Thực hành chuyên ngành hóa dầu

8/13/2019 Thc hnh chuyn ngnh ha du

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LI NI U

Cc sn phm du mnh xng, du ha, du iesel, du FO, du nhn l nhng

sn phm c mc tiu thrt ln trn thgii. Ngy nay, cng vi spht trin ca khoa

hc cng ngh, cc ng c khi sdng nhin liu cng nh thit bkhi sdng vt liu bitrn i hi cao vchtiu kthut. Cc quy chun kthut ca nhin liu ng c cng

nh vt liu bi trn ny c p dng i vi cc c quan, tchc, cc c nhn lin quan

n vic nhp khu, sn xut, chbin, pha ch, phn phi v bn l. Tuy mi khu vc, mi

nc u c quy chun ring ph hp vi iu kin sdng, nhng nhn chung u c xu

hng ci thin cho ph hp vi yu cu ngy cng cao ca khoa hc cng nghv spht

trin ca ng c

Vi mong mun cung cp cho sinh sinh cc kin thc v phng php xc nh cc ch

tiu k thut ca cc sn phm du mdn dng nh xng t, du ha, du iesel, du

nhn v mbi trn, ni dungBi ging thc hnh chuyn ngnh ha du gm hai phn:

Phn 1: Cc phng php xc nh cc chtiu ca cc sn phm du m.

Phn 2: Bo co th nghim ca phn 1.

Cc tc gixin chn thnh cm n mi gp ca bn c vni dung, hnh thc v

cht lng ca cc bi th nghim c hon thin hn.

Bmn cng nghHa hc

Trng i hc B Ra Vng Tu


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NI QUY V YU CU

Th nghim chuyn ngnh Ha du bao gm cc bi th nghim vchtiu cht lng

ca cc sn phm du m nh xng, du ha, du diesel, du FO, du nhn, m bi

trnl nhng hp cht c khnng chy nrt ln. V vy yu cu t ra i vi gingvin v sinh vin khi thc hnh mn hc ny l:

1. Sinh vin c nhim vchun bbi nh trc khi tin hnh th nghim theo sphn

cng ca ging vin hng dn.

2. Sinh vin phi tun thng gihc theo thi kha biu.

3. Sinh vin phi thc hin an ton phng chng chy ntheo shng dn ca ging

vin.

4. Sinh vin khng t lm cc th nghim khc ngoi bi th nghim yu cu.

5. Sinh vin lm vsinh thit b, tt hthng in trc khi ra v.


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MC LC

PHN 1: CC PHNG PHP XC NH ............................................................... 1BI 1: XC NH THNH PHN PHN ON ...................................................... 1BI 2: P SUT HI BO HA ................................................................................ 5BI 3: XC NH TTRNG ................................................................................... 8BI 4: XC NH NHT NG HC .............................................................. 13BI 5: IM ANILIN ................................................................................................ 16BI 6: XC NH IM CHP CHY CC KN ................................................... 18BI 7: XC NH IM CHP CHY CC H.................................................... 21BI 8: CN CARBON CONRADSON ...................................................................... 24BI 9: XC NH HM LNG NC ................................................................. 28BI 10: XC NH HM LNG TP CHT C HC ........................................ 31BI 11: N MN TM NG ........................................................................... 34BI 12: XC NH IM NHGIT CA MBI TRN................................. 39BI 13: XC NH KIM XUYN CA M...................................................... 42PHN 2: BO CO TH NGHIM ........................................................................... 45


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Trang 1

PHN 1: CC PHNG PHP XC NH

BI 1: XC NH THNH PHN PHN ON

1. Phm vi ng dng.

Phng php o ny da theo tiu chun ASTM D86, c p dng cho hu ht cc sn

phm chnh ca du mnh xng t, xng my bay, kerosen, du DOngoi trkh ha

lng v bitum.

2. Nguyn tc

Nguyn tc ca phng php l chng ct 100ml sn phm trong iu kin qui nh,

quan st v ghi nhn cc gi trnhit vi cc thtch ngng tthu c, tnhng sliu

ny xy dng ng chng ct ASTM.

3. Dng cv ha cht

3.1 Dng c:

Bchng ct ASTM bao gm: Hthng gia nhit v lm lnh; Bnh cu chng ct 100

ml theo tiu chun; Nhit kthy ngn c thang o khong 300oC; 2 ng ong 100 ml ( 1

ci ly mu v 1 ci hng sn phm); 1 ng ong 10 ml ng phn cn chng ct.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Hnh 1.1 Thit bchng ct ASTM

1- Blm lnh; 2- ng hng sn phm; 3- Bng ong hng sn phm; 4- Vtr t

bnh cu; 5-Nm iu chnh vtr cao thp ca bnh cu; 6- Cng tt; 7-Nm iu chnh

nhit ; 8- Bnh cu tiu chun.


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Trang 2

3.2 Ha cht:Xng, du ha hoc du iesel.

4. Qui trnh thnghim

4.1 Chun bdng cv mu

Chun bblm lnh: Cho nc cc vo blm lnh. Thm nc vo b lm lnh

cho n khi ngp hon ton ng sinh hn. Trc khi tin hnh th nghim cc mu nh

(xng) th nhit blm lnh phi nhhn 5oC.

Chun bmu: Vsinh bnh cu bng cch trng bnh cu vi mt t mu.Cho khong 2

n 3 vin bt vo bnh cu.Dng ng ong ly chnh xc 100ml mu cn phn tch cho

vo bnh cu.

Lp nhit kvo bnh cu sao cho bu thy ngn nm ngay tm ca ng rv quay nhit

kra i din dquan st.

Ch khi rt mu vo bnh cu phi tht nhanh v gibnh cu sao cho ng thot hi

hng ln trnh mu ra ngoi. Khi lp nhit kvo ta nn n nhnt cao su cho kht

vo bnh cu trnh tnh trng nhit kbbung ra khi gia nhit. Khi lp bnh cu vo vtr

gia nhit th iu chnh nt iu chnh v tr cao thp ca bnh cu sao cho nhnh dn hi

ca bnh cu khp vi ng sinh hn.

4.2 Tin hnh th nghim

Lp bnh cu vo vtr chng ct v t ng ong vo vtr hng mu tng sinh hn.

iu chnh tc gia nhit tlc bt u n khi xut hin git lng du tin chy ra

khi ui ng sinh hn:

- Xng: 510 pht

- Nhin liu phn lc, du ha v diesel nh: 1015 pht.

- Diesel nng: 10 20 pht.

Khi xut hin git lng u tin, ta c v ghi nhn nhit trn nhit k( l nhit

im si u).

Lu :Trc khi c git lng u tin xut hin th ming ng sinh hn khng c

chm vo thnh ng ong.


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Trang 3

T y iu chnh tc gia nhit sao cho tc chng ct khong 4 5ml /pht (

thng mc gia nhit 3 5oC / pht).

Ghi ln lt cc gi trnhit ng vi thtch sn phm ct thu c trong ng ong

ti cc thi im 10, 20, 30, 50,90ml.

Sau khi chng ct c 90ml, iu chnh tc gia nhit sao cho thi gian tlc chng

ct c 90ml n khi kt thc chng ct l 3 5 pht ( thng thng mc gia nhit 4

4,5oC/pht).

Tip tc gia nhit nhng khi thy ct thy ngn ca nhit kdng ln mt cao no

ri bt u hxung th ghi nhn nhit cao nht ny ( chnh l im si cui).

Tt thit bgia nhit, chnhit trn nhit kca bnh cu hxung di 40oC ta c

thtch thu c trong ng ong ( gi l thtch ct Vng).

Ly bnh cu ra mt cch cn thn nh lc gn vo.

Phn cn li trong bnh cu rt vo ng ong 10ml xc nh cn cn li nhit 20

3oC (gi l thtch cn Vc).

