ ÃÚ‹ÛË µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜:

√È ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ˘Ô‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È Ó· Û˘ÌʈÓÔ‡Ó Û ÌÔÚÊ‹ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜Ô˘ ÔÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈϤÍÂÈ.

ñ ¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘ ÛÙ· ∞ÁÁÏÈο (ˆ˜ 300 ϤÍÂȘ)ª√ƒº∏:ñ √È ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ˘Ô‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È Û ÓÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ‰ËÌÔÙÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ·

Û ÌÔÓÔÙÔÓÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Î·È ‰·ÎÙ˘ÏÔÁÚ·ÊË̤Ó˜ Û ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ªÔÚÊ‹ WordÛ ·ÚÈıÌË̤Ó˜ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜

ñ °Ú·ÌÌ·ÙÔÛÂÈÚ¿ Times New Romanñ ª¤ÁÂıÔ˜ °Ú·ÌÌ·ÙÔÛÂÈÚ¿˜ 12ñ ¶·Ú·Ô̤˜ ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ:

™ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ÔÈ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ú·Ô̤˜ ı· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÙÈÌ¿Ù (Humanities Style ‹ Author Date Style), ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ›Ù Ì ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋ ·Ú·ÔÌ‹, ›Ù ۇÌʈӷ Ì ÙÔ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·,Ì ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÔÓfiÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ· Î·È ÙÔ ¤ÙÔ˜ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘Û˘ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ë ·Ú·ÔÌ‹

∂π∫√¡∂™ - ¶π¡∞∫∂™ - ºø∆√°ƒ∞ºπ∂™:∆fiÛÔ ÔÈ ÂÈÎfiÓ˜, fiÛÔ Î·È Ù· ۯ‰ȷÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Î·È ÔÈ ›Ó·Î˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ˆ˜ ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ (.¯. ∂ÈÎ. 1) Î·È Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÚÈıÌË̤ӷ, Û˘Óԉ¢fiÌÂÓ· ·fi ÂÂÍËÁËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÏÂ˙¿ÓÙ·. √È ·ÚÈıÌÔ› ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û¯Â‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ. √È Ù›ÙÏÔÈ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ, ÙˆÓ Û¯Â‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‹ ÙˆÓ ÈÓ¿ÎˆÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È Û ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ‹ ÛÂÏ›‰· Ì·˙› Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú›ıÌËÛË Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ. ∞Ó Ù˘¯fiÓ ÌÈ· ÂÈÎfiÓ· ‹ ¤Ó·˜ ›Ó·Î·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ËÌÔÛÈ¢Ù› ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚ·, Ô Ù›ÙÏÔ˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ÙË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿. √È ÂÈÎfiÓ˜, ÔÈ ›Ó·Î˜ Î·È Ù· ۯ‰ȷÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÔÛÙ¤ÏÏÔÓÙ·È Î·ÓÔÓÈο, ÔfiÙ ı· ·Ó·ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ›Ûˆ ̤ÚÔ˜ Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ Û ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹. √È ÊˆÙÔÁڷʛ˜ - ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ ı· ÂÈÛÙÚ¤ÊÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜, ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ·›ÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙË Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡.

H ·ÔÁ‡ÌÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂ıÓÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Ù˘ µ·Á‰¿Ù˘ Î·È Ë ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË

ÏÂËÏ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙË Ï‹ÍË ÙˆÓ Â¯ıÚÔÚ·ÍÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ··ÈÙ› ÙËÓ

ÂÁÚ‹ÁÔÚÛË Ù˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· ·ÔÙڷ› ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙÂ

ηٷÛÙÚÔÊ‹ Î·È ÂÌÔÚ›· Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜. ∏ ¤ÎÏËÍË Ô˘

ÚÔοÏÂÛ·Ó ÔÈ ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ Ù˘ ·Ú·Á‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‹Ù·Ó

ÌÂÁ¿ÏË, ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ ¤Ó·˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÂÈ

Ï‹ıÔ˜ ¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ Î·È ¢È·ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ™˘Ì‚¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÓfiÌˆÓ Ô˘ ηÙÔ¯˘ÚÒÓÔ˘Ó

ÙÔÓ Û‚·ÛÌfi Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·Á·ıÒÓ

Û ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ¤ÓÔÏ˘ Û‡Úڷ͢, Ì ÚÔÂͤ¯Ô˘Û· Î·È Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚ· ÁÓˆÛÙ‹

·˘Ù‹Ó Ù˘ ÿÁ˘, ÙÔ˘ 1954. ¶·Ú¿ ÙȘ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ Î·È ÙË

‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ηٷÎÚ·˘Á‹, Ë ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿ ¿ÓÙ· ı· ÎÈÓ‰˘Ó‡ÂÈ ·fi

ÙÔ˘˜ ·Û˘Ó›‰ËÙÔ˘˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ, ‰Ú¿ÙÙÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Â˘Î·ÈÚ›·,

ı· ÙËÓ ÂÎÌÂÙ·ÏÏ¢ÙÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ fiÊÂÏÔ˜. ªÂ ¤Ó·˘ÛÌ·

ÏÔÈfiÓ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÛÙÔ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Ù˘ µ·Á‰¿Ù˘, ·ÔÊ·Û›Û·ÌÂ

Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ù‡¯Ô˜ Ó· ˘ÂÓı˘Ì›ÛÔ˘Ì Ì ¤Ó· ¿ÚıÚÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ ËıÈ΋˜

‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÏÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È¤Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜

ªÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜.

™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· ¿ÚıÚ· Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ·˘Ùfi

ÙÔ Ù‡¯Ô˜, ¤Ó· Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ¶·Ï·ÈÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ηÈ

°ÂˆÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ Î·È ¤Ó· ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ ªÔ˘Û›Ô

º˘ÛÈ΋˜ πÛÙÔÚ›·˜ Ù˘ ºÈÏÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ∂Ù·ÈÚ›·˜.

∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÙÚ›· ¿ÚıÚ·, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ó ‰‡Ô ͯˆÚÈÛÙ¤˜

‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‚ȈÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ

ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ

ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ. ∆· ‰‡Ô ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ Î·È ¤Ó· ÙÚ›ÙÔ

Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜.

™ÙÔ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ Ù‡¯Ô˜ ˙ËÙ‹Û·Ì ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˜ Ì·˜ Ó· Ì¿˜

ÁÓˆÛÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚfiıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi,

fiˆ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ô„Ë ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ˘ ∂ıÓÈÎÔ‡

Î·È ∫·Ô‰ÈÛÙÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ. £· ı¤Ï·Ì ӷ ¢¯·ÚÈÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ

fiÏÔ˘˜ fiÛÔÈ ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚ›ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙÔ Î¿ÏÂÛÌ¿ Ì·˜ Î·È Ì·˜ ·Ë‡ı˘Ó·Ó ıÂÙÈο Û¯fiÏÈ·,

·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÂÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌËÙÈ΋ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌÔÚ¤ÛÔ˘Ì ӷ ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÛÔ˘Ì ·ÎfiÌ·

ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Î·È ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓÙ‡Ô˘.

Ÿˆ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÂÈÛËÌ¿ÓÂÈ ÛÙ· ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ· Ù‡¯Ë ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡, ÛÎÔfi˜ Ù˘

·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ÌÔÚÊ‹, ÒÛÙ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ

Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ‚·ÛÈο fiÚÁ·Ó· ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ

ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Ù˘ ªÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜. °È· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÛÎÔÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡, Ë Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋

ÔÌ¿‰· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÎÚÈÓ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ó· ‰ÔıÔ‡Ó ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˜

Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÈÙ‡¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ÙÔÓ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙfi

ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Î·È ÙËÓ ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ÔÌÔÈÔÌÔÚÊ›· ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹

Î·È ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘. ª¤Û· Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ, Û·˜ ·Ú·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ì Û ·˘Ùfi

ÙÔ Ù‡¯Ô˜ ÙȘ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÔ›

Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘.

∞fi ÙËÓ

ÔÌ¿‰· Û˘ÓÙ·Í˘ ÙÔ˘

ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡

∏ ·ÊÔÚÌ‹ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ Ô˘·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ‰fiıËΠ·fi ÙȘ ÂÈÎfiÓ˜

Û‡ÏËÛ˘ Î·È Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÛÙÔ∂ıÓÈÎfi ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜

·¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ, ·Ú¿ ÙȘ fiÔȘ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ Û˘Ì‚¿ÛÂȘ, ÓfiÌÔ˘˜‹ ÎÒ‰ÈΘ ËıÈ΋˜, Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ıÂÛ›ÛÂÈ

Ë ¢ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ∫ÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·, ¿ÓÙ·ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ Ô˘ ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó

Û ΛӉ˘ÓÔ ÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Ù˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜. ªÂ

¤Ó·˘ÛÌ· ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ·, ÛÎÔfi˜ÙÔ˘ ÚÒÙÔ˘ ̤ÚÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È Ó·

ηٷÁÚ·ÊÔ‡Ó Û ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ÁÚ·Ì̤˜ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÔ‡˜

ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ÂÎÚÔÛˆÔ‡Ó Ù·ÌÔ˘Û›· Î·È ÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· ÙÔ˘

ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏfiÁÔ˘, Ó· ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËı› ÔÈ·Â›Ó·È Ë Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘ ËıÈÎÔ‡

∫Ò‰Èη ¢ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ÙԢ·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏfiÁÔ˘

ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ó· ÂÈÛËÌ·ÓıÔ‡Ó Î¿ÔÈ··fi Ù· ‚·ÛÈο ÛËÌ›· ÙˆÓ Îˆ‰›ÎˆÓ,

Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚʈı› ÌÈ·ÁÂÓÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ËıÈΤ˜

ÂÈÙ·Á¤˜ Ô˘ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÔÈ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÎÒ‰ÈΘ ÛÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi

ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ. ∂Ó Û˘Ó¯›·, ÛÙԉ‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡,

ı· ηٷÁÚ·ÊÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈÚfiÛÎÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÂίÒÚËÛ˘

·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ Û˘Ìʈӛ˜ Î·È ÎÒ‰ÈΘ

ËıÈ΋˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ‰ÂÛÌÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ

ÂÈÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ̉ȷʿÓÂÈ· Î·È Û‚·ÛÌfi ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ

ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿ ÔÏfiÎÏËÚ˘Ù˘ ·ÓıÚˆfiÙËÙ·˜.

√ ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Û οı ÂÚÁ·ÛÈ·ÎfiÙÔ̤· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÛÙËÓËıÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û·˘ÙfiÓ. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, Ô Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È ËËıÈ΋ ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· Â›Ó·È ‰‡Ô ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ¿ÚÚËÎÙ·, ÔχÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ‰Â fiÙ·Ó ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÌÔ˘Û›Ô.Ÿˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ Ô Peter van Mensch, Ë·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· ·ÓÙÂÂͤÏıÔ˘Ó Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›· Î·È ÙÔÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔÎ·È ÛÙȘ ËıÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙ·Á¤˜ Ô˘ ·˘Ùfi˜ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÒıËÛ ÙÔ˘˜ ˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ›˜Ó· Û˘ÓÙ¿ÍÔ˘Ó ÎÒ‰ÈΘ ËıÈ΋˜ Ì ÛÎÔfi Ó·ÔÚÈÔıÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÙÔÓ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙÔ˘˜. ™˘¯Ó¿ Ë Û‡ÓÙ·ÍË ÂÓfi˜ÎÒ‰Èη ËıÈ΋˜ ·Ó·Ï‹ÚˆÓ ÙÔ ÎÂÓfi Ô˘ÚÔηÏÔ‡ÛÂ Ë ÂÏÏÈ‹˜ ÓÔÌÈ΋ ηÙÔ¯‡ÚˆÛËÙ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ Ù˘ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ (Van Mensch 28/3/2003, 1-2).¶Ò˜ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fï˜ ¤Ó·˜ ËıÈÎfi˜ ∫Ò‰Èη˜¢ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜; ™ÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ «Ethics andMuseology» ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ÔÚÈÛÌÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ô‰ÒÛÂÈ ÁÓˆÛÙÔ›ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙˆÓ ªÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ·˘Ùfi (VanMensch 28/3/2003, 3):ñ «Ô ËıÈÎfi˜ ÎÒ‰Èη˜ ·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡ÂÈ ¤Ó·

ȉ·ÓÈÎfi Î·È Â›Ó·È ËıÈο Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ˜ Ì ٷ ̤ÏË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÌ¿‰·˜»

ñ «Ô ËıÈÎfi˜ ÎÒ‰Èη˜ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Î·ıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË Î·È Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¤˜ ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ·ÌÊÈÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ˘ ËıÈ΋˜»

ñ «ÂÂÍËÁ› ÙËÓ ËıÈ΋ ¢ı‡ÓË ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ»

ñ «ÚÔÛٷهÂÈ ÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· ÙÔ˘ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏfi-

ÁÔ˘ Î·È ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ηٷÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ¯¿ÚÙË ÔÚı‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, fiÙ·Ó ¤Ó·˜ ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ˜ Û ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·Îfi ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ‰È·Ú¿ÍÂÈ Î¿ÙÈ ·Ó‹ıÈÎÔ».

øÛÙfiÛÔ, ¤ÛÙ ̂Î·È ·Ó ¤Ó· ̃∫Ò‰Èη ̃¢ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ÔÚÈÔıÂÙ› ÙË ıÂÌÈÙ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Û ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù··ÌÊÈÏÂÁfiÌÂÓË ̃ËıÈ΋ ,̃ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ô‡Ù ‰fiÁÌ·,ԇ٠ΛÌÂÓÔ ÓÔÌÈ΋ ̃ÈÛ¯‡Ô .̃ ∂Ô̤ӈ ,̃ ·ÎfiÌ·Î·È ·Ó ÔÈ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓÔÈ Î·ÓfiÓ ̃Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜‰ÂÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙÔ‡Ó, ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ Û˘Ó¿ÁÂÙ·È ÓÔÌÈΤ˜ÂÈÙÒÛÂÈ̃ . ∂›Ó·È ÛÙÔ ¯¤ÚÈ ÙÔ ̆οı ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ˘ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ ̆ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ̆Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ∫Ò‰Èη ¢ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· ̃·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÈ̃ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂÈ̃οı ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ̃(Carr 2001, 32). øÛÙfiÛÔ, ¤Ó·˜ËıÈÎfi ̃ÎÒ‰Èη ̃·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· ·ÍÈfiÏÔÁÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔÂη›‰Â˘ÛË ̃Î·È Î·ıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË ,̃ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÁÈ· Ù·

¿ÙÔÌ· ÂΛӷ Ô ̆ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ ̆ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô .̆ ª¤Û· Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ È‰Ú‡ıËΠ¤Ó· ̃·ÚÈıÌfi ,̃΢‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÌË, ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙÔÈÎÒÓÂÓÒÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ¿ÌÂÛË·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, fiˆ˜·˘Ù¿ ÚÔ¤Î˘Ù·Ó ·fi ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋.√È ÂÓÒÛÂÈ̃ Î·È ÔÈ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ› ·˘ÙÔ›1 ÚÔ¤‚ËÛ·ÓÛÙË Û‡ÓÙ·ÍË Îˆ‰›ÎˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ̃Ì ·ÒÙÂÚÔÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ È̆Ôı¤ÙËÛË ÁÂÓÈÎÒÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ÂÚÁ·˙Ô̤ÓÔ˘ ̃Ô ̆·Ó‹Î·Ó ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙˆÓÌÔ˘Û›̂ Ó. ∆· ËıÈο ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÙˆÓ Îˆ‰›ÎˆÓÛ˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ̃·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ·Ó ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ÛÎËÛËÙÔ ̆·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·ÙÔ .̃ ™Â ÔÔÈÔÓ‰‹ÔÙ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÔ̤·, Ë Û‡ÛÙ·ÛË ÂÓfi ̃ÎÒ‰Èη·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ̃‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· ̃ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ‡·ÚÍË ÂÓfi ̃·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ̆·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·ÙÔ .̃øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ ̆ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁÈÎԇ·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·ÙÔ ̃ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ ‹Ù·Ó ·ÓÙÂÛÙÚ·Ì̤ÓÔÈ,ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Έ‰›ÎˆÓ ËıÈ΋ ̃¤·ÈÍÂηıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ Â‰Ú·›̂ ÛË Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍËÙÔ ̆·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·ÙÔ ̃ÙÔ ̆ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏfiÁÔ ,̆ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ̃ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ Î·ıÒ ̃ηÈÛÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙË ̃ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ̃ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ. H Ù¿ÛË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ̃ÎÔÈÓ‹ ̃ËıÈ΋ ̃ÂÎ̤ÚÔ˘ ̃ÙÔ ̆ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›̂ Ó, Ô˘ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÈ̃ ·Ú¯¤ ̃ÙÔ ̆·ÈÒÓ·, ÔfiÙÂÁ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÚÒÙ ̃ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ ̃Û‡ÛÙ·ÛË ̃ËıÈÎÒÓΈ‰›ÎˆÓ, ›̄  ˆ ̃ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· ·Ó·Á¿ÁÂÈ ÙÔ¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· ÛÙË ÛÊ·›Ú· ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈṲ̂ӈÓ·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ. √ ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚÔ˜ ÁÓˆÛÙfi˜ ÎÒ‰Èη˜ ËıÈ΋˜·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ ÂÓÙÔÌÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ηȤ¯ÂÈ ËÌÂÚÔÌËÓ›· ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘ ÙÔ 1898. ™ÂÂ›Â‰Ô ÂıÓÈÎfi, Ô ÚÒÙÔ˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ Ô˘Û˘Ó¤Ù·Í ∫Ò‰Èη ¢ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ô°ÂÚÌ·ÓÈÎfi˜ √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ, ÙÔ 1918.√ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˜ ÎÒ‰Èη˜ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆÓfiÙ·ÓÛ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ËıÈ΋˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÂÌÔÚ›·¤ÚÁˆÓ Ù¤¯Ó˘. ™ÙËÓ ÔÚ›· Î·È ¿ÏÏÔÈ ÂıÓÈÎÔ›ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ› ÚÔ¤‚ËÛ·Ó ÛÙË Û‡ÓÙ·ÍËΈ‰›ÎˆÓ ËıÈ΋˜. ∆Ô 1906 ȉڇıËΠË∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛË ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ Ì ÛÎÔfi Ó·‚ÂÏÙÈÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛÊÂÚfiÌÂÓˆÓ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ ÚÔ˜ fiÊÂÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ÎÔÈÓÔ‡. ª¤Û· Û ·˘Ù¿ Ù· Ï·›Ûȷۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ ÁÈ·ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Â͢ËÚ¤ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡, Ë∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛË ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛÂÙÔ 1925 ÙÔÓ ‰ÈÎfi Ù˘ ÎÒ‰Èη2 (Mac Donald,1999, 257-61). ∆Ô ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù˘∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ ÙÔ 1977 Ë µÚÂÙ·ÓÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛËªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÂÔ¯‹, ËıÈÎÔ›ÎÒ‰ÈΘ ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È ·fi ¿ÏϘ ¯ÒÚ˜,ÂÓÒ ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ Û˘ÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ∫Ò‰ÈΘ¢ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜

4

◊ıÔ˜ Î·È ™˘ÏÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ

∫ø¢π∫∂™ ∏£π∫∏™¢∂√¡∆√§√°π∞™ ∫∞π ª√À™∂π∞

5

ÂȉÈÎfiÙËÙ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ, fiˆ˜·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙ‹, ÙÔ˘ ˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔ˘ ÙˆÓÛ˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ, ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈԷȉ·ÁˆÁÔ‡, ÙÔ˘˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ˆÏËÙËÚ›Ô˘ ÙÔ‡ ÌÔ˘Û›ԢÎ.Ï. (Van Mensch 28/3/2003, 3-5).ª¤Û· Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ, Ë ÛÙÂÓ‹ Û¯¤ÛË·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ËıÈ΋ ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÛÙËÓ‡·ÚÍË ÂÓfi˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘ ·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·ÙÔ˜Â›Ó·È ÚÔÊ·Ó‹˜ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ∫Ò‰Èη¢ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ (ICOM). ∞‰È·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ· ÙÔICOM Â›Ó·È Ô Î˘ÚÈfiÙÂÚÔ˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙËÓ˘ËÚÂÛ›· ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ Û ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ›‰Ô,·ÚÈÔ Ì¤ÏËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ËÂÎÚÔÛÒËÛË Î·È ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·˙ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ·˘Ù¿.™ËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘·ÔÙÂÏ› Ô ∫Ò‰Èη˜ ¢ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘3, ÔÔÔ›Ô˜, ·ÊÂÓfi˜ ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ Û·Ê¤Ûٷٷ ÙËÓ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ηٿÚÙÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ô˘ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ,·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ÔÚÈÔıÂÙ› ÙÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ù˘‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡. ∆Ô ¿ÚıÚÔ 2.5 ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›̇ ÂÈ de facto ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍËÙÔ ̆·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·ÙÔ ̃ÙÔ ̆ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏfiÁÔ ̆Î·È ÔÚ›̇ ÂÈ fiÙÈ«ÔÈ ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓÔÈ ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ ̆ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ̆Ú¤ÂÈÓ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٿÏÏËÏË ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌȷ΋, Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ηÈ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË, ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó Ù·Î·ı‹ÎÔÓÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ ,̃ Ô ̆Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙËÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ ̆ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ̆Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Ù˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ̃ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜…» Î·È fiÙÈ «Î·Ì›·ÂÔÙÂ‡Ô˘Û· ·Ú¯‹ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ‰Èη›̂ Ì· Ó···ÈÙ‹ÛÂÈ ·fi ¤Ó· ̤ÏÔ ̃ÙÔ ̆ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ÂÓfi˜ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ̆Ó· Ú¿ÍÂÈ ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙÂ Ô ̆ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡ÛÂÓ· ıˆÚËı› fiÙÈ ·ÓÙ›ÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘ ̃fiÚÔ˘ ̃ÙÔ˘·ÚfiÓÙÔ ̃ÎÒ‰Èη» (ICOM 1986, ÚÁ. 2.5Ø Weil1999, 252-53).

¶ÔÈfi Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ∫ˆ‰›ÎˆÓ ¢ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜;

∂ÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÚÈÒÓ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÔÁÓˆÛÙÔ‡˜ ∫Ò‰ÈΘ ¢ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ÙÔ˘ICOM, Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ(AAM) Î·È Ù˘ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ (MA), ·Ó·Î·Ï‡ÙÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ Ù·ÎÔÈÓ¿ ÛËÌ›·, ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ËÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ™Â fiϘ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÔÈÎÒ‰ÈΘ οÓÔ˘Ó ÏfiÁÔ ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiԉȷ¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ È‰Ú˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ fiÛÔÎ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓÂÚÁ·˙ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ·˘Ù¿. √È Î·Ù¢ı˘ÓÙ‹ÚȘÁÚ·Ì̤˜, fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ, ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfiÙÔ˘ «ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ» Û οı ÎÒ‰Èη ͯˆÚÈÛÙ¿. √ ∫Ò‰Èη˜ ¢ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ICOM ÛÙËÓÚÁ. 1,2 ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ Û˘ÓÔÙÈο ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ·ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ÂÈÙÂÏ›, Ì ·ÒÙÂÚÔ

ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙË ‰È·ÈÒÓÈÛË Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜ Ù˘ ·ÓıÚˆfiÙËÙ·˜ (ICOM1986, ÚÁ. 2.5) ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, Ô ÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ·fi ÙË µÚÂÙ·ÓÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛËªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÈÔ ·ÓıÚˆÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ ηÈοÓÂÈ ÏfiÁÔ ÁÈ· Ù· ÔʤÏË Ô˘ ·ÔÎÔÌ›˙Ô˘ÓÙ· ¿ÙÔÌ·, fiÙ·Ó ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Û ·ʋ Ì ÙÔÓ¯ÒÚÔ ·˘ÙfiÓ (MA 1999, 1) 4.∆¤ÏÔ˜, ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ ÛÙÔÓ ∫Ò‰Èη¢ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ, fiÔ˘, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ¤ÌÊ·ÛËÛÙËÓ ·Í›· Ù˘ ʇÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÛÙÔÌÔ˘Û›Ô, ˆ˜ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ ˘ËÚÂÛ›·˜ Ì·ÒÙÂÚÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ηÈÛ˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡(MA 2000, 5). ª¤Û· ·fi ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÛ˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË, Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ê·ÓÂÚfi fiÙÈfiÏÔÈ ÔÈ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ› ÙÔÓ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ ˆ˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ„˘¯·ÁˆÁ›·. ¢‡Ô ·ÚÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ı›ÁÔÓÙ·ÈÛÙÔÓ Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÌfi ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙË Û˘ÏÏÂÎÙÈ΋ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ(MA 1999, 13). ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, ÔÈ ÎÒ‰ÈΘÚÔ‚Ï¤Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÂÓfi˜ ηٷÛÙ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜, ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È, ˆ˜ ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ ÛÙÔȯ›Ô,¤Ó· ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊÔ Û˘ÏÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ∏ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ Ú¤ÂÈÓ· ÁÓˆÛÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ì ÁÚ·Ùfi ΛÌÂÓÔ Î·È Ó·ÂÌ›ÙÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ó·ÂÎÏËÚÒÓÂÈ ÙȘ ÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂȘ,Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÓfiÌÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ÛÂÂıÓÈÎfi Î·È ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ Â›Â‰Ô Î·È ÙȘ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜Û˘Ì‚¿ÛÂȘ (ICOM 1986, ÚÁ. 4.4Ø ªA 1999,ÚÁ. ∞6, ∞7, 2.6Ø ∞∞ª 2000, 2- 3):™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ ÎÒ‰Èη ÙÔ˘ ICOM (ICOM1986, ÁÚ. 2.2) «Î¿ı ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·¤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ÁÚ·Ùfi ηٷÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ‹ ¿ÏÏÔ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊÔ Ô˘ Ó· ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ Ì ۷ʋÓÂÈ· ÙÔÓÔÌÈÎfi ηıÂÛÙÒ˜ ÙÔ˘… Î·È Ó· ·Ó·ÎÔÈÓÒÓÂÈÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Î·È ÙËÓÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘..». ¶·ÚÔÌÔ›ˆ˜, Ô ÎÒ‰Èη˜ ÙÔ˘ MA (ª∞, 1999,∞6, 8) ÚԂϤÂÈ fiÙÈ «ÙÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·Û˘ÏϤÁÂÈ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓËÔÏÈÙÈ΋, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó·‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊÔ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ Ù·ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ». ∏ ¯¿Ú·ÍË Ù˘ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰›ÓÂÈ Ùˉ˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÂÙÚfiÔ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎfi, fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ˆ˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜·Ó¿‰ÂÈ͢ Î·È ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ˆ˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ (Van Mensch,28/3/2003, 6).™·Ê›˜ ›Û˘ ÛÙ· ΛÌÂÓ· ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È ÔȉÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘

1∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÂıÓÈΤ˜ ÂÓÒÛÂȘÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ: Museum Association (UK), American Museum Association(USA), Deutscher Museumsbund, Museums Association ofAustralia. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÂÓÒÛÂȘ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂȉÈÎÔًوÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ SHICG (SocialHistory Curators Group)= ŒÓˆÛË ∂ÈÌÂÏËÙÒÓ ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ πÛÙÔÚ›·˜. 2To 1986 Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛË ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ ·Ó¤ıÂÛ ÛÙËÓ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ ∏ıÈÎÒÓ ∑ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ó· ·Ó·ÓÂÒÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ∫Ò‰Èη∏ıÈ΋˜ ¢ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1925, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓËÚ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙˆÓ ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜. ∏ÂÚÁ·Û›· ·˘Ù‹ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒıËΠÙÔ 1991.

