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T h i s b o o k i s s o l e l y e d u c t i o n l n d n . T h e b o o k , , n d h v e , o r n y o t h e r, r e l t i o n s h i p. T h e r e d e r s s u . e s expe-r i e n c e d d u e t o t h e r e d i n o f b o o k. T h e r e d e r l s o s s u . e s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y c h o o s i n t o d o . e n t i o n e d b o o k. T h e u t h o r n d p u b l i s h e r r e n o t l i b l e n y u s e o r , . T h e e d u c t i o n l i n f o r . t i o n i n b o o k i s n o t i n t e n d e d d i n o s i s, p r e s c r i p t i o n, d e t e r . i n t i o n , t r e t . e n t n y e y e - . o f B t e s . e t h o d t o h v e e y e . T h e b o o k s h o u l d n o t u s e d r e p l c e . e n t . e d i c l o r o p t o . e t r c. N y , , o r o f t h e e y e s s h o u l d b e u n d e r t h e o f n e y e d o c - , n d e y e d o c t o r b e f o r e d o i n b o o k.

1997,1999 . . , , , , - . i t t e d, n y f o r . - , , . e c h n i c l, , , t h e . .

b y B o o k s B o x 12327 B e r k e l e y, 94712

C o v e r p h o t o PhotoDisc C o v e r n d b o o k d e s i n

U n i t e d

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Cataloging-in-PublicationData Q u c k e n b u s h, T h o . s R. 1952- R e l e r n i n s e e / T h o . s . . p. c . I S B N I-55643-34I-7 1. .2. E y e C r e . . . RE992.07Q33 1997 817.7 dc2i96-54600 CIP

89 IO 12 13 UNITbD 14 13 12IO

: "", . , Edu Kinesthetics, Inc., , . " - " " : " , -, . " " , General Electric Company, , . - MMS, -, . , , . [TQ] , "" . "BodyShots" 1994 Digital Wisdom Inc., , . [TQ] M.S.

* "", () , , * " " 1993 Electronic Arts, -, C A. * "" - tion, -, * " " . * "", ""," ," "," " - " . * " " , , . * R T 1-4, 1, 1991-95, TechPool Studios Inc., , . * "Ott-" Lighting Concepts, Inc., , * Pro, 1-3, Wayzata Technologies, Inc., -, . * "1994 PhotoLab" Cre- ative Data, Inc., , Z.

0 PhotoDisc 1994, , .

II , -, . , 1920 . ,

* " 40 000 " Nova Development Corp., , .

Henry Holt and Company, Inc., -.

0

"Cosmosis" .

"Out of the Night" . Grove Press, Inc., -. " Iridology" , , , , " " International, Inc., -, "ClickArt" T/Maker., -, .

* "PowerPhotos, I" Metatools, Inc., , * " , " , , . * "MediaClips", Aris - Entertainment, Inc. 1994, --, .

, M.D (i86o-ig3l)

. , , , .

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PRESBYOPIA C U S E D A T R O P H I E D C I L I R Y ? , , , ? - ization presbyopes ? , cil-iary , . "" , " " , , , . , , : 1. ; 2. , accommo-; 3. ,

PRESBYOPIA, N E - O L D "O L D - E" , , presbyopia ( : presby, " ," opia, ""). Presby-, , - , - " ." Presbyopia, , , , "non-accommo-" . Helmholtz , presbyope - tance, . , , curva-ture, . "" - ventional , presbyopia , , . :11

, "" . . "" , lensless , , . , , - . , "imma-terial,", , .

, , , . . [ TQ] , . , flexi-bility. - ually , . presbyopia, "" - sidered , . - :

57

:

,

10 20 30 40 50 60

, [2.54 = 1 ] 710 14 22 40 200

ple , "" - ditions, . accom-3modation , , , agri-culturists, , , , ; Roosa . - , - b

"", , , rela-tionship . , presbyopia - , , recti , - . , , . mus-cles , . , accom-modation , , . , , - , . - presbyopia XX - fect . , , , . , "" - ditions, , , , , , , , . , peo-

-, , , , - , , - acters, . , , , , wanant, , , . , , - acters , , , , , , - acters. , , , , "presbyopia" , , " "; , - entific . "Presbyopia", , , " , emmetropic ,"'

* n o . l i e s , p. 223. bRoosa: , 1894, p. 537; . iv, p. 431. * n o . l i e s , p 2 o.

58Relrarnmx u ~> Sre

: OrthoduxVie*

. " "; - d , - " , ";' , "ulti-mately ."' attrib-uted , influ-ence, , , , , , ; ,

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

14.00 12.00 10.00 8.50 7.00 550 4-50 3-50 2.50 1-50 0-75 0.25 0.00

2.81 3-28 3-94 463 5-63 7.16 8-75 11.25 15-75 26.25 5249 15748

, , , . , , ; , , , . I " ," " , "s dif-fer , , . - umn , acrommodative , emmetropic , . 11

, accom-modative , , . , , . , , , . , , presbyopic . . " -," , " ,

d , p. 148. , , exer-

e

f

8

, - lation , 1919, p. 862. (1851-). Oph-thalmology 1885 1915. - . , p. 535. i, p. 504.

cising , , , --, - . [ , "" "," asso-ciated .]

h

, , , , , , emmetropic .

extraor-dinary , , .

:

, , , ." 1 , , fif-, ; , , presbyopic , . - , , , , ; . , , , . ophthal-mological ; ; , , , , , presbyopia " , - ."... - ... , . , , , presbyopia, , , . , , , ,

, 908, 166-167.

, , , , . , , , , , , , , hypermetropic, emmetropic, , - mal . [ - dox], , . - , , , incip-ient , . pres-byopia, " " * ; , , - , , , , . presbyopia - , " ," . , , . nec - essary , , , , , pres-byopic . , , ; , - immater-ial,

> : , p. 905.

f> 0* 10

: Vten

, refrac- tive , , , , . , , atro-phy . [ , - .! Pres-byopia , , - metropia, , , , gener-, , ... , , , . , , , , ; , , - presbyopia , , , , , . , , , , - , , . [ - , , .] - thermore, presbyopia , , , , , , , , , , , , . , presbyopia

, , a , , , , .

, H E L , , presbyopia:

, presby-opia, - mals, accom-modation, , presbyopia , , , , condi-tion - . presbyopia. , , , , , . , , - , - tance, - , . , , , induc- , , , . -, . , , . " ," . " ." . ,

61

:

; , . , , , , . , "" - clusion, , [ presbyopia]..., . -. " ?" . " - , - ," . , - ical , , , , . . . , . , , , , , - . , , , . imag-ined, , . [ , prin-ciples : - tralization ( ).] , - . . - ture , , . , , . , , . , , , ,

. , , . , , , - ; , symp-tom pres-byopic . [ , , presbyopia.] , , , , , . . . , . , pres-byopia , ... , , neces-sary, , - . [ - .] ... [presbyopes'] , , , ; , , [ 4, "Prob-lem ":], , pres-byopic, presby-opic , , , - , , , , accom-

62

:Accotnmod> n

modative - " " .

W I T H T H E PRESBYOPIA presbyopic/lens- , , , ! sev-eral , . , - - , , ( - )? , "". , , , , - mal, , , . , , "" presbyopia. - isfactory , . "" pres-byopia, accom-modate. . , presbyopia . pres-byopic , , - . presbyopia . , presbyopic , , . -

. , . presbyopic im- . - "presbyopia" , . - . . "presby-opia" . . , . , . emolling - - , stu - . , , . , , . - "", , , - " ." , , .

