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D E V E L O P M E N T T R U S T
MASIFUNDISE
FishersNetPublished by:
Coastal Links and Masifundise Development Trust
1 Station Road, Mowbray, Cape Town 7700Tel: 021 685 4549 • Fax: 021 685 3816
Email: [email protected]. 24 — JUNE 2015
Amanqaku oMhleliUkubanga amalungelo ethu
Kule veki–ngomhla wesi-8 ukuya kowe-11 kuJuni ka-2015 – umba ontsonkothileyo we-tenure usematheni eKapa.
Ngaphezulu kwabameli abangama-70 kwi-SA iphela baxoxa ngalo mba ubalulekileyo kucweyo oluququzelel-we ngu-Masifundise Development Trust, ebambisene ne-TCOE ne-Food and Agricultural Organisation of the Unit-ed Nations. Olu cweyo luza kuquka abachaphazelekayo abasuka kwicandelo lezomhlaba, amahlathi nezokuloba.
I-tenure ekhuselekileyo nenobulungisa izinze em-bindini wamalungelo abalobi abakwizinga eliphantsi, amafama akwizinga eliphantsi, abalimi, abantu bend-awo ngokwemveli nabantu bengingqi kufikelelo lwabo kumhlaba nakwezinye izinto zendalo ukulungiselela ukhuseleko lwabo ngokuphathelele ekutyeni neempiliso zabo.
I-tenure ibhekiselele kubudlelane babantu nomhlaba, ezaselwandle nezinye izinto zendalo. Ibonakalisa ukuba ngubani onokufikelela kwintoni nendlela olo fikelelo nosetyenziso lezinto zendalo zingalawulwa ngayo. I-tenure ekhuselekileyo ayahlukanga kwilungelo labantu okanye iqela kwiimpiliso ezizinzileyo. Ukuxhwithwa komhlaba nolwandlekazi ngabantu bomgangatho ophe-zulu kwalela abantu abahluphekayo amalungelo abo kwi-tenure.
Ngowe-2012 i-Committee on World Food Secu-rity yaqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni isethi yezikhokelo zokuzithandela emva kwenkqubo yokubonisana nothet-hathethwano phakathi kwamasebe aseburhulumenteni. Izikhokelo zamisela imithetho-siseko nemigangatho yezenzo ezinoxanduva, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Ukususela ngowe-1994 urhulumente waseM-zantsi Afrika umisele iindidi zohlaziyo lwezomthetho nomgaqo-nkqubo ezinempembelelo kwezomhlaba, amahlathi nezokuloba. Ngelo xesha, nangaphandle koku, abantu baqhubeka nokuhlangabezana nokusilela kokhuseleko olwandayo lwe-tenure kumhlaba nakwez-inye izinto zendalo.
Olu cweyo lujonge ukwazisa ngezikhokelo zokuzith-andela, ukunceda abathabathi-nxaxheba ukuba bazito-like kakuhle kwaye benze isiseko sokuba zisetyenziswe njengezixhobo zenguqu.
Esi sigidimi seendaba siqulethe ulwazi ngemiba ye-tenure kwaye sinikeza iinkcukacha ngezikhokelo zokuz-ithandela.
Kufuneka zisetyenziswe luluntu kwilizwe jikelele uku-qhubela phambili uqhankqalazo lwabo oluqhubekayo lobulungisa bezentlalo.
Ukusetyenziswa okwandileyo kweziKhokelo zokuziThandela kuLawulo olunoXanduva lwe-Tenure yezoMhlaba, ezokuLoba nezamaHlathi
kumaQumrhu oLuntu namaqumrhu asezantsi eMzantsi Afrika
Ezomhlaba, ezokuloba, ezamahlathi nezinye izinto zendalo zinikeza iqonga leempiliso nesiseko sezenzo zentlalo, ezenkcubeko nezenkolo. Uxinzelelo kobu butyebi luyanda nanjengoko imimandla ifunelwa ukulima, ixakeke kukwandiswa kweedolophu nanjengoko abantu beyeka imimandla ngenxa yokuthotyiselwa, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu nokrutha-kruthano.