3∆Ô 1986 ÙÔ ICOM ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛ ÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔÓ ∫Ò‰Èη¢ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘.

4ªuseums Association, Codes of Ethics, 3d edition, 1999,Û.1. «∆· ªÔ˘Û›· ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜Ó· ÂÚ¢ӋÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ Ì ·ÒÙÂÚÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ¤ÌÓ¢ÛË, ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ „˘¯·ÁˆÁ›·. ∂›Ó·È ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ›ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Û˘ÏϤÁÔ˘Ó, ÚÔÛÙ·ÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó Î·È Î·ıÈÛÙÔ‡ÓÚÔÛ‚¿ÛÈÌ· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ù· ÔÔ›· ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó ˘fi ÙËÓηÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ˜ fiÊÂÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜».

∫·ÙÂÚ›Ó· ¢ÂÚÌÈÙ˙¿ÎË

πÛÙÔÚÈÎfi˜ - ªÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏfiÁÔ˜

ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ Ô˘ ÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ÌÔ˘Û›·:fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ ÎÒ‰ÈΘ ÚÔÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó Ë Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·˙ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ó· ‰È¤ÂÙ·È ·fi ηÓfiÓ˜ËıÈ΋˜ ‰È·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ÂȤ‰Ô˘, ÙfiÛÔ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊÔ˘˜ fiÛÔ Î·È·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi. π‰È·›ÙÂÚË ¤ÌÊ·Ûˉ›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓÂÚÁ·˙ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙÔÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ. ª¤Û·Û ·˘Ù¿ Ù· Ï·›ÛÈ· ηӤӷ˜ ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ˜‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓ›˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ÛÂÂ›Â‰Ô Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÁÈ·ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi fiÊÂÏÔ˜ Î·È Ó· ÂÎÌÂÙ·ÏχÂÙ·ÈÙËÓ ¿ÌÂÛË ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Û ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ·fiÙÔÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈ·Îfi ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ (ICOM 1986, ÚÁ.6.8Ø ª∞ 1999, µ3Ø ∞∞ª 2000, 2). ª›· ¿ÏÏË Ù˘¯‹ Ô˘ ı›ÁÂÙ·È Â›Ó·È Ë·ÔÊ˘Á‹ ÔÔÈ·Û‰‹ÔÙ ÂÌÔÚÈ΋˜Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‹ÁÓˆÌÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘ ‹ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ ‹ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹˜·ÓÙ·ÌÔÈ‚‹˜ ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘,Ì ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ô ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ˜ ‹ ÙÔÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ‰È·ÙËÚ› ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈΤ˜Û¯¤ÛÂȘ, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ÔÈ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ı¤ÛÔ˘Ó ˘fi ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛËÙÔ Î‡ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ (ICOM 1986,ÁÚ. 8.3-8.6Ø ª∞ 2000,10-11&18Ø ∞∞ª2000, 4. ). °È· ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÏfiÁÔ, ÔÈ ÎÒ‰ÈΘ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ··ÁÔÚÂ‡Ô˘Ó Û ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ÁÚ·Ì̤˜ ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ÂίÒÚËÛË·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÛÙÈ˜Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ, ηıÒ˜ ÌÈ·Ù¤ÙÔÈ· Ù·ÎÙÈ΋ ı· ¤ıÂÙ Û·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· ÙÔ˘ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÂÎÔ›ËÛ˘·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÔÈ ÎÒ‰ÈΘ ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Û·ÊÒ˜fiÙÈ ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ ÔÛfi ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ·fiÙËÓ ÂίÒÚËÛË ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ «‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ÁÈ· ¿ÏÏÔ ÛÎÔfi ·Ú¿ÌfiÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ» (ª∞ 1999, 9&14-15ØICOM 1986, ÁÚ. 4.5Ø ∞∞ª 2000, 3).ªfiÓÔ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓÔ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘ÔÛÙ› ÛÔ‚·Ú‹ ‚Ï¿‚Ë ‹ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó Û ΛӉ˘ÓÔ Ù· ¿ÏÏ· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÁ·˙Ô̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ÌÔ˘Û›ÔÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È Ë Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÙÔ˘˜.™ËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ›Û˘ Â›Ó·È Ë Â˘ı‡ÓË ÙˆÓÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÈ˜Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Î·ÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜,ÂÊfiÛÔÓ «fiÏ· Ù· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘ Á›ÓÔÓٷȉÂÎÙ¿ ÛÙÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘ÓÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛË Î·È Ó· Û˘ÓÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔÓηχÙÂÚÔ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi ÙÚfiÔ» (ICOM 1986, ÚÁ.6.1-6.3Ø ª∞ 1999, 2& 6-7). ŸÏÔÈ ÔÈ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔÈ ÎÒ‰ÈΘ Û˘ÌʈÓÔ‡Ó fiÙÈȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Âȉ›ÍÔ˘Ó ÔÈÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÔ› ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ› ÛÙËÓ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÙÔ˘ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ ÛÙȘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ˘fi ÙËÓ ÂÔÙ›· ÙÔ˘˜, ›ÙÂÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‹ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋,›Ù ÁÈ· Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜.

¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÁÈ· ÌÈ· Ó¤· ·ÓÙ›ÏË„ËÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÎ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ, Ô˘ ÛÎÔfi ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó·‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ·ÁηÏÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÎÔÈÓfi ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ì ÎÈÓËÙÈΤ˜,‰È·ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ‹ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·ÔÚ¿Ûˆ˜, Ì ·ÒÙÂÚÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· ÓÈÒÛÔ˘Ó Ù·¿ÙÔÌ· ·˘Ù¿ ÙÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ˆ˜ ¤Ó·Ó ¯ÒÚÔ ÔÈΛÔÎ·È ÊÈÏÈÎfi, ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ÂÈÛÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó ÌÂÙ¿ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Î·È ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈ΋ ›Û΄‹ÙÔ˘˜. √È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·Â›Ó·È Û‡ÌʈÓ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘5. ∂›Û˘,ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ÌÓ›· Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ηÈÙËÓ ÔÛfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Ô˘ ›ӷȉȷı¤ÛÈ̘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ· ηÈÓ· ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û˘. ¶ÔÏÏÔ› ÎÒ‰ÈΘ ÚÔÙÚ¤Ô˘ÓÙ· ÌÔ˘Û›· Ó· ˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ηÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ‹‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ú·¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Û ·˘Ù¿, Ó· ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ¿Ô„‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Ô˘ Ù· Û˘Óԉ‡ÂÈ,fiˆ˜ Î·È Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÂ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋‚¿ÛË ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ¤ÎıÂÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (VanMensch 28/3/2003, 7).π‰È·›ÙÂÚË ÛËÌ·Û›· ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÚfiÛÎÔÙˉÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· Û‡ÌʈӷÌ ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ∫ˆ‰›ÎˆÓ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂȘÙÔ˘˜. ∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ôχ˜ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ËıÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹˜·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹¯ÔÚËÁ›·˜ ‹ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÂΉËÏÒÛˆÓ,‰ËÌÔÚ·ÛÈÒÓ Î·È ˆÏ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ¯ÒÚÔ.ŸÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÌÔ˘Û›· ÂÈ˙ËÙÔ‡ÓÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ·fi Â͈ÙÂÚÈΤ˜ ËÁ¤˜ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÓÙÂÂͤÏıÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓÂÍfi‰ˆÓ. ø˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ·˘Ùfi ÔÈ∫Ò‰ÈΘ ¢ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Û·ÊÒ˜ fiÙÈÙ· ÌÔ˘Û›· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ηıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÂÎ ÙˆÓÚÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ ÙË Ê‡ÛË Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘ ·˘Ù‹˜, ÒÛÙÂÓ· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÔ› ÛÙfi¯ÔÈÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ÌËÓ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ¯ÔÚËÁ›·ÙÔ˘˜ (ª∞ 1999, 10&16Ø ICOM 1986, ÁÚ.2.9- 2.10). ª¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÙÔ 2002 ÙÔ ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ∏ıÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ª∞ Âͤ‰ˆÛ ԉËÁ›· Û¯ÂÙÈο ÌÂÙË ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ‰ËÌÔÚ·ÛÈÒÓ, ˆÏ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·ÈÂΉËÏÒÛÂˆÓ ÎÔÛÙÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓÛÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ, ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ÙËÓ Ï‹ÚË ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹(Barnard, 2003, 25-27).∏ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ∫Ò‰ÈΘ ¢ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜Ê·ÓÂÚÒÓÂÈ Ù· ÎÔÈÓ¿ ÛËÌ›· Ô˘ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÔÓÙ·È Û ·˘ÙÔ‡˜, Ù· ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ηÓfiÓˆÓ ËıÈ΋˜Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·˙ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙ·

ÌÔ˘Û›·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÚı‹ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ÂȤ‰Ô˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfiÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ. ™˘ÓÔ„›˙ÔÓÙ·˜Ù· ΢ÚÈfiÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ›· ÙˆÓ Îˆ‰›ÎˆÓ, ı·Ï¤Á·Ì fiÙÈ Î¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÏfiÁÔ (Van Mensch28/3/2003, 5-7):ñ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÛˆÛÙ‹˜ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜

Î·È ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ

ñ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Û‚·ÛÌÔ‡ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfiÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ Î·È ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ì ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÚfiÛÎÔÙË Ê˘ÛÈ΋, ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ˘

ñ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ› ÙÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Î·È Ó· ‰È‰¿ÛÎÂÈ Ì ÏËıÒÚ· ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ, ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÔÈΛϘ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜ Î·È ·ÌÊÈÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ˜ ıˆڛ˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·‰È·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙË ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Í›· Î·È ÙËÓ fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÈÔ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ (Carr 2001, 37)

ñ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ Ó· Û˘ÏϤÁÂÈ, Ó· ÂÎı¤ÙÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÂÈ ÂÏ¢ı¤Ú·, ¤Ú· ·fi οı ‰¤ÛÌ¢ÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ·fi ÙË Û¯¤ÛË Ô˘ ‰È·ÙËÚ› Ì ¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡˜, ‰ˆÚËÙ¤˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ (Carr 2001, 31-32).

∫·Ù¿ fiÛÔ Ù· ÂÏÏËÓÈο ÌÔ˘Û›··ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ

∫Ò‰Èη ¢ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜;

™ÙÔÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ ICOM, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ, ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· Ê¿ÛË, ‰ÂÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› οÔÈÔ˜ÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ˜ Ì ÙÔ ª∞ ÛÙË ª. µÚÂÙ·Ó›· ‹ ÙÔ ∞∞ª ÛÙȘ ∏Ó. ¶ÔÏÈÙ›˜. °ÂÁÔÓfi˜ ¿ÓÙˆ˜ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ, ÛÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜, Ù· ÂÏÏËÓÈοÌÔ˘Û›· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ì¤ÏË ÙÔ˘ ¢ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ, ÔfiÙ ËıÈο ‰ÂÛ̇ÔÓÙ·È Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÔÔÈÂÛ‰‹ÔÙ‰ȷٿÍÂȘ ‰È¤Ô˘Ó ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘, ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘. øÛÙfiÛÔ,ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔȯ›· ηٿfiÛÔ Ù· ÂÏÏËÓÈο ÌÔ˘Û›· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ∫Ò‰Èη ¢ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ICOM ‹ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÓÙ¿ÍÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ËıÈÎfiÎÒ‰Èη ÙÔ Î·ı¤Ó· ͯˆÚÈÛÙ¿. ∞Í›˙ÂÈ Â‰Ò Ó· ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏfiÁÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙ› ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈο ·fi ÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜. (‚Ï. www.srpq.gr/htmal/gr_profcat.html).

6

7

°È·Ù› Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ˜ ¤Ó·˜ ËıÈÎfi˜ ÎÒ‰Èη˜;

Èڛ˜ ·ÌÊÈ‚ÔÏ›· ¤Ó·˜ ËıÈÎfi˜ ∫Ò‰Èη˜¢ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ô ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·Îfi˜ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÙȘ ‚¿ÛÂȘ, Û‡Ìʈӷ ÌÂÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÚÔ˜fiÊÂÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈı› ÂÈÙ˘¯Ò˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ˆ˜ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, fiˆ˜˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ Ô David Carr (Carr 2001, 29)ÛÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ ÙÔ˘ «Balancing Act: ethics,mission and the public trust»: «ÙÔ Ó· ˘ËÚÂÙ›˜ ¤Ó· ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ

Ì ÙÔ Ó· ·ÛΛ˜ ¤Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ‡ÚÁËÌ· Ì¢‡ı˘ÓÔ Î·È ËıÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ (an ethos ofresponsible action) ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙ··ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘ Û˘ÏϤÁÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi». ∆Ô ÌÔ˘Û›Ô, ηÏÏÈÂÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜·Í›Â˜ Î·È ÚÔÛʤÚÔÓÙ·˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ˘„ËÏÔ‡ÂȤ‰Ô˘, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ÂÈÙ·Á¤˜ Ù˘ËıÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙˆÓ Îˆ‰›ÎˆÓ,·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÈ ÌÈ· Û¯¤ÛË ·ÌÔÈ‚·›·˜ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ÂÈÛΤÙ˜. ∏ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË ·˘Ù‹ ‰›ÓÂÈ Ùˉ˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·Îfi ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi Ó·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ·ÚfiÛÎÔÙ·, ÌÂ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ηÈÂÈÏÈÎÚ›ÓÂÈ·, Î·È Û˘Ó¿ÁÂÙ·È ÙËÓ ÔÏÔ¤Ó··˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ ÛÙÔ˘˜¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi ·˘Ùfi ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈÙË ‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ· fiÙÈ Ë ÁÓÒÛË Ô˘ ı··ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ı· Â›Ó·È ÔχÏ¢ÚË Î·È·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ (Carr 2001, 31-32). ∏ηıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ËıÈÎÔ›ÎÒ‰ÈΘ ÛÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏfiÁÔ˘,ÔÚÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó ËıÈο ÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ Î·È ›Ûˆ˜ ÙÔÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ·ÔÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó

ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ·Ú·ÓfiËÛË ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓÛÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ÙÔ ÓÔÌÈÎfiηıÂÛÙÒ˜ ÙÔ˘˜.øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÔÈ ÎÒ‰ÈΘ ËıÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Î›ÌÂÓ· ‰ÔÁÌ·ÙÈο, ·ÏÏ¿ Û˘¯Ó¿˘fiÎÂÈÓÙ·È Û ·ÓÂͤٷÛË Î·È ·Ó·Ó¤ˆÛËÌ ÛÎÔfi Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈıÔ‡Ó ÛÙȘ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚfiÓÙÔ˜.Ÿˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ Ô David Carr (Carr 2001,32), «·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· fiÚÁ·ÓÔ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÁÈ·ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ó¤ˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÂÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ,ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ı· ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ÁÈ··ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜Î·È ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓfi ÙÔ˘». ª¤Û· Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ ÌÔ˘Û›ԷÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Â˘·ÈÛıËÙÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ÙËÓ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ì ÙËÓηٿÏÏËÏË ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·, Ë ÔÔ›· ÙÔ˘ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· ʤÚÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ· Î·È Ó··ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘‰È·Î˘‚Â‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ˆ˜ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ (Carr 2001, 79-80).∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ô Peter van Mensch, ·Ó ηȷӷÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ÎÂÈ̤ӈӷ˘ÙÒÓ, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÌÂÈÔÓ¤ÎÙËÌ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Î·Ù¢ı‡ÓÛÂˆÓ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ ÛÎÔÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ, Î·È ÔÈ ·Û·Ê›˜ ÚÔÙÚÔ¤˜ ÁÈ·ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ ηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›ÛÔ˘ÓÔÈ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÔ› ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ› (Van Mensch28/3/2003, 7).

µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞ñ Van Mensch, Peter. 28/3/2003. Ethics and Museology.

http://www.xs4all.nl_rwa/ethics.htm. 2-8.

ñ Carr, D. 2001. «Balancing Act: ethics, mission and the public trust», Museum News, 9:28-32 Î·È 71-81.

ñ ICOM, ¢ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ, ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎfi ∆Ì‹Ì· 1989. ∫Ò‰Èη˜ ∂·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ¢ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ∞ı‹Ó·: ICOM.

ñ Weil, Stephen. 1999. «The ongoing pursuit of professional status», ÛÙÔ Museum Provision and Professionalism, London: ÂΉ. Gaynor Kavanagh. Routledge, 251-56.

ñ Mac Donald, R. 1999. «Constructing a Code», ÛÙÔ Museum Provision and Professionalism,London: ÂΉ. Gaynor Kavanagh. Routledge 257-61.

ñ ªuseum Association 1999. Codes of Ethics,3d edition. ª∞ : London.

ñ American Museums Association 2000. Code of Ethics,http://www.aam-us.org/aamcoe.cfm, 1-7.

ñ Barnard, Matt. 2003. «Beyond the sale», Museums Journal, 2:25-27.

5ŸÙ·Ó ÌÈÏ¿Ì ÁÈ· Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ ÛÙÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ÂÓÓÔԇ̠ηٿ fiÛÔ ÙÔÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ Î·È Ë ¤ÎıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfiÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ˘’fi„ÈÓ Ù· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÎÂÙÒÓ, fiˆ˜ ÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ·, ÙÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ,ÙÔÓ „˘¯ÈÛÌfi, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ù· ‰È·ÓÔËÙÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·. ∏ Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÙÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ Î·Ù¿ fiÛÔ ÙÔÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Â›Ó·È ÚÔÛ‚¿ÛÈÌÔ ÛÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ÎÔÈÓfi ‹ Û ¿ÙÔÌ·Ì ÂȉÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ: ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ̤۷ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ·fi ηÈÚÔ˜ ·˘Ùfi; À¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Î·È ÂȉÈ΋ ‰È·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË ÁÈ·¿ÙÔÌ· Ì ÎÈÓËÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ‹ Ì ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· fiÚ·Û˘;

Œ¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ˆ˜ ·ÚÈÔ ¿ÍÔÓ· ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙËÓ¢ı‡ÓË ÙÔ˘ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi, Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔοı ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Ó· ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÌÈ· ÁÚ·Ù‹ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ÚfiÛÎÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÂίÒÚËÛ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ. √ηıÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÂÓfi˜ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· Ôχ ηϋ ηıÔ‰‹ÁËÛËÁÈ· ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÙÔ˘. ∂›Û˘ ·ÔÛ·ÊËÓ›˙ÂÈÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi ÙȘ ÚÔı¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ ηȂÔËı¿ ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓÛ˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ë ·Ô˘Û›· Û˘ÏÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÂ Ù˘¯·›Â˜Û˘ÏÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜. ∏ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ÙÔ˘ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ ÎÒ‰Èη‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ICOM (International Councilof Museums), Â›Ó·È ˘Ô¯Úˆ̤ÓË Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÔÔÈ› Ì ÁÚ·Ùfi ΛÌÂÓÔ ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi ÙËÓÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ηÈÓ· ÙËÓ Â·ÓÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ ·Ó¿ Ù·ÎÙ¿ ¯ÚÔÓÈο‰È·ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· (ICOM 1989, 3.1). ™ÙËÓÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÌfiÓÔοÔÈÔÈ Î·ÓfiÓ˜ ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·ÈÛÙÔ˘˜ ∫Ò‰ÈΘ ∏ıÈ΋˜ ¢ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘∂ÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ∆Ì‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ICOM, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈÈ‰Ú˘ı› οÔÈÔ˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ Ô˘ Ó·ˆı› Ù· ªÔ˘Û›· Ó· ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÛÔ˘ÓÛ˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓÛ˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ª›· ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·¤ÁÈÓ Ì ÙÔÓ ¡¤Ô ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ¡fiÌÔ3028/2002, Ô˘ Ú˘ıÌ›˙ÂÈ ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈο οÔÈ·˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË Û˘ÏÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ Î·È ÚԂϤÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛËÂÓfi˜ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›ÔÂÈÛËÁÂ›Ù·È Î·È ÁÓˆÌÔ‰ÔÙ› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ÙˆÓ ‰È·Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÚԂϤÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓÓfiÌÔ. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Û ¿ÏϘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘,fiˆ˜ Ë ª. µÚÂÙ·Ó›·, ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÂȉÈÎÔ›ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ› Û¯ÂÙÈÎÔ› Ì ÌÔ˘Û›·, fiˆ˜ ˌӈÛË ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ (Museum Association) ηÈÙÔ Resource Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù·ÌÔ˘Û›· ÛÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӈÓÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ.

¶ÚfiÛÎÙËÛË ∞ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ

∏ ÚfiÛÎÙËÛË, fiˆ˜ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi Ù˵ÚÂÙ·ÓÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛË ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ, Â›Ó·È «Ë‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·fiÎÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÓÔÌ›ÌÔ˘ Ù›ÙÏԢ΢ÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, Ì ÙËÓÚfiıÂÛË ·˘Ùfi Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ» (ª. ∞. 1996 a). ∫‡ÚÈ· ̤ÚÈÌÓ· ÙË ̃ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ̃ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓÛ˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›̂ Ó Â›Ó·È Ë Â˘ı‡ÓË ÙÔ˘˜·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi. ∞˘Ùfi ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ Ù··ÔÎÙÒÌÂÓ· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÌÂÛËÛ¯¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ˘ ̃ÛÎÔÔ‡ ̃Î·È ÙÈ̃ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ÙÔ ̆ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô .̆ ¢Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ ̆fiÙÈ ¤Ó· ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô˘Ô¯ÚÂÔ‡Ù·È Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›̇ ÂÈ ÙË ÌÔÓÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ ÙÔ ,̆ Ë ÚfiÛÎÙËÛËÂÓfi ̃·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ ̆Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο

Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌ· Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ¿ ÙÔ .̆∞˘Ùfi ··ÈÙ› ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ, ÙÈ̃ Ôԛ˜ڤÂÈ Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙÔ ÌÔ˘Û›Ô, ÚÈÓ Î¿ÓÂÈ·Ô‰ÂÎÙfi ¤Ó· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ. ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ¢ı‡ÓË Â›Ó·ÈË ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË fiÙÈ fiÏ· Ù· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·, Ù· ÔÔ›·Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ‰ÂÎÙ¿ Û ¤Ó· ÌÔ˘Û›Ô, ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ÙÂÎÌËÚ›̂ ÛË, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷÁÓˆÛÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ë ÚԤϢÛË, Ë Ù·‡ÙÈÛË, ËηٿÛÙ·ÛË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ‹ ̃ÙÔ˘ ̃ηıÒ ̃Î·È fiÏ ̃ÔÈÛ˘Ó¤ÂÈ .̃ §·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ· ̃˘fi„Ë ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi ̃fiÙÈ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏÔ› ÙÚfiÔÈ ÚfiÛÎÙËÛ˘·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÌÂÔÈÔ˘ ̃ÙÚfiÔ˘ ̃ı· ÂÌÏÔ˘Ù›̇ Ô˘Ó ÙÈ̃ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ÙÔ˘ ̃Î·È ÔÈ ̃Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Û˘Ó·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı ̃ËıÈΤ˜/‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈΤ ̃Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈΤ ̃Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ .̃√ ÈÔ Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ·fiÎÙËÛ˘·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·fi ¤Ó· ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Â›Ó·È Ì¤Ûˆ‰ˆÚÂÒÓ, ÎÏËÚÔ‰ÔÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ‰·Ó›ˆÓ.∞ÔÙÂÏ› ÎÔÈÓ‹ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋, Û˘ÏϤÎÙ˜ Ó·‰ˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ‹ Ó· ·Ê‹ÓÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ ÎÏËÚÔ‰ÔÙ‹Ì·Ù·ÙȘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û οÔÈÔ ÌÔ˘Û›Ô,‰Â›¯ÓÔÓÙ·˜ Ì ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÙËÓ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË ÙÔ˘˜ÚÔ˜ ·˘Ùfi. ™Â ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÁÂÓÓ¿Ù·È ¤Ó·ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÂÚÒÙËÌ·: ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›· Ó··Ô‰¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ¿ÎÚÈÙ· οı ÚÔÛÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ, ‹ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈοÛÙȘ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜; ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÎÒ‰ÈΘ ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜(ICOM 1989 ·Ú. 3.5, ª.∞. 1996 ·Ú. 4.2 ),ÔÈ ‰ˆÚ¤˜, Ù· ÎÏËÚÔ‰ÔÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Ù· ‰¿ÓÂÈ·‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¿, ·Ú¿ÌfiÓÔ ·Ó Î·È ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÂÛ˘Ìʈӛ· Ì ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙË˜Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ. √È ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘˘fiÎÂÈÓÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ Ú¤ÂÈÓ· ·ÔÚÚ›ÙÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›· «Â¿Ó·˘ÙÔ› ·ÓÙ›ÎÂÈÓÙ·È ÛÙ· Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌ·Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ÙÔ˘». ∆Ô ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Â›Ó·È ˘Ô¯Úˆ̤ÓÔ Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÂÍ·Ú¯‹˜ ÛÙÔÓ ‰ˆÚËÙ‹, fiÙÈ ËÌÂÙ·‚›‚·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ù›ÙÏÔ˘ ΢ÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÈÌË, ηıÒ˜ Î·È fiÙÈ·˘Ùfi˜ ‹ Ë ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ϤÔÓηӤӷ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· Û ·˘Ù¿. ŒÓ· ¿ÏÏÔ Ì¤ÙÚÔÛ ÔÏϤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ô˘ ‚ÔËı¿ Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›· Ó··ÔÎÙÔ‡Ó ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· Ù··ÁÔÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó Â›Ó·È Ë «‰ˆÚ¿ Ì ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁÈ΋··ÏÏ·Á‹», Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ Ôϛ٘‰ˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ì ·ÓÙ¿ÏÏ·ÁÌ· ÙËÓ··ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÊfiÚÔ˘˜ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜. ∏ ·ÁÔÚ¿ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ·ÚfiÛıÂÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓÛ˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ. ∞˘Ù‹ ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ‰ËÌÔÚ·ÛÈÒÓ ‹ Î·È È‰ÈˆÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ìʈӛ·˜. √ȉȷڷÁÌ·Ù‡ÛÂȘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰ÈÂÍ¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÌÂÛ¯ÔÏ·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÂÓÙÈÌfiÙËÙ· ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘ˆÏËÙ‹. √È Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ Ù˘ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›· Ú¤ÂÈ

8

™’ ¤Ó·Ó ÎfiÛÌÔ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·‰‡Ó·ÙÔ Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ Ù· ¿ÓÙ·,

Ò˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›· Ó· ·ÔÊ·Û›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÈ ı· Û˘ÏϤÁÔ˘Ó Î·È ÙÈ

ı· ÂίˆÚÔ‡Ó ·fi ÙȘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜;◊‰Ë ·fi ÙÔÓ 19Ô ·ÈÒÓ·, ÂÔ¯‹

‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ, «ÙÔ Û˘ÏϤÁÂÈÓ» ıˆÚ›ÙÔ ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ·fiÙȘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘˜.∞fi ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ÂΛÓË Ì¤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ·,

ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È·ÈÛÙˆıÔ‡Ó ÔÏϤ˜·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙË ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜

·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜, ÔÏϤ˜

ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËηÓ,ÒÛÙ ӷ ηıÔÚÈÛıÔ‡Ó fiÚÈ· ÁÈ·

ÙË Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡. ∆· ÌÔ˘Û›·Û‹ÌÂÚ· ηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÂ

ÌÈ· ÏËıÒÚ· ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ: ÙÈ, fiÙÂ, Ì ÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ Î·È ÁÈ· ÔÈÔ

ÛÎÔfi Û˘ÏϤÁÔ˘Ó ‹ ·Ú·¯ˆÚÔ‡Ó·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ·fi ÙȘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜.