"W H Y D O S o . N Y L O S E E ?" - - trialized . Presbyopia , ,

63

:

. presbyopia, , - , " ." 5&10 , "" presbyopes , . , , , , . ( - ?) , , - com- . . !

. 19, " ." orig- inal mecha-nism .

1 , , - fect . 2Ibid. 3 , " : , , " [ ], ( 12,1918), p. 53.

4Ibid.

. , , tiiink, ? ? ( - .) , ? , - . , , right-brain-domi-nant , . , , ,

5 . , (, MD: WilUam , 1943), p. 364. 6. . , Dictio- (, : G & Merriam Com- pany, 1980). 7 . . Sears, . . , . ., (, : - Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1976), 694-95. 8 , , - - fect . * . 10 , , . 11 Sears, Zemansky, , , -695-

64

... ophthalmol-ogy, , , , . explana-tions , , , Helmholtz Donders, , .... . , 1920

R BATE E S E R C H O N T H E R O L E O F E X T R I N S I C E Y E . U S C L E S , , orig-inate . - 1600-. - , , , , . , , , , , .

- ize, . , ; - func-tional . - , ?

: "T H E T R U T H B O U T E X P E R I . E N T S I . N L S" pho-tographs IV, " Accom-modation ."

, , ; demonstra-tion Helmholtz

65

:

, , "" - cerned , , . ... , , , , , , , mus-cles . accom-modation , , - metropia , . exper-iments " - " Novem-, 1914, "- " 8,1915; 18,1918; , , . , "recti" "". , , , "" "". recti , , , , , , . ,

, , , objec-tive , - , . , . , , . recti , , , . , , - alyzed , ; , , , electri-cal , . , , , , -, , , , , , accom-modation - trical . mdimentary , , countertrac-tion, -duced . mus-cles , recti , - 8

"", "", "" "" recti. - ; recti - metropia .

, , recti rudimen-tary, , , , recti, , , , .

66

(hapter tf Refra eball . - - , , --ments , . ... , , , - trical , , - mal , ; , . , refrac-tion , , , . . - , , , lensless , .

- . . (, . accommo-dation. [ - , .] , , ; , , , . , . , ori- , solu-tion , , . , cov-ered , , , accom-modation . , , -duced , , , . --ment, , , , , , , , , , , impor-tant . -

67

:

ther , divid- , , , - metropia. , , . . , - , , nei-ther , - accommo-dation, , - tances, .

[ . 7-1, ] 1 7 - 2: a 7-1: - , - - , - - tial . 1 3 tial . 1 2

, . . 2 . stimula-tion . 3 . stim-ulation .

, . 2 accom-modation, . 3 . accom-modation. 4 , . .

[ . 7-3, ]

7 3: , . 4

. 1 . . 2 . . 3 . .

68,

:

, , refrac-tion . , .

[. 7-4, J

7-4: , Hypermetropic . inser-5tion . , , , . , . , astig-matism , , hypermetropic , . , - .

, .

[. 7 5, ]

7-5: Lense. 6

. . , , , . , , , .

:" C C O . . O D T O N S T U D Y . E S R E F L E C T E D T H E L E N S, C O R N E A, , N D " , " ..." , V . - .

, --ments, , Helmholtz , , --ments , , dif-ferent . , , Helmholtz defec-tive , , ,

Oph-thalmological , -, - ined , , , , .

, . - nique Helmholtz, , , . , -

69

:

tirtct ; ; . , , , Helmholtz , ascer-tainable . , , . "" - stant , reUable, . Helmholtz , , , , , ; , , , , . , - strating , ; , , . . , , , . accommo-dation , , Helmholtz; , . , . , , 250 1000 , , , , [ ] sur- ,

. . . , 1000 , , dif-ficulty, . , , , . . , "" - , , Helmholtz, - nique , , , . , , - . , - sulted assis-tance, , , . , , , , , Helmholtz, , . , -duction , , , ( ) . reflec-

70

: -

j-6: . 7

R, ; A, . . , . Helmholtz, . - reflec-tion . - , , , . , . tions . , , dif- acrommodation. ficulties ""-, - , - ; vious, , , [Helmholtz . - ,vature ], . - . 3 , . , ,

8

: , - . e d. ., 16,1912.

, .

7-7: . 8R, ; A, . , , , . - .

:

: T H E D O E S N O T -. , , - vature .

, , , , - , , . , , . , , , , , , , , . , , , . , , , , , oppo- , , , , , , , . , - tance, , , , , , indi-cating, - .

, , . , , , , , , , , , - ened, . , . , , , . , , , - ject, mir-ror. , , , , , , , , , , . , , . easi- , exper-iment , , fiftycandlepower - tric , , - , . ; , . , fil- , ,

72

:Aodation Vten

. , , , mir-ror . , . - , , , , ,

modation obser- vations , , , , . , - - , - alyzing , . , , , 3

. , , . , , - . , . , , , , , . - sible , , .

: "T H E T R U T H B O U T D E . O N S T R T E D C L I N I C L O B S E R V T I O N S" - , VI - fect , :

, accom-

refrac-tive . "" - ditions , ; , . , . , appar-ently , hypermetropic, , , , , , . - , , hyperme-tropia , ,

() mydriatics. u p o n , , , , ren-dering . , : Mydriatics Myotics, , , 1897-1900, ii, p.30.

73

:

* Qfe

7-8: 9 R, ; A, . A - , ofthesdera, . , . , , , , , . , - metropia. , . , , , . , farsight , , nearsight, , .

, , - , , . appar-. , , ently , [ ], hypermetropic , . , ambly-, 8 opia - , , , ; . , , ,

a hypermetropic prin- , .

cipal hypermetropic prin-

, . astigma- cipal ,

tism ; merid- . astigma-

ian , , tism ,

. o n e princi- .

74

hupter: ' %'Vuw

, , (. XXII).Thc , : , - . , , 20/200. - tance, "" - , ( ). , , . , . , , , . ; , , 20/200 , - , . , , ; , , , . , cil-iary , , , , , . - metropia, accom-modation, .

%vho, , . , , , , . , , , , , , - mond , , , , . , , - metropia, accom-modation, . , - , , . influ-ence ; , , , , , , . , , , - , sepa-rately . , , - , . accom-modation , , -

*75

:

, , - , evi-dence - ories, , ; , , . , , , . strik-ingly , , , , - alyzed , , , - metropia , , recti . [TQ .] , , , , . . , . , , " - pretation ," , incon-venient , . presbyopia (. XX) tes-

timony . , - , . , presbyopia, oth-ers, , ; , "" - dition , "" - ceivable, , , , , , ", " . accumu-lation . , , , . - ories , mul-titude . Dur- , , , - , , . observa-tions , . , , , , , .

B T E S: "T H E R E F R C T I O N E Y E" , VII:

76

: Vten

, , - , - . , - , , , - mal , . , , , sur-roundings , , , , . , , - "" - veniently , , . , , , , , , , . , , , , - isfactory . , , , - - , ; , , , . refrac-tion,

, , , , , astigma-tism . , , , astig-matism . [. 23, " ," - sion .! . hypermetropic. . indi-cate, - "" - tinually . , . , , symp-toms . . hypermetropic astig-matism, . , . . , . , , . , , , . . , , ,

J J

: RFFRACTION

, (. XVII) [ ]. - defec-tive . , unex-pected . , . . , . - , , , , . , , , , - , , , , , , . unac- . , , , . , - , acci-, .., , . , , , - tistics, . , - ject; condi-tions, .

, . , , aie , tew , .