Xc nh lng mt mt ca qu trnh chng ct.

Lu : Sau khi lm th nghim xong th ngm bnh cu vo mt ci chu ng nc x

phng lm vsinh sch s.

6. Sai scho php

Yu cu kt qugia hai ln chng ct cho php sai snh sau:

- Nhit si u: 4oC

- Nhit si cui v cc im trung gian: 2oC

- Thtch cn: 0,2ml7. Kt qutnh ton

Thng thng tng thtch hng c v phn cn l khng bng vi 100ml np v lc

ban u. Ngi ta gi thtch phn mt mt ( Vm). l:

Vm= 100 - ( Vng+ Vc)


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Tkt quthu c ta xy dng ng chng ct ASTM hiu chnh phn mt mt c

dng nh sau:

Hnh 1.2: ng chng ct ASTM

Vc

% thtch ct

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vm

T

Tc

Nhit


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BI 2: P SUT HI BO HA

1. Phm vi ng dng

Thnghim ny da theo tiu chun ASTM D323, t bit sdng cho xng ng c,

nhin liu phn lc.

2. Nguyn tc

Xc nh p sut hi REID ca mt sn phm du mcho trc l o p sut hi to ra

bi hi do sn phm sinh ra khi cha trong mt bnh tiu chun ti nhit 37,8oC (100

oF) (bom REID).

3. Thit bha cht

3.1 Dng c:Hthng o p sut hi bo ha gm bom Reid, hthng n nhit bng nc,

bnh ng mu, ng ly mu.

3.2 Ha cht:xng A92.

1

2

3

4

1. Hthng n nhit; 2. ng ho p sut; 3. Khoang hi; 4. Khoang cha mu

Hnh 2.1: Bdng co p sut hi bo ha

4. Qui trnh thnghim

4.1 Chun bmu


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Chun bbiu nhit:iu chnh nhit ca biu nhit t 37,8oC. Nhit ny

t c khi dng nhit kthy ngn o nhit ca nc trong h thng n nhit. Mc

nc trong biu nhit t ti gchy trn ca hthng iu nhit.

Chun bkhoang lng:Nhng ngp khoang lng ang vtr thng ng v ng truyn

mu trong bc nhit t0 1o

C trong khong t nht 10 pht.

Chun bkhoang hi:Nhng ngp khoang hi sau khi ni vi p ko trong bnc c

nhit 37,8 1oC sao cho nh ngp di mt nc t nht 25,4 mm trong thi gian

khng t hn 10 pht trc khi ni vi khang lng.

Chun b mu:Xng A92 c cho vo bnh ng mu dung tch 1lit, t bnh cha

mu vo tlnh trong khong 30 pht mu t nhit 0 1oC.


1. Khi chun bsn sng, nhanh chng mu vo khoang lng n trn (dng ng

nha theo phng php xiphng).

2. Lp khoang hi v khoang lng li vi nhau cng nhanh cng tt (thi gian khong 20

giy).

3. Lt p cm thit b lp rp cho mu chy tkhoang lng vo khoang hi. Lc

mnh v lt ln lt xung 8 ln. ng ho p kln pha trn, nhng ton bthit blp rp ngp ton bvo biu nhit nhit 37,8 oC.

4. Theo di sr hi ca thit b( cc chni) trong sut qu trnh thnghim v

hy bphp thnghim khi pht hin c r r.

5. Sau khi thit b c t vo biu nhit t nht 5 pht, g nhvo p k(nu s

dng p kng h) ri ghi li gi trc c trn p k.

6. Nht thit bra khi biu nhit v lp li thao tc mc 3. Sau t nht 2 pht c vghi li p sut vi thao tc nh m tmc 5. Tip tc thao tc ny nhng khng di 5 ln

cho n khi 2 gi trlin tip cui cng ging nhau, ngha l cn bng c thit lp.

Tho tng phn thit b, ly sch mu ra khi khoang lng v khoang hi. Trng chai

khoang vi ln bng aceton, sau thi kh kh lm kh khoang, ri chun bcho ln o

ktip.


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5. Sai scho php

Schnh lch gia hai kt quthu c i vi xng c p sut hi Reid nhhn 180

kPa (26Psi).

p sut hi lp li

kPa pSi kPa pSi

035 05 0,7 0,10

35100 215 3,2 0,46

110180 1626 2,1 0,3

6. Kt qutnh ton

Tin hnh th nghim 2 ln ly kt qu


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BI 3: XC NH T TRNG

1. Phm vi ng dng

Theo tiu chun ASTM D1298, phng php dng ph k xc nh nhanh chng t

trng ca du m v cc sn phm ca du m dng lng. Phng php ny khng p

dng cho cc sn phm du nh, bay hi nhanh nh ete du ha v cc thnh phn nhkhc.

2. Nguyn tc

Da trn c snh lut Acsimet. Sni ln ca ph ktrong lng mt cht lng ph

thuc vo ttrng ca cht lng . Ttrng c xc nh theo mp tip xc ca bmt

cht lng v thang chia trn ph k.

3. Dng cha cht

3.1 Dng c:

Ph kc chun ha theo gi trca ttrng d204(ty thuc vo nh sn xut).

Ph kc gi trphn chia trn thang 0,0001 n 0,0005 g/cm3, c khong o ph hp

vi ttrng ca sn phm cn thnghim (Hnh 2.1).

ng ong hnh trc kch thc ng knh phi ln hn kch thc ng knh ca

ph kt nht 25mm v chiu cao sao cho khi thph kvo ng ong hnh trc mu th

im thp nht ca ph kphi cch y ng t nht 25mm.

Nhit k050oC, chia 0,5oC.


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Hnh 3.1: Cc loi ph k

a) Ph kc gi trphn 0.0005g/cm3c nhit kkm theo.

b) Ph kc gi trphn 0.0010g/cm3c nhit kkm theo.

c) Ph kc gi trphn 0.0010g/cm3khng c nhit k.

3.2 Ha cht: du ha, du DO, du nhn

4. Qui trnh thnghim4.1 Chun bmu th

Trn u mu tht nhit gn vi nhit mi trng ( 3oC). Mi trng c

thto ra bng mt bnc v ginhit trong sut thi gian xc nh. Nhit quy nh

khong 20oC 1oC.

Rt cn thn mu th vo ng ong hnh tr sch, kh sau t v tr thng bng

khng c gi thi. Cc mu c nht cao dto bt kh trn bmt ca n, c thph btbng cch a mt mnh giy lc sch chm vo cc bt kh ny.


4.2.1 Vi cc sn phm du mc nht nhhn 200 cSt 50oC.

25

20

15

10

5

0

25

20

15

10

5

0,950

0,940

0,930

0,920

0,910

0,890


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Cho t t ph k sch v kh vo mu cn th nghim. Ch sao cho ph k khng

chm vo thnh trong ca ng ong.

Cm pha trn ttrng kri thttvo ng ong ng mu. Trnh mu thm t

phn khng chm ca ttrng k.

Dng nhit kkhuy mu lin tc (trnh mu thm t phn khng chm ca ttrng

k). Khi nhit t cn bng, ghi nhit ca mu v ly nhit kra.

Ko t trng k ln khi cht lng khong 2 vch chia v sau thxung. cho t

trng kni tdo, trnh chm vo thnh ng ong.

Khi ttrng kng yn, t mt vtr hi thp hn mc cht lng v a ln tt

cho n khi ngang bng vi mt thong ca cht lng ( hnh 2.2) ri ghi gi trc c

trn thang chia ttrng k.

Ngay sau li dng nhit kkhuy cn thn ri ghi nhit ca mu th. Nu nhit

ny khc vi nhit trc hn 0,50C; o li ttrng.