™˘ÏÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ

Ó· ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Î¿ÔÈÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÛÙ˯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ÙÈÌ‹ (M.A. 1996 a, 4.2b).∞·Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ Î¿ı ÌÔ˘Û›Ô,·Ó ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Û˘Óԉ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi·Ô‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎfi ÓÔÌÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜. ™Â ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙÈ̃ ‰ˆÚ¤ ̃Î·È ÙÈ̃ ·ÁÔÚ¤ ,̃ Ô˘ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛıÔ‡Ó ˆ ̃·ıËÙÈÎÔ› ÙÚfiÔÈÛ˘ÏÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ̃ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ̃ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›̂ Ó, Ë ÂÈÙfiÈ·¤Ú¢ӷ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔÚfiÛÎÙËÛË ̃·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ. øÛÙfiÛÔ Â›Ó·È··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ì¤Û· ÛÂÛ˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÓÔÌÈο Ï·›ÛÈ· Î·È Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ‡̷ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ∂ıÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ™˘Ì‚¿ÛˆÓ. ∞Ó·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ·, ÔÈ ÂÈÙfiÈ ̃¤Ú¢ÓÂ˜Ô ̆‰ÈÂÍ¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ·fi ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÌÔ˘Û›··ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏ¿ Î·È Û‡ÓıÂÙ· ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈοÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·. ¢˘ÛÙ˘¯Ò ,̃ ÔÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔÈ ÎÒ‰ÈΘ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· ̃Ô ̆˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ·ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚ›̃ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ·˘Ùfi.∂ÈÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ó Î˘Ú›̂ ̃ÙËÓ ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·Ì ÙÈ̃ ·ÚÌfi‰È ̃·Ú¯¤ ̃‹ Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈοȉڇ̷ٷ, ÒÛÙÂ Ë ÚÔ‚ÏÂfiÌÂÓË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·Ó· ‰ÈÂÓÂÚÁÂ›Ù·È ÓfiÌÈÌ·, Ì ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ(ICOM 1989, 3.3) ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ÙÚfiÔ Ô ̆Ó· ÌË‚Ï¿ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿ (MA 1996,4.2C). ∂›ÛË ̃··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÙ·È ËÈı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ̃ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂ›Ì¤ÓˆÓ in situ. ∆¤ÏÔ ,̃ Ù· ‰¿ÓÂÈ· ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘ ̃ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ÌÈ· ̃Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ̃¤ÎıÂÛË ̃·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ¤Ó·Ó ¿ÏÏÔÙÚfiÔ ÚfiÛÎÙËÛË ̃Î·È ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·›ÍÔ˘ÓÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙË ̃ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ̃ÙˆÓÛ˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ ÙÔ ̆ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô .̆ ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛËÂ›Ó·È Ó· ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈΤ ̃·Ú¯¤ ̃Ô˘ÚԷӷʤÚıËηÓ. ∂›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ, ÚÈÓ Á›ÓÔ˘Ó·Ô‰ÂÎÙÔ› ÔÈ ‰·ÓÂÈÛÌÔ›, Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ë ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ ̆‰·ÓÂ›Ô ,̆ Ë ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ÙÔ˘·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ ̆‹ ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ Ô ̆ÙÔ Û˘Óԉ‡ԢÓ. ∆ÔICOM ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ‰·ÓÂÈÛÌÔ› Ô ̆‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó¤Á΢ÚÔ, ÌÔÚʈÙÈÎfi, ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ‹ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚ÎfiÛÎÔfi ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·Ô‰ÂÎÙÔ› (ICOM1989, 3.6).

¡fiÌÔÈ - ™˘Ì‚¿ÛÂȘ

∂ÎÙfi˜ fï˜ ·fi Ù· ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚı¤ÓÙ·ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ·, Ù· ÔÔ›· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙Ô˘Ó Ù·ÌÔ˘Û›·, Â›Ó·È ·Ó·Áη›Ô Ó· ·Ô‰¤¯ÔÓÙ·È Î·ÈÓ· ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂȘ Ô˘·ÔÚÚ¤Ô˘Ó ·fi ÙÔ ¢ÈÂıÓ¤˜ Î·È ∂ıÓÈÎfi ¢›Î·ÈÔÛ¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Î·È ÙË ÌÔÓÈÌfiÙËÙ·ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ. Ÿˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ÔÈÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ ËıÈÎÔ› ÎÒ‰ÈΘ (ª∞ 1996 A, 4.2a, ICOM 1989, 3.2), ¤Ó· ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈÓ· ·ÔÎÙ¿ ηӤӷ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÌÂÔÔÈÔÓ‰‹ÔÙ ÙÚfiÔ, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ë ÂÔÙÂ‡Ô˘Û··Ú¯‹ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÂÈ fiÙÈ ‰‡Ó·Ù·È Ó··ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ Ù›ÙÏÔ Î˘ÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ·˘Ùfi. ∆Ô ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Â›Û˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‚‚·Èˆı›fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÚÔ˜ ÚfiÛÎÙËÛË ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ

·ÔÎÙËı›, Ô˘ÏËı› ‹ ÂÍ·¯ı› ·fi ÙË ¯ÒÚ·ÚÔ¤ÏÂ˘Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ‹ ·fi ÌÈ· ÂӉȿÌÂÛË ¯ÒÚ·(Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤Ó˘ Î·È Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ Ù˘¯ÒÚ·˜ fiÔ˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÌÔ˘Û›Ô), ηٿ·Ú¿‚·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÓfiÌˆÓ Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜(ICOM 1989 3.2, M.A 1999, 8). ∆Ô ›‰ÈÔ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈÎ·È ÁÈ· Ù· ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈο/ ÁˆÏÔÁÈο ‰Â›Á̷ٷηıÒ˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÛηÊÒÓ. ∆Ô·Ú¿ÓÔÌÔ ÂÌfiÚÈÔ, ›Ù Ì ¿ÌÂÛÔ Â›Ù Ì¤ÌÌÂÛÔ ÙÚfiÔ, Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·‰ÈηÛÙ¤Ô. ¢˘ÛÙ˘¯Ò˜ ̤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ıÂÛÈÛÙ›¢ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ¡fiÌÔ˜, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ Ó· ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÓÂÈ Ù·ÌÔ˘Û›· Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ·Ú·¿ÓˆÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ, Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚ¤Ô˘Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ËıÈÎÔ‡˜ÎÒ‰ÈΘ ÙˆÓ ªÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ. ∂›Ó·È·‰È·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙÔ fiÙÈ Ë ™‡Ì‚·ÛË Ù˘ UNESCOÙÔ˘ 1970 ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ηϋ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·,ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÈ‚ÏËıÔ‡Ó Î¿ÔÈÔÈ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ› fiÛÔÓ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ¿ÎÚÈÙË ÚfiÛÎÙËÛË ·Á·ıÒÓ,¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ ÙË ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӈÓηÓfiÓˆÓ. ªÈ· ÈÔ ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤ÓË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ··fi ·˘Ù‹Ó Ù˘ UNESCO Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËÎÂÌ ÙË ™˘Óı‹ÎË ÙÔ˘ 1990, ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ÙÔ˘UNIDROIT, Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Î·È ÙËÓÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ.÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈÎÒ‰ÈΘ ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ·Ú·ÎÈÓÔ‡Ó Ù·ªÔ˘Û›· Ó· ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚËÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙȘ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ™˘Ì‚¿ÛˆÓ. ™ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, Ô˘ ‹‰Ë ·fi ÙÔ1981 ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈ΢ÚÒÛÂÈ ÙË ™‡Ì‚·ÛË Ù˘UNESCO, Ô ¡¤Ô˜ ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ ¡fiÌÔ˜ Ô˘„ËÊ›ÛÙËΠÙÔÓ πÔ‡ÓÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2002, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ·‚ÂÏÙȈ̤ÓË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË. ™’ ·˘ÙfiÓ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È fiÙÈÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈο ·Á·ı¿ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÈÛ·¯ıÔ‡ÓÂχıÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋ ∂ÈÎÚ¿ÙÂÈ· ˘fi ÙËÓÂÈʇϷÍË ÙˆÓ ‰È·Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ¶·ÚÈÛ›ˆÓ, Ô˘·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙ· ÏËÙ¤· ̤ÙÚ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ·ÚÂÌfi‰ÈÛË Î·È ··ÁfiÚ¢ÛË Ù˘ ·Ú¿ÓÔÌ˘ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹˜, ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Î·È Î˘ÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·Á·ıÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÏÔÈÒÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓÙÔ˘ ¢ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ¢Èη›Ô˘ (¡.3028/2002, ·Ú.33,·Ú. 1). ∞ӷʤÚÂÈ ÚËÙ¿ ›Û˘ fiÙÈ Ù·¢ËÌfiÛÈ· Î·È π‰ÈˆÙÈο ÌÔ˘Û›· ··ÁÔÚ‡ÂÙ·ÈÓ· ·ÔÎÙÔ‡Ó ‹ Ó· ·Ô‰¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈο·Á·ı¿, ÁÈ· Ù· ÔÔ›· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂӉ›ÍÂȘ fiÙȤ¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÎÙËı› ‹ ÂÍ·¯ı› ηٿ ·Ú¿‚·ÛËÙ˘ ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ¤ÏÂ˘Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜(¡. 3028, ·Ú. 45, ·Ú.9). ∫·ÈÓÔÙÔÌ›· ·ÔÙÂÏ›ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ô ¡fiÌÔ˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¿ÚıÚÔÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ȉȈÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ Î·ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ «ÔÈ Û˘ÏϤÎÙ˜ ··ÁÔÚ‡ÂÙ·È Ó··ÔÎÙÔ‡Ó ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈο ·Á·ı¿ ÁÈ· Ù· ÔÔ›·˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂӉ›ÍÂȘ fiÙÈ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fiÎÏÔ‹ ‹ …¿ÏÏË ·Ú¿ÓÔÌË ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·…‹ fiÙȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÂÍ·¯ı› ηٿ ·Ú¿‚·ÛË Ù˘ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ¤ÏÂ˘Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜…»(¡. 3028/2002, ·Ú. 31 ·Ú. 6.)

∂ÎÙfi˜ fï˜ ·fi ÙËÓ Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ËıÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÒÓ, Ù·ÌÔ˘Û›·, fiÙ·Ó ·ÔÊ·Û›˙Ô˘Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÛ˘ÏÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ˘fi„Ë Î·È ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡˜·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜. ¶ÚˆÙ›ÛÙˆ˜, ÙÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ı·Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÔÚ›ÛÂÈ Ì ۷ʋÓÂÈ· ÙÈ Â›‰Ô˘˜·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ‹ ›‰Ë ı· Û˘ÏϤÁÂÈ, ·Ó ı·Û˘ÏϤÁÂÈ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÌfiÓÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ‹ ı·Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ¿‚ÂÈ Î·È ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ˘ÏÈÎfi, fiˆ˜·Ú¯Â›· ÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜, ʈÙÔÁڷʛ˜Î.¿. ∂›Û˘ ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ› Î·È ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ›ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ›, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ·fi ÔÈ· ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ı·Û˘ÏϤÁÂÈ ¤Ó· ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Î·È ÔÈ·˜¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜, Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔÈ, ÒÛÙ ٷ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ÚÔÛÎÙÒÓÙ·È Ó· ˘¿ÁÔÓÙ·ÈÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘. ∏·Ó·ÁηÈfiÙËÙ· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜·fi„ÂˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ, ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÔÈÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓÛ˘Ì›ÙÔ˘Ó, Â›Ó·È ÂÌÊ·Ó‹˜, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ·ÔʇÁÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È Û‚·ÛÙ¿ Ù·fiÚÈ· ÙÔ̤ˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ. ∆· ÌÔ˘Û›· ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÎÙÔ‡Ó ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·,ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ‰ÂÓ ‰‡Ó·ÓÙ·È Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÔÚı‹Î·Ù·ÏÔÁÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË, Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË, ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË,·Ôı‹Î¢ÛË ‹ ¤ÎıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ .̃ £· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ï¿‚Ô˘Ó˘’ fi„ÈÓ ÙÔ˘ ̃ÙÔ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi ÎfiÛÙÔ ̃Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ̃ÙÔ˘˜ÚÔÙÔ‡ ·Ô‰Â¯ıÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ. √È Lord,Lord Î·È Nicks (1995, 75) Û ¤ÚÂ˘Ó¿ ÙÔ˘˜˘ÔÛÙËÚ›̇ Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÈÛÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ ̃(¿ÌÂÛÔ ‹¤ÌÌÂÛÔ) ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ ÂÓfi˜ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ̆Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ ̃ÚfiÛÎÙËÛ˘·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ fiÙ·Ó ·˘Ù‹ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÌÂÙ˘¯·›Ô ÙÚfiÔ. ∂ÎÙfi ̃·fi ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ ̃·ÁÔÚ¿ ̃ÙÔ˘·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ ̆˘ÔÏÔÁ›̇ Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ ̃ÂÈ̤ÏÂÈ·˜Î·È ÊÚÔÓÙ›‰· ̃ÙÔ ,̆ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ¯ÚfiÓÔ ·ÊȤڈÛË ̃ÙÔ ̆ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ÁÈ· ¤Ú¢ӷ,ηٷÏÔÁÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË, Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË Î·È ·Ôı‹ÎÂ˘Û‹ÙÔ .̆

∂ίÒÚËÛË ∞ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ

∂Í›ÛÔ ̆ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋, ›Ûˆ ̃Î·È ÈÔ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË, Â›Ó·È Ë·fiÊ·ÛË ÂίÒÚËÛË ̃·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·fi ÙÈ̃ÌfiÓÈÌ ̃Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤ ̃ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›̂ Ó. ¢Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ ̆fiÙÈÛÎÔfi ̃·˘ÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·Ê‡Ï·ÍË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓÙÔ˘ ̃Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÈ̃ ÂfiÌÂÓ ̃ÁÂÓȤ ,̃ ÛÙÈ̃ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ ̃¯ÒÚ ̃˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ÚÔηٿÏË„Ë Î·Ù¿ ÙË ̃·Ú·¯ÒÚËÛ˘·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›̂ Ó ÙÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ΢ÚÈfiÙËÙ·. ∏ ÂÎÔ›ËÛË ÂÓfi ̃·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘Û˘Ó¿ÁÂÙ·È ÙËÓ ·ÔÌ¿ÎÚ˘ÓÛ‹ ÙÔ ̆·fi ÙË ÌfiÓÈÌËÛ˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ ̆ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ,̆ ›Ù Ì ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹,‰ˆÚ¿ ‹ ȉÈ̂ ÙÈ΋ ÒÏËÛË ·˘ÙÔ‡ Û οÔÈÔ ¿ÏÏÔÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ‹ ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi, ›Ù Ì ÙËÓÒÏËÛ‹ ÙÔ ̆Û ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ÏÂÈÛÙËÚÈ·ÛÌfi. ∏ ÂÎÔ›ËÛË ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÚÔηÏ› ÔÏÏÔ‡˜

9

∆¿ÓÈ· ¢ÔÍ·Ó¿ÎË

∞Ú¯·ÈÔÏfiÁÔ˜ -ªÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏfiÁÔ˜

10

ËıÈÎÔ‡ ̃ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ .̃ ∞fi ÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ‰‡Ô ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ «·ÁÔÚ¿ ̃Ù¤¯Ó˘», ‰ËÏ.ª. µÚÂÙ·Ó›· ̃Î·È ∏.¶.∞., ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó·‰È·ÈÛÙˆıÔ‡Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ ̃ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂÈ̃ ˆ ̃ÚÔ˜ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ·˘Ùfi. ™ÙË ª. µÚÂÙ·Ó›·, Ë ŒÓˆÛËªÔ˘Û›̂ Ó, (Museum Association)·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›̇ ÔÓÙ· ̃ÙÔ Î·ı‹ÎÔÓ Ô ̆ÂÍ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡¤¯Ô˘Ó Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›·, Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›̇ Ô˘Ó ÙË ÌÔÓÈÌfiÙËÙ·ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ̃ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ ̆ÎÔÈÓÔ‡,ÂÓ·ÓÙÈÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·¯ÒÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ(ª. ∞. 1996B, 2 A). ™ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, ÙÔ ÓÔÌÈÎfiÏ·›ÛÈÔ, fiˆ ̃‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒıËΠ·fi ÙÔÓ ¡¤Ô∞Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ¡fiÌÔ, ‰ÂÓ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿Û¯ÂÛËÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›̂ ÓÔ‡Ù ÙË ÌÂÙ·‚›‚·ÛË ÙË ̃΢ÚÈfiÙËÙ· ̃ÙˆÓ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ, ·Ú¿ ÌfiÓÔ Î·Ù’ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË (¡. 3028, ·Úı. 45 ·Ú. 11) ηÈÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ ̆ÁÈ· ·Ó·ÓÂÒÛÈÌ· Î·È ·ÓÙÈηıÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓ·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ̃ÈÛÙÔÚ›· .̃ ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÔÈ ËıÈÎÔ› ÎÒ‰ÈΠ̃ÛÙÈ̃ ∏.¶.∞. Ù›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó·Î¿ÓÔ˘Ó ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ‹ ÙËÓ ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÂίÒÚËÛË·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛË ÙˆÓÛ˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›̂ Ó ÙÔ˘ ,̃ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÈ̃ÂοÛÙÔÙ ·Ó¿ÁΠ̃ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÎÂÙÒÓ (Besterman1992, 30). ∂›Ó·È ÚÔÊ·Ó¤ ̃fiÙÈ Ë Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ÂÚÈÎÏ›ÂÈ ÔÏÏÔ‡ ̃ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘ ̃ÏfiÁ ̂ÙË ̃¯Ú‹ÛË˜ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ ˆ ̃ÂÌÔÚÂ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ. ∆· ªÔ˘Û›· Ù·ÔÔ›· ‰ÈÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡Ó Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ̆›‰Ô˘˜‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛÂÈ̃ , ‰ÚÔ˘Ó ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙÔ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ ̆ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ Ô ̆ÙÔ˘ ̃ÂÌÈÛÙ‡ÙËΠٷ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ··˘Ù¿. ¶ÔÈÔ ̃·Ï‹ıÂÈ· Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ ̃Ó· ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ÙÈÂ›Ó·È ·ÍÈfiÏÔÁÔ ÁÈ· ÙÈ̃ ̤ÏÏÔ˘Û ̃ÁÂÓ¤ ̃Î·È ÔÈÔ˜ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ÎÚ›ÛË ÙÔ˘ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ‰ÂÓ ı· ·Ô‰ÂÈ̄ ı› Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂ÓË; Ÿˆ ̃ÚԷӷʤÚıËÎÂ, Ë ·Í›· ÂÓfi ̃·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ÂÓ·fiÎÂÈÙ·È, ηٿ ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ ,̃ ÛÙÈ̃ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ ̃Ô ̆ÙÔ Û˘Óԉ‡ԢÓ. ŒÓ· ̃·fi ÙÔ˘˜Î‡ÚÈÔ˘ ̃ÏfiÁÔ˘ ̃Ô ̆¢ı‡ÓÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙË Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂ÓËÂÎÔ›ËÛË ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÒÏÂÈ· ÙˆÓÛ˘Óԉ¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Î·È Ë ÌË ÔÚı‹ÙÂÎÌËÚ›̂ ÛË ÙÔ ̆·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ .̆ ÕÏÏÔ ̃¤Ó·˜·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ̃Ô ̆ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÂÏ·Óı·Ṳ̂ÓË ÂίÒÚËÛË ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ ̆Â›Ó·È ÔÈÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ ̃‰˘ÛÎÔϛ ̃Ô ̆·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›̇ Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏ¿ÌÔ˘Û›·. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Â›Ó·È ËÒÏËÛË ÙÔ ̆›Ó·Î· ÙÔ ̆Domenico Ghirlandaio «∏Ï·ÙÚ›· ÙˆÓ µÔÛÎÒÓ» ·fi ÙËÓ Dulwich PictureGallery ÛÙËÓ ∂ıÓÈ΋ ¶ÈÓ·ÎÔı‹ÎË ÙË ̃™ÎÔÙ›· ,̃ ÁÈ·Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÂÈ Ë ÚÒÙË ÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜Û˘Ó·ÁÂÚÌÔ‡ (Robertson 1992, 169).µ¤‚·È·, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Î·È Î¿ÔÈ ̃ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ̃ÂίÒÚËÛË ̃·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¤Ú· ·fi ËıÈ΋ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋.™Â ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô ̆ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ¤¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÛÙ›ÛÔ‚·Ú‹ Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ‹ Ù˘¯·›· ÊıÔÚ¿, Ë ÂÎÔ›ËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘Û˘Ó‹ıˆ ̃‰ÂÓ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Î·Ù·ÎÚÈÙ¤·. ∏ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ·Á·ıÒÓ ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· ÚÔ¤ÏÂ˘Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛËÂίÒÚËÛ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù¿Î·ÈÚÔ‡˜ ÚÔηϤÛÂÈ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ.™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË ™˘Óı‹ÎË Ù˘ UNESCO, Ù·

ÌÔ˘Û›· ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ - ÌÂÏÒÓ ‰ÂÓ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÙ·ÈÓ· ÂÈÛ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ù· ÔÔ›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó·Ê·ÈÚÂı› ·Ú¿ÓÔÌ· ·fi ÙË ¯ÒÚ·ÚÔ¤ÏÂ˘Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË,ÙÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰ÂÛÌ¢Ù› fiÙÈ ı·ÂÓÂÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÙÔ˘·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· ÚÔ¤ÏÂ˘Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘.÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›· ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ·Ú¿ÓÔÌË ÌËÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·Á·ıÒÓ ÙÈ̈Ú›ٷÈÌÂ Ê˘Ï¿ÎÈÛË (¡. 3028/2002 ¿ÚıÚÔ 65). ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ›ÛË ̃Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë ™˘Óı‹ÎË ÙË ̃ÿÁ˘ÙÔ ̆1954 ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¶ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ∞Á·ıÒÓ Û ¶ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ŒÓÔÏË ̃™‡Úڷ͢1.¶ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ÏÂËÏ·Û›· ̃ÙÔ ̆ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ̆ÙË ̃µ·Á‰¿ÙË ̃·fi ÙÔ˘˜∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡ ̃ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ›̃ .∏ ηٷÛÙÚÔÊ‹ Î·È Ë Û˘Ó·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıË ÏÂËÏ·Û›·ÙˆÓ ıËÛ·˘ÚÒÓ Ù˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ 1974 ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚÔ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ï·Ê˘Ú·ÁÒÁËÛ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ·Á·ıÒÓ, Û ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ¤ÓÔÏ˘ Û‡Úڷ͢.∏ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ÏÂËÏ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ„ËÊȉˆÙÒÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÎÎÏËÛ›· ¶·Ó·ÁÈ¿∫·Ó·Î·ÚÈ¿ ÛÙ· ηÙ¯fiÌÂÓ· ›¯Â ·›ÛÈÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜Î·È ·ÓÙÈηÙÔÙÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Ó‡̷ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒӉȷٿ͈Ó. ∆Ô 1988, ÛÙËÓ πӉȷӿÔÏË ÙˆÓ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¶ÔÏÈÙÂÈÒÓ, ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÙËηÓÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ „ËÊȉˆÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ Î·ÙÔ¯‹ Ù˘ÂÌfiÚÔ˘ ¤ÚÁˆÓ Ù¤¯Ó˘ Goldberg. ∆Ô¢ÈηÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ Ù˘ πӉȷӿÔÏ˘, Î·È ÛÙËÛ˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÙÔ ∂ÊÂÙÂ›Ô Ô˘ ‰Ú‡ÂÈ ÛÙÔ™ÈοÁÔ, ·ÔÊ¿ÛÈÛ·Ó Ù· Ù¤ÛÛÂÚ· „ËÊȉˆÙ¿Ó· ÂÈÛÙÚ·ÊÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔÓ ÓfiÌÈÌÔ Î¿ÙÔ¯fi ÙÔ˘˜. ¶·Ú’ fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, ÔÏÏ¿ «ÌÂÁ¿Ï·» ÌÔ˘Û›··ÚÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· Û˘ÌÌÔÚʈıÔ‡Ó Ì ÙÈ̃ ‰È·Ù¿ÍÂÈ̃¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ ™˘Ì‚¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙËÓÂίÒÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·Á·ıÒÓ Ô˘‰ÈÂΉÈÎÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÈ̃ ¯ÒÚ ̃ÚÔ¤ÏÂ˘Û‹ ̃ÙÔ˘ ,̃ ÌÂÙË ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ›· fiÙÈ ·˘Ù¿ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ̤۷ÁÈ· ÙË ‚¤ÏÙÈÛÙË ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Î·È ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍ‹ ÙÔ˘ !̃

ªÔÚ› ηÓ›̃ ‡ÎÔÏ· Ó· ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÂÈ fiÛÔ ÛÙÂÓ¿Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤Ó ̃Â›Ó·È Ë ÚfiÛÎÙËÛË Î·È Ë ÂίÒÚËÛË·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô ̆·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ì¤ÚÔ ̃ÙË ̃˙ˆÙÈ΋˜ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ̃ÂÓfi ̃ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ̆Î·È ÙË ̃‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË˜ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ ÙÔ .̆ ªÈ· ÔÚı‹ Û˘ÏÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Ó· ·ÔʇÁÂÈ·ÓÔÚıfi‰ÔÍ ̃ÂίˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ̃ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ. ™Ù·ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÎÚ¿ÙË ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙfi ̃ÔÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ̃ÚfiÏÔ ̃ÙË ̃ÔÚı‹ ̃Û˘ÏÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ̃ÛÙË ‰È·Ê‡Ï·ÍË ÙË ̃ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿ .̃ ∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÏÔ¤Ó· Î·È ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË,΢ڛˆ˜ Û ÓÔÌÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ. ∂›Ó·È Ê·ÓÂÚfi fiÙÈ,ÍÂÎÈÓÒÓÙ·˜ ·fi ÙÔ ÓÔÌÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ, Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›·ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÓ·ÚÌÔÓ›ÛÔ˘Ó, Î·È Û ڷÎÙÈÎfi›‰Ô, ÙË Û˘ÏÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜, ¤ÙÛÈÒÛÙ ·ÚfiÛÎÔÙ· Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔÓÔÏ˘‰È¿ÛÙ·ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘˜.

µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞ñ Besterman, T. 1992. «Disposal from Museum

Collections: ethics and practicalities». Museum Management and Curatorship 11: 29-45.

ñ ∫fiÓÛÔÏ·, ¡. 1995. ∏ ¢ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ¶ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Ù˘ ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ∫ÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜.∞ı‹Ó·: ÂΉ. ¶··˙‹ÛË.

ñ Lord, B. - Lord, G.D. & Nicks, J. 1995. «A Framework for Management», ÛÙÔ Fahy, A. (Ed) Collections Management. London: Routledge 66-77.

ñ MA 1996a. Ethical Guidelines: Advice from the Museums Association Ethics Committee, Acquisitions,Number 1. MA: London.

ñ MA 1996b. Ethical Guidelines: Advice from the Museums Association Ethics Committee, Disposals,Number 2. MA: London.

ñ ¡fiÌÔ˜ ˘’ ·ÚÈı. 3028. °È· ÙËÓ ¶ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ Ù˘ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ∫ÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜. (º∂∫ ∞å, ∞Ú. º‡Ï. 153/ 28-2-2002)

ñ Robertson, I. 1995. «Infamous de-accessions», ÛÙÔ Fahy, A. (Ed) Collections Management. London: Routledge, 168-71.

ñ ICOM - ¢ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ. ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎfi ∆Ì‹Ì· 1989, ∫Ò‰Èη˜ ∂·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ¢ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜.ICOM: ∞ı‹Ó·.

1¶·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë ™‡Ì‚·ÛË Â›Ó·È Û ÈÛ¯‡ Â‰Ò Î·È·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÙËÓ ¤¯Ô˘ÓÂÈ΢ÚÒÛÂÈ Â›Ó·È ·ÎfiÌ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜. ∞Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· ÎÚ¿ÙË ·˘Ù¿Û˘ÁηٷϤÁÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÔÈ ∏.¶.∞. (∫fiÓÛÔÏ· 1995, 52).

√ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·Îfi˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈ·ÎÒÓÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ·Ê‹ÁËÛË Ô˘ÛÙÔȯÂÈÔıÂÙÂ›Ù·È ·fi Ù· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù·, Ù·Û˘Óԉ¢ÙÈο ΛÌÂÓ·, ÙȘ ÂÎıÂÛȷΤ˜ ‹ÂÚÌËÓ¢ÙÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜. ª¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Î·È ·Ó¿Ï˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÓÂÙ·È·ÊÂÓfi˜ Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛË Î·ÈÙ·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜- ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ Ë ÂÚÌËÓ›·ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÈÛΤÙË Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓÂη›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó·„˘¯‹. ∏ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛËÙˆÓ Ù¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ Ù˘ ÌÔ˘ÛÂȷ΋˜Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ‰‡Ô ‚·ÛÈοÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁÈο, ÁÓˆÛȷο Î·È ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷοÌÔÓ٤Ϸ: ¤Ó· ıÂÙÈÎÈÛÙÈÎfi, Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÁÓÒÛË ˆ˜ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌË̤ӈÓÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Î·È ¤Ó· ÎÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÙÈÎfi,ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ë ÁÓÒÛË Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋‰È·‰Èηۛ·, Ë ÔÔ›· ηıÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ·Ú¯fiÌÂÓ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁ‹Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ‰¤ÎÙË. ∏ ÂÚÌËÓ›·, ·fi ÙËÓ¿ÏÏË, ÂÊ·ÚÌÔṲ̂ÓÔ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô Ù˘ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Ù˘ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜, ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·, ΢ڛˆ˜ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ηÈÛ¯¤ÛÂȘ ·Ú·ÎÈÓÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ÂÈÛΤÙË Ó··Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›·Ù˘ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜.∆Ô ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô πÛÙÔÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘

∞ıËÓÒÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÂ›Ù·È ·fi ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ÚÒÙ·∆Ì‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ Î·È Ù··ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ÁÓˆÛÙÈο ‰›· ·fi ÙËÓ ›‰Ú˘Û‹ÙÔ˘ ̤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ·. √È ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ÓÔËÙfi«Î›ÌÂÓÔ», ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ(ÚÔÛˆÔÁڷʛ˜, ‚È‚Ï›·, ÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÈ·,ÛÊÚ·Á›‰Â˜, ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌfi˜ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›ˆÓ,ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ Î.¿.). ª¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ·˘Ù‹, Ô ÂÈÛΤÙ˘, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ÌÂÙ· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ¿ ÙÔ˘, ÌÔÚ› Ó·ÚÔ¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ Û ڈÙÔÁÂÓ›˜ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ‹ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ ÂÌ‚·ı‡ÓÛÂȘ. ∏ ˙ÂÛÙ‹ÍÂÓ¿ÁËÛË ·fi ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ·ÚıÚÒÓÂÈ ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ·ÊËÁ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ¿ÚÚËÙÔ ·˘Ùfi «Î›ÌÂÓÔ» ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ. ∏·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ¤¯ÂÈηٷÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ «ÙÔÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ ¤ÎıÂÌ·Î·È ÙÔ Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ʈ˜ Ô‰ËÁfi ÁÈ· ÙË ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓ›·ÛÙÔ ·ıËÓ·˚Îfi ·˘Ùfi Û›ÙÈ», fiˆ˜ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂȯ·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ë ÂÈÌÂÏ‹ÙÚÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ η. ∂Ï.°È·ÙÚ¿.∞fi Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›· Ù˘ ºÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ΋˜ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜,ÙÔ ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ‰ÔÌ›ٷȷÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘˜ Î·È ÙȘ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜Ù˘ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘: ηٿ

ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜ (ÚÔ˚ÛÙÔÚÈ΋, ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋,‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ‹, ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁ›·) ηÈÛ ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙË ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋, ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ‹Ù˘ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ (ÏÈıÔÙ¯ӛ·˜, ÎÂÚ·ÌÈ΋˜,ÂÈÎÔÓÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜, Î.¿). ∆Ô ÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ ÂÔÙÈÎfi˘ÏÈÎfi, Ù· Û˘Óԉ¢ÙÈο ΛÌÂÓ· Î·È ÔÈÂÈÎÔÓÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›ÛÂȘ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘ÓÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Ù˘ ¤ÎıÂÛ˘,ηıÒ˜ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÙ·È ¤Ó· ıÂÙÈÎÈÛÙÈοÙÂÎÌËÚȈ̤ÓÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÁÈ· οıÂÂÓfiÙËÙ·. ∆Ô ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ∂ÎÌ·Á›ˆÓ (ÂÈÎ.3), ·fiÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓÁÏ˘ÙÔıËÎÒÓ, Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó·ÙÚÈۉȿÛÙ·ÙÔ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰ÈÔ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ∏¯ˆÚÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ·Á·ÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙÔÓÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÈ ·ÊËÚË̤ӷ ÙÔÓÙ‡Ô ÂÓfi˜ ÂÚ›ÙÂÚÔ˘ Ó·Ô‡, ÂÓÒ Ô Ê˘ÛÈÎfi˜ÊˆÙÈÛÌfi˜ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙÔ Î¿ÏÏÔ˜ Ù˘·Ú¯·›·˜ Ù¤¯Ó˘. ∏ ÚfiÛÏË„Ë ÙˆÓ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÓÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ Û˘ÁΛÓËÛË,·ÏÏ¿ ÂÎÙ›ÓÂÙ·È Û ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡ÓÛÙȘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ Ù¤¯Ó˘.∞fi Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›· ÙˆÓ º˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ, ÙÔ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô √Ú˘ÎÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ & ¶ÂÙÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜Â›Ó·È ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓÔ Û ‰‡Ô ÂÎıÂÛȷΤ˜ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜: Ë ÚÒÙË ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ Î·È

11

∏ ÂÚÌËÓ›· Ù˘ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜ÛÙ· ÌÔ˘Û›· ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ.

ªÈ· ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË

¢Ú. ª·Ú›Ó· ∫·Ú·‚·Û›ÏË ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÏfiÁÔ˜

ª¿ÓÔ˜ ªÈÎÂÏ¿Î˘À. ¢Ú. ∂ª¶ - ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÏfiÁÔ˜

∂ÈÎ. 1. ∑ˆÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ.

Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÛÙË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË ÂÎıÂÛÈ·ÎÒÓÂÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÁÈ· ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈοÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Ì·ıËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡.∏ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÂÎÙ›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ÛÙȘÂÚÌËÓ¢ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷΤ˜ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜. √È ÚÔı‹Î˜, Ù· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÙÔ ÂÔÙÈÎfi˘ÏÈÎfi Ù˘ ¤ÎıÂÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ›ӷÈÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó· Ì ʷÓÙ·Û›· Î·È Â˘·ÈÛıËÛ›·,ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È ·ÈÛıËÙÈο ÂÏ΢ÛÙÈο ·ÏÏ¿ ηÈÚfiÛÊÔÚ· Û ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ÂÌ›ÙÔ˘Ó ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏÈο Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù·. ∏ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓË ·˘Ù‹ ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙÈ΋ ÚfiÙ·ÛËÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÈÛΤÙË Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÓÂÙ·È Ì·›ıÔ˘Û· ‰È·Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Î·È ÚÔ‚ÔÏÒÓ,ÂÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ, ·Ú¯Â›Ô Î·È ÂÈÎÔÓÈ΋ ÍÂÓ¿ÁËÛËÛÙȘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ̤ۈ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹. ™ÙÔ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô µÔÙ·ÓÈ΋˜, Ë ¤ÎıÂÛË «∞ÙÙÈÎfiÙÔ›Ô & ¶ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ» ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ¿ÚÙÈ·ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓË ¤ÎıÂÛË, ÏÔ‡ÛÈ· ÛÂÙÂÎÌËÚȈÙÈÎfi ˘ÏÈÎfi, ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ (‰ÈÔÚ¿Ì·Ù·, ̷ΤÙ˜, ÂȉÈΤ˜Î·Ù·Û΢¤˜ fiˆ˜ Ô ¶‡ÚÁÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ∞Ӥ̈Ó,Î.¿.) Î·È ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ. √‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ ¿ÏψÛÙ ÂÚÌËÓ¢ÙÈÎfi˜ ¿ÍÔÓ·˜Â›Ó·È, ¤Ú· ·fi ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÁÓÒÛˆÓ, Ë¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛË Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜. ∏ ¤ÎıÂÛË, ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Ì ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛËÂÓfi˜ ·ÓÔÚ¿Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ,·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ÁfiÓÈÌÔ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ Û¯ÂÙÈο ÌÂÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, fiˆ˜·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Î·È ÂͤÏÈÍËÙÔ˘ ∞ÙÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ›Ô˘.

√È ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¯·›Ô˘˜ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ̇ıÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÛÌÔÁÔÓ›·˜, ÙËÓÔÏÂÔ‰ÔÌÈ΋ ÂͤÏÈÍË Î·È ÙȘ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ÚÔÔÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÏÂηÓÔ‰›Ô˘ ÂÓ fi„ÂÈ ÙˆÓ√Ï˘ÌÈ·ÎÒÓ ∞ÁÒÓˆÓ 2004, ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó¤Ú· ·fi ÙË Ê˘ÛÈ΋, ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ηÈÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ÙÔ›Ô˘.∆Ô ∑ˆÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô (ÂÈÎ. 1&2)ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙË ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ cabinet ofcuriosities. ∏ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓÂÌ̤ÓÂÈ ÛÙË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ηٿٷ͋ ÙÔ˘˜ Û›‰Ë, ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Î·È ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜. ∆· ‰ÈÔÚ¿Ì·Ù·,ÔÈ Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏfiÓÙˆÓfiˆ˜ Ë ·ÊÚÈηÓÈ΋ ˙Ô‡ÁÎÏ·, Ë Û·‚¿Ó·, Î.¿,·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋¤ÎıÂÛ˘, ηıÒ˜ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÈÔÛÊ·ÈÚÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ ˙ˆ˚ÎÔ‡ ‚·ÛÈÏ›Ԣ. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÙÔ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô °ÂˆÏÔÁ›·˜ -¶·Ï·ÈÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È ÙfiÛÔ ˆ˜ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌÈÛÙÈÎfi, ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ηÈÙ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ fiÛÔ Î·Èˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÌÈ· ¢ڇÙÂÚË ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Ì ÙË ÁˆÏÔÁÈ΋ÈÛÙÔÚ›·, ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ë ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘Ì¤Û· ·fi ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÛÎÂÏÂÙÈο Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù·. ŒÌÊ·ÛË ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ¶ÈÎÂÚÌÈ΋ ·Ó›‰· ·ÏÏ¿Î·È ÛÙȘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ˙ˆ˚ÎÒÓ Î·È Ê˘ÙÈÎÒÓ·ÔÏÈıˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ. √È ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛȷΤ˜·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ˙ÒˆÓ Î·È Ë ÍÂÓ¿ÁËÛË ·fiÙÔ ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ¤¯Ô˘ÓηٷÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô fiÏÔ ¤Ï͢ÂÈÛΤ„ÂˆÓ ·fi Û¯ÔÏ›·.™ÙËÓ π·ÙÚÈ΋ ™¯ÔÏ‹, ÔÈ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘Ì¤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·ÏËÊı› ·fi ÙÔ

∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Î·È ÙÔªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ÀÁÈÂÈÓ‹˜ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÛ˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË, ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛË Î·È·ӤÎıÂÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ¯ˆÚ›˜ η̛· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚËÂÚÌËÓ¢ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË. ∆ÔÂÎÛ˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈṲ̂ÓÔ ªÔ˘Û›Ô∞ÓıÚˆÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË,·Ó·‰È¿Ù·ÍÂ Î·È ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û ÙÈ˜Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤Ï΢ÛËfi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡, ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ,ÂÈÛÙËÌfiÓˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚˆÓÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ. ∏·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙˆÓ·ÈıÔ˘ÛÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÔıËÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘, ËÌÂϤÙË ÔÚıÔ‡ ʈÙÈÛÌÔ‡, Ë ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ÙˆÓÂÎıÂÛÈ·ÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ (ʈÙÔÁڷʛ˜,·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, ·ÓÙ›ÁÚ·Ê· ÎÚ·Ó›ˆÓ,Î.¿) Î·È Ë ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛËÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ (Ì ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁ›·, ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘·Ó·Ûηʋ˜, ÙË Û¯¤ÛË Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ηÈÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ›Ô˘, Î.¿.) Û˘Ó¿‰Ô˘Ó ÌÂÙȘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÙÔ ∂ÈÎÔÓÈÎfi ªÔ˘Û›Ô,‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ·fi ÙȘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˜ÔÈÎÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ÙˆÓ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈ·ÎÒÓÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ, ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ·ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ ÛÙË ÌÔ˘ÛÂȷ΋ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÂÓfi˜ÂÓÈ·›Ô˘ ÂÈÎÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· fiÏ· Ù·ÌÔ˘Û›·, ÂÓfi˜ ÔÏ˘ÁψÛÛÈÎÔ‡, ÔÏ˘ÌÂÛÈÎÔ‡‰ÈÎÙ˘·ÎÔ‡ ÙfiÔ˘, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ı· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈÛÙËÓ ÂÓË̤ڈÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Î·È ÙËÓ

12

∂ÈÎ. 2. ∑ˆÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ.

13

∂ÈÎ. 3. ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ∂ÎÌ·Á›ˆÓ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ.

µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞ñ √ ¡¤Ô˜ √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ, ¡fiÌÔ˜

5343, 23/3/1932, ŒÎ‰ÔÛË Ù˘ ∂ÊËÌÂÚ›‰·˜ ÙˆÓ ¡fïÓ.

ñ ∆Ô ÂÓ ∞ı‹Ó·È˜ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔÓ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÚÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÔ‡ 1923-24, ∂ıÓÈÎfiÓ & ∫·Ô‰ÈÛÙÚÈ·ÎfiÓ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔÓ ∞ıËÓÒÓ. ∂Ó ∞ı‹Ó·È˜ 1924.

ñ ∂ıÓÈÎfiÓ ∫·Ô‰ÈÛÙÚÈ·ÎfiÓ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔÓ ∞ıËÓÒÓ, ∂ηÙÔÓÙ·ÂÙËÚ›˜ 1837-1937, Ù¯. ∂å.

ñ ∫ÔÙ˙È¿˜, ¡. 1858. ¶ÂÚ› ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌȷ΋˜ ÛÔ˘‰‹˜ ¢ÔΛÌÈÔÓ. ∞ı‹ÓËÛÈ.

ñ ¶·ÓÙ·˙›‰Ë˜, π. 1889. ÃÚÔÓÈÎfi Ù˘ ÚÒÙ˘ ÂÓÙËÎÔÓÙ·ÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘. ∂Ó ∞ı‹Ó·È˜.

ñ ∫·Ú·Ï‹ - °È·ÓÓ·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, §.1988. «πÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ ›‰Ú˘Û˘ Î·È ÛÙ¤Á·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÓıÚˆÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ», ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁ›·, Ù¯. 28, ™Â٤̂ÚÈÔ˜, 73-74.

ñ ∂ıÓÈÎfi & ∫·Ô‰ÈÛÙÚÈ·Îfi ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∞ıËÓÒÓ, ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô √Ú˘ÎÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ¶ÂÙÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜ 1835-2000. ∞ı‹Ó· 2000.

ñ ¶›ÙÛÈÔ˜, £. 1994. «∆Ô ∞ÓıÚˆÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ, πÛÙÔÚÈÎfi Î·È ·Ó·Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘», ∞¡£ƒø¶√§√°π∞, Ù¯. 2., πÔ‡ÓÈÔ˜, ¢ÂÏÙ›Ô ∞ÓıÚˆÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ∂Ù·ÈÚ›·˜ ÙˆÓ º›ÏˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÓıÚˆÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ, 5-17.

ñ ∫fiÎÎÔ˘, ¢. 1977. ∏ ̤ÚÈÌÓ· ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·Ú¯·ÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· & Ù· ÚÒÙ· ªÔ˘Û›·. ∞ı‹Ó·.

ñ ¡ÔÌÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ªÔ˘Û›Ô, ™‡ÏÏÔÁÔ˜ º›ÏˆÓ °ÂÓÓ·‰Â›Ô˘ µÈ‚ÏÈÔı‹Î˘, √ ÚÒÙÔ˜ ·ÈÒÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¡ÔÌÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ, 1829-1922. À¶¶√, ∞ı‹Ó· 1988.

ñ Hooper-Greenhill, Eilean. 1999. «™Î¤„ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÔ˘ÛÂȷ΋ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓ· ÂÔ¯‹», ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁ›·, Ù¯. 72, ™Â٤̂ÚÈÔ˜, 47-49.

ñ Hooper - Greenhill, Eilean. 1992. Museums and the Shaping of Knowledge. London: Routledge.

ñ Lowenthal, D. 1985. The Past is a Foreign Country.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

ñ Walsh, K.1991. The Representation of the Past: Museums and Heritage in the Post-modern World. London: Routledge.

ñ Hewison, R. 1987. The Heritage Industry: Britain in a Climate of Decline. London: Methuen.

ñ Hewison, R. 1984. Manual of Curatorship, London: Butterworth Heinemann.

ñ Pearce, S. M. 1992. Museums, Objects and Collections, a cultural study. London: Leicester University Press.

ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ‚¿Û˘‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÌÂÏËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ÂÈÎÔÓÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛ˘ Û ÙÚÈۉȿÛٷٷÂÎı¤Ì·Ù·, Û ‹¯Ô˘˜, ‚›ÓÙÂÔ, ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ ηȉÈÔÚ¿Ì·Ù·, ηıÈÛÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ Â›ÛÎÂ„Ë ÌÈ··ÏÏËÏÔ‰Ú·ÛÙÈ΋ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·.∞ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙË ˆ˜ ÌÔ˘ÛÂȷ΋ ηȉȷ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙÈ΋ ÚfiÙ·ÛË Â›Ó·È Ë Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛËÙÔ˘ À·›ıÚÈÔ˘ ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›ԢÛÙÔÓ ÚÔ·‡ÏÈÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ºÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ΋˜™¯ÔÏ‹˜. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ Ú·Á‰·›ˆÓ¯ˆÚÔÙ·ÍÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÒÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó·fi Ù· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ·Ó·Ù˘Íȷο ¤ÚÁ·, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ∞ÙÙÈÎfi ªÂÙÚfi, Ë ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Î·È ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛËÙ˘ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó··Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ·›ÙËÌ· Ù˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘«ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤Ó˘ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜» Ô˘ ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ Ë™‡Ì‚·ÛË Ù˘ °Ú·Ó¿‰·˜, ÚÔˆı‹ıËΠËηÈÓÔÙfiÌÔ˜ χÛË Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ηÈ·ӷۇÓıÂÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘Ô˘ ·ÔηχÊıËΠÛÙÔ ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· Û ¯ÒÚÔÙ˘ ºÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ΋˜ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜. ª¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ¤̂·ÛË ·˘Ù‹, Ù· ˘ÏÈο ηٿÏÔÈ· fi¯ÈÌfiÓÔ ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙÚ¤ÊÔÓÙ·È ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÁÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È Û ÌÈ·Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÚÔÔÙÈ΋. ªÔÏÔÓfiÙÈ Ô‰È·ÌÔÚÊÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˜ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ‰ÂÓÙÂÏ› Û ϋÚË ·ÚÌÔÓ›· Ì ÙÔ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi ηÈÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ Ù˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜, ˆÛÙfiÛÔÂÁ›ÚÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ÁfiÓÈÌÔ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ ı¤Ì·Ù˘ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ¯ÒÚˆÓ ÌÂÛÙ¤Á·ÛÙÚÔ (ÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁ›·, ˘ÏÈο ηٷÛ΢‹˜,‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛΤÙË, Î.¿). ∏ Ó¤·ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ Î·È ÛËÌÂÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ‰ÂÓ

·Ó·ÈÚ› ÙËÓ ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û·.∞Ó·ÎÂÊ·Ï·ÈÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ì ‰‡Ô ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ Ù‡Ô˘˜·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈ·ÎÒÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË. ™ÙÔÓÚÒÙÔ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó fiÛ· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙÈ˜Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì’ ¤Ó· ·˘ÛÙËÚfi Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌÈÛÙÈÎfiÛ‡ÛÙËÌ· Î·È ·Ï·ÈˆÌ¤Ó˜ ÂÎıÂÛȷΤ˜ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ (ÚÔı‹Î˜ Ì ÛÙÔȯÂÈ҉˜ÂÓËÌÂÚˆÙÈÎfi ˘ÏÈÎfi). √ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·Îfi˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ·Ú¯ÂÈ·Îfi˜ ηÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜, ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔÂȉÈÎÒÓ ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÈÛΤÙË. ™ÙÔӉ‡ÙÂÚÔ Ù‡Ô ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ÂȯÂÈÚÔ‡ÓÓ· Û˘Óı¤ÛÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ·Ê‹ÁËÛË ˘ÎÓ‹ ÛÂÓÔ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÛË̷ۛ˜, ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓÂÈÛΤÙË Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Ì¤Û· ·fi ÌÈ· ÂχıÂÚˉȷ‰Èηۛ· Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ Î·È ÁÓˆÛȷ΋˜Û¯¤Û˘. ∆Ô ·Ú¯fiÌÂÓÔ Ì‹Ó˘Ì· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ ËÁÓÒÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ ΢ڛˆ˜ Ë ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ÙˆÓ ·ÍÈÒÓÙ˘ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜ Ô˘ ÂÎÙ›ıÂÙ·È Î·È Î·Ù¿Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ë ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ‰È·Ê‡Ï·Í˘ ηÈÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ Ù˘. ∏ ÌÂÙ¿ıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ηٿٷÍË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ·ÊËÁËÌ·ÙÈ΋ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ ÎÔÈÓfi,·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ Î·È ÙȘÚÔÔÙÈΤ˜ ÙˆÓ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈ·ÎÒÓªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ ÛÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÂÔ¯‹. ∏ ·Ó¿ÏË„Ë·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË Î·ÈÓÔÙfiÌˆÓ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘ÏÈÒÓ(∂ÈÎÔÓÈÎfi ªÔ˘Û›Ô, À·›ıÚÈÔ ªÔ˘Û›Ô)ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÔÓÙ· ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ÌÔ˘ÛÂȷ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘.