: "T H E " IX , :

, exter-nal , , enors . , , ; , . , - ditions, , . - - ent . , , , , , ( - ening ) associ-ated , , ( ) , ;

78

:

, , , . , hyperme-tropia . , hypermetropic, , . hypermetropic . , , a

. , , , , , , , . , . , . , , , , . , ,

, , , . . evi-dences (. XI), ; , , , , . [" " "". - , "" - tal ; - " - tralization," 10, " ." ] , , , , , , . hypermetropic , - tant , -duced ;

( emmetros, mea-, ops, ) - , , . "" - stitutes , , .

, , ; , . , , , , , , - tened , , . -, -duced . , , , . ; condi-tion , , , , , . , , , ; , , , . apha-

Releaming, 79

:

kic , , - ducing , , , , . , - ject , , . , , elon-gating , , , . , , . , , . , , , . , , . - tance . - , . , . , , , , , . , , , . , , . , , , , , . ,

; , , . , , , , . . , , , , . , ehminated; - acteristics . , . , , , , , , , . , , civi-lization, . , , , , , , - mal ; , , . , , , imper-fect : , .

, mul-titude .

80

: -

7~Q: , 10 i , , , . , . , . 2 , thir- , , . , hypermetropic, , , . , . , - .

7-10: , , ." 1 . 2 . expres-sion. 3 , .

81

: C C O . . O D T I O N N D E R R O R S

7-11: Immediate Production , , .21 , Snellen, . . - dle , . , , , , . , - , , .

7-12: .31. t Snellen . 2 , , . ret'wosccft .

2$*Rrteammq,

Refracoon Vie\s

, , . , . 1 , Snellen , - mal . 2 , , - ened , , . 3 . 4 , , , , , . , , refrac-tion . , , , , , .

83

: r

5^

^IR

-I

7-14: Family Group, .51

1 / . 2 . 3 . , , . 4,5, 6 , , . . - tures. , , . . .

L O N D O E S I T T K E?, . IX , , , , ques-. tion , , , : Snellen suffitient . , particu-, larly, - , indi-, viduals. , , , . , , , , ; , . - ques- , tion , - , senting , . ,, . , , , ben - ,efit; , , , ,

84* tt>

:

4.

7-15: , , , .

1

6

1 , -, . , , . 2 , . 3 , . 4 , .

. . , , , , , ordinar- ily . , - ; ; . , , , , - prac-ters, , tice... ; , , distmbing , , . , , , , . , , , , , , - , , , - Snellen .

85

:

j-16: , , .71

. l , igo2, . . 1004... . 2 . .

R E T H E N D . U S C L E? , , a , . , , . , exper-, ?iments? cil- iary - , T H E . U S C L E ? Q U E O U S , , 10 %. - terior . ? , ? Helmholtz. ? 19

/ L E N S 1 , 81 , -

, . , 20/400, . 99 % . , 18 . 0

vature , "" , .

86

:/

? 2o/4 (X) , acu- ity (20/400).

";" opia "". , , . , - - , . . - rectly "" ,

, - "" . . , , cil- 9 9 % iary , , , elon-, , gated . , caus- , 20/20 +, . , . . : " [] , , . , , . . , , " [ ] . "23 [] . "20 : , , - , tional , ; . , (- ) extraocular , " , -

. , - , - , , - vation [] , , . "21 , , " . "" - . "22 , - N O T , - , , - ? - N E R S I H T E D N E S S, () . nearsights - , , myops: .

87

:

- 1970. : ... , . , , . 1970, - ple, . Nuvuk , ,

, : , , , , - , soci-eties... , , 26

. , , - erally , nearsight-edness, 25 , , 60 , . 24

" " . , - , . inconect

, , . , " /' , , . - , "". . struc-, " tural . ".", : ?" Tk struc- - : ture , . , , , illiter-, acy , nonexis- .... 70 , , , . ele-, mentary , 27

, - centage . , ", , ." 25

Kennebeck: ..., , , ... , hereditary.lt, ,

88

,

, . ,

: ?'

, . , , , , chil-dren . 28 , , , . , - , . , . - , , , ", ." , , , .

. , , , , . . , , , , . sto-ries . , - , im- . , , "" - sciously .

,

, - . . .

j-ij: .

89

:

, . , , - . . expla- 19, " ." , , , , . - , nearsights , . (-) lense, - ther . - tant lense. , , " - mally," , , , , - vature . , , , , . , - , . , . ( , .), mus-cles ,

. , . - . , . mus-cles - tracted . , . , , . . , , , ques-tion , " , ?" ques-tions . , .

R T I F I C I L C O R N E L : R D I L KERATOTOMY (RK) , -KERATOLOGY, .. , , . , , . : 1. -keratology , , ;

90

: s*

2. kcratotomy (RK) , ; 3. keratectomy (PRK) , , ; 4. , ; 5. ( ), , . , , , , . ,

N E R S I H T E D N E S S , , , -, . , , , : 1 584 , , , 20/30 20/1000. 20/400, - . , , 20/40, ; 210 20/70; 163

- 20/100 ; 211 20/200 , - . mal. , . chron-, 20/20 , - ically , - , - . , 20/40, , . , O.D., :, 30

keratotomy , dri-orthokeratology - ver tance , ( ) . , ; , . , , , , , . . , [] 29 () , , , - " ." Improv-( : hyper "," ; metron ""; opia, , ""). . , -

*91

:

j-18: .

, , presbyopia. " " . "" - .: , - etrate ... , 8

; , . "", , , , , "" . : l) (); 2)

farsight [edness], , , , , , , , , . - ditions [ presbyopia], , ,

a hyper, metron, , - , ops, .

92

:

, . , - , , -, , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , - vature compen-, , .

"" - , - . "" , - tance. , "" "farsight". , , accom-modates, . , , , ; . farsight-edness, , - , , accommo- () , , , . , . , - foreshort-ened. ,

, . , . ( , , , .) , , , . , non-pres-byopic . , , , , " - " , . ( chroni- cally, , .) "" - clusively, , , recti , - , , . recti - , , explana-tion farsight-edness. , , - mal, , , . recti , , . , , , , " recti , ?" - - , - .

93

:

- N O T , farsights . farsight-edness . , , . .

F R S I H T E D N E S S , , , " ; 116 , , ; 194 , ; 38 . "31

Better Eyesight, 1920-

: ? : .

( : a ""; "": ), , , . , , - , "" . astigma- tism -

,

MUSCIE

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tn , , ovai

, ' " .

, perperttiiculaf .

7 19:.

94*

:

. opin- . I, "", :

, 3 , . curva-ture , , , , "" - dition; , . , , . . .

a r e e k a, , n d , .

, " ," :

- - ers , , "" 3 .... , , , - -, - ,

e y e , , d i s t n c e s n c r e s i n t h e l e n t h , o n l y, t h e o f l e n s. D e Schweinitz: D i s e s e s o f , , 1916, 35-36.

. fortu-nately , investi-gated , lensless . - hattan , . . . ; , , . , , , , , . , . ., , scopolamine ( - ). , , , , , . , , , ", , ." phe-nomena, .

:

com-bination hypermetropic . recti . , hypermetropic , trac-

Releaming, 95

:

7-20: .23

1 , , "" - junctiva . 2 thecutting , , .

tion infe- Better Eyesight , rior 1927: , ; , , , disap- . , peared. . , hyperme- . - , accommo- dation . recti, , .

96*

: Bates'View (-: W. .

1 [TQ] , 1979), p. 101.

.

21

. ,

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

.