Ukusabela kolu xinzelelo, i-Food and Agriculture Organisation (i-FAO) ye-UN noomasibambisane bayo yasungula ulungiselelo lwezikhokelo olwamkelwe kwizizwe ngezizwe ukomeleza ulawulo lwe-tenure yomhlaba, yezokuloba neyezamahlathi (i-Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security).
IziKhokelo zikhuthaza amalungelo e-tenure akhuselekileyo nokufikelela ngobulungisa kwezomhlaba, kwezokuloba nezamahlathi njengendlela yokuphelisa ukulamba nendlala, ukuxhasa uphuhliso oluzinzileyo nokomeleza indalo. Zaqinisekiswa ngokusesikweni yi-Committee on
World Food Security ngomhla we-11 kuMeyi ka-2012.Ukuphuhliswa kwezikhokelo kongeza kwaye
kwaxhasa i-Voluntary Guidelines on the Right to Food and International Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (i-ICARRD) eyayibanjwe ngowe-2006.
“IziKhokelo zokuziThandela ziza kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphenduleni umngeni wokupheliswa kwendlala nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokutya kumntwana ngamnye, umfazi nendoda ngendlela ezinzileyo ngokoqoqosho, ngokwentlalo nangokwendalo”uGraziano Da Silva uMlawuli Jikelele we-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (i-FAO)
Ngowe-2009 ukuya kowe-2010 i-United Nations Committee on World Food Security (i-UN CFS) yabamba uboniswano lwemimandla eBrazil, eBurkina Faso, e-Ethiopia, e Jordan, eNamibia, ePanama, eRomania, i-Russian Federation, eSamoa naseViet Nam.
Ukubonisana kommandla kwahlanganisa
Malunga neziKhokelo ze-Tenure
Court
esy of
FAO
yiya kwiphepha 2
This project is funded by the European Union This project is implemented by Masifundise.
D E V E L O P M E N T T R U S T
MASIFUNDISE
The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission.
Ucweyo lukaZwelonke ngomhla wesi-7- 11 kuJuni ka-2015, eKapa, eMzantsi Afrikaa
FishersNet Vol. 24 – June 2015 2
NATIONAL WORKSHOPEzOkULOba
Ngu-Moegsien Ismail
UDAVID Gongqose, waseDwesa–Cwebe kwi-Wild Coast yaseMpuma Koloni ongumlobi iminyaka eli-11, kwaye usapho lwakhe kudala luloba, woyika ukuba izithintelo zikarhulumente zigrogrisa iindlela zemveli zeempiliso.
UGongqose uthi utata wakhe usengumlobi, kwaye notatomkhulu wakhe ngokunjalo nabo bonke abanye abaphambi kwabo. Umama wakhe, umfazi kunye noodade bakhe baqokelela iimbaza ezimnyama nezinye izinto zaselwandle, umsebenzi wezoqoqosho oqhutywa ngoomama bosapho lwakhe nabahlali iinkulungwane ngeenkulungwane.
I-Dwesa Cwebe Nature Reserve neNdawo eKhuselweyo yezaseLwandle kumyezo inqanda abalobi ngokwesithethe ukuba balobe.
UGongqose uyayiqonda i-tenure, kwaye uyazi nge-Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests kwiMeko ye-National Food Security, nendlela iindlela ezahlukeneyo ze-tenure eziphembelela ngayo uluntu lwengingqi yakhe.
“Sihlala kwiilali ezisixhenxe phakathi kwe-Dwesa Cwebe Nature Reserve, elawulwa yi-Eastern Cape Parks Board,” utsho uGongqose.
“Kumyezo wendalo kukho ihotele, eyiyeyabahlali, kwaye eqeshe amalungu asekuhlaleni, kodwa, ngenxa yokuba urhulumente ubeke umqobo ekulobeni,
bambalwa kakhulu ngoku abantu abaya ehotele, kwaye ke ayingenisi nzuzo.”