14

«¢ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ˘¿ÚÍÔ˘Ó ÌÔ˘Û›·¯ˆÚ›˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜, ·ÊÔ‡ Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›· ›ӷÈȉڇ̷ٷ ‚·ÛÈṲ̂ӷ ÛÙ· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·»1

Eilean Hooper-Greenhill

∏ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁ›· ‚¿˙ÂÈ Û ÚÒÙËÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔÓ ÂÈÛΤÙË, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜·Ó·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È Î·È Ô ÏfiÁÔ˜ ‡·ÚÍË˜ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ. √ ˘Ú‹Ó·˜, fï˜, ÂÓfi˜ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi Ù· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ηÈÛ ·˘Ù¿ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘. Œ¯Ô˘Ì ˘Ô¯Ú¤ˆÛË ÏÔÈfiÓÓ· Ù· ÚÔÛٷهÛÔ˘Ì ·fi ÙË ÊıÔÚ¿ Ì ÙÔÓηχÙÂÚÔ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi ÙÚfiÔ, ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi Î·È ËÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô Ù˘ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ÊÚÔÓÙ›‰· ÙÔ˘˜.∏ ÊÚÔÓÙ›‰· ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÏËÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙË ÛˆÛÙÈÎ‹Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ÚÔÏËÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜, ÛÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ ÌÂÙ·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓÛ˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ, ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Î·Ù¿ÏÏËψӷÔıË΢ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÎıÂÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ¯ÒÚˆÓ Î·È˘ÏÈÎÒÓ. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë ÛˆÛÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛËÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÂÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‚·ÛÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÛÙËÓ·ÓÙÈÛÙÚ„ÈÌfiÙËÙ· Î·È Û˘Ì‚·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ·Ú·ÎÌ¿˙Ô˘Û·˜Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ.

∏ ∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙˆÓ ÀÏÈÎÒÓ

ªÂ ‚¿ÛË Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ, Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙˆÓ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙË ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÌÂÏÂÙ¿Î·È Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ› Ù· ÌÔ˘ÛÂȷο ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ·Ó¿‡ÏË. ∫¿ı ˘ÏÈÎfi ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜(Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ Î·È ¯ËÌÈΤ˜) Î·È ·ÓÙȉڿ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÛÙȘ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜Û˘Óı‹Î˜2. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓηıÔÚ›˙ÂÈ Ù· ˘ÏÈο Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÔÛ˘ÓÙËÚËÙ‹˜ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È Ù· ˘ÏÈÎ¿Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤ÎıÂÛË Î·È·Ôı‹ÎÂ˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓÂ›Ó·È ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋. ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÙȘ ıˆڛ˜Ù˘ ¯ËÌ›·˜, Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜, Ù˘ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ηÈÙ˘ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ô‰Â›ÍÂÈ ÙË Û¯¤ÛËÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ Î·ÈÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÎÒÓ, ¯ËÌÈÎÒÓ Î·È ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ

ÊıÔÚÒÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙԇ̠ÛÙ· ÌÔ˘ÛÂȷο·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Ù˘¯ËÌ›·˜ ÂÍËÁ› ÙË ÌÔÚȷ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ,ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÛÌÔ‡˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Û˘ÁÎÚ·ÙÔ‡ÓÙ·ÈÙ· ÌfiÚÈ· Ù˘ ‡Ï˘ Î·È ÙȘ ¯ËÌÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜È‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜ 3. ∏ ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ʈÙfi˜ (ÔÚ·Ù‹·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·) Î·È Ù˘ ·fiÚ·Ù˘ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜(˘¤Ú˘ıÚË Î·È ˘ÂÚÈ҉˘) Ì·˜ ‚ÔËı¿ Ó·ÚÔÛٷهÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ·fi ÙȘηٷÛÙÚÔÊÈΤ˜ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁ›·,Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ Ù˘, Ì·˜ ‚ÔËı¿ Ó··Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË ‚Èԉȿ‚ÚˆÛË ·fiÌÈÎÚÔÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜. ∏ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ÌÂÏÂÙ¿ ÙÈ˜Ô˘Û›Â˜ Ô˘ ··ÚÙ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ‡ÏË Î·È ÙËÓ›‰Ú·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Û ·˘Ù¤˜4. ∏‡ÏË ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÌfiÚÈ·. ∞Ó ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì Ҙ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ù· ÌfiÚÈ·(‰ÔÌ‹) Î·È Ò˜ Û˘ÁÎÚ·ÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜(‰ÂÛÌÔ›), ÙfiÙ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘȉÈfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜.5

∆· ›‰Ë Ù˘ ‡Ï˘

√ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙȘȉÈfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ó·Î·Ù·Ù¿ÛÛÔ˘Ì ٷ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜.ŒÓ·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÔ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ‚¿ÛÂÈ Ù˘ÚÔ¤Ï¢Û˘ Ù˘ ‡Ï˘ ÙÔ˘˜, Ù· ÔÚÁ·ÓÈο ‹ Ù··ÓfiÚÁ·Ó· ˘ÏÈο, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ·6.∆· ÔÚÁ·ÓÈο ˘ÏÈο Â›Ó·È Ê˘ÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ˙ˆÈ΋˜ÚÔ¤Ï¢Û˘ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ·fi Ù·Ê˘ÛÈο ÔÏ˘ÌÂÚ‹ Ù˘ ΢ÙÙ·Ú›Ó˘ Î·È Ù˘ڈÙ½Ó˘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·7. ª¤Û· Û ¤Ó· ÌÔ˘Û›Ô,Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿Ì ٷ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈο ˘ÏÈο Ê˘ÙÈ΋˜ÚÔ¤Ï¢Û˘ Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ ͇ÏÔ˘, ÙÔ˘¯·ÚÙÈÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ˘Ê¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ (ÏÈÓfi, ‚·Ì‚¿ÎÈ).∂ÓÒ Ù· ÔÚÁ·ÓÈο ˘ÏÈο ˙ˆÈ΋˜ ÚÔ¤Ï¢Û˘ ÌÂÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ ‰¤ÚÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·ÍÈÔ‡, ÙÔ˘Ì·ÏÏÈÔ‡, ÙÔ˘ ÊÙÂÚÔ‡, ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÎηÏÔ˘ Î·È ÙԢΤڷÙÔ˘. ÕÏÏ· ÚˆÙÂ˚ÓÈο ˘ÏÈο Â›Ó·È Ù··‚Á¿, ÔÈ ˙ˆÈΤ˜ ÎfiÏϘ, ÙÔ Á¿Ï·, ‹ η˙½ÓË,Ô˘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙԇ̠ˆ˜ Û˘Ó‰ÂÙÈο ‹Û˘ÁÎÔÏÏËÙÈο ˘ÏÈο ÛÙË ˙ˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋8. ∂ÎÙfi˜·fi Ù· Ê˘ÛÈο ÔÏ˘ÌÂÚ‹, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Ù·ËÌÈÛ˘ÓıÂÙÈο, ÙÚÔÔÔÈË̤ӷ Ê˘ÛÈοÔÏ˘ÌÂÚ‹ (·Ú¿ÁˆÁ· ΢ÙÙ·Ú›Ó˘) ηÈÛ˘ÓıÂÙÈο ÔÏ˘ÌÂÚ‹, ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·fi Ù·ÔÔ›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·Î·Ï˘Êı› Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›·ÂÓ‹ÓÙ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·9. ∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÚÒÙË ‡ÏË Û¯ÂÙÈο Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ,Ô˘ ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ ·Ú¯›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ̤ÚÔ˜ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ. ¶ÔχÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË Û˘ÓıÂÙÈÎÒÓÔÏ˘ÌÂÚÒÓ ˆ˜ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ¤ÎıÂÛË Î·È·Ôı‹Î¢ÛË ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, ÁÈ· Û˘Û΢·Û›·,·ÏÏ¿ ΢ڛˆ˜ ÁÈ· Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË10. °È··Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Û˘ÓıÂÙÈΤ˜ ÚËÙ›Ó˜¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÛÙÂÚˆÙÈο,

H ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ë ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÛÙË ÊÚÔÓÙ›‰·ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ

µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞

1Eilean Hooper-Greenhill (ÂÈÌ ¤Î‰.), "Museums andcommunication: an introductory essay", ÛÙÔ Museum, Media,Message. London: Routledge, 1995, Û. 10.

2Graham Hill, "Materials and their Properties", ÛÙÔ ChemistryCounts. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1995, Û. 4-5.

3Anne Moncrieff et al., "An introduction to materials" ÛÙÔScience for Conservators, Volume 1, (ÂÈÌ. ¤Î‰. HelenWilks).London: The Conservation Unit of Museums &Galleries Commission and Routledge,1992, Û. 8-9.

4C.V. Horie and D. Kenyon, Chemistry for Conservators.London: International Academic Projects, 1996, Û. 6.

5Graham Hill, "The Structure of Substances", ÛÙÔ ChemistryCounts. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1995, Û. 160.

6Moncrieff et al. ‘What science is’, Science for Conservators,Volume 1, Û. 16.

7Charles Newey et al.,"The chemistry of polymers", ÛÙÔScience for Conservators, Volume 3, (ÂÈÌ. ¤Î‰. Helen Wilks).London: The conservation unit of Museums & GalleriesCommission and Routledge,1992, Û. 33-34.

8John S. Mills and Raymond White, "Proteins", ÛÙÔ TheOrganic Chemistry of Museum Objects, (ÂÈÌ. ¤Î‰. NorbertS. Baer). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1994, Û. 84.

9Mills and White, "Synthetic materials", The OrganicChemistry of Museum Objects, Û. 129.

10Mills and White, "Synthetic materials", The OrganicChemistry of Museum Objects, Û. 129.

11C.V. Horie, "Introduction", ÛÙÔ Materials for Conservation.Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000, Û. 3-10.

12Hill, Chemistry Counts, Û. 176-80.

15

ŒÏÂÓ· ∫›ÙÙ·™˘ÓÙËÚ‹ÙÚÈ· ŒÚÁˆÓ ∆¤¯Ó˘, ªÔ˘Û›ÔπÛÙÔÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ

12Hill, Chemistry Counts, Û. 176-80.

13Ann Brooke Craddock, «Control of Temperature andHumidity in Small Collections», ÛÙÔ Conservation Concerns(ÂÈÌ. ¤Î‰. K. Bachmann). Washington: SmithsonianInstitution Press, 1992, Û. 16.

14Garry Thomson, «Humidity», ÛÙÔ The Museum Environment.Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1995, Û. 84.

15Valerie Reich Hunt, «Composite Objects: Materials andStorage Conditions», ÛÙÔ Conservation Concerns (ÂÈÌ.¤Î‰. K. Bachmann), Washington: Smithsonian InstitutionPress, 1992, Û. 133.

16Ann Brooke Craddock, «Construction materials for storageand exhibition», ÛÙÔ Care of Collections (ÂÈÌ. ¤Î‰. SimonKnell). London: Routledge, 1994, Û. 129-34.

17Marjorie Shelley, «Warning Signs: When Works on PaperRequire Conservation», ÛÙÔ Conservation Concerns (ÂÈÌ.¤Î‰. K. Bachmann). Washington: Smithsonian InstitutionPress, 1992, Û. 36.

18Commoner, Conservation Concerns, Û. 86.

19Grossbard, Conservation Concerns, Û. 102.

20Reich Hunt, Conservation Concerns, Û. 132-33.

Û˘ÁÎÔÏÏËÙÈο, ‚ÂÚÓ›ÎÈ· Î·È ˘ÏÈοηÏÔ˘ÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ·ÓÙ›ÁÚ·Ê· ¤ÚÁˆÓ Ù¤¯Ó˘11. ™Ù· ·ÓfiÚÁ·Ó· ˘ÏÈο ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó Ù· ̤ٷÏÏ·, Ù·ÂÙÚÒÌ·Ù·, Ù· ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿ Î·È Ù· ·ÔÏÈıÒÌ·Ù·.∆· Û˘Ó·ÓÙԇ̠ˆ˜ ÌÔ˘ÛÂȷο ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ·fi̤ٷÏÏÔ, ÎÂÚ·ÌÈÎfi (ËÏfi˜), Á˘·Ï› (¿ÌÌÔ˜),Ì¿ÚÌ·ÚÔ Î·È Ê˘ÙÈο ‹ ˙ˆÈο ·ÔÏÈıÒÌ·Ù·12.

√È ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔÈÎ·È ÔÈ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ› ÊıÔÚ¿˜ Ù˘ ‡Ï˘

∫·ı¤Ó· ·fi ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ˘ÏÈο·ÓÙȉڿ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜Û˘Óı‹Î˜, ··ÈÙÒÓÙ·˜ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ηÈÂȉÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÛˆÛÙ‹ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ù·ÔÚÁ·ÓÈο ˘ÏÈο Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ˘ÁÚÔÛÎÔÈο ¤¯Ô˘ÓÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË Ó· ·ÔÚÚÔÊÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ·Ô‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó˘ÁÚ·Û›· ¤ˆ˜ fiÙÔ˘ ¤ÚıÔ˘Ó Û ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· ÌÂÙËÓ ˘ÁÚ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜13.∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, ÛÙ· ·ÓfiÚÁ·Ó· ˘ÏÈο, Ë ˘„ËÏ‹Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ˘ÁÚ·Û›· Î·È ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· ÌÔÚÔ‡ÓÓ· ˘ÚÔ‰ÔÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ¯ËÌÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ Ô˘ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙË ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛËÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ¿ÏÏˆÓ Î·È ÙÔ ‰¿ÎÚ˘ÛÌ· ÙÔ˘Á˘·ÏÈÔ‡14. ∏ ˘ÁÚ·Û›·, Ë ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·, ÙÔʈ˜, Ë ·ÙÌfiÛÊ·ÈÚ· (·ÙÌÔÛÊ·ÈÚÈÎÔ› Ú‡ÔÈ),Ù· ¤ÓÙÔÌ· Î·È ÔÈ ÌÈÎÚÔÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ› ÂȉÚÔ‡ÓÛÙ· ˘ÏÈο Î·È ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó Ì˯·ÓÈ΋, ¯ËÌÈ΋,‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÊıÔÚ¿ ‹ Î·È Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi ·˘ÙÒÓ.°›ÓÔÓÙ·È ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ› ÊıÔÚ¿˜ fiÙ·Ó‰ÂÓ ÂϤÁ¯ÔÓÙ·È. ™ÙÔ˘˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÊıÔÚ¿˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ¿‚Ô˘ÌÂ Î·È ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË Ô˘¤¯Ô˘Ó οÔÈ· ˘ÏÈο ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜15. Œ¯ÂȉȷÈÛÙˆı› fiÙÈ ÙÔ Í‡ÏÔ, Û‡ÓıÂÙ· ͇Ϸ(ÎfiÓÙÚ· ϷΤ, ªDF), ÎfiÏϘ Î·È ÌÂÚÈο‚ÂÚÓ›ÎÈ· ·Ó·‰›‰Ô˘Ó ÙËÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο,fiˆ˜ Ôͤ· ·fi ÙÔ Í‡ÏÔ Î·È ÊÔÚÌ·Ï‰Â˛‰Ë·fi ÎfiÏϘ16. ªÂÙ¿ ·fi ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË, ¤¯ÂÈ›Û˘ ·Ô‰Âȯı› fiÙÈ ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÙËÙÈÎ¿Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ÚÔÛ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ¯·ÚÙ› ηÈÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ÛÔ‚·Ú‹ ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛË ÛÙ· ̤ٷÏÏ·.

∏ ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙˆÓ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ÛÙË ÊÚÔÓÙ›‰·

ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ

∏ ÁÓÒÛË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Ó ̂Ì¿ ̃ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ó··Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›̇ Ô˘Ì ÛËÌ¿‰È· ÊıÔÚ¿ ̃Î·È Ó··ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÌ·ÛÙ ٷ ·›ÙÈ· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ̃ÙÔ˘ .̃ŒÙÛÈ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ͤÚÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÙÔ «foxing» ÙÔ ̆¯·ÚÙÈÔ‡(ηʤ ÎËÏ›‰Â˜) Â›Ó·È ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÊıÔÚ¿ ·fiÌÈÎÚÔÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ̃Û ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ì ·˘ÍË̤ÓËÛ¯ÂÙÈ΋ ˘ÁÚ·Û›·17, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ÌÈÎÚ¤ ̃Ô¤ ̃ÛÙÔ Í‡ÏÔ‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó ÚÔÛ‚ÔÏ‹ ·fi ¤ÓÙÔÌ·, fiÙÈ Ô·Ô¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ̃(ÍÂıÒÚÈ·ÛÌ·) ÙÔ ̆˘Ê¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜Ô ̆¤¯ÂÈ ¤ÚıÂÈ Û ·ʋ Ì ÌË ·Ú¯Âȷο ˘ÏÈο,fiˆ ̃ÎÔÈÓ¿ ¯·ÚÙfiÓÈ·, Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ¿‰È fiÍÈÓÔ˘ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ ̃Î·È Î·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ̃ÙÔ˘¤ÚÁÔ ̆Û ¤ÎıÂÛË ‹ ·ÔıË΢ÙÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ18 Î·È fiÙÈ ÙÔÌ·‡ÚÈÛÌ· ÙÔ ̆·ÚÁ‡ÚÔ ̆·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó‰ÂÈÍË ‡·Ú͢˘‰ÚfiıÂÈÔ ̆(∏2S) Û ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ì ·˘ÍË̤ÓËÛ¯ÂÙÈ΋ ˘ÁÚ·Û›·19. ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, Ë Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓË ÁÓÒÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓÎ·È ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ÊıÔÚ¿ ̃ÙÔ˘ ̃Ì· ̃‚ÔËı¿ Ó·Ï¿‚Ô˘Ì ٷ ÛˆÛÙ¿ ÚÔÏËÙÈο ̤ÙÚ· ÁÈ· ÙËÊÚÔÓÙ›‰· ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ. √ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ÙÔ ̆ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ ,̃ Ë ÛˆÛÙ‹ÌÂÙ·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, Ù· ·Ú¯Âȷο ηÈÛ˘Ì‚·Ù¿ ˘ÏÈο ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤ÎıÂÛË Î·È ·Ôı‹ÎÂ˘Û‹ÙÔ˘ ,̃ fiˆ ̃Î·È Ù· ˘ÏÈο Ô ̆¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈԇ̠ÁÈ·ÙË Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ̃Â›Ó·È ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ ̃ÚÔ ̃·˘Ù‹ÓÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË: ÙË ÊÚÔÓÙ›‰· ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓÛ˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ20. √ÏÔÎÏËÚÒÓÔÓÙ· ,̃ ı· ‹ıÂÏ· Ó· ÚÔÛı¤Û ̂fiÙÈ ËÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ˘ÔÁÚ·ÌÌ›̇ ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ·¤Ú¢ӷ, Ë ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË Û ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ÙÔÌ›̃ , fiˆ ̃ÛÙË Û˘Ó¯‹ ‚ÂÏÙ›̂ ÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓÔ ̆¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈԇ̠ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÏËÙÈ΋ Î·È ÛˆÛÙÈÎ‹Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·. ∞fi ÙË ÌÈ· ÌÂÚÈ¿, ÔÛ˘ÓÙËÚËÙ‹ ̃ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›̇ ÂÈ ÚÈÓ ÙËÓ¤̂·ÛË Ù· ˘ÏÈο Ô ̆¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ›, ÙÈ̃ ȉÈfiÙËÙ¤˜ÙÔ˘ ̃·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÈ̃ ÂȉڿÛÂÈ̃ ÙÔ˘ ̃ÛÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ.∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, Ô ÂÈÌÂÏËÙ‹ ̃Î·È Î¿ı ˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔ˜ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÛˆÛÙ¿˘ÏÈο ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ôı‹Î¢ÛË Î·È ¤ÎıÂÛË ÙˆÓ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·ıÒ ̃Î·È Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ·ÛÊ·Ï›̃Ô‰ËÁ›Â ̃ÌÂÙ·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ̃·˘ÙÒÓ. ŒÙÛÈ ÌfiÓÔ ı·ÌÔÚ¤ÛÔ˘Ì ӷ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ¤Ó· ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓÔÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·Îfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Î·È ÙÂÏÈο Ó·‰È·ÙËÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ Ì· ̃ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÂÌ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÈÔ˘˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙȘÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ ÁÂÓȤ˜.

µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞ñ Bachmann, Konstanze. 1992. Conservation Concerns.

Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

ñ Hill, Graham.1995. Chemistry Counts. London: Hodder & Stoughton.

ñ Hooper-Greenhill, Eilean. 1995. Museum, Media, Message. London: Routledge.

ñ Horie, V. C. 2000. Materials for Conservation. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

ñ Knell, Simon. 1994. Care of Collections. London: Routledge.

ñ Mills, S. and White, Raymond. 1994. The Organic Chemistry for Museum Objects. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

ñ Moncrieff, Anne et al. 1992. Science for ConservatorsVolume 1 .London: The Conservation Unit of Museums & Galleries Commission and Routledge.

ñ Newey, Charles et al. 1992. Science for ConservatorsVolume 3. London: The Conservation Unit of Museums & Galleries Commission and Routledge.

ñ Thomson, Garry. 1995. The Museum Environment. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, Ë Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ‹ fi¯È ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ·›˙ÂÈ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ʇÛ˘ ηÈÙ˘ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. µÚÈÛÎfiÌ·ÛÙ ÌÚÔÛÙ¿Û ¤Ó· Ô˘ÛÈ҉˜ ÂÚÒÙËÌ·: ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È ËÛ¯¤ÛË ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜; ¶ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ηÈÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË; ¢˘ÛÙ˘¯Ò˜, Ë∂˘ÚÒË ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· ·ÓÙȷϤ„ÂÈ ÙÔ ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙ·ÙÔ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚÔ˚fiÓ Ì ÙË‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÌfiÏȘ ÙÔ˘ 0,1% ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎÔ‡ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡1. ∞fi ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ 0,1 %, fiÛÔı· ‰È·ÙÂı› ÁÈ· Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›·; ∫·È ·fi ÙËÓ¿ÏÏË, Ú¤ÂÈ ¤Ó· ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Ó· ÂÚÈ̤ÓÂÈ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÙËÓ ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ÂȯÔÚ‹ÁËÛË ‹ Ó·ÎÈÓ› ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜, Î·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘È‰ÈˆÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ̤· Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ ÂÈϤÔÓfiÚÔ˘˜;∞˜ ‰Ô‡Ì ÙÈ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ π·ˆÓ›·, ÌÈ·¯ÒÚ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘ÌÂ Û˘¯Ó¿ÔÏϤ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜. ∫·È ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ,ÔȘ χÛÂȘ ‚Ú¤ıËÎ·Ó ÁÈ· Ù˯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ Ù¤¯Ó˘ ÂΛ.¶Ò˜ ÍÂÂÚ¿ÛÙËÎÂ Ô ÛÎfiÂÏÔ˜ Ù˘·Ó·ÚÎÔ‡˜ ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘ ηÈÔÈ· ÂÙ·ÈÚÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛË ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ /ȉȈÙÈÎÔ‡ÙÔ̤· ÏÂÈÙÔ‡ÚÁËÛ ˘¤Ú ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ ηÈÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÒÓ ÂÎı¤ÛˆÓ. ¶ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È ÂÓÙ¤ÏÂÈ Ë ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ˙ˆ‹ ÙˆÓ È·ˆÓÈÎÒÓÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ. ¶ÂÚ› Ù· 300 ÌÔ˘Û›· Ù¤¯Ó˘˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ π·ˆÓ›· Û‹ÌÂÚ·. ŸÏ· ·˘Ù¿Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›· ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ Ù· ÂÓÙ¿ÍÔ˘Ì ÛÂÙÚÂȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜: Ù· ÎÚ·ÙÈο ÌÔ˘Û›· (·ÊÈÂڈ̤ӷ ÛÙË ‰˘ÙÈ΋٤¯ÓË), Ù· ÙÔÈο ÌÔ˘Û›· (Ô˘ ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È·fi ‰‹ÌÔ˘˜ ‹ ÓÔÌ·Ú¯›Â˜) ηÈ, Ù¤ÏÔ˜, ٷȉȈÙÈο ÌÔ˘Û›·. ¶ÔÏÏ¿ ·fi Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›·¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ·fi ȉȈÙÈΤ˜ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ¤Ó· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ·ÚÎÂÙ¿¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÁÈ· ÙËÓ π·ˆÓ›· Â›Ó·È ÙÔ fiÙÈÙ¤ÙÔÈ· ÌÔ˘Û›· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Â›Ó·ÈÂÁηÙÂÛÙË̤ӷ ÛÙ· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ÎÙ‹ÚÈ· ÙˆÓ ›‰ÈˆÓÙˆÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛˆÓ, fiÔ˘ ¤Ó·˜ ‹ ‰‡Ô fiÚÔÊÔÈÙÔ˘ ÎÙËÚ›Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÌÔÚʈı› ηٿÏÏËÏ·ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂΛ ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ÙÔ˘˜. ∆· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ηٷÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ›·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ‰ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÒÚÔÂÎı¤ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÔÓÔÌ¿˙Ô˘Ó «ÌÔ˘Û›Ի. ªÔÚ› ηÓ›˜ Ó· ‰ÂÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÂΉԯ¤˜·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘: ¿ÏÏ· ηٷÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó Û¯Â‰fiÓ ÔÏfiÎÏËÚÔÎÙ‹ÚÈÔ, ¤Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Ì fiÏÔ ÙÔÓÂÍÔÏÈÛÌfi Ô ̆··ÈÙ›ٷÈ, ÂÓÒ ·ÏÏÔ‡ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈÌfiÓÔ ¤Ó· ̃ÌÈÎÚfi ̃¯ÒÚÔ ̃ÂȉÈο ‰È·ÌÔÚʈ̤ÓÔ ,̃‰›Ï· ÛÙ· ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ ̆ηٷÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ .̃ ∞˘Ù¿ Ù·ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ηٷÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ¤ÓÙÔÓ·ÛÙË ‰ÈÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ÂÎı¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ÙË Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌ‹ ÂȉÈÎÒÓ, ηıËÁËÙÒÓ, ÎÚÈÙÈÎÒÓ