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

. , , - fect . . . . , , - fect . . , , - fect ; . . , , - fect . . . . . . , , . , ,

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

(Baltimore:The -versity , 1972), p. 55. . , (: , 1943), p. 364. , I, "". Time life, , , , (, : Time-Life Books Inc., 1982), P-77- ., p. 78. , " , -," US News and World Report (21 1993), PP-69-70. . , " : ?" - , 1,1994. . , - - ful (-: , 1969), p. 34. , Rx : - , - (1981) . . , . (: Faber and Faber, Limited, 1957), P-25.

.

3

' .

20

17, "." . . , - : -

32

, , - fect .

97

[Bate] , , . , , , . 1 V. , , .., iQ82

: N E R S I H T E D N E S S= S T I . T I . S = NO C C O . . O D T I O N . - marize: , , - , / , , . , . , ,

-. stu - , ophthamologist . oph-thamologist , nearsight-edness, , mus-cles, . , , -tude , . , - ( presbyopia), astigma-tism, , - . hairnful , , - . , , , , (. 19, " "). , , edu - .

99

:

contempo-raries , .

" - N O T R E S O N I N B E I N" , '' , , - dox?" , :

- , , , . , , - ity, . . , ; , , , .

, , . Better Eyesight, 1923:

DR. BATE . . , 2- , , - , - dorf , - ruary 17-, , . , , , , , , .

, , , , , , , . prac-ticing 1885, , , . ophthalmo- , . -, , . , , . , . , , , , , . , , , , , unpopu-lar , exper-iments - , , , [ ] , . , . , , : " , , Helmholtz

IOO

:

, ?" , contin-ued , Helmholtz , , , Helmholtz ; . . , . [Biddle , .] , , , , - , .

New York Post , .

30 , , , , , ophthal-mology. . - - coverer , , ; - mals , , , . , - ature . ophthal-mology . 3

. , , . 1921 : ( . . Roosa), oph-thalmologists , , Donders , []. , , . 2 12 , 1918, :

, , , . , , , . : inves-tigations, [] , . - . , , . 4

- , - -, sible mus-, [ ] -cles , :

IOl

:

, evi- dence, , . ; . . "" - cern , - . , , , . - , - , 5 , - , , . 6

, , farsight- edness, , . , func-tioning accom-modation. - , - anism , , . . " ," . , accom-modation - - ondary . , , - ical .

D E A , . . conse-quences . , , , , - , - . , . , , , immea-surable. ,

- , - urally. , , , .

T H E P H Y S I C L - , . , . ( ), - , , - mal . , . , .

I02

:

. . ? , ? . , , . prin-ciples , , , . ( - ), , .

1E. V. , "! ," , 1982, p. 16.

2 ,9, 2 ( 1921), p. 21. 3 . " : , , ," Amer-ican ( 12,1918), p. 53. 4 , ( : , 1950), 176-77. 5 , (-: & , 1942), 33-34. 6 ., p. 36.

3

ryir qp/es1 ^f, }

/ 5 sig/z//ragfe . , , . . , , , 1920

- , , .

1995 ! Bultons, EagMye/NEI : "". .

... 1 cules , . . . , , . . , , , . , , . - , ment - . - , , : " , , , ." . - . ment. , , . ! , . - .

10J

:

. , . - , , , . , - ! - "" - stantly . - chil-dren. ,

. , , , , spiri-tually . . , , . . , . . , -

? : , , . , , , , . . , . , , . , , peo-ple, , irritat-, / . hyper ; - , . , , , "hyper" . " , - ." - fam-ily, . , , , peo-ple, , hyper. , , " - squirmy." , " ", - 2

.

, . , - - -

. - " ." , .

"". - , , ? , " , ?" ,

:

, , imag-ine -, , , , : .

108

ChapU'r-

... uncon- sciously, . ... Snellen ; , - ond , , , , , , , , . - tures , . , -jecting . , - ities , , , . , , , , , . , ; , , , , , , , . , , , . , , . , ; , . "" - tinual, - strik-

{] , . , - ond; , - impos-sible, , , . , ; , . , - , , , . , . , , , -duced . , - - ; , , ...

- marizing . "" - ment ( ). - . . , , , . Better Eyesight, 1924: " , " Eyesight, 1924: ": ? : ."

109

; N T U R L

- . Eyesight, 1925: " . ." Eyesight, 1925: ": , , , . ? : . , ." Eyesight, 1925:

. . . , , , . , , contin-uously. , , . , - , , , , - -duced.

. Eyesight, 1925:

.. .All , . . . , , [ ] . - centrate , , .

. , , . , imag-ine , , mov- . , , , , , , . , , . . .. .When, , , , . - ...Very ...e - , ...One . ? , [ ] , , "" - tinuously, . , . [], . , , , , . , , , [ ] , knowl- .

IO

, , , . , , , [centraliza-tion]. , , , , , . , , , , , . . improp-erly . - , , . - . - diffi-...Imperfect , . - edly...u , , , , , .... [ ], . , 20/50 20/10. , ...He , - , , , - ary. , 10 . Snellen 10 . , " - mov- ?" "", , " ." " , imag-ine ?" . " ?"

: F-ir.\t -\fo\ement . , " , . , !" - - fect . , necessi-tates , , -ers . - edly, , , - . , imper-, fect, , , ,

Eyesight, 1927: " ." Better Eyesight, Septem- 1923:

... . , , , , "" - tinuously. , , - . , ? . - , ... [ centraliz-]..., , , .

: , , . " Ahijah, , , ." pres-4

, , , . shal-, , .

TOM:

byopia . - - erally , . ,

, , , . , . , , " , - , , -?!" , , , . ; , , , - , ity. , , , , . , , , , . . . - "", , . , . - fre- , quently , " ." " . ," , , . ", , , ," . , . " , !" , " . ?" , " exer- , " . cises" !" , , . , , " " , . . , ,"..., ' !' , . , , - "3 17:00 , "", - . 14, 4, , " Ahijah , , ." , - . ,

112

, " !" / , , . , , , . , . - simultane-ously , . , . - , , . , , -.

L TOM O : , , , " / , ; / , ."

- - , " . !" , , . , . . " !" . ., . " , stagna- tion."

:

, , , . . Better Eyesight, 1920:

. , , , , . , , , . , , , direc-tion . , , oppo- . imag-ine , , , , . , - sel-dom , , , . , , , , , , , , , [] . - sible, , , - ually - ment . , , . . .

113

: N T U R L

, . , . - , .

Eyesight, 1921:

[ ] , , , , .... , , . - , . - ment , , , .

Eyesight, 1922:

[ ,] , , direc-tion . , imag-ine, , .... [ peo-ple] , . , , , , , ...One , , , - , , .

Eyesight, 1927:

, .

Eyesight, 1927:

, - mov- - ment . , , , , , , , oppo- .

Eyesight, 1927:

, ... , .

, - - ment. - , incompre-hensible. , opposi-tional . , , , , . , , , , , , , - ment. , ( !) , , , . "" -

114*

versely, , , , . Thebe - . trampo- , , , ; , , , .

: , direc-tion , . illu-sion , . - , . , - , expe-

4 ^ - . A'S$fS

, , , . , - , , , , , oppo- . , , , , --enced . , , , "". , , dri-ves, - ary , , . "", "earthrise", " ", "earthset"?! ""; . , , . , actu- , , . -

rience. , - . , , . - , . Eyesight, 1924: " , , - ." , " ...,", , - . . , , - , .

. O V . E E N T N D

. O V . E E N T F U N! - , daugh- . , . ! - "", : , , ,

115

T H R E E:

, , prob- activ-ities , . . , , , .

.. . . - ment, !