Ukholelwa ukuba abakhenkethi abaninzi beza kuMyezo wezeNdalo ukuza kuloba, kwaye ukuvalwa kokuloba kubangele ukuba babe mbalwa abantu abatyelela umyezo baze balale ehotele.
UGongqose nabanye abalobi baseDwesa Cwebe baloba ngephepha-mvume lokuphila, elibavumela ukuba babambe umthamo othile weentlanzi ngosuku, ukuba bazisebenzise hayi ukuba bazithengise.
Oku kuye ngumba obuhlungu, nanjengoko bezithatha ngokuba bangabalobi boshishino oluphantsi abaphila ngokuqokelela ubutyebi basezilwandle.
Amadoda abamba iintlobo-ntlobo zeentlanzi elunxwemeni lolwandlekazi nakwiindonga zemilambo ehamba kumyezo nezikwichweba lolwandlekazi.
Abafazi baqokelela iimbaza ezimnyama nobunye ubutyebi baselwandle obusematyeni elunxwemeni.
Njengabanye abalobi abaninzi kwingingqi yakhe, uGongqose naye ukhe wabanjwa kaninzi kwaye wafumana isohlwayo ngokuziphilisa.
Ngaphandle kokwalelwa ukufikelela elwandle, njengabahlali bakwalelwa ukuqokelela obunye ubutyebi obubalulekileyo ehlathini kwimiyezo yezendalo.
“Iminyaka ngeminyaka uluntu lwethu lwaluqokelela imithi ukwenza iipali esakha ngazo amakhaya ethu.”
Sasiqhele ukuqokelela imithi ngenjongo yokuqingqa imisimelelo nokubiya iintlanti zethu, emahlathini ayi-Dwesa Cwebe Nature Reserve namhlanje.
“Abafazi bethu babesoloko beqokelela iinkuni zokubasa emahlathini, asinambane, kwaye uninzi alunazitovu zeparafini, kwaye nabo banezitovu zeparafini, basasebenzisa iinkuni zokubasa ukupheka ukutya kwabo nokufudumeza amakhaya abo.”
Urhulumente ubonisana nabahlali, ukudlulisela ubumnini bomyezo wezendalo nomhlaba ukuba bube ngobabahlali, kodwa, okumangalisayo, uGongqose uthi akakhange abonisane nabahlali, kwaye nje ngokuzithandelayo wavala imisebenzi yokuloba e-MPA.
Ukudluliselwa kobumnini bomhlaba kubahlali kubonakala ngathi kuza kuza nemiqathango yolondolozo lwendalo engqingqwa.
UGongqose uthi abantu abahlala kwiilali ezisixhenxe eziphakathi komyezo bahlupheka ngokugqithisileyo kwaye angathanda ukubona izinto ezithile zilungiswa ukuphelisa indlala.
Iinguqulelo ezithile ezibalulekileyo angathanda ukuzibona kukuba bonke abalobi noomama banikezwe amaphepha-mvume okuloba nokuqokelela ubutyebi baselwandle
isuka kwiphepha 1
phantse abantu abangama-700, abavela kumazwe angama-133, abamele amacandelo oluntu nawabucala, uluntu nezifundiswa.
Iindibano zokubonisana zabanjelwa ngokukodwa uluntu lwaseAfrika, iEshiya, iYurophu, uMbindi neNtshona ye-Eshiya neLatin America. Kwaya apho phantse ama-200 abantu abavela kumazwe angama-70, kwaye enye indibano yokubonisana yecandelo labucala yatsala ngaphezulu kwabantu abangama-70 abavela kumazwe angama-21.
Izindululo zombhalo-ngqangi welinge lokuqala ngqa lezikhokelo nazo zamkelwa kwihlabathi liphela ngoboniswano lothungelwano ngekhompyutha.
KwiSeshini yayo yamaShumi amaThathu anesithandathu ku-Okthobha ka-2010, i-Committee on World Food Security (i-CFS)
yakhuthaza ukuqhubeka kwenkqubo ehlangeneyo yokuphuhliswa kweziKhokelo kwaye yagqiba ukuba imisele iqela elisebenzayo elivulelekileyo ukujonga kwakhona umbhalo-ngqangi wokuqala weziKhokelo.
