Thy in

Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia

Bc ti: menu, tm kimNng lng ti to

Nhin liu sinh hcSinh khia nhit

Thy inNng lng Mt TriNng lng thy triu

Nng lng sngNng lng gi

Tuc bin nc v my pht in

Mt ct ngang p thu inTp tin:Stwlan.dam.750pix.jpgH cha nc trn cao v p ca H thng Bm-Cha Ffestiniog min bc x Wales. Nh my in ti h cha nc pha di c bn tuc bin c th sn xut 360 megawatt in trong vng 60 giy t khi c nhu cu.

Ch Energy

Thu in l ngun in c c t nng lng nc. a s nng lng thu in c c t th nng ca nc c tch ti cc p nc lm quay mt tuc bin nc v my pht in. Kiu t c bit n hn l s dng nng lng ng lc ca nc hay cc ngun nc khng b tch bng cc p nc nh nng lng thu triu. Thu in l ngun nng lng c th hi phc.

Nng lng ly c t nc ph thuc khng ch vo th tch m c vo s khc bit v cao gia ngun v dng chy ra. S khc bit v cao c gi l p sut. Lng nng lng tim tng trong nc t l vi p sut. c c p sut cao nht, nc cung cp cho mt turbine nc c th c cho chy qua mt ng ln gi l ng dn nc c p (penstock).

Ngoi nhiu mc ch phc v cho cc mng li in cng cng, mt s d n thu in c xy dng cho nhng mc ch thng mi t nhn. V d, vic sn xut nhm i hi tiu hao mt lng in ln, v th thng thng bn cnh nh my nhm lun c cc cng trnh thu in phc v ring cho chng. Ti Cao nguyn

Scotland c cc m hnh tng t ti Kinlochleven v Lochaber, c xy dng trong nhng nm u th k 20. Ti Suriname, p h van Blommestein v nh my pht in c xy dng cung cp in cho ngnh cng nghip nhm Alcoa.

nhiu vng ti Canada (cc tnh bang British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Qubec v Newfoundland v Labrador) thu in c s dng rt rng ri ti mc t "hydro" c dng ch bt k ngun in no pht ra t nh my in. Nhng nh my pht in thuc s hu nh nc ti cc tnh c gi l BC Hydro, Manitoba Hydro, Hydro One (tn chnh thc "Ontario Hydro"), Hydro-Qubec v Newfoundland v Labrador Hydro. Hydro-Qubec l cng ty sn xut thu in ln nht th gii, vi tng cng sut lp t nm 2005 t 31.512 MW.

Mc lc

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1 Tm quan trng 2 u im 3 Nhc im 4 Cc s liu v thu in

o 4.1 C nhto 4.2 Cc nh my thu in ln nhto 4.3 ang tin hnho 4.4 Cc nc c cng sut thu in ln nht

5 Tham kho 6 Xem thm 7 Lin kt ngoi

[sa] Tm quan trng

Thu in, s dng ng lc hay nng lng dng chy ca cc con sng hin nay chim 20% lng in ca th gii. Na Uy sn

xut ton b lng in ca mnh bng sc nc, trong khi Icelandsn xut ti 83% nhu cu ca h (2004), o sn xut 67% s in quc gia bng sc nc (hn 70% nhu cu ca h). Canada l nc sn xut in t nng lng nc ln nht th gii v lng in ny chim hn 70% tng lng sn xut ca h.

Ngoi mt s nc c nhiu tim nng thu in, nng lc nc cng thng c dng p ng cho gi cao im bi v c th tch tr n vo gi thp im (trn thc t cc h cha thu in bng bm pumped-storage hydroelectric reservoir - thnh thong c dng tch tr in c sn xut bi cc nh my nhit in dnh s dng vo gi cao im). Thu in khng phi l mt s la chn ch cht ti cc nc pht trin bi v a s cc a im chnh ti cc nc c tim nng khai thc thu in theo cch b khai thc ri hay khng th khai thc c v cc l do khc nh mi trng.

[sa] u im

Nhng ngi nh b ngp chm t nm 1955, ti xut hin sau mt thi gian di kh hn

H cha nc thu in Vianden, Luxembourg (thp)

Li ch ln nht ca thu in l hn ch c gi thnh nhin liu. Cc nh my thu in khng phi chu cnh tng gi ca nhin liu ha thch nh du m, kh thin nhin hay than , v khng cn phi nhp nhin liu. Cc nh my thu in cng c tui th ln hn cc nh my nhit in, mt s nh my thu in ang hot ng hin nay c xy dng t 50 n 100 nm trc. Chi ph nhn cng cng thp bi v cc nh my ny c t ng ho cao v c t ngi lm vic ti ch khi vn hnh thng thng.

