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The Complete Guide To The

TOEFL Guide

PBT Edition

Structure Section

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LESSON 20:

INCOMPLETE OR MISSING

APPOSITIVESAn appositive is a noun phrase that explains or

rephrases another noun phrase. It usually comes after

the noun which it rephrases. It may also come beforethe subject of a sentence.

* Buffalo Bill, a famous frontiersman,

operated his own Wild West Show.

(appositive following a noun)

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* A famous frontiersman, Buffalo Bill operated his own WildWest Show.

(appositive before the subject)

Appositives are actually reduced adjective clauses.However, unlike adjective clauses, they do not contain amarker or a verb.

* Oak, which is one of the most durable hardwoods, isoften used to make furniture.(adjective clause)

* Oak, one of the most durable hardwoods, is oftenused to make furniture.

(appositive)

Appositives are usually separated from the rest of thesentence by commas, but some short appositives (usuallynames) are not.

*Economist Paul Samuelson won a Nobel Prize in 1970.

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Directions: Choose the one option -(A), (B), (C), or (D)- thatcorrectly completes the sentences, and then mark theappropriate blank. The first one is done as an example.

1. The Democratic Party is older than the other major Americanpolitical party, __________.

______ (A) which the Republican party

______ (B) the Republican party______ (C) it is the Republican party

______ (D) the Republican party is

2. __________ relations with friends and acquaintances, play amajor role in the social development of adolescents.

______ (A) What are called peer group relations are______ (B) Peer group relations are

______ (C) Peer group relations, the

______ (D) By peer group relations, we mean

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3. Joseph Henry, __________ first director of the

Smithsonian Institute, was President Lincoln's advisor on

scientific matters.

______ (A) the

______ (B) to be the

______ (C) was the

______ (D) as the

4. The Wassatch Range, __________ extends from

southeastern Idaho into northern Utah.

______ (A) which is a part of the Rocky Mountains,

______ (B) a part of the Rocky Mountains that

______ (C) is a part of the Rocky Mountains

______ (D) a part of the Rocky Mountains, it

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5. __________ Ruth St. Dennis turned to Asian dances to

find inspiration for her choreography.

______ (A) It was the dancer

______ (B) The dancer

______ (C) That the dancer

______ (D) The dancer was

6. The organs of taste are __________ the which are

mainly located on the tongue.

______ (A) groups of cells, are taste buds

______ (B) taste buds, are groups of cells

______ (C) taste buds, these are groups of cells

______ (D) taste buds, groups of cells

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7. In 1878 Frederick W Taylor invented a concept called scientific

management, __________ of obtaining as much efficiency from

workers and machines as possible.

______ (A) it is a method

______ (B) a method which

______ (C) a method

______ (D) called a method

8. A group of Shakers, __________ settled around Pleasant Hill,

Kentucky, in 1805.

______ (A) members of a strict religious sect which

______ (B) whose members of a strict religious sect

______ (C) members of a strict religious sect,

______ (D) were members of a strict religious sect

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9. In physics, __________ "plasma" refers to a gas which has a

nearly equal number of positively and negatively charged

particles.

_____ (A) the term

_____ (B) by the term

_____ (C) is termed

_____ (D) terming

10. Norman Weiner, __________ mathematician and logician,

had an important role in the development of the computer.

______ (A) who, as a

______ (B) was a

______ (C) whom a

______ (D) a

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11. Jerome Kern's most famous work is Showboat, __________

most enduring musical comedies.

______ (A) it is one of the finest,

______ (B) one of the finest,

______ (C) the finest one

______ (D) as the finest of the

12.__________ a marshland that covers over 750 square miles

in North Carolina and Virginia.

______ (A) In the Great Dismal Swamp,

______ (B) The Great Dismal Swamp, which

______ (C) The Great Dismal Swamp,

______ (D) The Great Dismal Swamp is