Kwiiseshini zayo ezazibanjwe ngoJuni, Julayi nango-Okthobha ka-2011 nangoMatshi ka-2012 iqela elisebenzayo elivulelekileyo laziphuhlisa izikhokelo.
IziKhokelo zazingqinelana nezixhobo zezizwe ngezizwe nezommandla kwaye zakhutshwa kuzo, ukuquka ne-Millennium Development Goals, ezijongene namalungelo oluntu namalungelo e-tenure.
IziKhokelo zamkela inkqubo yeenkalo ezininzi eqonda uqhagamshelwano lwasemaphandleni nolwasedolophini, zithathela ingqalelo izinto zendalo ezahlukahlukeneyo nokuhlanganisa ukhuseleko lwamaqela asesichengeni.
IziKhokelo zikhuthaza onke amaqela ukuba athathele ingqalelo imisebenzi ethungelanayo yezinto zendalo kwaye zamkela iinkqubo ezizinzileyo zokulawulwa kwazo.
Zaqinisekiswa ngokusemthethweni yi-Committee on World Food Security ngomhla we-11 kuMeyi ka-2012.
Imithombo yolwazi:The Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible
Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security, i-FAO 2012: Iwebhusayithi: http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2801e/i2801e.pdf; kuMeyi ka-2015.
I-FOA: Governance of tenure “Making it happen” Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security, VG Tenure Brochure, 2012.
Malunga neziKhokelo ze-Tenure
Izithintelo zisisigrogrisi esimandla kubalobi
David Gonqgose wase Dwesa-Cwebe
FishersNet Vol. 24 – June 20153
SPECIAL EDITION UMhLaba
NguZukile Tom
Oomasipala abaninzi bebephatha gwenxa umhlaba osetyenziswa ngumntu wonke ngokuhlangeneyo mhlawumbi ngokuwuthengisa, ukuwuqeshisa kumafama ashishinayo ngorhwebo lofuyo nolimo okanye ukuphuhlisa iipaki zokuzonwabisa ezinje ngee-golf estate.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ezo zenzo zinjalo zichasene nenjongo owawunikelwe yona umhlaba osetyenziswa ngumntu wonke ngokuhlangeneyo okokuqala nje, oko kukuthi, ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomhlaba kubahlali abahluphekayo. Kusemalungelweni ke ngoko kwabo bangenamihlaba namaqumrhu ezamafama akwizinga eliphantsi nemibutho ukwenza ukuba oomasipala babe nokuphendula kwaye babange ukufikelela kumhlaba okhoyo wokusetyenziswa ngumntu wonke ngokuhlangeneyo kwaye bagwayimbe bacele umngeni kuyo nayiphi indlela yokuphathwa kakubi komhlaba wokusetyenziswa ngumntu wonke ngokuhlangeneyo.
Oomasipala base-Overberg naseLangeberg baqhubeka nokungakhathaleli amagatya omgaqo-siseko abantu abahluphekayo eNtshona Koloni ngokuthengisa umhlaba wokusetyenziswa ngumntu wonke ngokuhlangeneyo.
Sihlangene nezaziso zamaphephandaba kwiindawo ezinje ngeBarrydale, iStellenbosch neSwellendam, apho umhlaba lowo uthengiswayo.