. O V . E E N T O F O B J E C T S - opposi-tional . . - - , , . Ulti-mately, , , , , , - . , , . , . , , . , , . , , - , , expe-rience activi-, , , . . , "" expe-riences. "" .

. , . , , , ! , , "" - scious , , - , , . , , , . , , , , , . , - , , , . , . - tioned , stu - , , , , . rever- 20, " ," , anv . - .

Il6' u>

*: , , . , , , , . , , , , . sev-eral . , . . , , .

s&TO: , , , . L, C, R. C. . , . , . , . , L

: . , , , , . , ; , . R, L, , , . , C.

! , . , , . , ", - ment; ." , , , . , , dur- . , , , , . , , . - - , . Eyesight, 1925:

... ,

LR

117

:

. . , . . . . , ... - tionary. - , .

a*TO: . ; - cil . 8-10 . , ( ) , . . . - tance. , - tant , , . . atten-tion , ! , , . , , , . , , , , . , , . ,

Il8

, ! - , 18, " ."

, , , , .

*TO

A: . 9-2: , a-i, a-2, a-j. , , . abdom-inally. . - , . -, . , - - , . , 3-4 , . . 9-2, b. sim - . , , . , , . , -, , . , ,

: Mo\ement

g~2: .

II9

;

, .

&Part B: : - . , - tance, 100 . . , , , , . , , , .

, (. 9-2, d), , . , , natu-. . , 9-2, e. . Better Eyesight, 1930:

direc-tion , - , "." , , "." - ment hori-

zontal, . - , - , , . , , . , . , , , . , , , . , - erly, ... . , - fre-quently . - erly, , . , , . - ation . , - mal . Wen - , . , , , , .... [ ] , , direc-tion .

Eyesight, 1925: C. Lierman, " ."

120

) " , ." ( ) . , , "" . . 9-3; () .

j\ine: Mo\einent A: , , , b, , c. , ; , , . - "" ( , ). ; - .

g-3: () .

121

T H R E E:

"" , .

* B: , , , , ,

. - , . - .imately . , . - -feathtr , . , " " - . tion, . -"" . , "" dif-, . . ,

. " "! , . , . . . , , , .

: , , / , . - , , - ent , , . , . , , - torted .

, -

TOM:

- . " ". , - ets . , . . aMorninally. , . .

, 6: , , . moun- , . , . , , , , , oppo-

, , . , ( ) , mov-. ! , , . , . , . , , , .

!

TOM: , . 5

- ment., "" . , ! .

123

:

. . , , , . . - , , . , , - tinuous. ,

9-4: .

, . , , , . , . , , . " ," . , , . - ment . ! , . 58 - sible 60 .

- , 1926:

, , - mal , , - . , , .. .Severe, , - stration ... [ .]...Make mov-.... ... .

- . . , , . Eyesight, 1923:

: WTien ? : [, ,] .

, , oppo-sitional . , ,

124

, , , .

oo (orFigure-8) , 8, - - .

* . 9-5; . , , , hori-zontal " 8". , : - , - imately . , - dle , - . , - ments Tai- . . , , , . , . fre-quently. , - dle , . a

: , com-plete , .

, , , mov- , , incor-rect , , . . - imbalancing. . , , , . , . - rect ?) , incor-rect "" .

TOM: , . , , . infin-ity "" "". , . , . "" direc-tions . , , , direc-tions , . , , . ,

125

J26

: Moxemtnt

, , , . ( f ) "". "". , . , .

, . , , , oppo- . , - ful stu - , , . uncomfort- , . - , , - ary , . ( direc-tions) . - , . . , . , expe-rience , . , , , ; , , , ; ,

, , . , , , , . - . , musi-cian -, , , , . - . "" - tinual . , . - "" . , Better Eyesight, 1928:

, , [ ] .

, oppo-sitional . , , , oppo-sitional , ( ). , 12, " ()," " ." - . , , , .

127

; N T U R L

D O U B L E . O V . E E N T

^EXPERIENCE

O P P O S I T I O N . L O V . E E N T , -

. , tances , - . ary , , , , . . , , , . , "" , . . , , , , . , - . tance , , direc- "" tion , , , - doser .. ' , , ,

, . , , - " " dle , "---"! , . . - , lllusion, : - cUrninished - reti- . nal,

, , ( "") , - . , , . - , cov-ered, , - gle . , - allax .... 6, , "" - stantly , , , - , . .

NEAR-TO-FAR/FAR-TO-NEAR - ment . , , , . , respec-tively, , . , ,

: , , . , . "" , , . , .

^EXPERIENCENEAR-TO-FAR/ . , , - , , . , . 8. . abdorninally. . . , : , , , - , . : 100 , 500 , 1000 , , , . -- ! , : 1000 , 500 , 100 , , , , . , ! , , . , .

I2Q

:

. , , , . -- .

20/40 , . , , . 20/40 . , - , - , , , , , . , , ! Near-to-Far/Far-to-Near, , , - - . , . - near-to-far/far-to-near . , , . , - tant . , . Nearsights , . , - tance. Nearsights , .

, farsights . , . Farsights . 19, " ," , . - . , , re-estab-lishes hemi-.

? ! " " - . , " - " , . (!), , . , ; , . , , - ment. , , , . . , , . - . .

130*KeU-,

, , , . , , . Eyesight, 1922:

, , , . , trou-ble. , , , , . , , , , , , .

( 1920- , ".") eleva- , . . . , , ( - ment), eleva- . , , . Eyesight, 1925: :

:

...Usu-, . , , , . , , . , 60 , , , . , , . , . , [ ], - ment . ques-tion, " , , , ?" , " Hke, , , , , . , ." , . -

, , , , , , . , , , . , , .

I3I

:

9-7: Vestibulo- .

T H E VESTIBULO- reg - ister , 3- . , , , func-tioning vestibulo- . :

vestibulo- ; , - , . , , 7

TOM: 19961

L I H T R E C E P T O R S N E E D , , " " , . , , . , , , , - , . ( , !) , , . imme-diately , -

. . . , , , , , , mus- : cles . , .. . , , ..

132

- . , . , , , , . , ...Moreover, , , . 8

: , , : , , ; dif-ferent (). , , , , , , , , - mally - , ( ) . expe-rience , .

R. . : . [ , .] ( ) - ried , .

, . T. , "" , : , ,

, , .

9

;

, , : - , , . peo-ple , continu-ously. , , - ments, , . , . , , , , , .... 10

, . , , - ( - ment), , . , - ment, . . (motil-ity), . - , . , , , imper-ceptible , , .... u

.

dif-ficulties. . -

Releaming, 133

:T H R E E P R I N C I P L E S O F N T U R L

ceive , , , , , , . , sensibiUty; , . ; . , , , . , . , , , . : , . ; , , psy-, chology , , , actu- , , - - damental , - , , , . , , , , . 12 - , . : , , . . - clusions , mea-surements, , . , .

134*

. N Y T Y P E S O F . , , , , , , - ments , . dur- R.E.M, " " : ... ... , . , - tained. 13

P O S T U R E: T H E - TION - . - ). (2C) espe-cially . , . . , , , , chiro-practic , , , . - sion , ,

: , . , . : , "" mini-mas-.

nearsights. farsights. bifo-cal " " . . imbal-ance

9-8: --.

9-9: . . .

N D , , , . , , atten-tion, , , . "unseeingly", - . , . : , , ? - . . purchas- .... 14

*135

:

. , . | , , - j .!

P O S T U R E D U R I N Eyesight, 1923:

. . , , . [] . . , ..., . .

: ? , [], . stif- , . , 15 ! o , : , , , -: . . directh , encour-

I36RrUarnin? Sre

: , . chiroprac- , ahgnment. , . , , .