Tin hnh th nghim hai ln.

4.2.2 Vi cc sn phm du mc nht ln hn 200 cSt 50oC.

i vi cc loi sn phm ny, tin hnh pha long gp i bng du ha trc khi xc

nh mt . Sau tin hnh o nh 4.2.1.

Hnh 3.2 o ttrng

5. Tnh ton kt qu

5.1Vi cc sn phm du mc nht nhhn 200 cSt 50oC.


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Ttrng tng i d204ca sn phm du m20oC c tnh theo cng thc sau:

d204= dt4+ (t - 20)

Trong :

dt4l ttrng tng i ca sn phm du mnhit th nghim toC. l hshiu chnh i vi sgin nca sn phm khi thay i 1oC (tra bng

1).

t l nhit lc thnhim, oC.5.2 Vi cc sn phm du mc nht ln hn 200 cSt 50oC.

Ttrng tng i ca sn phm du md c tnh thao cng thc sau:

d = 2d1- d2

Trong :

d1l ttrong tng i ca hn hp sn phm v du ha dng pha long nhit

xc nh.

d2l ttrng tng i ca du ha cng mt nhit .

Bng 1:

Ttrng Ttrng Ttrng 0,7500-0,7599 0,000831 0,8000-0,8099 0,000765 0,8550-0,8599 0,0006690,7600-0,7699 0,000818 0,8100-0,8199 0,000752 0,8600-0,8699 0,0006860,7700-0,7799 0,000805 0,8200-0,8299 0,000738 0,8700-0,8799 0,0006730,7800-0,7899 0,000792 0,8300-0,8399 0,000725 0,8800-0,8899 0,0006600,7900-0,7999 0,000778 0,8400-0,8499 0,000712 0,8900-0,8999 0,000647

6. Sai scho php

Kt qucui cng ca php o l trungbnh cng shc ca cc kt quca cc ln xcnh song song. Chnh lch cho php gia cc ln song song khng vt qu gii hn trong

bng 2.


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Bng 2:

Mu th nghim

Chnh lch gia cc ln xc nh song song

Ph kc gi trphnchia 0,0010g/cm3

Ph kc gi trphnchia 0,0005g/cm3

1. Sn phm du m c nht ln hn 200 cSt 50oC. 0,002 0,001

2. Sn phm du m c nht ln hn 200 cSt 50oC.

0,008 0,004


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BI 4: XC NH NHT NG HC

1. Phm vi ng dng

Theo tiu chun ASTM D445, phng php ny quy nh cch xc nh nht ng

hc ca cc sn phm du mlng trong sut v khng trong sut.

Phng php ny khng p dng o nht ca bitum.

2. Nguyn tc

o thi gian (tnh bng giy) ca mt th tch xc nh ca cht lng chy qua mao

qun ca nht kchun, di tc dng ca trng lc nhit xc nh. nht ng hc

l tch sca thi gian chy o c v hng shiu chun ca nht k.

3. Dng cha cht

3.1 Dng c

- Nht kmao qun thy tinh ph hp vi nht, nhit o ca mu xc nh.

- Bp cao su.

- ng hbm giy.

- Bn nhit.

3.2 Ha cht:

Du ha, du DO, hoc du nhndng lm mu, axeton dng trng ra nht k.

4. Qui trnh thnghim

4.1 Chun bmu thv iu kin th

Chun bmu th:Mu c lc u trc khi th nghim. Nu trong mu c cc ht l

lng phi lc qua ry 75m trnh lm nghn mao qun nht k.

Xl nhit vi mu sm mu, c: sy mu 60oC trong 1 gi, lc u v rt vo chai

thy tinh khong 40ml y np ngm vo nc si 30 pht, lc v lc qua ry 75m, ly

mu lc qua ry o.

Nht kdng o FO phi sy nng 100oC trc khi np mu.


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Chun biu kin th: iu chnh bn nhit ca bo nht duy tr nhit cn

thnghim. Theo di bphn n nhit ca bbng cc nhit kthy ngn ( cm sn trong

b) m bo nhit bdao ng trong iu kin thnghim 0,02oC.

Cch np mu vo nht k: Ty theo cu to ca tng loi nht km cch np mu vo

nht kkhc nhau.


Ginhit biu nhit n nh theo yu cu nhit th nghim.

Nht ksdng phi sch, kh v thch hp vi cht lng cn xc nh nht (loi c

mao qun rng dng cho cht lng rt nht v loi c mao qun hp hn dng chocht lng

t nht hn). Nht ksdng thch hp phi c thi gian chy 200 giy.

Np cht lng vo nht kvi thtch thch hp ty theo thit kca mi nht k. Nht

k c np mu gitrong biu nhit khong 30 pht m bo t n nhit cn

xc nh nht. Chnh li lng cht lng trong nht knu cn thit.

Dng bp ht cao su ht hay y cho mc cht lng trong mao qun ln cao hn mc

nh du thnht khong 5mm. cht lng chy tdo v dng ng hbm giy xc

nh thi gian cht lng chy t mc nh du th nht n mc nh du th hai.Ghi

khong thi gian chy gia hai vch ny tnh nht. Ghi cc s liu a vo tnhton.

Nu thi gian chy nhhn thi gian ti thiu 200 giy th phi chn mt nht kkhc

c ng knh mao qun nhhn v lp li php o.

5. Tnh ton kt qu

Tnh nht ng hc theo cng thc:

= C.t

Trong :

: nht ng hc, tnh bng cSt hay mm2/s. C: hng sca nht k, mm2/s2. T: thi gian chy, s.


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6. Sai s

lp li khng qu 0,35% gi trtrung bnh.

ti lp khng qu 0,70% gi trtrung bnh.


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BI 5: IM ANILIN

1. Phm vi ng dng

Phng php o im anilin da theo tiu chun ASTM D611 c dng xc nh

cho cc loi dung mi du mv c bit l du DO tnh chsCetan.

2. Nguyn tc

Mt hn hp gm hai thnh phn l hn hp hydrocacbon v anilin khng tan trong

nhau chia thnh 2 lp, khi tng nhit ln th hn hp trthnh ng nht ( tan hon ton).

Khi lm ngui tt, n mt nhit xc nh no hn hp li bt u phn lp, biu

hin bng hin tng ha c ca dung dch. Nhit ng vi thi im xut hin hin

tng c ny gi l im anilin.

3. Dng cv ha cht

3.1 Dng c:

Bdng co im anilin (Hnh 7).

Hnh 5: Th nghim xc nh im anilin

1. Nhit kthy ngn; 2. ng bao; 3. ng ng mu; 4. Nc; 5. Que khuy; 6. Hn hp

mu

3.2 Ha cht:Anilin, du DO

4. Tin hnh th nghim

15

2

3

4

6


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Dng pipet ht ly 5ml anilin v 5ml du DO vo trong ng nghim. y nt lie c cm

nhit ksao cho bu thy ngn nm ngay bmt phn chia gia hai cht lng. Cm thm

vo ng mt a khuy. Lng ng nghim vo trong ng bao ngoi, ri ngm chai ng vo

trong cc ng nc , t cc ln thit bgia nhit.

un nng cc, va un va khuy u. Quan st hn hp lng trong ng nghim, lcu hvn c cho n khi trthnh trong sut chng thn hp ha tan hon ton. Ch

nhit ny. Tt bp ngui, vn tip tc khuy u v quan st, khi hbt u vn c

th ghi ngay nhit ti thi im . chnh l im anilin.

Lp li qu trnh trn, chnh lch gia hai ln o khng qu 0,5oC. Nu vt qu phi

lm li.