Ù¤¯ÓË ̃‹ ÂÈÌÂÏËÙÒÓ. ™Â ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ‰ÂÓÂ›Ó·È Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›· Ô ̆„¿¯ÓÔ˘Ó Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›Â ̃Î·È˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË, ·ÏÏ¿ Ù· ηٷÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô ̆ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Ó·‰ÈÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÔ˘Ó ÂÎı¤ÛÂÈ̃ Î·È Ô ̆ÂÈ̇ ËÙÔ‡Ó Â·Ê‹Ì ÌÔ˘Û›· ‹ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ ,̃ Ì ÙÂÏÈÎfi ÛÎÔfi ‚¤‚·È· ÙËÓÚÔÛ¤Ï΢ÛË fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ̆ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ÛÙÔ˘ ̃¯ÒÚÔ˘ ̃ÙÔ˘ .̃ ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙ˯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛË ÙˆÓ È·ˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÌÔ˘Û›̂ Ó, Ù·ÎÚ·ÙÈο ÌÔ˘Û›· ‰¤¯ÔÓÙ·È, fiˆ ̃Â›Ó·È Ê˘ÛÈÎfi,ÂÈ̄ ÔÚËÁ‹ÛÂÈ̃ ·fi ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ .̃ ∞˘Ùfi ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ Î·È ÁÈ·Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›· ÙË ̃Â·Ú ›̄· ̃(ÙÔÈο). √È Î·Ù¿ ÙfiÔ˘˜·Ú¯¤ ̃·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ¤ÍÔ‰· ÁÈ· ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·ÙÔ˘ ̃(‰·¿Ó ̃ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi, ÙË Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛËÙˆÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ, ÙËÓ ¤ÎıÂÛË ÙˆÓ ÌfiÓÈÌˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ).∆· ÂÈϤÔÓ ¤ÍÔ‰·, Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈΤ˜ÂÎı¤ÛÂÈ̃ , › ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ‹ Ì ÂΉËÏÒÛÂÈ̃¿ÛË ̃ʇÛˆ ,̃ ηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ηχ„Ô˘ÓÂÈ̄ ÂÈÚ‹ÛÂÈ̃ -Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù ,̃ ÌfiÓÈÌÔÈ ‹ ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÛÈ·ÎÔ›.∆· ȉÈ̂ ÙÈο ÌÔ˘Û›·, Ù¤ÏÔ ,̃ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È·fi ÙÔ˘ ̃ȉÈÔÎً٠̃ÙÔ˘ .̃ ∏ ÈÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û·fï ̃ÏÂÙÔ̤ÚÂÈ·, Ë ÔÔ›· ˘‹ÚÍÂ Î·È ·ÈÙ›· Ó·Á›ÓÂÈ Î·È ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÌÈÎÚ‹ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙ· ÌÔ˘Û›· Ù˘π·ˆÓ›· ,̃ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi ̃fiÙÈ ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙË ̃ÌÔ˘Û›̂ Ó ÛÙËÓ π·ˆÓ›· ˘‹ÚÍ Ô∆‡Ô ̃‹, ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ù· ªª∂, ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰Â˜‰ËÏ·‰‹ ‹ ÙËÏÂÔÙÈο ηӿÏÈ·. ∞fi ÙÈ̃ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜·ÎfiÌ· ÙÔ ̆’50 Î·È ÙÔ ̆’60, ÙÚÂÈ̃ ‹ Ù¤ÛÛÂÚÂÈ̃ÌÂÁ¿Ï ̃ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰Â ̃›̄ ·Ó Ù· ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο ̤۷ Ó·‰ÈÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔ˘Ó ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛȷΤ ̃ÂÎı¤ÛÂÈ̃ , ÂÓÒÂÏ¿ È̄ÛÙ· ÌÔ˘Û›· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘ÓÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ ÙÔ˘˜2. ŒÙÛÈ, ÂÎı¤ÛÂȘ Matisse, Picasso, Braque ‹Rouault ‰ÈÔÚÁ·ÓÒıËÎ·Ó ÛÙËÓ π·ˆÓ›·, Î·È ÔÈÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰Â˜ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÌfiÓÔ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙ˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÔÈ ‰ÈÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙ¤˜ ÙˆÓÂÎı¤ÛˆÓ. ∏ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ¿ÏÏ·Í ϛÁÔ ÛÙˉÂηÂÙ›· 1970-1980, fiÔ˘ ÙËÏÂÔÙÈοηӿÏÈ· fiˆ˜ ÙÔ NHK (Radio-Television ofJapan) ‹ ÙÔ NTC (Nippon TelevisionCompany) ÚÔÛ¿ıËÛ·Ó Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÔ˘Ó Ù·›‰È· ÂÎı¤ÛÂȘ, ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· fï˜ ÌÂÌÔ˘Û›· ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ÊÔÚ¿. √È ·ÚÌfi‰ÈÔÈ ÂÈÌÂÏËÙ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ ηÙˇı˘Ó·Ó Î·È Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó ‰˘Ó·ÌÈο ÛÙËÓÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÎı¤ÛˆÓ, ÂÓÒ ÙÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi ÛΤÏÔ˜ Î·Ï˘ÙfiÙ·Ó ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο·fi ÙÔ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ÙËÏÂÔÙÈÎfi ηӿÏÈ.¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, Â›Ó·È Û‡ÓËı˜ Ù· ›‰È·ÙËÏÂÔÙÈο ηӿÏÈ· Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó¯ÔÚËÁÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎfiÙÔ̤·, Ì ·Ó¿ÏË„Ë ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÙÈο ÙÔ˘ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ̤ÚÔ˘˜ οÔÈˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ‰Ú¿ÛˆÓ, fiˆ˜ .¯. ·ÔηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ‹Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ÌÓËÌ›ˆÓ ‹ ¤ÚÁˆÓ Ù¤¯Ó˘·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË (¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ë ÂȯÔÚ‹ÁËÛË Ù˘·ÔηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÙÔȯÔÁÚ·ÊÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ªÈÎÂÏ¿ÓÙ˙ÂÏÔ Ù˘ Cappella Sixtina ÛÙÔµ·ÙÈηÓfi ·fi È·ˆÓÈÎfi ÙËÏÂÔÙÈÎfi ηӿÏÈ!).

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Œ¯ÂÈ Ë ªÔ˘ÛÂȷ΋ ¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ¢È¿ÛÙ·ÛË;∆Ô ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù˘ π·ˆÓ›·˜

ŒÓ· Û¯ÂÙÈο ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ··ÔÙÂÏ› Ë ‰ÈÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÌÈ·˜ ¤ÎıÂÛ˘ ÁÈ·ÙÔÓ Á·ÏÏÈÎfi ÚÔÌ·ÓÙÈÛÌfi ·fi È·ˆÓÈ΋ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰·, ÚÈÓ Î¿ÔÈ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·. ∏ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰·, ÛÙ· ¯Ó¿ÚÈ· ÙˆÓ È·ˆÓÈÎÒÓηӷÏÈÒÓ, ˙‹ÙËÛ ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÁÓˆÛÙÔ‡°¿ÏÏÔ˘ ÂÈÌÂÏËÙ‹ Î·È Ë ¤ÎıÂÛË·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÙËΠÛÙÔ ∂ıÓÈÎfi ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ¢˘ÙÈ΋˜∆¤¯Ó˘. ∂ÚfiÎÂÈÙÔ ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÂÈÙ˘¯›·,·ÊÔ‡ Û˘Ó‰˘¿ÛÙËΠ¤Ó· ı¤Ì· Ô˘ ı·ÚÔÛ›ÏÎ˘Â Ô‡Ùˆ˜ ‹ ¿Ïψ˜ ÎÔÈÓfi Ì ÙËÛ˘Ó‰ÚÔÌ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ˯ËÚÔ‡ ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ÔÓfiÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∂˘ÓfiËÙÔ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·Ì ÙȘ ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰Â˜, ÁÂÓÈο Ì ٷ ªª∂,·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ÏÂÔÓ¤ÎÙËÌ· ÙË˜Â˘Ú›·˜ ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹˜ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÎı¤ÛˆÓ.∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ÌÂÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ. ∞˘Ùfi˜ Ô Ù‡Ô˜Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÙˉÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ ’90. Ÿˆ˜ ›‰·ÌÂ, ÔÈÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ·È ¤ÓÙÔÓ· ÁÈ·ÙËÓ Ù¤¯ÓË Û˘ÓËı›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· Û˘ÛÙ‹ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ›‰È˜ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ Î·È ÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô (Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÙÂÏÈο ηÈÙ· ȉȈÙÈο ÌÔ˘Û›·). ÕÏϘ ‰ÂÓÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ·È Î·ı·Ú¿ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ù¤¯ÓË Î·È ÙȘÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ·fi ÙȘ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ’90 ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÁÂÓÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó· ËÙ¿ÛË Ù˘ ¯ÔÚËÁ›·˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙˆÓÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛˆÓ. ™‹ÌÂÚ· ÔÏϤ˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘÛÙËÓ π·ˆÓ›· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÌÔ˘Û›· ÁÈ·ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜: ¤Ó·˜ ·’ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Â›Ó·È Ë·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ÙˆÓ ªª∂ Ó· ·ÓÙ¤ÍÔ˘Ó Ù· fiÏÔ Î·ÈÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·˘ÍË̤ӷ ¤ÍÔ‰· ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓÂÎı¤ÛˆÓ. ∆· ªª∂ ÏÔÈfiÓ Î·Ù·Ê‡ÁÔ˘Ó ÛÙË‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ȉȈÙÈÎÒÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· Ù˯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎı¤ÛˆÓ. ™Â ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘ÓÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi Ì›· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ¤ÎıÂÛ˘ Barnes, fiÔ˘Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó ÂÚ›Ô˘ ›ÎÔÛÈ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜.∂›Ó·È Û›ÁÔ˘ÚÔ fiÙÈ ¤Ú· ·fi ÙË ıÂÙÈ΋ÏÂ˘Ú¿ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ ÌÂÙÔÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ ·Ó·Î‡ÙÔ˘Ó Î·ÈÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·. ∆Ș ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÔÈÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ÚÔÛÂÏ·ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ¢ڇ ÎÔÈÓfi -Ú¿ÁÌ· Ï›ÁÔ Ò˜ Ôχ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ- Î·È ˆ˜ ÂÎ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ Ù›ÓÔ˘ÓÛ˘¯Ó¿ Ó· ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙË Ï·˚΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛËÂÓfi˜ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È fi¯È ÛÙÔ ˘„ËÏfi,ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi, Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ ¤ÎıÂÛ˘. ∞˘Ù‹Â›Ó·È Û˘¯Ó¿ Ë ·ÈÙ›· ÔÏÏÒÓ ‰È·ÊˆÓÈÒÓÌÂٷ͇ ÂȉÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰ˆÓ ‹ ¿ÏψÓÛ˘ÓÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓˆÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛˆÓ.¢ÈÎÏ›‰· ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ ÙÒÚ· ϤÔÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë˘Ô¯Ú¤ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÒÓ Ó·Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï‡ÔÓÙ·È ÙÔÓ ÂÈÌÂÏËÙ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ,ÂÓÒ ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ··ÈÙ› ¿ÓÙ· Ó· ›ӷÈÔ ‰ÈÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙ‹˜. ∏ χÛË ı· Â›Ó·È Ô Û·Ê‹˜

ÂÈÌÂÚÈÛÌfi˜ ηıËÎfiÓÙˆÓ: ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙÔ˘ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ, ÔÈ ÂÈÌÂÏËÙ¤˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó·ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ,ÂÓÒ Ë ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÒÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Û ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ Î·È ˘ÏÈ΋ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·. ªÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û· Ù˘¯‹ Ù˘ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ ÛÙËÓπ·ˆÓ›· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Î·ı·Ú¿ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜-ÂÌÔÚÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·Ì fi,ÙÈ ı· Ê·ÓÙ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙ·Ó, ÔȉڷÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ··ÓÂÙ˘Á̤Ó˜ ÛÙËÓ π·ˆÓ›·. √È ÏfiÁÔÈ Â›Ó·ÈÔÊı·ÏÌÔÊ·Ó›˜: ·fi ÙË ÌÈ·, ÙÔ ÌÔ˘Û›ÔÛÙËÓ π·ˆÓ›· -fiˆ˜ Î·È Û ÔÏÏ¿ ¿ÏϷ̤ÚË- ÁÈ· Ôχ ηÈÚfi ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó ¤Ó·˜Î·ı·ÁÈ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˜ ÙfiÔ˜, ·fi fiÔ˘ οıÂÂÌÔÚÈ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ¤Ú ӷ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙ› ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌËÓ ·ÂÈÏÂ›Ù·È Ë·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ Î·È ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÛÙÔϋηÈ, ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘, fiÏ· Ù· Î¤Ú‰Ë Â›Ù ·fiˆÏ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ›Ù ·fi ÂÈÛÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ‰ÂÓ Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔÌÔ˘Û›Ô. ∆Ô È·ˆÓÈÎfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ÙÂÏÈÎfi˜·Ô‰¤ÎÙ˘, Ú¿ÁÌ· Ô˘ Ê˘ÛÈο ‰ÂÓÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÂÓı·ÚÚ˘ÓÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙÔÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ. ™‹ÌÂÚ· ËηٿÛÙ·ÛË ·ÏÏ¿˙ÂÈ Ì ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ˘˜Î·Ù·ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ÂÎı¤ÛÂˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÔÏÏ¿«museum goods». ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛËÌÂȈı› ‰ÒÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÚˆÙÔÙ˘›·: fiϘ ÔÈ ÂÌÔÚÈΤ˜‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÙÈο ·fi ÂȉÈοÁÚ·Ê›·. ∆Ô ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ‰ÂÓ ·Û¯ÔÏ›ٷÈηıfiÏÔ˘ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÌÔÚÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·,‰È·ÙËÚ› fï˜ ¤Ó·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙÔÓ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ˜ ÒÏËÛË·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÔÊ¢¯ıÔ‡Ó˘ÂÚ‚ÔϤ˜ Î·È Ï¿ıË. ŸÏ· Ù· Î¤Ú‰Ë ¿ÓÂÛÙ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÁÚ·Ê›· (Ô˘ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Óηٿ ηÓfiÓ· Û ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔ‡˜ ÛfiÓÛÔÚ˜ ÙÔ˘ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ) Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ Ù· ÁÚ·Ê›· ·˘Ù¿ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Î¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ‰ˆÚ¤˜ ‹¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÌÈ· ¤ÎıÂÛË.

∂ӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â͇ÚÂÛË fiÚˆÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó··ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›· ¿ÏÏˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ.∏ ÌÔ˘ÛÂȷ΋ Î·È ÂÎıÂÛȷ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ô˘·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÂ›Ù·È Î¿ı ÊÔÚ¿ Â›Ó·È ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈ΋ ηÈÙ˘ ı¤Û˘ ÙˆÓ Èı˘ÓfiÓÙˆÓ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ ı¤Ì·Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·. °È’ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÏfiÁÔ, Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ó·ÂÍÂÙ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔÈ Ô˘ ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÛ¯¤ÛË ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜, Î·È Î¿ıÂÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ Ó· ÂÈϤÍÂÈÛ˘ÓÂȉËÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ô˘ ÙÔÓ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÈ Î·ÈÙÔ˘ ·ÔʤÚÂÈ ÔʤÏË ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ·Ú·‚È¿˙ÂÈ ÙˉÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È Ó· ·Ú·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙÔ˘.

17

™˘ÚȉԇϷ ¶˘Ú‡ÏËÀÔ„‹ÊÈ· ¢È‰¿ÎÙˆÚ ªÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜

πÔÓ›Ô˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘

1∆· ÁÂÓÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ UNESCO ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfiÂ›Ó·È ·ÔÎ·Ï˘ÙÈο: Ë ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·Ó›··ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ÎÏ¿‰Ô ÙˆÓ ∏.¶.∞., ÌÂÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙˆÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Ó· ÊÙ¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔ 80%. ∏ ∂˘ÚÒË,·ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÂÈ ·Ú¿ ¤Ó·ÔÛÔÛÙfi Ù˘ ٿ͈˜ ÙÔ˘ 8% Û ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˜ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ¤˜. ª¤Û· ·fi ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ‰Ô‡ÌÂ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙ· ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈο ηْ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ›·.

2√ÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰Â˜ ÛÙËÓ π·ˆÓ›· Â›Ó·È Ôχ‰˘Ó·Ù¤˜: Ë Lomyuli, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÌÂÙÚ¿ÂÈÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·fi 10.000.000 ʇÏÏ· οı ̤ڷ, ˉ‡ÙÂÚË ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰· Ô˘Ï¿ÂÈ ÂÚ›Ô˘ 9.000.000ʇÏÏ· ÙËÓ Ë̤ڷ. ∆¤ÙÔȘ ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰Â˜ Â›Ó·È Ôχ‰Ú·ÛÙ‹ÚȘ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎfi ÙÔ̤·.

µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞Feldstein, Martin. 1991. The economics of Art Museums.Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.

Musées. Gérer autrement. Un regard international.La Documentation Française-Paris 1996.

Tobelem, Jean-Michel. 1990. Musées et culture: leFinancement à l américaine. Savigny-le-Temple: MNES, Mâcon: Editions W.

Amblose, Timothy. 1991. Money Money Money andmuseums. Edinburgh: Scottisch Museums Council.

Miley, Theobald. 1991. Museums store management.Nashville HASLF.

∞fi Ôχ ηÈÚfi ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∞ıËÓÒÓÂÎÔÓ›ٷÈ, ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ¿ÏÏ· ȉڇ̷ٷ,ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÌÂϤÙ˘ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÓËÛȈÙÈÎÒÓıËÏ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ. √È ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜, ¤Ú· ·fiÙ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·,Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó Î·È ÛÙË Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÔχÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ·ÔÏÈıˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›·‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù·ÙÂıÂÈ̤ӷ ÛÙȘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ¶·Ï·ÈÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È °ÂˆÏÔÁ›·˜.§fiÁˆ Ù˘ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ·Ó›‰ˆÓ, Ù· ÓËÛȈÙÈο ıËÏ·ÛÙÈο ı·Î·Ù·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ ÛÙË Ó¤·¤ÎıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Ì ٛÙÏÔ «∏ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ÚÈÓÙÔ˘˜ ŒÏÏËÓ˜». ªÂ ÙËÓ ¤ÎıÂÛË ·˘Ù‹ ı··ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÛÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ ÎÔÈÓfi ÙȘ Ӥ˜·fi„ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙˆÓ ·Ó›‰ˆÓ ÙˆÓıËÏ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· 25ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·. ŸÌˆ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÌË ÂȉÈÎfi Ë·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË Û ¤Ó· ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛˆÓ,Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ‰ÂÓ ÚÔηÏ› ȉȷ›ÙÂÚÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ. °È· ÙÔÓÛÎÔfi ·˘ÙfiÓ ·ÔÊ·Û›Û·Ì ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›··Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙË Û˘Ó·ÚÌÔÏfiÁËÛËÛÎÂÏÂÙÒÓ.¶ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒıËÎÂ Ë Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙÔ˘ÔÌÔÈÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ó¿ÓÔ˘ ÂϤʷÓÙ· ·fi ÙË Ó‹ÛÔ∆‹ÏÔ Ù˘ ¢ˆ‰ÂηӋÛÔ˘. ∆ËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹·Ó¤Ï·‚Â Ô ÔÏÏ·Ó‰fi˜ ηÏÏÈÙ¤¯Ó˘ HansBrinkerink. ∏ fiÏË ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÍÂΛÓËÛ Ì ÙˉËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ ÌÈÎÚÔ‡ ÔÌÔÈÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·fi ËÏfiÌ ̋ÎÔ˜ ÌfiÏȘ 30 ÂηÙÔÛÙ¿, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ

˘Ô‰Â›ÍÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÁÚ·ÊfiÓÙˆÓ, ÙÔ˘ John de VosÎ·È ÙÔ˘ Dick Mol. ∏ ηٷÛ΢‹ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ÔÌÔÈÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‹Ù·Ó ··Ú·›ÙËÙË Î·ıÒ˜ ¿Óˆ Û·˘Ù‹Ó ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó fiϘ ÔÈ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Î·È ÙÚÔÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ë ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ó· ›ӷÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ÛˆÛÙ‹.™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ‰Ô˘Ï‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÂ Ê˘ÛÈ΋ Îϛ̷η,ηٷÛ··Û ¤Ó· Û˘ÚÌ¿ÙÈÓÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô¤ÓÙ˘Û Ì ¯·ÚÙ› (ÂÈÎ. 1) Î·È ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· ÌÂÔÏ˘ÂÛÙ¤Ú·. ¶¿Óˆ Û’ ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹¿Ú¯ÈÛ ӷ ÚÔÛı¤ÙÂÈ ËÏfi Î·È Ó· ·ÓÙÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ÙÔÌÈÎÚfi ÚfiÙ˘Ô ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ. ŸÙ·Ó ÙÂÏ›ˆÛÂ,·ÓÙ¤ÁÚ·„ ÙÔ ÁÏ˘Ùfi Ì ϿÛÙÈ¯Ô ÛÈÏÈÎfiÓ˘‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙÔ Î·ÏÔ‡È Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô¯‡Ù¢Û ÙÔ ÔÌÔ›ˆÌ· ÙÔ˘ Ó¿ÓÔ˘ ÂϤʷÓÙ· (ÂÈÎ2).∞˘Ùfi fï˜ Ô˘ ı· ‰È·ÊˆÙ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÂÈÛΤÙËÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙÂ Â›Ó·È ÔÈÛ˘Ó·ÚÌÔÏÔÁË̤ÓÔÈ ÛÎÂÏÂÙÔ› ·fi Ù· ›‰È· Ù··ÔÏÈıÒÌ·Ù·. ø˜ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘Û‡ÓıÂÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÛÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÛÎÂÏÂÙÒӷӷʤÚÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Ó¿ÓÔ˘ ÂÏ·ÊÈÔ‡Candiacervus sp II (de Vos, 1979). ∆Ô ˘ÏÈÎfi ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ·Ó·Ûηʤ˜ Ô˘Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ·Ó ÔÈ Sondaar, Mayhew Î·È deVos ÙÔ 1973-75 Û ۋϷÈÔ ÎÔÓÙ¿ ÛÙÔ ƒ¤ı˘ÌÓÔÙ˘ ∫Ú‹Ù˘. ∞fi ÙÔ Û‹Ï·ÈÔ ·˘Ùfi·Ó·ÛοÊÙËΠ¤Ó·˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÔÛÙÒÓÓ¿ÓˆÓ ÂÏ·ÊÈÒÓ. ªÂ ÙËÓ ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË ÔÚÈṲ̂ӈÓÌfiÓÔ ÔÛÙÒÓ, Ù· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÛÎÂÏÂÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›·‰ÂÓ ‚Ú¤ıËÎ·Ó ÛÂ Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ·Ó·ÙÔÌÈ΋ ı¤ÛË. ŒÙÛÈ

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™ÙÔ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ ÁˆÏÔÁÈÎfi ·ÚÂÏıfiÓÛ ÔÏÏ¿ ÓËÛÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ï·Ó‹ÙË

·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËÎ·Ó ·Ó›‰Â˜ ıËÏ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·˙·Ó ÂÎÏËÎÙÈΤ˜

ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙȘ ȉȷÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙÂ˜ÙˆÓ ÓËÛȈÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏfiÓÙˆÓ.

ŒÙÛÈ ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ·Û˘Ó‹ıÈÛÙ·, ÁÈ· Ù· ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ¿

‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, ˙Ò·, fiˆ˜ Ó¿ÓÔÈ ÈÔfiÙ·ÌÔÈ, ˘ÁÌ·›ÔÈ ÂϤʷÓÙ˜,

ÁÈÁ·ÓÙÈ·›ÔÈ ÛηÓÙ˙fi¯ÔÈÚÔÈ Î·È ÂÏ¿ÊÈ· Ì ¤ÓÙ Τڷٷ.

™‹ÌÂÚ· Ù· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·fi ·˘Ù¿Ù· ıËÏ·ÛÙÈο ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó È·,

ÂÓÒ Ù· Ï›Á· Ô˘ ·Ô̤ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÂÈÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ÂÍ·Ê¿ÓÈÛË

(Alcover Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜, 1998). ∆· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ›‰Ë ÙˆÓ Ó¿ÓˆÓ ÓË-

ÛȈÙÈÎÒÓ ıËÏ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ì¿˜ ›ӷÈÁÓˆÛÙ¿ ÌfiÓÔ ·fi Ù· ·ÔÏÈıÒÌ·Ù¿

ÙÔ˘˜.

∏ ·Ó·‚›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÓËÛȈÙÈÎÒÓ ıËÏ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ¶·Ï·ÈÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È °ÂˆÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ

Ù· ÔÛÙ¿ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ‹Ù·Ó‰È·ÛÎÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ Û fiÏË ÙËÓ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘·fiıÂÛ˘ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ·Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÌÔ‡. ∞Ó Î·È Ë ·Ó·Ûηʋ, Ë Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛËÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Î·È Ë Î·Ù·ÏÔÁÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó ÌÂȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ÚÔÛÔ¯‹, Ë Ê‡ÛË Ù˘ ·fiıÂÛ˘ ‹Ù·ÓÙ¤ÙÔÈ· Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â¤ÙÚ ÙË ‰È·ÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÛÙÒÓ ÂÓfi˜ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘. ŒÚÂÂÏÔÈfiÓ Ó· ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÔ˘Ì ¤Ó·Ó Û‡ÓıÂÙÔÛÎÂÏÂÙfi ·fi ÔÛÙ¿ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÙfïÓ.°È· ÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÛÎÂÏÂÙÔ‡,fiÏ· Ù· ÔÛÙ¿ ÌÂÙÚ‹ıËÎ·Ó Î·È ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛıËΠË̤ÛË ÙÈÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∫·ıÒ˜ Ô ÙÂÏÈÎfi˜ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÚÌÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Ó· ‰Ôı› ÛÙÔ¢ڇ ÎÔÈÓfi Ë Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÁÈ· Ù·ÂÏ¿ÊÈ· Ù˘ ∫Ú‹Ù˘, ‰ÂÓ ¤Ú ӷ ÂÈϤÍÔ˘ÌÂÙÔ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ ‹ ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔÈÔ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘ÙÈÎfi. °È· ÙËÓ ÂȂ‚·›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ÛÎÂÏÂÙÈÎÒÓÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ¤·ÈÍ·Ó Ù· ÔÛÙ¿ Ô˘·Ó·ÛοÊÙËÎ·Ó ÛÂ Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ·Ó·ÙÔÌÈ΋ ı¤ÛË.ªÂÙÚÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓÔÛÙÒÓ ‚ڋηÌ ÙȘ ˙ËÙÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÙȘÔԛ˜ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıˆ˜ ·Ó·Á¿Á·Ì ÛÙË Ì¤ÛË ÙÈÌ‹. ªÂ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛıËÎ·Ó ÔȉȷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÔÛÙÒÓ Ô˘ ¤Ú ӷÂÈϤÍÔ˘ÌÂ. ∞fi Ù· ÔÏÏ¿ ÔÛÙ¿ Ô˘ ›¯·Ó·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, ÂÈϤͷÌ ÂΛӷ Ô˘·ÚÔ˘Û›·˙·Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Û˘Ó·ÚÌÔÁ‹,·ÚfiÌÔÈ· Ì˘˚ο ·ÔÙ˘ÒÌ·Ù·, ηٿÛÙ·ÛˉȷًÚËÛ˘ Î·È ¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi.