9-11: ...

, , , . . . -der , , . - ture, , , . , .... 16

, . , , posi-tions. , . , , , . . - ,

, " ." - ment, .

L TOM O : , . , , . - ened , . , . . , , , . I , , , , . -

.

/ . , " ." , " " . . , , , , . , , , . , . ,

137

:T H R E E P R I N C I P L E S N T U R L K- - -, . . e

nel, , , , explo- . . . , - , , - ; - . 11( .) , , . , . , "," " !" , . , . ! . , " , . ." 18 , - ment, , , . stu - , - tionary . . particu-larly , "" . (, , , ). , , " - , ." " , , ." - , nearsights. , 100 . 100 , 100 .

, , toirmnityis . , , , 100 . , , , 100 .

TOM: , , . , , , , , . , , . , - , . . ("") - . , , inChi-nese , , , . 1982. . ( , , .)

TOM:

I38

:

, . ( " " .) , . , , () , . . , , !

P R O B L E . S T R I N - . , . , , , , , , , . , . Better Eyesight, 1923;

, , , , , , .

Eyesight, 1927:

.

Eyesight, 1928:

... ,

. impos- sible . , , . imper-fect . , . , , - ...There - , , , , , .

, , ( ) . .

W H Y ? , . dur- , , , , , . , , . " - ." " " : " , ," . " , . ...." 19

.

139

: N T U R L

, , , - , . - - . sur- . . . . - , . , , . , , , , . " " () , ? activ-ities, , ? " ?"

T H E T R P

, . , - .

E T W H T Y O U T H I K N , , , , . , , bluned. , - dur- , ?! . , - , . - ested , " " , . , - bluned, , . , "unseeingly". " ", .

- , , , " ," . , "." , ! . ! , , .! . , , . . , , "." . . , , , . , . Eyesight, 1924: "...one , , , [calledj ." ""- . scious. , . - , , , .

140*

:

10; . , "." -, , .

, , , . , .

peo-} .|

. . , , .

, " , ." 20

. , hus- , . , , , , . , . prescrip-tion . . , , , , , , . -nounced, . Eyesight, 1922:

, , , , . , , , -ers .

- ters, , . , , .

N D

V S I O N - 1976,51 % (111 mil - ), . 1986 56 %. underesti-, , , . - 0.5 % - . , , , , . .

*141

T H R E E: N T U R L 1%- , - . izen illu-2100!sion expe-

. rience . , , . , . - . ; - , ., 84 ! , ! , wil . . , , . , , , , recom- , . 84- C N H I L D 1983,T H E S O L U T I O N I S , ,. 7; "". , , , " , ?" , " , " , ," : ." , " . , 1. () ?" , ", ." ,, , " , . 84 ; ."2. - - ; , .3. - , ,. - ity , . , . - . , , chil-dren . " ...."

I42

1. , (: Open Court Publishing Company, 1890), p. 11. 2 , (-: & , 1942), p. 37. 3 , (-: & , 1963). 4 , ( : Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1966), 1 , 14, 5, p. 439. 5 - . 6 . , : , (: , 1979)> P-4^-7 . . , , (-: , 1989), p. 258. 8 , (-: , 1985), p. xv. 9. . , : (-: McGraw-Hill Co., 1966), p. 46.

:

10 , (-: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1978), p. 59- 11 , , p. 11. 12 ., p. 46. 13 , , p. 258. 14 , (-: J. P. Tarcher, Inc., 1979), p. 47. 15 . 16 , , p. 273. 17 Raskin, (-: -pany, 1966). 18 . , " ," , , 3 (, 1988), p. 1. 19 , " ," ( 7,1994), 5-6. 20 , ,p. 81.

143

:

, , imag-ine - [], , , , ; - .

- . . - . . - ture,

, , . , , ; , . - , , ...., , , . - - tral [ization]. r . , , , 1927

. . . - , , - , , , , , , - , .

I45

N T U R L

Eyesight, 1925 ( ):

... , , , . , , , , , . , , , , , - tralization .

, , . - , , .

- ? - flashUght ? , - tralization. , ; . - . , , , dif-ferent . .

. , , - tralizing. - tralizing; - ful . , , - ception . - , . , , , . , , - tral , , . , . , . 20/400 ! appar-ent , , , , indi-vidual . .

T H E P E R I P H E R L I S "N O T " , , , , "". , - " .'Tn , conectly . , , . centralis . : - , .]

146*

:

civili/ed, , , . , , . - , , . , . , , - - tralization], , , . 2. 44: .

1994 Hwtolab 10 1: Centralis.

. . lutea - tralis. - . , . , "" , , . , - sity . "" , , / periph-eral . , func-tion . - tralis. 17, "."

, , . - . - . , ,

. 10-1: Centralis, 30:therefore (1), 31: (2). . - , - , , artifi- , cially 20/20. . prin-ciple , - , ment. " - rection," . , , . ,

147

T H R E E

. Introduc- , , , tion, , k , , , - outthey, , : " - , . fectly, , 1:00 ." - . . , imbalanced ^ E X P E R I E N C E , , - - "", - -

. ,

,

. , , - , . . , . , , C E N T R L I Z T I O N , - O B V O U S , , , , , , . , . , ? , . , - C E N T R L I Z T I O N E L U S I V E ment . T H E B E I N N I N , , , ! , , , . " ,", , ( C) - . , , , ( ; - - , , , ) , , ( R). . , - , , , R, . - , , . , . ! , , . , periph- centralis, eral , , , . . ,

148

;

R , R , R . periph-eral . . - , partic-ular . , stu - .

N O R . L

Eyesight, 1923:

Snellen, , , . . ? ... , , , , - , , , . , - , , - , ...., , [], , . , , , , , impos-sible, . , imper-fect

, , | , .|

; diffu- sion . 8,1915, - :

[ ] 3

: , , , , , , , -. , , - tom , 4, . , . , , , . , . , periph-eral , . , , . suc-ceeded, , ,

149

N T U R L , . , periph-eral ; . , , - ! . centraliz- , . , " !" , "- ,", 18, " ."

. . --ment , . , - . , circum- , , , , , trau-matic. , . , , . , "" , . , , traf-fic , . , , , ! , -ered, , simul-taneously . , , ,

, . , , , dri-ving , , . , , - distri-bution , simulta-neously , . , , , , . - izing . , , , dif-. - sonality. stu - , . .

150

O E S ; O E S I R I D I T Y impor-tance , . . . . , - , , " ." . , , . prob-lem , , . , , : . , - tral , . [ ] 5

: . .

TOM: , . , , . , . , , , , . , - . , . , . , , , "" . , , . , .

, . , " , . , , ." , . , , . "". - izes " " centraliz-.

;

Eyesight, 1924: " " , , , , , . , peo-ple, ,

151

T H R E ET H R E E N T U R L

. . , . , , ", ?" , , , . , , . , . , , princi-ple . - " ." . , () () . , stu - , , " ", " " , . . Unfortu-nately, ; - , .

C E N T R L I Z T I O N

centraliz- . , , , . , "spac-" , , .

C E N T R L I Z T I O N V S. - T H E E . O T I O N L . toldme, -, " rnysKT , . , , , , . , , . "" , . , atten-tion , - , . - tral .

TOM: , . . ,

Eyesight, 1924: "... , , , . , [] .", dif- - . , . , - . . Peo- ,

152*

:

, , .