5. Xl kt quGi trim anilin l kt qutrung bnh cng.

Tim anilin tnh ra chsDiesel theo cng thc sau:

ChsDiesel =imanilin(F) Ttrng( API)

100

TchsDiesel c thsuy ra chsCetan nhng cong thc nghim hay theo cng

thc gn ng sau:ChsCetan = 0,77 ChsDiesel + 10


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BI 6: XC NH IM CHP CHY CC KN

1. Phm vi ng dng

C nhiu th nghim vim chp chy cc kn. Th nghim ny c xc nh theo tiu

chun ASTM D56. Phng php ny c sdng xc nh im chp chy cho cc sn

phm du mtrong khong nhit < 90oC, ngoi trcc bitum lng v nhng cht lng ckhuynh hng to thnh mng trn bmt.

2. Nguyn tc

Nguyn tc ca phng php l mu c t trong thit bth nghim vi np ng v

c gia nhit mt tc truyn nhit n nh; mt ngn la nhc kch thc tiu chun

c a vo cc phm vi quy nh. im chp chy ghi nhn l nhit thp nht m ti

di tc dng ca ngn la thhn hp hi nm pha trn mu thtrnn btla chp chy.

3. Dng cv ha cht

3.1 Dng c:Bdng cxc nh nhit chp chy cc kn.

1

23

4

5

6

Hnh 6: Thit bo nhit chp chy cc kn

1. Cn khuy; 2. Vtr lp nhit k; 3. Que thla; 4. Nm iu chnh nhit ; 5.Tay

vn; 6. Tay cm cc

3.2 Ha cht:

Du DO, du ha


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4. Qui trnh thnghim

4.1 Chun bmu thv thit b

Chun bmu th:

Cn t nht 75ml mu cho mi ln th. Khi ly mu du cn, bnh cha mu phi cha t

85 95% mu. i vi cc loi mu khc phi cha t nht 50 85% mu.

Cc mu thtip theo phi ly tcng mt bnh cha mu, mu thhai phi ly tbnh

cha khng cha t hn 50% mu. Khng mbnh cha mu khi khng cn thit trnh

mt phn nhhay hp thhi nc. Bo qun mu nhit khng qu 35oC. Bnh cha

mu phi c np trong. Vi mu lng phi lm lnh mu v rt mu nhit thp hn

nhit chp chy dkin 18oC.

Khng cha mu trong bnh thm thu kh. Mu qu t phi c gia nhit trong bnh

cha chy lng trong 30 pht nhit thp nht khng vt qu 28oC di im

chp chy dkin. Nu mu vn cha chy lng c thgia nhit thm 30 pht na. Sau

lc nhtheo phng nm ngang trn u trc khi chuyn mu vo cc th.

Mu cha nc ha tan hay tdo cn c tch nc bng CaCl2hay bng cch lc qua

giy lc.

Chun bthit b:

t thit btrn bn vng chc trnh ni gi la, khng sdng trong tht ang lm

vic.

Lm sch v kh cc thv cc bphn phtrkhc trc khi thnghim.


mu vo cc thcho n ngn quy nh bn trong cc ri lp t nh hnh 6.

Tng nhit ca cc thbng nm iu chnh nhit trn thit b. Khuy trn nh

nhng nhdy khuy.

Thp ngn la thv iu chnh kch thc ca n bng vi kch thc ca ht gn trn

np. Vn hnh c cu trn np hng ngn la thvo trong khng gian hi ca cc v


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nhanh chng ng li. Thi gian dnh cho thao tc khong 1 giy. Nn trnh bt ksxc

no trong qu trnh thao tc mv ng ngn la.

Vi im chp chy < 60oC, iu chnh nhit cung cp nhit ca mu trong cc

th tng theo tc 1oC / pht. Khi nhit ca mu trong cc th thp hn 5oC so vi

nhit chp chy don th bt ngn la ththeo cch m ttrn v lp li vic thsau mi ln mu tng nhit ln 0,5oC.

Vi im chp chy > 60oC, iu chnh nhit cung cp t c tc 3oC / pht.

Khi nhit ca mu trong cc ththp hn 5oC so vi nhit chp chy don th bt

ngn la thv lp li vic thsau mi ln tng nhit ln 1oC.

Quan st khi vic cung cp ngn la thgy ra sbt la r rng trong khng gian bn

trong ca cc, nhit quan st v ghi nhn c ca mu lc ny l nhit chp chy.ng nhm ln ngn la chp chy thc vi qun sng mu xanh nht thnh thong xut

hin xung quanh ngn la th.

Ngng th nghim v tt ngun nhit. Nng np ln v lau sch nhng chbn. Ly cc

ng mu ra, mu v lau kh.

5. Xl kt qu

Tin hnh th nghim hai ln. Chnh lch gia hai ln o khng vt qu 1

o

C.Ghi li p sut kh quyn ti thi im kim tra, khi p sut khc 760mmHg (101,3 kPa)

th hiu chnh im chp la theo mt trong hai cng thc sau:

im chp la hiu chnh: C + 0,25(101,3 - K)

im chp la hiu chnh: C + 0,033(760 - P)

Trong :

C: l im chp la quan st c, oC. K: l p sut kh quyn tnh theo kPa. P: l p sut kh quyn tnh theo mmHg. Ghi li im chp la chnh xc n 0,5oC.

Kt quthnghim l gi trim chp la c hiu chnh.


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BI 7: XC NH IM CHP CHY CC H

1. Phm vi ng dng

Phng php ny da trn tiu chun ASTM D92 ( cc hCLEVELAND) nhm xc

nh im chp chy v bc chy ca cc loi sn phm du mchyu l cc sn phm

nng nh du FO, du nhn, bitum c im chp chy ln hn 79oC.

2. Nguyn tc

Nguyn tc ca phng php l gia nhit ttmt lng mu xc nh trong cc thh

cho n lc xut hin chp chy khi cho mt ngn la nhc kch thc tiu chun c

a ngang qua ming cc. Nhit thp nht m ti hi trn bmt cht lng bt chy

c ghi nhn l im chp chy.

xc nh im bt chy , th nghim c tip tc cho n lc ngn la thlm chomu trong cc bt chy.

3. Dng cv ha cht

3.1 Dng c:

Bthit bxc nh nhit chp chy cc h(KOEHLER).

1

2

3

4

5

Hnh 7: Bthit bxc nh nhit chp chy cc h(KOEHLER)

1. Que th; 2. Cn cnh nhit kthy ngn o nhit ; 3. Cc thmu; 4. Bphn gia

nhit; 5. Nm iu chnh nhit thit bgia nhit.

3.2 Ha cht:Du nhn, du FO

4. Qui trnh thnghim


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4.1 Chun bmu v thit bth nghim

Chun bmu:

Bo qun mu trong cc dng ccha ng kn, khng r r, trnh lm bay hi cc phn

nh. Mu ca cc cht c nht cao, c thhm nng cho n khi thnh cht lng drt

vo cc thnghim. Nhng mu chc un nng n nhit thp hn im chp la d

on l 56oC.

Cc mu c cha nc ha tan hoc c nc tdo c thkhnc bng CaCl2khan ri

lc qua giy lc v gn phn trn th nghim, cng c thun nng mu nh trn.

Chun bthit b:

Thnghim c tin hnh ni kn gi. Khng tin hnh th nghim trong tht ang

lm vic.

Cn thn lm sch cc loi bht cc vt du bn ca ln thtrc, nu c cn cacbon

loi bbng bi nhi thp loi mnh. Sy kh cc, ngui cc n t nht di nhit

chp chy dkin l 56oC.


mu vo cc thn vch chun. Gn nhit kvtr thng ng sao cho y ca

bu thy ngn cch y cc 6,4mm.

Chm ngn la v iu chnh n c ng knh 4,2 4,8 mm.

Tc gia nhit cho cc thc iu chnh bng nm iu chnh nhit trn thit b.