ªÂ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·˘Ùfi Û˘ÌÏËÚÒıËΠ¤Ó·˜Ï‹Ú˘ ÛÎÂÏÂÙfi˜ Candiacervus. Ÿˆ˜·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÙ·Ó, Ë Û‡ÓıÂÛË ·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„ fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÂÏ¿ÊÈ Â›¯Â ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈο ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÎÂÊ¿ÏÈ Î·È ÎÔÓÙ¿Î·È Â‡ÚˆÛÙ· fi‰È·. (ÂÈÎ. 3)∏ ‚·ÛÈ΋ ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘Ó·ÚÌÔÏfiÁËÛËÂÓfi˜ ÛÎÂÏÂÙÔ‡ Â›Ó·È Ò˜ Ó· ÎÚ·ÙËı› ÔÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈÎfi˜ ÛÎÂÏÂÙfi˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢(·ÚÌ·ÙÔ‡Ú·) Ú·ÎÙÈο ·fiÚ·ÙÔ˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜Ó· ÎÈÓ‰˘Ó‡ÛÂÈ Ë Â˘ÛÙ¿ıÂÈ· Ù˘ ηٷÛ΢‹˜.™ÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∞ıËÓÒÓ ˘‹Ú¯Â ÔÛÎÂÏÂÙfi˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰ËÌÈ΋ ÏÔ˘ÙÚÔÁ·Ï‹(ÂÓ˘‰Ú›‰·) Lutrogale cretensis Ô˘ ›Û˘‚Ú¤ıËΠÛÙÔ ƒ¤ı˘ÌÓÔ Ù˘ ∫Ú‹Ù˘. ∆· ÔÛÙ¿Ô˘ ÚÔÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘ÓÛÙÔÓ ÔÏfiÙ˘Ô (‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔÔÔ›Ô ‚·Û›ÛÙËÎÂ Ë ÔÓÔÌ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜) ηÈÛÙÔ ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ô˘ ‚Ú¤ıËΠÔÙ¤ ·fi·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÓ˘‰Ú›‰·. ∏ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Ì¿˜ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÂÓfi˜ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈÎÔ‡ ÛÎÂÏÂÙÔ‡ Ô˘ Ó· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ‡ÎÔÏË ·ÔÛ˘Ó·ÚÌÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÛÙÒÓ ÁÈ·ÌÂϤÙË ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜. √ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈÎfi˜ÛÎÂÏÂÙfi˜ Î·È Ù· ÂÏ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ÙˆÓÔÛÙÒÓ Î·Ù·Û΢¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó ·fi Û‡ÚÌ·Ù·¯·ÏÎÔ‡ (ÂÈÎ. 4).∆Ô ÔÌÔ›ˆÌ· ÙÔ˘ Ó¿ÓÔ˘ ÂϤʷÓÙ·, ÔÈ ‰‡ÔÛÎÂÏÂÙÔ› Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤Ú·Ì ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜ ηıÒ˜Î·È ÔÏÏ¿ ¿ÏÏ· ·ÔÏÈıÒÌ·Ù· ÓËÛȈÙÈÎÒÓıËÏ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ı· ÙÔÔıÂÙËıÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁÎ˜Ù˘ ¤ÎıÂÛ˘ ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ ÔÌÔ›ˆÌ· ÂÓfi˜ ÌÈÎÚÔ‡ÓËÛÈÔ‡.

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µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞Alcover, J.A., Campillo, X., Macias, M & Sans, A. 1998.«Mammal Species of the World: Additional Data on InsularMammals». AMNH Novitates 3248: 1-29.

De Vos, J. 1979. «The endemic Pleistocene deer of Crete».Proc. Koninkl. Nederl. Acad. Van Wetenschappen.Amsterdam, B. 82 (1): 59-90.

ª. ¢. ¢ÂÚÌÈÙ˙¿Î˘∞ÓÙÈÚ‡Ù·Ó˘ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡

¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ & ∞Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ∂∫¶∞

∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜°ÂˆÏÔÁ›·˜-¶·Ï·ÈÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜

°. §‡Ú·˜˘Ô„‹ÊÈÔ˜ ‰È‰¿ÎÙˆÚ

¶·Ï·ÈÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ∂∫¶∞

∂ÈÎ. 1. ¶ÚÔÛıËÎË ËÏÔ‡ ¿Óˆ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏ˘ÂÛÙÂÚÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹.

∂ÈÎ. 2. √ÌÔ›ˆÌ· ·fi ËÏfi ÙÔ˘ Ó¿ÓÔ˘ ÂϤʷÓÙ· ·fi ÙË Ó‹ÛÔ ∆‹ÏÔ.

∂ÈÎ. 3 √ ™˘Ó·ÚÌÔÏÔÁË̤ÓÔ˜ ÛÎÂÏÂÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÏ·ÊÈÔ‡ ‰›Ï· ÛÙÔÓ ÁÈÁ·ÓÙÈ·›Ô ËÂÈÚˆÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÔÓfi ÙÔ˘.

∂ÈÎ. 4 ™ÎÂÏÂÙfi˜ Lutrogale cretensis.

20

∆Ô 1883 ȉڇıËΠÛÙÔ ∞ÚÛ¿ÎÂÈÔ Ì¤Á·ÚÔº˘ÛÈÔÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô «ÂÓ Ùˆ ‰ÂÍÈ¿ Ù˘ÂÈÛfi‰Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ∞Ú۷ΛԢ ‰ˆÌ·Ù›ˆ», ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô¯ÚËÛ›ÌÂ˘Â Î·È ˆ˜ ·›ıÔ˘Û· Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛˆÓ.¶ÚÒÙÔ˜ Ô °ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ ªÂÏ¿˜, ÁÈÔ˜ ÙÔ˘·ÓÙÈÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ ªÈ¯·‹Ï ªÂÏ¿, ÚÔÛ¤ÊÂÚÂÛ˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ «˙ˆÔÊ‡ÙˆÓ Î·È ÎÔ¯˘Ï›ˆÓ»,Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ ‰Â ·ÁÔÚ¿ÛÙËΠÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÛÂÈÚ¿Ê˘ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Î·È ˙ˆÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ. ∞fiÙÔ 1885, ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ º˘ÛÈÔÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ·Ó¤Ï·‚Â Ô Î·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ º˘ÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜Î·È √Ú˘ÎÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ∂˘ÛÙ¿ıÈÔ˜ ¶ÔÓËÚfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜,Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÊÂÚ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘ÙÈο‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ ·fi ÙÔÓ µÂ˙Ô‡‚ÈÔ Î·È ÙÔ§·‡ÚÈÔ, ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÎψÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÈÓÒÓ Î·È‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ηÚÒÓ Î·È ÛfiÚˆÓ ‰¤ÓÙÚˆÓ ·fiÙÔ ¶ÂÚÔ‡ Î·È ÙË µÚ·˙ÈÏ›·. ∂›Û˘ ‰ˆÚ¤˜ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ¤Î·Ó·Ó Ì·ı‹ÙÚȘÙÔ˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ¢È‰·ÛηÏ›Ԣ Î·È ÔηıËÁËÙ‹˜ Ù˘ ÃËÌ›·˜ ¶. ∫ÔÓ‰‡Ï˘.ŒÎÙÔÙ ÔÏϤ˜ Ù¤ÙÔȘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ‰ˆÚ‹ıËηÓÛÙË ºÈÏÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ∂Ù·ÈÚ›·, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù‹ÙÔ˘ ∞ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤ÏË §ÔÚÂÓÙ˙¿ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ 1936, Ô˘ÂÚÈÂÏ¿Ì‚·Ó fiÛÙڷη Ù˘ ∂Ú˘ıÚ¿˜£¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜ Î.¿.∆Ô 1993, Ì ·fiÊ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¢.™. Ù˘ ∂Ù·ÈÚ›·˜,Ì Úfi‰ÚÔ ÙÔÓ ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹ Î·È ÛËÌÂÚÈÓfi¶Ú‡Ù·ÓË ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ Î.°ÂÒÚÁÈÔ ª·ÌÈÓÈÒÙË, Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒıËÎ·Ó fiÏ·Ù· ˘¿Ú¯ÔÓÙ· ÂÎı¤Ì·Ù· Î·È È‰Ú‡ıËΠÙÔ«ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô º˘ÛÈ΋˜ πÛÙÔÚ›·˜ Ù˘ º.∂.»,‚·ÛÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÛÙËÓ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· Ù˘ηıËÁ‹ÙÚÈ·˜ º˘ÛÈ΋˜ º.∂. η˜ ∂.

∞ÔÛÙÔÏ¿ÙÔ˘- ∫·ÚÁ¿ÎÔ˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ·Ó¤Ï·‚ ÙÔÛ‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Ù˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘, Ù˘ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘.∆Ô ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ıËΠ۠ÂȉÈο‰È·ÌÔÚʈ̤ÓÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘æ˘¯ÈÎÔ‡, ÛÙÔ ÎÙ‹ÚÈÔ fiÔ˘ ÛÙÂÁ·˙fiÙ·Ó¿ÏÏÔÙÂ Ë ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ∞η‰ËÌ›·. ∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ Û˘Ó¯›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ÏÔ˘Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fiÙȘ ¢ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¤˜ ηıËÁËÙÒÓ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›ˆÓ, ÚÔ¤‰ÚˆÓ, ·ÓÙÈÚÔ¤‰ÚˆÓ,ηıËÁËÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ, ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÒÓ˘·ÏÏ‹ÏˆÓ Ù˘ ∂Ù·ÈÚ›·˜, ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÙˆÓÌ·ıËÙÒÓ, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÙˆÓ ÌÈÎÚÒÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ Ì·˜ Ô˘ ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛÈ·Ṳ̂ÓÔÈ ·fiÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ ÊÚÔÓÙ›˙Ô˘Ó ÁÈ’ ·˘ÙfiÓ.∆Ô ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ¯ˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Û ‰‡Ô ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù·:∆Ô ÚÒÙÔ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Û¿ÓȘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜·fi ÂÙ·ÏÔ‡‰Â˜, ÙËÓ¿ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÏÏ·‰ÈÎԇ΢ڛˆ˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ (65 ÂÚ›Ô˘ ›‰Ë),ÎÚÔÎfi‰ÂÈÏÔ, Ê›‰È·, ¯ÂÏÒÓ˜, ηıÒ˜ ηÈÛ˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ·‚ÁÒÓ ÙËÓÒÓ (ÂÈÎ. 1).π‰È·ÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì ›‰Ë Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘ÓÂÍ·Ê·ÓÈÛÙ›, fiˆ˜ Ë ∞ıËÓ·˚΋ ÎÔ˘ÎÔ˘‚¿ÁÈ·∆˘ÙÒ (tyto alba), ηıÒ˜ ›Û˘ Î·È Ù· ˘fiÂÍ·Ê¿ÓÈÛË Â›‰Ë, fiˆ˜ Ë ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ· ¯ÂÏÒÓ·Caretta- Caretta, Ô Á˘·ÂÙfi˜, ÔÚÔ‰ÔÂÏÂοÓÔ˜, Ô ı·Ï·ÛÛ·ÂÙfi˜.∆Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ÂÙڈ̿وÓ, ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ, ÔÛÙÚ¿ÎˆÓ Î·È·ÔÏÈıˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ. √È Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ Î·ÈÂÙÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ‚ˆÍ›ÙË, Ì·Ï·¯›ÙËÎ·È ·˙Ô˘Ú›ÙË, ÛȉËÚÔ˘Ú›ÙË, ÂÚÏ›ÙË, ÏÈÁÓ›ÙË,

∂ÈÎ. 1. ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô º˘ÛÈ΋˜ πÛÙÔÚ›·˜ ºÈÏÂÎ·È‰Â˘È΋˜

∂Ù·ÈÚ›·˜. ™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ¶ÙËÓÒÓ.

∆o ªo˘ÛÂ›Ô º˘ÛÈ΋˜ πÛÙÔÚ›·˜ Ù˘ ºÈÏÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ∂Ù·ÈÚ›·˜

21

·Ì›·ÓÙÔ, ·Ú·ÁˆÓ›ÙË, ÔÚ˘ÎÙfi ¿Ï·˜, Á‡„Ô,ÛÙ·Ï·ÎÙ›Ù˜, ¯·Ï·˙›· Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜fiˆ˜ ÔÚ›· ÎÚ‡ÛÙ·ÏÏÔ, ·Ì¤ı˘ÛÙÔ, ÚÔ˙¯·Ï·˙›· Î.¿. ∂›Û˘ Ë Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÏÈıˆÌ¿ÙˆÓÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÌ‹Ì· ·ÔÏÈıˆÌ¤ÓÔ˘ ÎÔÚÌÔ‡,·›ÁÓÈ· Ù˘ ʇÛ˘, Actionella ËÏÈΛ·˜ 350ÂÎ. ÂÙÒÓ, ·Ì̈ӛÙ˜, ÎÔÚ¿ÏÏÈ·, ·Óıfi˙ˆ·,¯ÈÓÔÂȉ‹, ‰›ı˘Ú·, Á·ÛÙÂÚfiÔ‰·, ·ÔÏ›ıˆÌ·ÚÈ˙ÒÓ, ÊÔ›ÓÈη, „·ÚÈÔ‡ Î.¿. √ ·ÚÈÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÂÓfi˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘,‰È·ÌÔÚʈ̤ÓÔ˘ ̤۷ Û ۯÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰·,‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› ·Ú¿ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ë Ì¿ıËÛË Ì¤Û··fi ÙÔ ÌÔ˘Û›Ô. ∫·ıÒ˜ Ë ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ·Í›·ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ ÛÙȘ ̤Ú˜ Ì·˜,ÙÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ·˘Ùfi ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ¤Ó··ÎfiÌË ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ô, Ô˘ ı· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈοÙÔÓ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÁÈ· ÙËÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜.Œ¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ÏÔÈfiÓ ˆ˜ ·ÚÈÔ ¿ÍÔÓ· ÙËÓ ÂÈı˘Ì›·Ì·˜ ÙÔ «ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Û¯ÔÏ›Ի‰Â¯fiÌ·ÛÙ ÙËÓ Â›ÛÎÂ„Ë Ì·ıËÙÒÓ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ‚·ıÌ›‰ˆÓ. ª¤Û· ·fi Ù· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈοÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, ÙȘ ÍÂÓ·Á‹ÛÂȘ, ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË, ¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙˉȷًÚËÛË Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜ Ù˘∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜, ÌÂÏÂÙÒÓÙ·˜ Ô˘ÏÈ¿ Î·È ˙Ò· ÙÔ˘∂ÏÏ·‰ÈÎÔ‡ ΢ڛˆ˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘, ÂÓÒ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·Èٛ˜ ÂÍ·Ê¿ÓÈÛ‹˜ÙÔ˘˜. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÚÔ‚ÔϤ˜ ÌÂÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓÛ¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÂÙڈ̿وÓ, ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·ÙˆÓ ËÊ·ÈÛÙ›ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÔÏÈıˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ,ÛÙÈÁÌÈfiÙ˘· ·fi ·Ï·ÈÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜

·Ó·Ûηʤ˜ (ÂÈÎ. 2&3). ∂ÈϤÔÓÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È ıˆڛ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜‰ÂÈÓfiÛ·˘ÚÔ˘˜, fiÔ˘ ηٷÚÚ›ÙÔÓÙ·È Ì‡ıÔÈÏ·Óı·Ṳ̂Ó˘ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘. ™ÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ì¤ÙÛÈ ÛÙËÓ ¤Á΢ÚË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ηٿÚÙÈÛËÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, Ì ÙÚfiÔ ·Ïfi Î·È ¿ÌÂÛÔ,ÂȉÈο ‰È·ÌÔÚʈ̤ÓÔ ÛÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ›‰ÔÙ˘ ËÏÈΛ·˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ·ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ù· ·È‰È¿ÂÎÔÓÔ‡Ó Ê˘ÏÏ¿‰ÈÔ ÂȉÈο ۯ‰ȷṲ̂ÓÔ ÁÈ·ÙÔ Î¿ı ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Î·È ¿ÓÙÔÙ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁÔ ÌÂÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ›‰Ô. ª¤Û· ·fi Ù·ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÚÔÛ·ıԇ̠ӷ ÂÙ‡¯Ô˘ÌÂÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜:∆· ·È‰È¿ Ó· Ì¿ıÔ˘Óñ Ó· ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈÎÂ›Ô ÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ˘

ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰Â›¯ÓÔÓÙ·˜ Û‚·ÛÌfi.ñ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ô Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˜

¯ÒÚÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ¯ÒÚÔ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ̤۷ ·fi ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Î·È ÂÈÎfiÓ˜.

ñ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÚfiÛÏ˄˘ ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ Ì¤Û· ·fi Ù· ÂÎı¤Ì·Ù·.

ñ Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ‹Ú·Ó.

∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÙÔ ÌÔ˘Û›ÔÂÈÛΤÙÔÓÙ·È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ Ù˘ºÈÏÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ∂Ù·ÈÚ›·˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ¿ÏψÓÛ¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ∞ıËÓÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∂›Û˘ ÔÏÏÔ› Â›Ó·È ÔÈÂÈÛΤÙ˜ ·fi Û¯ÔÏ›· ¿ÏÏˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ fiˆ˜Ù˘ ∞˘ÛÙÚ·Ï›·˜, √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜, °·ÏÏ›·˜ Î.¿.ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÌÂÌÔӈ̤ÓÔÈ ÂÈÛΤÙ˜ Ô˘ÍÂÓ·ÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ È‰È·›ÙÂÚÔ ·˘Ùfi ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ˘Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Ì·˜.

∂ÈÎ. 2&3. ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÙÔ

ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô º˘ÛÈ΋˜ πÛÙÔÚ›·˜.

º·Ó‹ ∆ÚÈÔÏÈÙÛÈÒÙÔ˘°ÂˆÏfiÁÔ˜

À‡ı˘ÓË ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ º˘ÛÈ΋˜ πÛÙÔÚ›·˜ º.∂

ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Û·Ó ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ Î·È ÛÙȘ ηΤ˜Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ¤ÎıÂÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ.

∆Ô 1999, Ë ™.∞.∂.∆. ÙÔ˘ ∆.∂.π. ∞ıËÓÒÓ, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜,ÍÂΛÓËÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ÙËÓ π·ÙÚÈ΋ ™¯ÔÏ‹Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Î·È Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËΠÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ‚¿ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÍÂΛÓËÛÂ Ë Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛËÙ˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ·fi Ù· ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈο fiÏ· Î·È Ì·¯·›ÚÈ·. ™˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜, ÂÈÙ‡¯ıËÎÂÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓÎ·È Î·Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ÊıÔÚ¤˜, ÂÓÒ ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈο Û˘ÓÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ Û ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ˘ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ Î·È ·Í›·˜ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·.

∆Ô ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ô˘ ¤Ú ӷ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛÙ› ÔÏÈÛÙÈο ‹Ù·Ó ÔÈ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ̤۷ ÛÙȘÔԛ˜ ·ÔıË·ÔÓÙ·Ó Ù· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Î·È Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ ¤ÎıÂÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ̤۷ Û ·Ï·È¤˜ ÚÔı‹Î˜. °È· Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› Ô Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi˜ ÌÈ·˜ χÛ˘ Ô˘ ı· ·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈ˙Â Î·È ı· ÙÚÔÔÔÈÔ‡Û ÙȘ ·ÚÔ‡Û˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜, ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ıËÎ·Ó ÚÔÏËÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÂÂÌ‚·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ.

∆Ô ∆Ì‹Ì· ™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ̃∞Ú¯·ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·ÈŒÚÁˆÓ ∆¤¯ÓË ̃ÙÔ ̆∆.∂.π. ∞ı‹Ó·˜

ÍÂΛÓËÛ ÙÔ 1999 Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ÙËÓπ·ÙÚÈ΋ ™¯ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ ̆¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘

∞ıËÓÒÓ Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ ·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛË Ù˘‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ̃Î·È ¤ÎıÂÛË ̃ÙË ̃Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ÙÔ ̆∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô .̆ ∆Ô

¿ÚıÚÔ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ Û˘ÓÔÙÈο ÙËÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· Ô ̆ÂÈϤ¯ıËΠηȷÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ıËΠ̠ÁÓÒÌÔÓ· ÙÔÓ

ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ Ô˘ÂÚÁ¿ÛÙËΠÛÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÙÔÓ

¯·ÌËÏfi ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi ÙÔ ̆¤ÚÁÔ .̆ √È·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı ̃ÚÔÏËÙÈΤ ̃Î·È ÂÂÌ‚·ÙÈΤ˜

‰È·‰Èηۛ ̃Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÌÂÛÎÔfi ÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙË ̃Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ :̃

ñ ∫·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹, ÌÂϤÙË Î·È ·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ Ô ̆

ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Û·Ó ÛÙÔ ÎÙ‹ÚÈÔ Î·È ÛÙÈ̃ ÚÔı‹Î ̃(ÌÈÎÚÔÎϛ̷, ʈÙÈÛÌfi ,̃

ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ› Ú‡ÔÈ)

ñ ∞Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛË Î·È Â·Ó·Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ̃ÙË ̃¤ÎıÂÛË ̃Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÔıËÎÒÓ

ñ ªÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ηٷÁÚ·Ê‹ ̃Î·È ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ̃ÙË ̃Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜

ñ ∂ÚÁ·Û›Â ̃Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ̃Î·È ·ÔηٿÛÙ·ÛË ̤̃ÚÔ˘ ̃ÙË ̃

Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ̃(̤ٷÏÏ·).

√È ‰È·‰Èηۛ ̃·˘Ù¤ ̃¤ÁÈÓ·Ó Ì ٤ÙÔÈÔÙÚfiÔ Ô ̆Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó·

ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆıÔ‡Ó Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÌÈÎÚÔ‡·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ ̆ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡(ÂÓfi ̃ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏfiÁÔ -̆

Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙ‹ Î·È ‰‡Ô › Ù˘ ›̄̂ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓÙÔ ̆ÙÌ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜) Î·È ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ

ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ ̃˘fi ÙËÓÂÔÙ›· ηıËÁËÙÒÓ ÙË ̃™¯ÔÏ‹ .̃ ∂›Ó·ÈÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÔ˘ÌÂ, fiÙÈ fiÏ ̃ÔÈ

ÂÚÁ·Û›Â ̃·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛË ̃ÙÔ ̆ÌÔ˘Û›ԢڷÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó Â› ÙfiÔ ,̆ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ÙË ̃ȉȷÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ· ̃Î·È Â˘·ÈÛıËÛ›· ̃Ù˘

Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ .̃ ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÙÔ˘ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ ̆ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ

ÙË ̃π·ÙÚÈ΋ ̃™¯ÔÏ‹ ̃ÁÈ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ·fi 8 Ì‹Ó ̃¤‰Ú·Û ıÂÙÈο Î·È ÛÙÔ

˘fiÏÔÈÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÙË ,̃ Ԣ¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔÈ‹ıËΠȉȷÈÙ¤Úˆ ̃ÁÈ· ÙÔ

·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹.

¶ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ

∏ ›‰Ú˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ¤ÁÈÓ ÙÔ 1933 ·fi ÙÔÓ Î·ıËÁËÙ‹ Ù˘π·ÙÚÔ‰ÈηÛÙÈ΋˜ ∞. °ÂˆÚÁÈ¿‰Ë, Ô˘ ÁÈ·ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi 40 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Û˘Ó¤ÏÂÁ ηȉȷÙËÚÔ‡Û ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·Ó ÌÂÂÁÎÏ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ¿ÏÏ· Û¯ÂÙÈο ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÙÈο.√È Î·ÙÔÈÓÔ› ‰È¿‰Ô¯ÔÈ ÛÙË ı¤ÛË ÙԢηıËÁËÙ‹ ÂͤÊÚ·Û·Ó ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô ˙‹ÏÔ Î·ÈÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹, ÙËÓ ÔÔ›·ÂÂͤÙÂÈÓ·Ó Î·È Ì ¿ÏÏ· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘¿ÙÔÓÙ·Ó È·ÙÚÔ‰ÈηÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜,Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋˜ ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛ˘ Ù˘ÂÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·.

∏ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô˘Â›Ó·È ÌÈÎÙ‹ Î·È ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi·ÚÈıÌfi ·fi ÈÛÙÔÚÈο fiÏ· Î·È Ì·¯·›ÚÈ· Ô˘¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 19Ô˘·ÈÒÓ· ¤ˆ˜ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· (2Ô ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ¶fiÏÂÌÔ), ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘˜ Î·È ˙ˆÈÎÔ‡˜ ÓˆÔ‡˜ÈÛÙÔ‡˜ (‰È·Ì·Úٛ˜ ‰È·Ï¿Ûˆ˜, ÂÎÙÚÒÌ·Ù·Î.¿.), Ì›· Û¿ÓÈ· Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ·fi 12 ÎÂÊ¿ÏÈ·(ÌË ÌÔ˘ÌÈÔÔÈË̤ӷ) ÁÓˆÛÙÒÓ ÏËÛÙÒÓ Ù˘‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ’20 Ô˘ ¤‰Ú·Û·Ó ÛÙËÓÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ∞ÙÙÈ΋˜, Î·È Û‡ÓÔÏÔ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì„˘¯È·ÙÚÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ (Û¯È˙ÔÊÚ¤ÓÂÈ·,Ì·Á›· Î.Ï.) Î·È ¿ÏϘ ÂÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜.