, . ? -

. , . . . , - - -. , ", , .." , , , - . impor- , - tant . . - , " tralizing - . Usu-, , ." , , , . , . . , - ization , , , , -. -, pri- ? - . - , prograrnrning , - dif- , ques- . tion . - . turbed (), , , , , , , . " . , , , foveal atten- , tion!" . , , - . - - tracted. "" neled . . . ( . - . ) ( ). - , - , - encour- ? . - dif-, . , .

153

N T U R L

= Eyesight, 1922:

: -, ? : , . - , - ation, "" - .

, , psy- chologically , psy-chology, , , "" - . , , [ 23, "Chil-dren "] . "

, statereality intermittenth; - whic . tion - , , , "concentra- - tion" der - cir- cles. , . ., , ( - .) . Eyesight, 1925: - , - ." . , ; - . , , , "" - , , , . - , , , , ., , ,. , , , , ., " equiva- , ." , , concentra- . tion , ( , , , invol- - , untary) , ; ""- , , , , ." exclu- ," sion , aban-, , ., , atten

154*Hekarning u>

rcvery - , . , [ ] , , - , , , simul-taneously, , . ", , ." concen-tration , Fabre, , , , , , , . - , . , " ." : " , , . "" - , . ? , ." , , , , . "" - - , - psy-chological , oppo-nents . , , "" - . -

: ation , manv , . , , , . - , , , ..., , . obliv-ious, . - : . , , . , , - , . , , , . ; , ; , partic-ular , - , " ." [Stanton]: " ," -douin.

:

, ; , , ,

155

T H R E b

. . , , ; .

, , . - .

S O C I VL

. . , . - ization . , " ." . - ductory . com-mented , , . - , , , fre-quently . . , chil-dren " ." ,

, centrah/e. aco m-modation, , mdphvsi-cal ol , ii thev , , evtn ishing centraliza tion. naturd beeing, , . - , . , . - , .

. 9-7; Vestibulo- "" - nection. , , , "" , . atten-tively , , , , .. , instru-ment . Ustening dri- ving , . , . .

156

:

, . . , , , . , , . , - , , : , , , , , . 6

tralization - - tal. - , . , . - ! , ! , "" --ence . , - , , , . .

, .

XI, "", - fect :

^EXPERIENCE

... -

, , . , - dred . , , ( ) . . , ! simul-, taneously, , , , ! , , : , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , -

, . , , , . , , , - fited . , , elimi-, .. ....The effi-ciency , . , , , , - ject .

- . - . , , "" . , , ..

*157

N T U R L

, (dif- ), . ele-ments . , , . , , . - ment, - ceptions. , - ception . , " ." . , . - ments, . -teins, . . "" - cept .

, objec- tives . . , , . , , - erally . , , , ; , , . , . . .

I4

.

JLMJL 10-3: .

158

. . . Dif- . - - erful, . . , , , . , , . " ."

, emolling , , " , ?" "" , - , " ?'''' , , , . , , .

^EXPERIENCE . 8: - cils. verti-cally, 12 . . , . 16 . - , , . , . , fre-quently, , . : . pur-

: , , . , , " " . " " - sim - . . 12 . . - , . . , , , . - cil. , , . . , , , , . ! , , , , . Centraliza-tion , , , - tral . Periph-eral , . periph-eral , . , - . 17, "." , , ; . ,

159

T H R E E N T U R L

. , . , , , , . , . , , , , , -. , - cil . , , . . - cil, , . , . , ! , , .

^EXPERIENCE

- farsight, . . . ! , tex-ture, , , , , " !" ? , . ! , , ", ! " , ! , , , , . notic- , , , .., , " ." ? signifi-, , . , - dif- !}; , . , , , , . - importanUt , otherpebbk

14 , , . . , - , , , , . , . . . prob-, - , , lems, . , , . 15-20 pebb u

l6o

10 4: .

161

, " , " .

- ization. - , , - - nificantly . [ , , .] , , " ." - , . - ment. , , , periph-eral . , , . :

& . , , , , " ! !" (Enthusi-asm !) , , ? , ? "Hmmm", stu - , ", , ?!" , , 10-15 , " ." ,

162

, . - nately, . , periph-eral , , . , , .

, - . . .

* , mov- . dif- . , - : 1. , . , , , diffus-; 2. . , , . , " ." . , , , " " . , "" "" "" -

s

necting . , - . , . , peb- bles , . , , , , - , , ! , .

, , periph-eral , . , .

^EXPERIENCE

. sketxhing , , " ." ? , . , , , - - , - ther . , , . centralis. - , . , , , " ."

:

, , . , , , . , , periph-eral ( , ).

, 17, "," . , . , , " " , ! , . ., , " " , . peb-ble , , " !" , O.D.-2.50, 0.50 D , O.S.-3.00 38. 20/70 20/200 . , 20/25 . , - rective , . C. . , , , .

TOM: , a

163

, , , a

, , , !, . ( , , , T H E C E N T R L I Z I N . E .) - - , , , , , , . , , - , , -imen-. sional, . , , , , - expe-, , . riencing centralis , . " lutea ! ." , , , . 9: . .

B U T C L E R . ECENTRALIZE-^YET! ( ) . , ! , , , - , , . . nearsights , - . ; farsights . , , impor- tant . . . , , . , " - . orfully, . - ." ", ! . , - , , , , . . 20/400, " - . 10-5: , prac- . - tice, , , . - . : - ., ,

164*

:

t:.

t-

t.

V

^

-//^K;

*

*

444

444

444

444

444

444

444

444

444

444

444

444

-*

* ?

-

f

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4** *.

, . , , - , , - . symp-toms . . - , elirninate . - , , . , , ( ). , , . appre- prob-lems , . , - , , , , . , , . . - . , , - . - .

, . , . - urally, . .

, , improv- - , , , . , , , - mal. .

" " 20-5: " " , , , . , , , . , improv- . , . . , lin - . - . , - . - - .

343

: B R N S, H E L T H, N D H E L I N

20-5; " ." Share International, Inc.

, . . , . , ,, -, . . . , , . . - , . - , , . , , - , . . , , . , , . . vari-, -, .ations , rec- , - , ommend. , . , , - , . "". , . - , " - . " . , ( -) , : les -

344*

: Itealinq

- ... , , , . 25 , - opathic . . practi-tioner, , spe-cific .

ical, -, " " lo - . , . peo-ple - , . . - , , , - ment . , , , . - . , ,

, - IX: rectly,

. , -, . , ben - efits

, , .

. N O T E S "" 1 - , -

. ifornia, , holis-

-, , a

. " - " . com-

. plimentary "" -

sulting " ,"

,

- , 5094, -, 94942.

ticular.

C O . . E N T S . , . .

2

3

. , - ical (: Contemporary Books, Inc., 1979), p. xi. 1966 , " - ", " - ropractic

" . chiro-

. , , . , mechan-

practors " " "". , . , , . , , defen-dants , ,

345

: B R N S, H E L T H, N D H E L I N , , scien- / Appen-

tific . dix -.

, ". A 4 . ,

, , (-: DeVorss & Co., 1943), p. 7.

5 . , " a

...?" ! ( 1943).

- ." 6 ,

1987, - (, : , 1985),

zendanner , 184-85.

7, . oph-

, " " thalmologist . . -

29," ' .'"

. , 8 . , "

" 1963, objec- ,"

tive chiro- ( 1945), p. 13.

practic... 1966 . 9. " "

... 1967, 29, "'

. ,'" .

3 , uneth- 10 , ,

ical , p. 149.

... 11 Pelletier, ., :

." (-: -

. A lishing ., Inc., 1979), 57-58.

", 12 . , -

(-: , 1965), p. xiii.