Tc t nng mu ban u l 14 17oC / pht. Khi nhit xp x56oC di im chp

chy don, gim tc t nng xung 5 6oC / pht.

Khi mu t n di 28oC nhit chp chy don, bt u thbng cch cho ngn

la di chuyn nhanh qua tm cc th( khong 1 giy). Lp li vic thnghim ny sau mi2oC.

Ghi nhn im chp chy khi sbt la xut hin ti bt cim no trn bmt mu.

Trnh nhm ln vi vng sng xanh i khi xut hin quanh ngn la th.


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xc nh im bt chy, tip tc nng nhit mu th vi tc 5 6oC / pht.

Tip tc thngn la sau mi 2oC cho n khi mu bt chy v schy duy tr t nht 5

giy. Ghi nhn nhit ny - im bt chy.

Ngng th nghim. Tt ngun nhit . mu, lau sch cc bng dung mi thch hp

loi bbt cvt du hay cn no cn bm li.

5. Xl kt qu

Ghi li p sut kh quyn ti thi im kim tra, khi p sut khc 760mmHg (101,3 kPa)

th hiu chnh im chp la hoc im bt chy theo mt trong hai cng thc sau:

im chp la, im bt chy hiu chnh: C + 0,25(101,3 - K)

im chp la, im bt chy hiu chnh: C + 0,033(760 - P)

Trong :

C: l im chp la, im bt chy quan st c, oC.

K: l p sut kh quyn tnh theo kPa.

P: l p sut kh quyn tnh theo mmHg.

Ghi li im chp la chnh xc n 2oC.

Kt quthnghim l gi trim chp la hoc im bt chy c hiu chnh.

6. Sai scho php

Hai kt quthu c do cng mt ngi phn tch cng mt phng th nghim, cng

mt mu v cng thit b, theo phng php ny scoi l khng ng nu chng khc nhau

qu cc gi trsau:

+ im chp la: 8oC.

+ im bt chy: 8oC.


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4.1 Quy trnh chung

Lc mnh mu kim nghim, hm nng nu thy cn thit lm gim nht ca mu.

Cn 10g mu du (khng cha hi m v cc cht l lng) vi chnh xc 5mg cho vo

chn s cn b trc v c sn 2 ht thy tinh ng knh c2,5mm. t chn mu ny

vo trong chn st trong ( chn Skidmore). San bng ct trong chn st ngoi ri t chnSkidmore vo chnh gia chn st ngoi. y np ca c hai chn Skidmore v chn st

ngoi. Np chn st ngoi c y hcho php hi to thnh tthot ra ngoi.

t tam gic mNi-Cr ln king hoc vng thch hp. t bao cch nhit ln trn.

t cm chn mu vo bao cch nhit sao cho y chn ngoi da vo tam gic m, y

np chp ln ton bphn bnhit u trong sut qu trnh th nghim.

Dng n kh cp nhit vi ngn la cao v mnh sao cho thi kbt chy l 10 1,5pht. Khi khi xut hin pha trn ng khi, nhanh chng di chuyn hoc nghing ngn

n sao cho ngn la n kh trn thnh chn t chy hi. Sau tm thi bngun

nhit ra ngoi v trc khi t trli, iu chnh bng cch vn van trn ng dn kh t sao

cho hi bt chy mt cch u n vi ngn la trn ng khi nhng khng vt qu cu

bt ngang ca si dy lm mc. C thtng nhit nu cn khi khng thy ngn la chy trn

ng khi. Thi gian t chy sl 13 1 pht. Nu khng tht c chai yu cu v

thi gian t chy v ngn la th yu cu vthi gian t chy quan trng hn.

Khi m hi ngng chy v quan st khng thy ngn la na th iu chnh n t v

ginhit phn di v y ca chn st ngoi c mu tm, ginh thng 7 pht.

Tng thi gian nung nng sl 30 2 pht, c thko di thm giai on trc lc t chy

v thi gian chy.

Ly n t ra v cho thit bngui cho n khi khng cn khi, sau mnp trn

chn Skidmore. Dng kp h nng ly chn sra v t vo trong bnh ht m, ngui

ri cn. Tnh phn trm khi lng cn carbon theo khi lng mu ban u.

4.2 Quy trnh tin hnh i vi cn vt qu 5%.

Quy trnh p dng cho nhng sn phm nng nh du th, cn du mazut nng v du

gasoil nng.


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Khi cn carbon thu c theo quy trnh trn (sdng 10g mu) vt qu 5% th c

nhng kh khn sxy ra nh bsi tro. Vi nhng sn phm nng c tnh cht kh kh

nc th cng c thc nhng hin tng nh vy.

i vi mu c cn carbon > 5% v < 15% xc nh bng quy trnh ni trn, th lm li

vic kim nghim bng cch cn 5 0,5g mu chnh xc n 5mg. Cn trong nhng trnghp kt quthu c > 15% th lm lvic kim nghim v gim lng mu xung cn 3

0,1g cn chnh xc n 5mg.

Khi sdng lng mu 3g th c thkhng thkhng chc thi gian trc bt chy

v thi gian t trong vng gii hn trn. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy cc kt qutt

nhin sdao ng.

4.3 Quy trnh tin hnh i vi cn carbon ca cn chng ct 10%.Quy trnh ny p dng cho cc sn phm nh du DO, du FO dn dng.

Lp thit bchng ct v cch tin hnh nh c miu ttrong bi ng chng ct

ASTM tiu chun ASTM D86.

Cho lng mu 200ml vo trong bnh ct. Duy tr blm lnh nhit 0 40C (i

vi mt sloi du c thginhit 38 600C trnh cc cht sp ng li trong ng

lm lnh). Cp nhit cho bnh ct vi tc sao cho git u tin ca cht lng ngng tritng ngng trong khong 10 -15 pht sau khi bt u cp nhit. Sau iu chnh nhit

sao cho qu trnh chng ct vi tc u 8 10 ml/pht. Tip tc chng ct cho n khi

thu c 178ml cht lng ngng tth ngng un nng v cho sn phm tip tc chy

n 180ml (90% cht trong bnh ct) c thu hi vo ng ong th ngng li.

Nhanh chng thay i ng ong bng bnh tam gic c nh v thu hi mi git cui

cng trong bnh ct. Thm vo bnh tam gic ny khi cn nng cn chng ct ri trn u,

cn trong bnh tam gic ny l i din ca cn chng ct 10% tmu ban u.

Khi cn chng ct cn nng chy mt cch tdo, rt xp x10 0,5g cn vo

trong mt chn cn trc dng kim nghim cn carbon. Sau khi ngui, xc nh

khi lng ca mu chnh xc n 5mg ri tin hnh kim nghim cn carbon nh ng quy

trnh trn.


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5. Tnh ton kt qu

Tin hnh th nghim 2 ln. Tnh cn carbon ca mu hoc ca cn chng ct 10% theo

phn trm khi lng.


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BI 9: XC NH HM LNG NC

1. Phm vi ng dng

Theo tiu chun ASTM D95, phng php ny nhm xc nh hm lng nc c trong

cc sn phm du mnh du DO, du nhn

2. Nguyn tc

Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l chng ct li cun nc ra khi hn hp bng dung

mi khng tan trong nc, sau phn ngng tstch ra trong ng hng.

3. Thit bv ha cht

3.1 Dng c:

Bthit bo hm lng nc gm c:

Bp in dng cu.

Bnh cu mt c500ml.

Btch nc.

Sinh hn thng ng.

ng ong 50ml, ng ong 10ml.

1

2

3 4

Hnh 10: Bdng cxc nh hm lng nc

1. Sinh hn; 2. Btch nc; 3. ng ong; 4. Bnh cu

3.2 Ha cht:


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Ha cht: Du DO, dung mi xylen, axeton.