Umhlaba ekubhekiselelwe kuwo – umhlaba wokusetyenziswa ngumntu wonke ngokuhlangeneyo kamasipala – ludidi
olukhethekileyo lomhlaba kamasipala kwaye umisela ithuba elilodwa lophuhliso lwasemaphandleni nokulungelelaniswa kohlaziyo lomhlaba. Ngowee-1880 iidolophu ezininzi “zabamhlophe” zafumana umhlaba ojikelezileyo mahala phantsi kwemithetho karhulumente yokunikezelwa kwemihlaba, phantsi kweemeko ezingqingqwa nezithintelayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba umhlaba uhlale ungokamasipala: oomasipala babengenako ukuhlutha ubumnini bomhlaba (ngokuwuthengisa, ukuphisa ngawo okanye ukutshintshisa ngawo) ngaphandle kwemvume yeRhuluneli (mva, ngaphandle kwemvume kaMongameli weSizwe) kwaye umhlaba wawuza kuveliselwa ukuba usetyenziswe ngabemi bedolophu ngeenjongo zolimo nofuyo. Ngenxa yemithetho yobuhlanga yayingabantu abamhlophe ubuninzi ababefikelela kwimihlaba yokusetyenziswa ngumntu wonke ngokuhlangeneyo.
Ngenguqu kwidemokhrasi ka-1994 nokungeniswa koomasipala bedemokhrasi
ngokwendlela kamasipala wengingqi bonke abemi bedolophu baye banelungelo lokufikelela kumhlaba wokusetyenziswa ngumntu wonke ngokuhlangeneyo kamasipala kugxininiswa kwabo babekhethelwe bucala ngaphambili.
Oomasipala bethu bayanyanzeleka phantsi koMgaqo-siseko we-SA ukuba babe negalelo lokuqonda ngokunenkqubela amalungelo asisiseko. Ngelixa benganyanzelekanga ukusungula nokuqhuba uhlaziyo lwezomhlaba, banyanzelekile ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zohlaziyo lwezomhlaba zesizwe.
I-Mawubuye Land Rights Forum, amafama abantsundu aseBarrydale awayecalucalulwa ngaphambili ne-Trust for Community Outreach and Education (i-TCOE) angenelele kwinkqubo yezomthetho ukuyekisa ukuthengiswa komhlaba waseBarrydale.
Kule meko, umasipala usebenzise ngabom amaqhinga alahlekisayo ngenjongo yokudala imo yokuqonda yokuba kusetyenziswa iindlela ezichanekileyo zokuthengisa uMhlaba wokusetyenziswa ngumntu wonke ngokuhlangeneyo ngokubeka isibhengezo-ntengiso emva kokuba mhlawumbi umhlaba lowo sowuthengisiwe kakade.
Emva kweenzame ezininzi eziye azaphumelela ukunqanda ukuthengiswa komhlaba ophawulelwe abahlali ngumasipala waseSwellendam, amafama akwizinga eliphantsi enza isigqibo sokubamba umngcelele ukuvelisa iinkxalabo zawo kumasipala.
Anyanzelisa ukumiswa kwentengiso, ukuphicothwa kweencwadi zemali zomhlaba wokusetyenziswa ngumntu wonke ngokuhlangeneyo eSwellendam, iinkcukacha zaloo mhlaba uqeshiselwe amafama ezoshishino nokunikezwa kwaloo mhlaba kumafama akwizinga eliphantsi.
UZukile Tom unguMququzeleli wamaPhulo e-Trust for Community Outreach and Education.
Iphulo lokuyekisa iintengo zoMhlaba osetyenziswa nguMntu wonke ngokuhlan-gengeneyo
Mawubuye Lands Right Forum efuna ukuba iphele intengiso yomhlabs osetyenziswa ngumntu wonke e Barrydale
Amalungu aka Mawubuye Land Rights Forum eqhanqalazela amalungelo wabo
FishersNet Vol. 24 – June 2015 4
NATIONAL WORKSHOPUMhLaba, UkULOba,aMahLaThi
URasta: Kutshanje, i-Food and Agriculture Organisation, (i-FAO), iarhente ye-United Nations Organisation (i-UNO) yasebenzisa -‘The Voluntary Guidelines on the
Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests’. Bajonge ukukhusela abahluphekayo, abasesichengeni nabacalucalulwayo ekwenziweni ukuba
bangabi namhlaba, bangabi namsebenzi kwaye bangabi nakuziphilisa.