." . 13 ,

, (

. Angeles: J. P. Tarcher, Inc., 1979), p. 113-

14 , , " -

. A, , ial: ," &

. ( 2,1993), p. 64.

Source:The 15

Wilk, ., v. 26,1996. Sho Aoyagi

, .,

.

Wilk, ., v. , .,

. "Wilk

16

, , p. xi.

al . .: DCs: . , ," ICA International Review - ropractic ( 1987). T h n k s t o D r. . i c h e l D. P e d i o, ,

17

18

M. , ( : , 1978), p. 227. . , Com-, (-: , 1953), p. 40.

c s e, f o r p r o - viding . D r. P e d i o

19

G. , : (, : , 1978), 5-7.

346Releurnmg,

:

* , , (-: Arco Publishing, Inc., 1979). P-27-

G. . . , " ,"

21 . , -(April/May/June, 1969): 62. opathic (-: G. P. - , e nam, 1980), p. 11. (, : ,

22

, " ," . e r i c n (/,1966), 9-10.

1976), p. 114. Panos Heimlich, , p. 47.

347

efits , " ". a

booh choos-e . th , , , , , , , . , , . , - , . . - , - , , ? (~95 %) . - ? - stom-H o w ach? , . . 21-1: . , , . , , , , , , , pil-

Reiki. , .

, . , , .

, , - . ation , . . , , - , ben - .

*349

:, ,

21 : .

, , " "; , actu-, . , , . , mag - . .

.

"" "" . , . "" . , . , , - . , , . . , . - ment , . , .

, ; . 21-1 . , . , , . , , . , . Better Eyesight, 1928:

: , ? , ? , - , ? , ? : , . , . , . , ,

35^*Rrlramtt S'r

:n d

, , , , . "" , . - , , , . . , ! - nearsights, , . Farsights , . . - , , , " !" , "? " stu - , ", , , . , ." , .

. - , . . - - erful . affirma- tions:

, . * a . * , a .

. * , . * , . * . * . * , - . * , - . 514 - . , , . * . * . * -, , - , bhnking. * .

, ! !

*A , , . - . bluejays - peckers . , , . , . . ! , , . ,

35*

:, ,

, , . , , , . , , fluores- , " ." . , . , , , , , . - , . , . exhal-, . , , - terfly , , - ner. .

, , , . ; , - dle, ; , ; , , . , , . sim - ple . , , .

, XII :

, ..., - ent , , , -

35 2*

iest, . usu- , , . , ; ... - , , . cov-ering (, ) , pres- . , "" , , , consid-erable ... - .

D o N O T T O S E E B L K C , "" - "", - . , . , - , . , - , . Eyesight, 1923:

: "" ? :... -

:

, -, , , , , .. .

Eyesight, 1924:

: neces-sary, ? : . , - , , , .

Eyesight, 1927:

, . palniing , . , , , . , .

"" . Gener- , , , , . , . , . , , , . , , , .

. O R E O N B Y B T E S :

, - , , , - ation , ..., , , , , , . , , , , , . imper-fectly, , . , , ... ... com- hypermetropic presbyopia, . , , . - , , ; , , , . - , : " ?" "", . " a , - ." : ", , ; ." " ?" . "", . " continu- ously ."

353

:, ,

" , , ," incred-ulously. ", , , ." , , , prac-tically , . , , , , . - , - tom . . cloudi- , . ... , [-] , .

... , , .

Eyesight, 1925:

: ? : .

, , , . . : "... . , , ." 1

: , , , benefi-cial . Eyesight, 1921:

, , : ...? : , , , . ; .

Eyesight, 1923:

, ... , , , . - , ,

354'

T H E P . L I N / S U N N I N sunning , Ught situa-tions. , , , .. , sunning. - ning , . - , .

, . , .

acttvrt 1-3 s oAty ea:h cated tew . nutes 4, des . ot activ- , - sociated . - . . . , , . , .

:

1. Jing-ming. acu- . - .

2. -. ol . su-perior .

5. Feng-. .

.

, .

3. -bai. acupres- - .

4. , . (T) associ-ated recti . . ( tem-ple .) md i-dle tem-ples 1-2-3-T. , 4-5-T. .

21 2: .

355

:, ,

, - , , : ... , , - . 2

, . . 21-2: .

1 , ( : , 1950), p. 183.

, , , ,

2

. , (-, : Wilshire Book Co., 1949), p. 205.

356

, , ,

Eyesight, 1920:

: , , ? : . - . . , .

. , . , , - . "" - . -

Eyesight, 1920: , - ? , : abil-, , ity, , compre- , hension ? ? , : . , - , - , . , , . , , - , , .. , , , . - . . cre- : , .

359

:,,,

, , , . - - , dif-.

"" . - . , . , - . - , simul-taneously . - . , , - . , - rect .

R E D I N , .

22-1: . : - , .

, - rect. -

ment, , .

, - , . - cil ( ) , , . . , , . . , . - , , . , , , . . 22-2. " " - , . () . ! , , - cil , , . , - "o" "", "d" "g" "o", sys-tem , - "". ,

360Rflearn'mg,

:R e d i n F o r

, ,

.

,

. , ^

Remembep, " " . . -

^\;ve *"-, v.-; 3-* ""*W^^' w

. ancf , , . ~

..-

^i. "W"W^Srv

coffect whertreading. ben# down-.*

. - - - -, tfoaHhe

.

; . , .

vision.-

. ,,

..

!

22 2: .

361

:,,,

. . , . " " .

Better Eyesight, 1920: " , , , direc-tion [ ]." , . .

D ... . - , ? , . - urally . " ." , , - tralization . , , , . " ; !" , , , . , . . " " " ." , . . , , , . , .

, , . , , . , , . - , .

B T E S: "T H E . E N C E O F " , chil- dren . ? . , . - tralizing , , , ! Eyesight, 1919:

T H E . E N C E O F L R E "C" Snellen ( - ) , , , , , , , - fectly . , , , , , , . "c" , , "C ". " C", , ,

362*Rrb-umm/

u , , . , - ther , , "c", , . , , , , prob- , , , , , . , , , . , , , , . , , , , . , , . - , -, , , ; , , . , , , . , , , . , ; edu - cational , .

: - tribution centralis, , . : , , , , . . , , , periph-eral . . , , . , - . , , . Eyesight, 1919, :

, , , , - ticularly . , , , , . - ment , chil-dren [ ] , , ,

363

:, , ,

, , . , , , 24- 30 . , , , chil-dren . , - , , . 8 , , , , - .... b... [ ] , , ,

, , . , , , . , , , . , , , . , dif-ficulty ; , , , , . , - ary, . [] . ,

a

S c h o o l - B o o k s u p o n , , 1913.

. ,

b

: , Glas- gow., D e c, 1915.

. , , , , ,

XV :

, , , , , , , . Snellen, , , , , , . - [ ], . ,

. peo-ple , , "" - siderable ; , - - ; - , , , , , , , . [ , , , incor-rect. , , , - tionary. , , , .] ,

364

ophthalmoscope3 . , , , - , , , , , usu- . , unac-companied . , , , , - . , , . Snellen , , , , . , , . , , , , , ; , . , sev-enty

N D P E S S I . U . S - enors , , , -

8 , . - o b s e r v e d t h e oph-thalmoscope, c n n o t e d, , e y e .

:

mal. opti-. , ; , , , . pessimums. , pessimum, , , . - , pessimum. , , , . , , , . , . , fac-, , , , defec-tive, Snellen . , . ; . , , pessimums.

35

:, , ,

, pessimum . [ ], , , - . Snellen. , , , , - ters , - simpUcity , K. Pessimums unac- .