∏ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ Ê˘Ï·ÛÛfiÙ·Ó Î·Ù¿ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘˜ Û‰ȷÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜, ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÌÂٷΛÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂ÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘π·ÙÚÔ‰ÈηÛÙÈ΋˜ Ù˘ π·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜. ∞fiÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ ’70 ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ı¤ÛË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÎÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘∂ÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘ π·ÙÚÔ‰ÈηÛÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ. ∞fi ÙȘ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ˜ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÏϤ¯ıËÎ·Ó Î·È ·fi ÙËÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ‹Ù·Ó۷ʤ˜ fiÙÈ ÔÙ¤ ‰ÂÓ Â›¯·Ó Á›ÓÂÈ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ÛÙ· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜.∂Í·ÈÙ›·˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙÔ˜, ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ‚ÚÈÛÎfiÙ·Ó Û ¿ıÏȷηٿÛÙ·ÛË Ô˘ ÔÊÂÈÏfiÙ·Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙȘÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ô˘

22

√ ·ӷۯ‰ȷÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›ԢÙ˘ π·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ:

∞ÔÙ›ÌËÛË ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ Î·È ¤ÎıÂÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜.

2. ∂ÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ

√È ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Î·È Ù· ̤ÙÚ· ·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛ˘ Ô˘Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÔÓÙ·ÈÂÚÈÏËÙÈο ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·:

ñ ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÔÌfiÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ÏÔÚÈʤÚ

ñ ∂ÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ (·ÓÂÌÈÛÙ‹Ú˜ ·Ú·ı‡ÚˆÓ)

ñ ∞ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙˆÓ ÊˆÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÛˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì Ӥ· Ô˘ ÂÍÔÏ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó Ì ʛÏÙÚ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÂÚÈÒ‰Ë ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·

ñ ∞Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔıËÎÒÓ (·ÔÌ¿ÎÚ˘ÓÛË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‚Ï·‚ÂÚÒÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ, ÂÈÎ¿Ï˘„Ë ÙÔ˘ ͇ÏÔ˘ Ì ηٿÏÏËÏ· ÌÔÓˆÙÈο ˘ÏÈο ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÎÔ‡˜ Ú‡Ô˘˜)

ñ ∞ӷۯ‰ȷÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔıËÎÒÓ (ÔÁÎÔÌÂÙÚÈÎfi˜ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ Î·È ÔÌ·‰ÔÔ›ËÛ‹ Ù˘ ηٿ Ù‡Ô˘˜ Î·È Î·ÙËÁÔڛ˜, ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi˜ ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi˜ Î·È Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ‚¿ıÚˆÓ, ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Ú·ÊÈÒÓ Ì Ӥ· ·fi Plexiglas ÁÈ· ÙË ‚ÂÏÙÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ı¤·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ)

ñ ∞ӷۯ‰ȷÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔıËÎÒÓ (ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi˜ ‰È·‰ÚÔÌÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¿ÓÂÙË ÌÂٷΛÓËÛË ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ)

1. ∫·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ

ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ

°È· ÙËÓ Ï‹ÚË Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜,ÚÔËÁ‹ıËΠηٷÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ ÙË˜Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÒÓÛ˘ÓıËÎÒÓ Ô˘ ÂȉÚÔ‡Û·Ó ‚Ï·‚ÂÚ¿ ÛÙÔÛ‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ. ∞fi ÙËÓηٷÁÚ·Ê‹ ·˘Ù‹ ÚԤ΢„·Ó Ù· ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı·ÛËÌ›·:ñ ŒÏÏÂÈ„Ë Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ηٷ-

ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Î·È ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ (ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·, Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ˘ÁÚ·Û›·, ʈÙÈÛÌfi˜, Ú‡ÔÈ)

ñ ∞ηٿÏÏËÏÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ Î·È ·ÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ (ηÏÔÚÈÊ¤Ú Î·È ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÔ› ·ÓÂÌÈÛÙ‹Ú˜)

ñ ∞ηٿÏÏËÏÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ʈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ (Ï·ÌÙ‹Ú˜ ÊıÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡)

ñ ∞ηٿÏÏËÏ· Î·È ¯ËÌÈο ·ÛÙ·ı‹ ˘ÏÈο ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔıËÎÒÓ (Ô˘ ΢ڛˆ˜ ‰ÚÔ‡Û·Ó ‚Ï·‚ÂÚ¿ ÛÙ· ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈο ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·)

ñ ¢˘Û¿ÚÂÛÙË Î·È ¿Ó·Ú¯Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ (·Ó·Ú΋˜ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Î·È ÔÌ·‰ÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, ·Ô˘Û›· ÂÎıÂÛÈ·ÎÒÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û˘, ÛˆÛÙ‹˜ ÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ Î·È ·Ô˘Û›· Û‹Ì·ÓÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜)

ñ ∞Ô˘Û›· ÁÚ·Ù‹˜ Î·È ÊˆÙÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ

ñ ∞Ô˘Û›· ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜.

∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓη٤ÏËÍ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ÙfiÛÔÚÔÏËÙÈÎÒÓ fiÛÔ Î·È ÂÂÌ‚·ÙÈÎÒÓ Ì ÛÎÔfiÙËÓ ·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË˜Î·È ¤ÎıÂÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜.∞.∏ ÚfiÏË„Ë Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÛÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Î·È ÙË

ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ Ô˘ ÛÙÂÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ë Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ Î·È ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Î·È Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜.

µ.∏ ¤̂·ÛË Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÛÙȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ·ӷۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ¤ÎıÂÛ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÔıËÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ. ™˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜, ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈο, ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Û˘ÓÙËÚ‹ıËÎ·Ó Ï‹Úˆ˜.

23

∂˘ÁÂÓ›· ™Ù·Ì·ÙÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ ¶ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎfi˜

ªÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏfiÁÔ˜-™˘ÓÙËÚ‹ÙÚÈ·ÿ‰Ú˘Ì· ™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ¢¿ÎË πˆ¿ÓÓÔ˘

∂ÚÁ·ÛÙËÚÈ·Îfi˜ ™˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˘ ÙÔ˘ ∆∂π ∞ı‹Ó·˜,

∆Ì‹Ì· ™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘∞Ú¯·ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ & ŒÚÁˆÓ ∆¤¯Ó˘

µ·ÛÈÏÈ΋ ∞ÚÁ˘ÚÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘¢Ú. ÃËÌÈÎfi˜ ªË¯·ÓÈÎfi˜

∞Ó·Ï. ∫·ıËÁ.∆Ì‹Ì· ™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ &

ŒÚÁˆÓ ∆¤¯Ó˘ - ∆∂π ∞ı‹Ó·˜

°ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ ¶·Ó·ÁÈ¿Ú˘¢Ú. µÈÔÏfiÁÔ˜ - ∫·ı.,

¶ÚÔ˚ÛÙ¿ÌÂÓÔ˜ ∆Ì‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ & ŒÚÁˆÓ ∆¤¯Ó˘

∆∂π ∞ı‹Ó·˜

¡ÈÎfiÏ·Ô˜ ¶··‰¿ÎÔ˜™˘ÓÙËÚËÙ‹˜ ∞Ú¯·ÈÔًوÓ

¶·Ó·ÁÈÒÙ˘ ÃÚÈÛÙÔ‰Ô‡ÏÔ˘ ™˘ÓÙËÚËÙ‹˜ ∞Ú¯·ÈÔًوÓ

∞ÓÙÒÓ˘ ∫Ô˘ÙÛÂÏ›Ó˘∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ π·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜

¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ∆Ì‹Ì· π·ÙÚÔ‰ÈηÛÙÈ΋˜ & ∆ÔÍÈÎÔÏÔÁ›·˜

™˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·

∏ ·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛË Î·È Ô ·Ó·Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËΠ̤۷ ÛÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÂÓfi˜ ¤ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ¤Ó·Ó ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎfi ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏfiÁÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙ‹Î·È ‰‡Ô ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ › Ù˘¯›ˆ.ŸÏ˜ ÔÈ ÌÂϤÙ˜, ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó Â› ÙfiÔ˘ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ··›ÙËÛË ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ·ÎÚÈ‚Ô‡ ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡. ∏ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ·˘Ù‹ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ È‰È·ÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, Ë fi„ËÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ‰ÚÔ‡Û ·Ó·ÛÙ·ÏÙÈο ÛÙËÛ˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜.

∏ ÔÌ¿‰· ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ ÌÈ· Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ Î·È ¤ÎıÂÛ‹˜Ù˘, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ·fi ÔÏÏ¿ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ· ÂÎÙfi˜ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘.∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ Î·È Ë ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ıˆÚËı› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ‰Â›ÁÌ· ÙÚfiˆÓ ·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛ˘ ηÈ·ӷۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ ÌÈÎÚÒÓ ÂÎıÂÛÈ·ÎÒÓ¯ÒÚˆÓ Î·È ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ, Ì ÌÈÎÙ¤˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜, Ô˘ ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ¯·ÌËÏfiÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi.

µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞ñ Anonymus. 2000. "The measurement of lighting level using

a camera". CCI Notes 2 (5).

ñ Bamberger, J., Howe, E. & G. Wheeler. 1999. "A variant Oddy test procedure for evaluating materials used instorage and display cases". Studies in Conservation, vol. 44, 86-90.

ñ Bergeron, A. 1992. L’e clairage dans les institutions muséales. Collection Muséo, Musée de la Civilisation/Societé des musées québécois. Québec.

ñ Garrat-Frost, S. 1992. The Law and Burial Archaeology.IFA Technical Paper 11 [unpaginated].

ñ Green, L.R. & D. Thickett. 1995. "Testing materials for use in the storage and display of antiquities: a revisedMethodology". Studies in Conservation vol. 40, 145-52.

ñ Kontoroupis, G. 1998. Energy and Bioclimatic Design of buildings and sites. NTUA, Athens.

ñ Pugh-Smith, J. & J. Samuels. 1996. Archaeology in Law. London: Sweet & Maxwell.

ñ Stamatopoulou, Eugenia & col. 2003. "Low-budget collection management at the Criminal Museum, School of Forensic Medicine, University of Athens", Museologia, vol. 3, 95-100.

ñ Tetreault, J-Stamatopoulou, E.1997 "Determination of concentration of acetic acid emitted from wood coatings in enclosures", Studies in Conservation, vol. 42, 141-55.

ñ Walston, S. & B. Bertram. 1993. "Estimating space for the storage of ethnographic collections". ™ÙÔ: La Conservation Preventive. 3e Colloque de l’Association des restaurateurs d’art et d’archéologie de formation universitaire (Paris 8-10 Octobre 1992), 137-44. Paris: Ed. Araafu.

ñ ™Ù·Ì·ÙÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, ∂. 2003. «ŒÎıÂÛË Î·È ·Ôı‹Î¢ÛË ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ: ∂ÈÏÔÁ‹ Î·È ¯Ú‹ÛË Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ Î·Ù·Û΢·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ», ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁ›· & ∆¤¯Ó˜,ª¿ÚÙÈÔ˜, ¡Ô 86, 59-63.

24

25

Susan M. Pearce, ÂÈ̤ÏÂÈ·: §›· °˘Èfiη

ªÔ˘Û›·: ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· & Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜

∂ΉfiÛÂȘ µ¿ÓÈ·˜(2002) ISBN: 960-288-078-3

∆· ÌÔ˘Û›· Î·È ÔÈ ÌÔ˘ÛÂȷΤ˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ Î·È Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜, Ô˘ ηıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ô˘·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÌ·ÛÙ ÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ, ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ÓˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛ˘ Ù˘ ¢‡Û˘.∆Ô ‚È‚Ï›Ô ·˘Ùfi ÂȯÂÈÚ› Ó· ÔÚ›ÛÂÈ Ù·ÌÔ˘Û›·, ÙȘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ù··ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ, ·Ó·Ù¤ÌÓÔÓÙ·˜ÙȘ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÏÈıÒÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÙÔ˘ ÊÂÙ›¯ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÛÛÒÚ¢Û˘, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ù· „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈο Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ΛÓËÙÚ·Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜. ∂ÍËÁ› Ò˜ Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›·, Û’ ¤Ó·Ó ÎfiÛÌÔ ÂÌÔÚÂ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ, ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ÛËÌ›· Î·È Û‡Ì‚ÔÏ· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ˆ˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜·ÏÏ·Á‹˜. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Û˘˙ËÙ¿ ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ ÌÔ˘ÛÂȷ΋˜ ÂÈ̤ÏÂÈ·˜ ÌÂÛ’ ·fi ÙËÛ¯¤ÛË ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ, ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓÎ·È È‰ÂÔÏÔÁ›·˜.

Merriman Nick,

Beyond the Glass Case:The past, the heritage and the public in Britain.

Leicester University Press(2000) ISBN: 0-905853-37-7

¢‡Ô ¿ÌÂÛ· Û˘Ó‰ÂfiÌÂÓ· ı¤Ì·Ù··ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô-ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ Nick Merriman.¶Ò˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘·ÚÂÏıfiÓÙÔ˜; ÁÈ·Ù› ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ·ÔÌÔӈ̤Ó˜ ·fiȉڇ̷ٷ fiˆ˜ Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›·; ∞·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙ··Ú·¿Óˆ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÌÈ·˜ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Ô˘ ¤Ï·‚ ¯ÒÚ· ÛÙË ª.µÚÂÙ·Ó›·, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· ηٷÁÚ¿„ÂÈ Î·È Ó·ÂÍ·Á¿ÁÂÈ Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÛ˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ, ÙËÓ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ. √ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜ ‰ÈÂÍ¿ÁÂÈ ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ ·˘Ù‹˘fi ÙÔ Ú›ÛÌ· ÌÈ·˜ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ ıˆڛ·˜ Ù˘ ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÈ ÂÈÛÙÈΤ˜ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ Î·È ·ÚÔÌÔ›ˆÓ È‰Ú˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ,ÛÙÔ Ó· ÚÔÛÂÏ·ÛÔ˘Ó ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÌÂÚ›‰· ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡.

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210 82 36 176

The Museum of Natural History ofthe Arsakeia - Tositsia schools

Fani TripolitsiotiGeologist/Curator of the NaturalHistory Museum of the Arsakeia-TositsiaSchools.

The Natural History Museum of Arsakeia- Tositsia Schools was founded in 1993 by the governing board ofPhilekpaedeftiki Etairia (Ph.E) under thepresidency of Professor G. Babiniotis on the initiative of Ph. E. teacher Mrs E. Apostolatou. Its collections includevarious and rare species of butterflies, birds, snakes, turtles as well as differentexhibits including rocks, minerals, shells,fossils and a crocodile.Students from the Ph. E. schools as well asfrom other Attiki schools regularly visit the museum and have the opportunity to attend educational programmesappropriate to their age.The objectives of the museum are to help students learn about their naturalworld through pictures and objects and secondly to show students that thosemuseums can function not only as exhibitionhalls but as enjoyable places of learning justas well.

Retrofitting design of the CriminalMuseum at the Departmentof the Forensic Medicine of theUniversity of Athens:

Evaluation of the renovation works for theconservation and exhibition of the collection

Eugenia StamatopoulouPreventive ConservatorEnvironmental Museologue/Consultant for the conservation and preservation of collections

Vasiliki ArgiropoulouChemical Engineer,Assistant Professor at the Department ofConservation and Antiquities and Worksof Arts of the Technological andEducational Institute of Athens

Giorgos PanagiarisBiologist Professor at the Department ofConservation and Antiquities and Worksof Arts of the Technological andEducational Institute of Athens

Nikolaos PapadakosConservator of works of Arts

Panagiotis ChristodoulouConservator of works of Arts

Antonis KoutselinisFull Professor at the Department ofForensic Medicine and Toxicology at theUniversity of Athens

In Greece, the Criminal Museum is uniquein its kind. Founded by the School ofMedicine of the University of Athens, it has a collection of materials connectedwith notorious crimes and violations thattook place in Greece during the twentiethcentury. For several years, the Museum wasfacing serious problems in relation to boththe collection and exhibition. In 1999, the School of Medicine established acollaborative project together with theDepartment of Conservation of Antiquitiesand Works of Art of the Technical andEducational Institute in Athens in order toimprove the museum’s facilities. This articleexplains the measures taken to improve the facilities for display and for preservingthe collection on a low budget andemploying both preventive andinterventionist approaches. This article waspresented at the International Conference of ICOM-UMAC in Sydney, Australia, in September 2002.

The reconstruction of animals of the island environmentat the University Museumof Geology and Palaeontology ofthe University of Athens

M.D. DermitzakisVice - Rector of Economic Programmingand Development, Prof. of Geology andPalaeontology at the University of Athens

G. LyrasPhD Student of Palaeontology at theUniversity of Athens

Large part of the fossil mammals’ collectionsof the Museum of Palaeontology andGeology of the University of Athens iscomposed of island endemics. Theseanimals- which are particularly interestingbecause they had the unique ability to adjustto the island environment- are known to usmainly from their fossils, as most of themare now extinct. Therefore, we decided,that in the new exhibition of fossil mammals"Greece before Greeks", the islandendemics should play an important role.For the better presentation of the subject tothe public, we reconstructed the externalappearance of a dwarf elephant from TilosIsland, recreated the skeleton of the Cretanotter, and started the reconstruction of acomposite skeleton of an endemic deerfrom Crete. In the text there are giventechnical details for these constructions.

Collecting policies inside museums

Tania DoxanakiArcaheologist, M.A. in Museum Studies

In a world in which it is impossible tocollect everything, how should museumsdecide what to collect, and what to disposeof from their existing collections? In the museum profession the questionwhat and how museums should collect isconsidered to be a fundamental one. From the 19th century, time of theformation of the museums, collecting was perceived as their basic function. In the last decades many efforts have beenmade to delimit the boundaries ofaccumulating objects. Many museums haverealized their responsibility of offering not only valuable things, but also a goodquality of their collections that should bewell taken care of and accessible to the public. Collection is not thought to be a haphazard operation today.Guidelines and ethical codes have beencreated in the last years, in order topromote specific restrictions. Museums are called to give answers to a variety of questions: what they have to collect, why, how, when and additionally what theyneed to dispose of from their collections.The article examines the acquisition anddisposal methods that museums use, the legal restrictions and some practicalconstraints, using paradigms from differentcollecting policies drawn up by museumorganizations in U.K, U.S.A and Greece.

Ethical codes in museums

Katerina Dermitzaki, Historian, M.A. in Museum Studies

Professional ethics presuppose theexistence of an identifiable profession. The same applies to the museum ethics.The lack of enacted legislation forced the museum community itself to regulatethe professional activities of museummembers, in order to face the pressures of professionalism and social accountability. In due time a number of national,international or specially designed codes for specific museum specializations wereadopted worldwide. This article presents a review of the main topics of the mostwidely known codes of ethics, which weredesigned to orientate and provide guidancefor people working in museums. The article concludes that all the codesrelate to more or less the same topics and recommend the same course of action.However, the adoption or not of theregulations of an ethical code depends to a great extend on the museum personnel.Nevertheless, ethical codes do not encloserules, which can be applied to everysituation. Therefore, they are beingconstantly updated so that museums shouldface the challenges of the contemporarysociety and safeguard the cultural heritagethat is entrusted to their care in aprofessional manner.

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Has the museum activity aneconomic dimension?

The example of Japan

Spyridoula Pyrpyli Museologist,Candidate Doctor of Ionian University

The way Japan museums find money is interesting and gives ideas about theeconomic reinforcement of the museum’sfield. The Press (newspapers and TVchannels) is the fundamental museum’ssponsor in Japan. In ’50s and ’60s, the Press itself organized many exhibitions.The situation changed between 1970-1980,when TV channels and newspapers askedthe assistance of museum professionals for their exhibitions. Today, manyenterprises help the press in sponsoringexhibitions because of the tough cost. The scientific bodies responsible for thoseexhibitions are the museum professionals.Enterprises also undertake all thecommercial activities of a museum and give to the museum the profit backby sponsoring it.

Material Science and its significance in the care of museum collections

Eleni kittaConservator of works of Art

Material science has proven to be a significanttool for the care of museum collections. Thecare of museum collections may be defined asany action taken for the preservation andconservation of museum objects. Material science is interdisciplinary; it usestheories of chemistry, physics, mechanics andbiology to prove the interrelationship ofenvironmental agents and the differingdegrees of chemical, mechanical and biologicaldegradation inspected on different types ofmaterial. For example, the study of biologyenables the museum professional to identifybiodeterioration caused by mould and mildew. Furthermore, each object requires specialenvironmental conditions for its preservation.Environmental factors such as moisture,temperature, light, air pollution and pests cancause decay mechanisms to different types ofmaterials if they are not controlled properly.Apart from environmental agents, certainmaterials may affect each other and should betaken into account in the care of museumcollections. Studies have shown that wood,wood composites, adhesives and sometraditional surface coatings emit volatilecomponents. Observations have shown thatthese volatile components can attack paper andcause a significant corrosion of metal objects.The above knowledge will allow the museumprofessional to recognize signs of damage andidentify possible causes. For example, theblack tarnish on silver is a sign of hydrogensulphide present in a humid atmosphere. Consequently, the understanding ofmechanisms of deterioration will enable themuseum professional to take the rightpreventive measures for the care of museumcollections. The preventive measures includeenvironmental control, pest control, goodstorage and exhibition facilities and safehandling procedures. Moreover, the knowledge of material sciencehighlights the need for research. For example,research into the improvement of materialenables the conservator and curator to use upto date materials for conservation andpreservation treatment. By creating acontrolled museum environment we preserveour material culture for ourselves as well asfuture generations.

Heritage interpretation at theUniversity Museums. A museological approach

Dr. Marina KaravasiliArchaeologist

Manos MichelakisArchaeologist

∆he new circumstances have placedmuseums in a new competitive market. It has brought about a greater awareness of museum theory, practice and clientservice. The main change has been noticedin the philosophy of the exhibitiontechniques and in the new principles ofmethods defining the communication with the public.The article outlines the differentmuseological approaches of the Museums of the University of Athens, focusing on the communication and educationtechniques. The aim is to expose the radicalchange in the philosophy of the Universitymuseums, which create their exhibitions for different clients: students, children andthe public. The museological text, as it is presented by the artifacts, thecollections and the museologicalinterpretation is intellectually challenging,educationally viable and socially useful.The Virtual Museum of the University of Athens, as a cultural activity in theinternet and the Open - Air ArchaeologicalMuseum as a sustainable practice for heritage management, shows thesignificant role of the University of Athens in the cultural sector and in themuseological studies.

The destruction and the extensive looting of the National Museum

of Baghdad following the end of the battle conflicts in Iraq, demands

that the national community should take affirmative steps in order to

discourage plundering and ensure that no illicit trade will ever take

place in the material of the cultural heritage. The vivid images of the

looting of the museum exhibits have caused a great surprise to the

national community, taking into consideration the fact that a substantial

number of countries, worldwide, have ratified and enacted international,

bi-lateral conventions and state laws, which ensure the respect

as well as the protection of the cultural objects in case of an arm

conflict, first and foremost the widely known Hague Convention 1954

(Convention for the Protection of cultural Property in the Event of

Armed Conflict). Despite international efforts and protests, the cultural

heritage will always be in jeopardy, due to the actions of unscrupulous

individuals, who, by grasping the first possible chance will take advantage

of it in their own interests. Thus, the destruction of the National

Museum of Baghdad was triggered off our decision to mention

in an article of this issue the code of moral virtues and museum

regulations in accordance with which the museums should act.

In this issue, more specifically, among the subjects presented,

one is related to the Palaeontological and the Geological Museum

of the University of Athens and another one concerns a review about

the Museum of Natural History at the Arsakeia -Tositsia schools.

In addition, three articles focus on two different activities, which are

just as well essential for the maintenance of museums. Two articles

concern the field of conservation, while the last one is related to the

financial activities of the museum organizations.

In the previous issue of our journal we asked our readers to comment on these

attempts of the University of Athens as well as let us know, whether they are

interested in receiving the journal in the future. We would like to thank all the

readers, who have promptly responded to this request and have submitted

positive remarks on this publication alongside with those, who have supplied us

with fruitful comments in order to ensure that in the future the structure as well

as the content of this publication will be improved even further.

As we have already mentioned in our previous issues, the aim of this publication

is to obtain a more scientific nature in order to become one of the basic tools of

the Hellenic bibliography in the field of Museology. To achieve this purpose, the

editorial team of the journal came to the conclusion that it is essential the

authors should comply with specific instructions, concerning the structure and

the content of the articles, so that the journal should acquire the desired

scientific character and required homogeneity. On this basis, in the beginning

of this issue we provide you with practical guidelines, which the future

collaborators of our journal should follow.

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THE MUSEUM

SEMESTRAL EDITION OF THE MUSEUMS BOARD OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS

� 3rd „SSUEJUNE 2003ISSN: 1109-7434

EDITORIAL BOARD

� Publisher Director:Professor, Vice Rector of Economic Affairs and DevelopmentDr. Michael D. Dermitzakis

� Editorial commitee:». J. PapagrigorakisA. DermitzakiT. Doxanaki

� Editing:H. Soile

� Phototype & setting:°. & ”. Samoilis

� Printing:V. & E. Babais

In this issue co-operated: V. ArgiropoulouM. KaravasiliE. kittaA. KoutselinisG. LyrasM. MichelakisG. PanagiarisN. PapadatosS. Purpuli E. StamatopoulouF. TripolitsiotiP. Christodoulou

°ddress:Faculty of MathematicsUniv. of Athens, School of SciencesPane/poli, 157 84, IlissiaTel. 210. 727 6465, 210.7276434

Tel: +30 210 74 61 229, +30 210 74 76

465

E-mail: manjpap@dent.uoa.gradoxana@arch.uoa.graikdermi@arch.uoa.gr

Front cover: The photos at the cover of the journal come from the Paleontological andGeological Museum and the Museum ofArchaeology and History of Art of theUniversity of Athens.