UThozama: Izikhokelo!? Ingaba sifuna izikhokelo ukukhusela amalungelo ethu? Nangona kunjalo,
ndinomdla kakhulu ukuva ukuba ezi
zikhokelo zitsha ziza kusinceda njani na.
URasta: Unyanisile, izikhokelo azingomthetho, kodwa ngamanye
amaxesha zibizwa ngokuba yimithetho ethambileyo engenakunyanzelwa. Nangona
kunjalo ooRhulumente bangazisebenzisa ‘iziKhokelo’ njengomgangatho wokuphuhlisa nokusebenzisa
imithetho nezenzo ezilungileyo.
UBoeta Joe: EMzantsi Afrika, sesinawo uMgaqo-nkqubo wabaLobi abakwiZinga eliPhantsi (Small Scale Fisheries Policy), okubalungeleyo abalobi abakwizinga eliphantsi. Kodwa,
kusoloko kukho ithuba lokuba ungaphunyezwa
gwenxa kwaye ungalawulwa kakuhle.
UAnna: Thina basebenzi basezifama nabantu basemaphandleni abahluphekayo nabanye abantu
siphila ubomi obungakhuselekanga ngenxa yokunqongophala kokutya nokungakhuseleki
kwe-tenure yomhlaba.
UThozama: ‘Izikhokelo’ ke ngoko, kwimeko yaseMzantsi Afrika zingasetyenziselwa ukuphuhlisa esona senzo
singcono ngendlela yokuphunyezwa
komgaqo-nkqubo we-SSF.
UBoeta Joe: ‘Izikhokelo’ kufuneka zibonelele wonke umntu kuwo onke amazwe,
kodwa, ugxininiso lwazo oluphambili kukunceda
abahluphekayo, abasesichengeni nabacalucalulwayo.
UMulalo: I-Tenure ithetha ilungelo lokubamba into, kungekuko ukuba unayo, umzekelo,
ngokwesithethe, thina bantu basemahlathini satyala sagawula imithi, abalobi basebenza
elwandle, abasebenzi basezifama balima umhlaba. Sasingenamaphepha okuzibhengeza ukuba
singabanini beelwandle, umhlaba okanye amahlathi, kodwa sasisebenza kwaye oko ikokwethu sonke
ngokuhlangeneyo.
FishersNet Vol. 24 – June 20155
SPECIAL EDITION UMhLaba, UkULOba,aMahLaThi
UAnna: Ukusukela kwinkqubo yokuba nezithanga oku kwatshintsha, kwaye ingcinezelo yenza izinto zabalasela,
kodwa babengenako ukusisusa ngokupheleleyo kumhlaba, basivale ekuyeni elwandle okanye ukukhulisa
amahlathi ethu.
UMulalo: Okuninzi kwenziwa ukusilumla, nangona okuninzi
kutshintshile ukusukela ngowe-1994, uninzi lwethu lusaphila
ngokungakhuselekanga.
UBoeta Joe: Namhlanje abalobi abaninzi bane-tenure yokuqokelela ubutyebi baselwandle, bengenayo i-tenure
yomhlaba, kwaye abasebenzi basezifama, abasemaphandleni abahluphekayo,
noonomahlathi abahlukanga.
URasta: Kubalulekile ukuba sibe namalungelo okusebenza, okuloba,
ukulima nokufuya nokukhulisa kwaye sivune imithi, ne-tenure yomhlaba. Asinakuba nenye
ngaphandle kwenye.
UThozama: Uninzi lwethu sasuswa apho apho sasikade siziphilisa khona. Kwiingingqi zamakhaya ethu, okutsala abakhenkethi, iihotele, amakhaya okuchithela iiholide, kunye neepaki zolondolozo lwendalo zaphuhliswa. Sikuqhankqalazo olungapheliyo lwe-tenure
yomhlaba, ilungelo lokusebenza, nokwenza izithethe zookhokho bethu.
UBoeta Joe: Ewe, kodwa ulondolozo lwendalo amaxesha amaninzi luyindlela yokufihla ubugwenxa bokuphuhlisa okutsala abakhenkethi ukulungiselela
abazizityebi, esingenakufikelela kuko, kusivalela ukuya elwandle, apho
sikwaziyo ukuziphilisa khona.
