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The Determinants of Municipal Solid Waste. Consumption. · 16% of population consumes 80% of natural resources · 25 tons of raw materials per American · The U.S. (1/25 of world population) operates 1/3 of the world’s automobiles and - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Determinants of Municipal Solid Waste
Consumption
· 16% of population consumes 80% of natural resources
· 25 tons of raw materials per American
· The U.S. (1/25 of world population) operates 1/3 of the world’s automobiles and
consumes 1/4 of the global energy supply
Consumption Begets Waste
· 1986: 3.66 lbs of MSW per person per day
· 2009: 4.34 lbs
· More municipal solid waste per capita than any other OECD country
Problems with Waste
· Resource Depletion· Scarcity of Storage Sites· External Costs· Reflections of Larger Societal Inefficiencies
MSW Make Up
Recycling Rates
· 24% of MSW is from non-renewable resources
· 33.4% of MSW is “recovered” for recycling or composting
Scarcity of Storage Sites 1988: 8000 landfills in the U.S.
2008: 2122
• Urban sprawl makes convenient sites less viable
• Waste transport has high $ and enviro cost
• Groundwater contamination or adverse trends at 90% of land fills
• Ash toxicity problems at incineration facilities (17% of MSW is incinerated)
EXTERNAL COSTS - Removal
Transportation of Resources
Production
Transportation of Products
Use
Transportation of Waste
Dumping
Incineration
Illegal Dumping
Reflections of Larger Societal Values?
1970s
12 percent increase in per-capita waste generation
1980s“The me! Me! Me! generation of status seekers.
‘If you've got it, flaunt it,’ ‘Shop Til you drop,’ and ‘You can have it all!’ were catchphrases.
Binge buying and credit became a way of life.Labels were everything. Tom Wolfe dubbed the baby-boomers as the
‘splurge generation.’” --Kingwood college website on American cultural history
34 percent increase in per-capita waste generation
1990s and 2000s
No Change
Demographic Trends may affect Levels of Waste
· 74 LDC’s will double in population size over the next 25 years.
· World population grows by about 78 million each year.
· Materialism may be increasing
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1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Col
lege
Gra
duat
es
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Number of College Graduates in the United States
Personal Income Per Capita in the U.S. in Constant (2001) Dollars
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15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
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1982
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1998
Year
2001
Dol
lars
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500
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1964 1970 1974 1978 1982 1987 1992 1997
Farm
s
Year
Number of Farms in the United States
Median Age in the United States
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5
10
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1960 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
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Med
ian
Age
Question: Which trends pose the greatest threats?
Definitions and DataThe U.S. Census Bureau defines municipal
waste as:
“That which is collected and treated by or for municipalities: household waste and bulky waste as well as comparable waste from small communities or industrial enterprises; and market and garden residue.”
Data are from mid 1990’s
1055 U.S. counties in 17 states
Figures are for waste disposed of (generation net of reclamation)
Variable Definitions
WASTE Annual tons of solid waste generated by county
HIGH SCHOOL Percent high school graduates, but not college graduates
COLLEGE Percent college graduatesESTABLISHMENTS Private non-farm establishments
per capita
SERVICE INDUSTRY Percent of firms that are in service industries
LAND Land area in square miles per capita
FARMS Number of farms per capitaSERIOUS CRIMES Serious crimes per 100,000
population
NORTH Regional dummy variable: 1 if county resides in northern U.S., 0 otherwise.
EAST Regional dummy variable: 1 if county resides in eastern U.S., 0 otherwise.
SOUTH Regional dummy variable: 1 if county resides in southern U.S., 0 otherwise.
ESKIMO / ALEUTIAN
Dummy variable: 1 if American Eskimo or American Aleutian
AFRICAN AMERICAN
Dummy variable: 1 if African American, 0 otherwise
HISPANIC Dummy variable: 1 if of Hispanic origin, 0 otherwise
ADULTS Percent of population between the ages of 22 and 64 inclusive
SENIORS Percent of population above the age of 64
REPUBLICAN Percent of republican votes in the 1992 election
INCOME Income per capita in dollars
Table IVSample Means and Standard Deviations (N=1055)
Variable Mean Standard DeviationWASTE 135,399.47 522,051.18HIGH SCHOOL 69.31 10.22COLLEGE 13.49 6.62ESTABLISHMENTS 0.023 0.0068SERVICE INDUSTRY 31.27 4.81LAND 0.079 0.22FARMS 0.030 0.034SERIOUS CRIMES 2,892.01 2,549.22
NORTH 0.31 0.46EAST 0.04 0.20SOUTH 0.31 0.46ESKIMO / ALEUTIAN 1.06 4.39AFRICAN AMERICAN 7.48 11.94HISPANIC 7.03 14.69ADULTS 53.07 3.21SENIORS 14.75 4.50REPUBLICAN 40.31 8.71INCOME 17,171.79 4,076.70
Estimate of Log Waste Equation
Variable Coefficient t-ratioINTERCEPT -2.739*** -3.34HIGH SCHOOL 0.00474 0.99COLLEGE -0.0118* -1.73ESTABLISHMENTS 17.153*** 3.38SERVICE INDUSTRY 0.0214*** 3.10LAND -0.305** -2.05FARMS -3.779*** -3.03SERIOUS CRIMES 0.0000293** 2.05
R-square = 0.154, Adjusted R-square = 0.141
NORTH 0.0512 0.58EAST -0.329** -2.10SOUTH -0.000534 -0.01ESKIMO / ALEUTIAN -0.00922 -1.45AFRICAN AMERICAN 0.00583** 2.01HISPANIC 0.00321 1.16ADULTS 0.0195 1.47SENIORS -0.00771 -0.85REPUBLICAN 0.00723** 2.18
Log Waste Equation With Income Variable
Variable Coefficient t-ratioINTERCEPT -1.711** -2.46INCOME 0.0000172** 2.13LAND -0.323** -2.24FARMS -7.193*** -6.67NORTH -0.0960 -1.32EAST -0.411* -2.70SOUTH -0.0573 -0.71ADULTS 0.0217* 1.71SENIORS 0.00135 0.17REPUBLICAN 0.00674** 2.06
R2 = 0.119, Adj. R2 = 0.111
SOLUTIONS
Awareness
Education
Alternatives
Incentives
Social Motivation