4. Qui trnh thnghim

4.1 Chun bmu

Dng c th nghim gm ng ong, bnh cu, b tch nc phi c trng ra bng

axeton, sy kh ngui trc khi ly mu.

Ly 100ml hoc 100 gam mu vi chnh xc 0,1% cho vo bnh cu.

Nu dng ng ong th trng ng ong ln thnht vi 50ml, ln thhai vi 25ml, ln

thba vi 25 ml dung mi xylen.

Nu l mu rn th cn trc tip vo vo bnh cu ri thm 100ml dung mi xylen. Trng hp mu c hm lng nc thp th ly lng mu ln hn 100 v

lng dung mi ln hn 100ml.

Thm vo mnh thy tinh hoc bt lm tm si trnh hin tng si sc mnh.


Lp bnh cu cha mu, bphn tch nc, ng sinh hn nh hnh 10.1. Bt bphn

un, tng nhit v sau iu chnh tc si phn ct ngng tchy xung ng hng

vi tc 2 3 git/ giy. Tin hnh th nghim cho n khi lng nc trong ng hng

khng thay i trong 5 pht.

Tt bp, hthng ngui n nhit phng. c chnh xc thtch nc trong ng

hng.

Nu lng nc tht ra khi mu trong qu trnh chng ct to vi dung mi mt dung

dch nh tng th chng cho n khi phn dung mi ngng t trong ng hng phn trn

cng trong sut th ngng li v tt bp ngui n nhit phng. em ng hng gia

nhit trong nc nng cho n khi hnh tng bph vv tch ra thnh hai lp ring bit

( lp nc v lp dung mi). c chnh xc thtch nc trong ng hng.

Nu lng dung mi thu c trong ng ngng y nhng vn cha trong sut ( dng

nh tng) th tt bp. Ph v h nh tng theo phng php gia nhit. Dng pipet ht


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phn dung mi trong ng hng ra li phn nc. Tip tc qu trnh chng tip theo cho

n khi ht nc trong mu.

5. Tnh ton kt qu

Lm th nghim 2 ln v tnh trung bnh thtch nc thu c.

Hm lng nc c thtnh theo phn trm thtch ( %V) hoc % khi lng:

Phn trn thtch: %V =

100

Phntrm khi lng: %m =

100

6. Sai scho php

Sai lch cho php gia hai th nghim song song:

Hm lng nc Sai lch cho php

0,0 1,0

1,1 2,5

0,1

0,2 hay 2% gi trln hn

Bo co kt quchnh xc n:

0,05% (i vi ng thu 2ml). 0,1% ( i vi ng thu 10ml).


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BI 10: XC NH HM LNG TP CHT C HC

1. Phm vi ng dng

Phng php ny da theo tiu chun ASTM D 473, nhm xc nh hm lng tp cht

c hc c trong cc mu du th, du FO v cc sn phm nng khc.

2. Nguyn tc

Mu c t trong ng lt bng sxp ( extraxtion thimble), c trch ly bng toluen

nng cho n khi phn cn t n khi lng khng i. Phn cn ny c gi l tp cht

c hc bng trch ly ( sediment by extraction).

3. Dng cv ha cht

3.1 Dng c:

- Bdng ctrch ly

- Tsy.

- Cn phn tch.

2

1

3

4

1

2 3

4

Hnh 11: Bdng cxc nh hm lng tp cht c hc

1. Sinh hn; 2. Phu hng nc; 3. ng lt sxp; 4. Bnh ng dung mi

3.2 Ha cht:

- Mu du th hoc du FO.

- Dung mi toluen.

4. Qui trnh thnghim


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4.1 Chun bmu v dng c

Lm sch ng lt sbng cch trng ra bng dung mi toluen. em ng lt ssy kh

trong vng 15 pht nhit 115 - 120oC, ngui trong bnh ht m khng c cht ht

m. Cn ng lt svi chnh xc 0,1mg. Ghi ly gi trkhi lng ca ng lt sl m1.

Trn tht u mu. Nhanh chng ly khong 10g mu cho vo ng lt sri cn vi

chnh xc 0,01g. Ghi ly gi trca khi lng ca ng lt v mu thl m2.


t ng lt sc cha mu vo btrch ly c cha 200ml toluen. Cho nc chy qua

ng sinh hn. Bt bp gia nhit.

Tin hnh trch l cho n khi thy dung mi nhxung tng skhng cn mu th

tip tc trch l thm 30 pht. Trong qu trnh trch ly c n gitc trch l sao cho bmt

cht lng ca hn hp du v toluen trong ng lt skhng dn ln cao hn khong 20mm

tnh tnh.

Khi mu cha nhiu nc, lp cc nc vo. Nc bli cun bi toluen snhng tv

tp trung pha di cc. Khi nc y cc, tt bp ngui hthng ri nc i.

Sau khi trch ly xong, sy kh ng lt s115 - 120oC trong 1 gi. Sau lm ngui

trong bnh ht m ( khng c cht ht m) trong 1 gi, ri em cn vi chnh xc 0,2 mg.Ghi ly gi trkhi lng ca ng lt sv tp cht c hc l m3.

Lp li qu trnh trch ly t nht 1 gik tkhi dung mi nhxung ng lt snhng

khng qu 1 gi15 pht. Sau em sy kh, lm ngui v em cn nh trn. Tip tc qu

trnh trch ly nu cn thit cho n khi khi lng ng lt sc cha tp cht c hc hai ln

trch ly lin tip khng khc nhau qu 0,2 mg.

Lm sch ng lt s: bphn tp cht c hc nm trong ng lt s. Nung ng ltstrong l nung loi bphn chy c cn tch t. Tin hnh trch ly khng vi toluen

t nht 1 giktlc dung mi nhxung tng lt s. Sau sy kh, lm ngui v cn

nh trn. Lp li qu trnh trch ly cho n khi khi lng ca ng lt ssau hai ln trch ly

lin tip khng khc nhau qu 0,2 mg. Nh vy ng lt s c chun bcho ln o tip

theo.


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5. Tnh ton kt qu

Hm lng tp cht c hc c tnh theo % khi lng so vi lng mu sdng:

=

100

Trong :

S: hm lng tp cht c hc c tnh theo % khi lng. m1: khi lng ng lt, gam. m2: khi lng ng lt v mu th, gam. m3: khi lng ng lt v tp cht c hc, gam.


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BI 11: N MN TM NG

1. Phm vi ng dng

Phng php thnghim ny theo tiu chun ASTM D130, dng nh gi mc

n mn ca cc sn phm du mnh xng, nhin liu phn lc, du ha, du diesel, du

t, du nhn c p dng cho cc sn phm c p sut hi bo ha khng ln hn124kPa.

2. Nguyn tc

Nguyn tc ca phng php l ngm ming ng nh bng vo mt lng mu

xc nh nhit v trong thi gian qui nh i vi sn phm thnghim. Sau ly

ming ng ra ra v so snh vi bng phn cp chun.

3. Dng cha cht

3.1 Dng c:

B th nghim n mn tm ng gm c: biu nhit, nhit k, ng thnghim

chun, bnh bao ngoi (bom), mm kp nh bng, ng th nghim dp bo v v

quan st ming ng, ming ng theo tiu chun, giy nhm carbua, bng phn cp chun,

ng ong 50ml.

3.2 Ha cht:Du ha, du diesel, du nhn, dung mi ra l xylen.

Hnh 8.1: Bom thn mn tm ng


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Hnh 8.2: Bng chun so snh n mn tm ng

Hnh 8.3: Ming ng thn mn tm ng

4. Qui trnh thnghim

4.1 Chun bmu v thit b

Chun bming ng:

Loi tt ccc vt bn trn c6 mt ca ming ng bng giy nhm carbua silic. Ri

nhng ming ng vo trong dung mi ra.