Cc nh my thu in h cha bng bm hin l cng c ng ch nht tch tr nng lng v tnh hu dng, cho php pht in mc thp vo gi thp im (iu ny xy ra bi v cc nh my nhit in khng th dng li hon ton hng ngy) tch nc sau cho chy ra pht in vo gi cao im hng ngy. Vic vn hnh cch nh my thu in h cha bng bm ci thin h s ti in ca h thng pht in.

Nhng h cha c xy dng cng vi cc nh my thu in thng l nhng a im th gin tuyt vi cho cc mn th thao

nc, v tr thnh im thu ht khch du lch. Cc p a chc nng c xy dng ti tiu, kim sot l, hay gii tr, c th xy thm mt nh my thu in vi gi thnh thp, to ngun thu hu ch trong vic iu hnh p.

[sa] Nhc im

Mt bin cnh bo nhng ngi bi thuyn ti p O'Shaughnessy

Trn thc t, vic s dng nc tch tr thnh thong kh phc tp bi v yu cu ti tiu c th xy ra khng trng vi thi im yu cu in ln mc cao nht. Nhng thi im hn hn c th gy ra cc vn rc ri, bi v mc b sung nc khng th tng kp vi mc yu cu s dng. Nu yu cu v mc nc b sung ti thiu khng , c th gy ra gim hiu sut v vic lp t mt turbine nh cho dng chy l khng kinh t.

Nhng nh mi trng by t lo ngi rng cc d n nh my thu in ln c th ph v s cn bng ca h sinh thi xung quanh. Trn thc t, cc nghin cu cho thy rng cc p nc dc theo b bin i Ty Dng v Thi Bnh Dng ca Bc M lm gim lng c hi v chng ngn cn ng bi ngc dng ca c hi trng, thm ch ngay khi a s cc p lp t thang ln cho c. C hi non cng b ngn cn khi chng bi ra bin bi v chng phi chui qua cc turbine. iu ny dn ti vic mt s vng phi chuyn c hi con xui dng mt s khong thi gian trong nm. Cc thit k turbine v cc nh my

thu in c li cho s cn bng sinh thi vn cn ang c nghin cu.

S pht in ca nh my in cng c th nh hng n mi trng ca dng sng bn di. Th nht, nc sau khi ra khi turbine thng cha rt t cn l lng, c th gy ra tnh trng xi sch lng sng v lm st l b sng. Th hai, v cc turbine thng m khng lin tc, c th quan st thy s thay i nhanh chng v bt thng ca dng chy. Ti Grand Canyon, s bin i dng chy theo chu k ca n b cho l nguyn nhn gy nn tnh trng xi mn cn ct ngm. Lng oxy ho tan trong nc c th thay i so vi trc . Cui cng, nc chy ra t turbine lnh hn nc trc khi chy vo p, iu ny c th lm thay i s lng cn bng ca h ng vt, gm c vic gy hi ti mt s loi. Cc h cha ca cc nh my thu in cc vng nhit i c th sn sinh ra mt lng ln kh methane v carbon dioxide. iu ny bi v cc xc thc vt mi b l qut v cc vng ti b l b trn ngp nc, mc nt trong mt mi trng k kh v to thnh methane, mt kh gy hiu ng nh knh mnh. Methane bay vo kh quyn kh nc c x t p lm quay turbine. Theo bn bo co ca U ban p nc Th gii (WCD), ni no p nc ln so vi cng sut pht in (t hn 100 watttrn mi km2 din tch b mt) v khng c vic ph rng trong vng c tin hnh trc khi thi cng p nc, kh gas gy hiu ng nh knh pht ra t p c th cao hn nhng nh my nhit in thng thng. cc h cha phng bc Canada v Bc u, s pht sinh kh nh knh tiu biu ch l 2 n 8% so vi bt k mt nh my nhit in no.

Mt ci hi na ca cc p thu in l vic ti nh c dn chng sng trong vng h cha. Trong nhiu trng hp khng mt khon bi thng no c th b p c s gn b ca h v t tin v vn ho gn lin vi a im v chng c gi tr tinh thn i vi h. Hn na, v mt lch s v vn ho cc a im quan trng c th b bin mt, nh d n p Tam Hip Trung