Ly ming ng ra khi dung mi, dng giy lc khng tro lt tay cm ming ng

khi nh bng. Dng giy nhm carbua silic 150, trc tin nh bng cc u nt ri n

cc cnh. Chi sch mnh bng bng gn v sau chc cm bng kp thp khng r,

khng c cm bng tay. Sau gicht ming ng bng mm kp nh bng cc b

mt cn li. Ch mnh ln bmt theo chiu dc ca ming ng khi nh bng (ch theo

mt chiu).

Sau khi nh bng dng cc ming bng gn chi tht mnh lm sch bi kim loi t

ming ng cho n khi thay ming bng gn mi m khng bbn.


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Chun bmu:

Mu cn c ng trong chai thy tinh sch, ti mu, chai plastic hay cc bnh ng

ph hp khc m khng nh hng n tnh cht n mn ca mu. Trnh sdng cc bnh

c phthit.

Np mu y vo ng thnghim c sn ming ng n mc ti a c thc,

ng np sau khi ly mu v trnh mu tip xc vi nh nng mt tri.

Nu mu c nc dng nh tng, lm kh mu bng cch lc mt lng mu qua

giy lc nh tnh v cho vo trong ng thnghim kh v sch.

Chun bbn nhit:

Ci t nhit theo qui nh khi thnghim i vi tng loi sn phm ring bit. Mc

nc trong bn nhit sao cho khi t bom vo mc nc phi ngp bom.

Theo di scn nc trong bn nhit do sbay hi ca nc. Nu nc cn th phi

thm nc vo cho ng mc qui nh.

C ththay nc bng cht ti nhit nh glyxerin hay du silicon.

4.2 Tin hnh thnghim

ng vi cc nhm sn phm khc nhau c cc iu kin tin hnh khc nhau.

4.2.1 i vi xng my bay v nhin liu phn lc: cho 30ml mu vo trong ng th

nghim sch v kh. Trong vng 1 pht sau khi nh bng, thnhming ng vo trong

ng thnghim c cha mu. t cn thn ng nghim vo trong bom v vn cht np li.

Nhng hon ton bom vo trong biu nhit nhit 100 1oC. Sau 2 gi 5 pht, ly

bom ra ngoi lm ngui trong vi pht bng nc vi. Mnp bom, ly ng thnghim ra

v kho st ming ng theo mc 5.3.

4.2.2 i vi xng t, du diesel, du t: cho 30ml mu vo trong ng thnghim

sch v kh. Trong vng 1 pht sau khi nh bng, thnhming ng vo trong ng th

nghim c cha mu. y ng thnghim bng nt c lthng hi v t chng vo trong

biu nhit nhit 50 1oC. Trnh mu thtip xc vi nh sng trong qu trnh

thnghim. Sau 3 gi 5 pht, ly ng thnghim ra v kho st ming ng theo mc

5.3.


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4.2.3 i vi du ha:tin hnh ththeo 5.2.1 nhng nhit 100 1oC.

4.2.4 i vi du nhn: tin hnh theo 5.2.1 nhng cng c th tin hnh thvi thi

gian khc nhau v nhit cao hn 100oC, to thng nht nn tng nhit u n 5oC

bt u t100oC.

4.3 Kim tra ming ng

mu v ming ng tng thnghim vo trong mt cc cao 150ml, cho ming

ng trt nhxung nhm trnh bcc. Ngay lp tc dng kp thp khng r ly ming

ng ra v nhng ngay vo trong dung mi ra. Nht ngay ming ng ra v lm kh bng

giy lc nh tnh ( bng cch thm kh chkhng phi lau chi).

t ming ng vo trong ng thy tinh dep. y ng li bng bng gn.

Sau quan st v so snh trng thi bmt ca ming ng vi bng phn cp chun.

Lu quan st, cm ming ng v bng phn cp chun sao cho cng mt gc nh

sng nghing 45o.

4.4 nh gi

Mc n mn ca mu c nh gi theo trng thi ming ng trng vi di no ca

bng chun.

Khi ming ng trng thi chuyn tip gia hai di chun kcn nhau th c nh

gi theo cp ca di cao hn. Nu ming ng c mu da cam sm hn di 1b ca bng

chun, coi nh vn thuc phn cp 1. Tuy nhin nu xut hin bt kdu hiu no ca mu

, coi nh mu thuc phn cp 2.

Ming ng c mu ru vang trong phn cp 2 c thbnhm ln vi vi mu

sm trn nn ng thau trong phn cp 3. phn bit, nhng ming ng vo dung mi

ra, nu thuc phn cp 2 mu ming ng schuyn thnh mu da cam sm, cn thucphn cp 3 ming ng skhng chuyn mu.

Thc hin li th nghitrn khi thy:

+ C du tay hay du vt ca git nc trn ming ng.

+ Cc ra cnh dc thuc phn cp cao hn phn mt chnh ca ming ng.


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5. Xl kt qu

Ghi kt qu mc n mn theo bng phn cp chun cng vi thi gian v nhit

tin hnh th nghim.

Bng phn cp mc n mn tm ng:

Phn cp Trng thi Din gii

1 Xn nht a. Mu da cam sng, hu nh ging mu ca ming ng

mi mi bng.

b. Mu da cam sm.

2 Xn thng a. Mu ru vang

b. Mu xanh nht hi pha ( ta nht).

c. Mu xanh da tri hoc nh bc, hoc c hai c phtrn nn mu ru vang.

d. Mu nh bc.

e. Mu ging ng thau hoc nh vng

3 Xn ti a. Mu ti phtrn bmt ng thau.

b. Mu ln xanh l cy ( trng nh bic) nhng khng

xm.

4 n mn a. Mu en r rt, mu xm m, hoc nu trong sut vixanh l cy nh bic.

b. Mu xm ch hoc mu en xn.

c. Mu en bng hoc mu en m.


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BI 12: XC NH IM NH GIT CA M BI TRN

1. Phm vi ng dng

Theo tiu chun ASTM D2265, phng php ny dng xc nh nhit nhgit ca

cc loi mbi trn.

2. Nguyn tc

Cho mvo mt chn c bit c ly, khi nng nhit ti mt gii hn no

xut hin mt git mu tin ri ra khi chn. Nhit tng ng vi lc git mri khi

chn gi l nhit nhgit.

3. Dng cha cht

3.1 Dng c:

Bxc nh nhit nhgit ca mnh hnh bao gm: Nhit k; Chn ng mu bng

ng; ng nghim chu nhit; Cc thy tinh 500ml; Bgia nhit; M t khuy

1

2

3

4

5

6

Hnh 12.1 : Thit bo im nhgit ca m

1. Mt khuy; 2. Nhit kthy ngn o nhit ca glyxerin; 3. Nhit kthy ngn o nhit

ca mu th; 4. ng th; 5. Cc ng glyxerin gia nhit; 6. Thit bgia nhit.

3.2 Ha cht:Cht ti nhit Glyxerin, mbi trn.

4. Qui trnh thnghim

4.1 Chun bmu v thit b

Chun bmu:


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Nhi dy mvo chn bng cch n ming rng vo m. Bmd bng que gt.

Githng ng vi ming nhhng xung di. Xuyn que kim loi tdi ln trn

n khi n nh ln 25mm. n que vo chn sao cho que kim loi tip xc vi ng chu vi

thp v cao ca chn. Gitip xc ny, xoay cc trn que theo ngn trto chuyn ng

xon xung pha di que loi phn mhnh chp dnh dc theo que.

Khi cc t n im cui que, rt cn thn que ra khi chn sao cho que khng chm

vo bmt mu. Theo hnh 13.2.

Chun bthit b:

Cho chn vo ng th, gn hai nt lie vo nhit k. Lp nhit kvo ng thn su

nh sao cho bu nhit kkhng chm vo bmt ca mu m.

Treo ng thvo cc thy tinh c cha glyxerin.

Lp nhit kvo cc thy tinh c cha glyxerin o nhit ca cht lng gia nhit.

Lp cnh khuy ca mt vo cc thy tinh c cha glyxerin khuy dung dch gia

nhit nhm phn tn u nhit trong cc.

Hnh 12.2 Thao tc tra mvo cc


Khuy cc glyxerin v tin hnh gia nhit vi tc gia nhit 4 7oC / pht. Khi cn

cch nhit nhgit dkin khong 20oC th tng nhit chm li vi vn tc 1oC/pht.


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Tip tc gia nhit, mnng chy v dn dn lt xung qua ly chn. Khi git m

u tin ri khi y chn th ghi li nhit ca nhit kcm trong dung dch glyxerin v

nhit kcm trong ng th.

Nu mchy thnh dng si th chghi nhn nhit khi git mu tin khi chm y

ng th.

5. Xl kt qu

Bo co im nhgit chnh xc n 1oC.

im nhgit ca mc tnh theo cng thc sau:

DP = ODP + [(BT - ODP)/3]

Trong :

DP: im nhgit, oC.

ODP: nhit im chy quan st c tnhit kca ng th, oC.

BT: nhit ca nhit kquan st c khi o dung dch glyxerin, oC.

6. chnh xc

im nhgit ca m, oC lp li, oC ti lp li, oC

Dc 116 6 9116 221 8 12221 277 6 16277 316 7 12


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BI 13: XC NH KIM XUYN CA M

1. Phm vi ng dng

Phng php ny da trn tiu chun ASTM D217 dng o c ca mbi trn,

cng ca bitum.

2. Nguyn tc

xuyn kim l xuyn su vo trong lp mbi trn ca mt ci kim nhn hnh tam

gic c bit, xuyn su ny tnh bng , mi bng 0,1 mm.

t mt ci kim nhn hnh tam gic, c khi lng tng cng 150 g, tip xc vo bmt

mbi trn, khi kim ny ri tdo n cm su vo trong m, xc nh su ca kim ngp

trong m, l kim xuyn.

3. Dng cv ha cht

3.1 Dng c:

Hnh 13.1: My o xuyn kim

1-Nt iu chnh cn bng thit b; 2-Cc cha mu; 3-Kim hnh tam gic; 4-Nt c

nh kim; 5-Gc iu chnh thanh trt; 6-Thanh trt; 7,10-Thanh o khong cch; 8-B

phn iu chnh cao thp; 9-Kim chia .


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Trang 43

Hnh 13.2: My trn m

11-Cc; 12-on by

Hnh 13.3: Vtr t kim trn bmt mu

3.2 Ha cht

Mbi trn

4.Qui trnh thnghim i vi xuyn kim lm vic

4.1 Chun bmu

Chuyn mu vo cc nhi m sch lm y cc sao cho phn md c ngn cao

khong 13 mm gia tm, trnh a khng kh vobng cch trt bng dao v va lc vatrt i khng kh.

Lp np y dng cnho mv m l thng hi, n pitton xung y. a nhit k

xuyn qua lthng hi sao cho u nhit kgia trung tm ca cc.


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Chuyn ton bcc ng mvo bnh n nh nhit theo quy nh 25oC cho n khi

nhit ca mu t 25 0.5oC. (quan st t nhit k). Ly cc ng m ra khi b n

nhit, ly nhit k ra khi cc, ng van ca l thng hi. Lp cc mvo bphn trn,

trn mu bng on by 12, trn ln xung 60 ln trong 1 pht. a pitton ln v tr trn

cng, tho np cc ra, ly ton bmbm vo np a vo cc.4.2 Tin hnh th nghim

Ly cc ng mra khi bphn trn m, g nhcc ln sn nh hoc bn cho m

kt cht vi nhau v khng kh c thot ra ngoi. Dng dao m cht mvo cc, a dao

nghing mt gc 45ogt ly phn mtha ra.

t cc mln ca thit bti vtr 2 sau khi kim hnh tam gic c gn vo vtr 4

cnh bng mt ci c vt. Nhgt iu chnh thanh trt 5 v dng tay di chuyn mikim chm vo bmt mvtr trung tm cc m(hnh 13.3).Di chuyn thanh 10 tip xc

vo u trc 6. Xoay kim 9 vim 0 ca bng chia . Mt tay bm gt iu chnh 5 v

ginguyn cho kim hnh tam gic ri tdo ngp vo trong m, ng thi tay kia bm ng

hbm giy. Theo di 5 0.1 giy th ta bun gt iu chnh 5. Chuyn thanh 10 cho chm

vi trc ni kim 6. Cn cvo gi trca vch kim chtrn bng chia bit c gi tr

ca kim xuyn.

Nng kim ln khi cc mv lau sch bng bng tm xng, lm 2 thnghim ktip

trn cng mt mu bng cch a trli cc phn trn ra bng dao gt.

5. Bo co kt qu

Bo co gi trtrung bnh ca 3 ln xc nh.


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PHN 2: BO CO TH NGHIM

BI 1: XC NH THNH PHN PHN ON

Ngy thc hnh:

Sinh vin:............................................MSSV:

Lp: Nhm:..

1. CHUN BNH

1.1 Nu mc ch, ngha ca phng php xc nh thnh phn phn on i vi

nhin liu ng c.

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1.2 ngha ca vic xc nh nhit ct t10 30%, 50%, 90% v nhit si cui

ca xng dn dng.

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1.3 Tm tt cc bc c bn tin hnh th nghim xc nh thnh phn phn on.


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2. THC HNH TI PHNG TH NGHIM

2.1 Tn mu th nghim:.......................................................................................................................................................................


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2.2 Kt quth nghim:

Thtch ct (% thtch)

Nhit ct (oC)

Th nghim 1 Th nghim 2 Trung bnh

im si u

1020

30

40

50

60

70

8090

im si cui

2.3 Tnh thtch mt mt

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2.4 Xy dng ng chng ct ASTM D86

2.5 nh gi kt quthnghim ca mu so vi quy chun Vit Nam.

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3. NHN XT CA GING VIN HNG DN

3.1 Schun bbi nh:

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3.2 Thi lm vic:

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3.3 Kt quth nghim:

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3.4 im tng kt:im.


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BI 2: P SUT HI BO HA

Ngy thc hnh:

Sinh vin:............................................MSSV:

Lp: Nhm:..

1. CHUN BNH

1.1 p sut hi bo ha l g? ngha ca vic xc nh p sut hi bo ha.

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1.2 Mi quan hgia thnh phn hydrocacbon vi p sut hi bo ha.

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1.3 Tm tt cc bc tin hnh th nghim xc nh p sut hi bo ha.

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2.1 Tn mu th nghim:.......................................................................................................................................................................

2.2 Kt quth nghim:

Th nghim p sut hi bo ha

Ln 1

Ln 2

Trung bnh


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3. NHN XT CA GING VIN HNG DN

3.1 Schun bbi nh:

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3.2 Thi lm vic:

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3.3 Kt quth nghim:

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3.4 im tng kt:im.


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BI 3: XC NH TTRNG

Ngy thc hnh:

Sinh vin:............................................MSSV:

Lp: Nhm:..

1. CHUN BNH

1.1 ngha ca vic xc nh ttrng i vi du mv cc sn phm du m:

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1.2 Mi quan hgia ttrng v thnh phn hydrocacbon.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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1.3 Tm tt cc bc tin hnh th nghim xc nh p sut hi bo ha.

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2.1 Tn mu th nghim:.......................................................................................................................................................................

2.2 Kt quth nghim:

Th nghim Ttrng

Ln 1Ln 2

Trung bnh


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