UMulalo: Izikhokelo zezomntu wonke osokolayo notsala nzima njengathi. Isethi yezikhokelo yokunceda oorhulumente ukuba baphuhlise imigaqo-nkqubo, uwiso-mthetho nezenzo
eziza kuzisa ukhuseleko kokuphathelele ekutyeni, ukuphelisa ukulamba nendlala. Ukunceda ukuzisa uzinzo kwezentlalo, ukhuseleko ngokuphathelele kwizindlu, uphuhliso
lwasemaphandleni kunye nokhuseleko lwezendalo.
BONKE: Kufuneka ziphelise uRhwaphilizo! Kufuneka ziyekise amagosa karhulumente ekuthatheni nokubanga ukunyotywa, ukubangela ukuloba ngokugqithisileyo nokuthotyiselwa kwezendalo. Izityebi ziyanyoba, kwaye kuloo
meko, zitshabalalisa indalo. Njengabahluphekayo, asinakukwamkela oku, kutshabalalisa iingingqi zethu!
FishersNet Vol. 24 – June 2015 6
NATIONAL WORKSHOPUMgaqO NgqUbO wE TENUrE
Ubudlelane boluntu, bezopolitiko nobezoqoqosho phakathi kosebenzisa nolawula umhlaba, amahlathi nezaselwandle nezinye izinto zendalo e-SA bubonakalisa iimbali zenkqubo yokuba nezithanga nengcinezelo. Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, imithetho nemigaqo-nkqubo zihluthe abemi baseMzantsi Afrika abantsundu imihlaba yookhokho babo nemimandla yabo, bebohlutha ufikelelo nolawulo lobutyebi bebasa kubudlelane be-tenure.
Emva kowe-1994, umgaqo-siseko omtsha wesizwe wabeka isiseko soku kuhlaziywa kowiso-mthetho okuye kwahlangabezana nomba we-tenure.
Icandelo lesi-(25) loMgaqo-siseko libeka uxanduva kuRhulumente ukuba amisele umthetho-siseko oza kuqinisekisa mhlawumbi imbuyekezo okanye ukulungisa ngokutsha okunobulungisa nokuhlangabezana nobudlelane be-tenure.
Kwiminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo urhulumente uvelise uluhlu lwemithetho nemigaqo-nkqubo ukuphumeza le njongo yoMgaqo-siseko. Nangona kunjalo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iimeko zabemi baseMzantsi Afrika abaNtsundu abaninzi azitshintshanga kangako. Kwezinye iimeko, okuhlaziyiweyo kwenze ukusilela kobulungisa kwabalasela.
Abantu abafuduswayo ngexesha leNgcinezelo ngenxa yemithetho yolondolozo ecalucalulayo ukuvula indlela yokusekwa kweePaki zeSizwe neMimandla eKhuselweyo bajongene nemingeni ethile xa bebanga ngokutsha umhlaba wabo nokusetyenziswa ngokuzinzileyo kobutyebi babo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuhlaziywa kwemigaqo-nkqubo okungenisiweyo kuye kwasilela ukuqwalasela umthetho wezamasiko wokuphila woluntu lwengingqi.
Kwicandelo elahlukileyo ngalinye, elinje ngoMhlaba, amaHlathi nezokuLoba, uRhulumente uvelise iindidi zezixhobo zomgaqo-nkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuphathelele kuMhlaba, iinguqulelo zomgaqo-nkqubo ezindululweyo ziye zaphikiswa ngokumandla. Umzekelo, “i-Communal Land Tenure Policy entsha (i-CLTP), njenge-Communal Land Rights Act (i-CLRA) ka-2003 undulula ukudlulisela
‘imida engaphandle’ yomhlaba ‘yetrayibhali’ eyayikuMaphandle angaphambili ukuba ibe ‘ngamabhunga ezomthonyama’ (igama elitsha loogunyaziwe betrayibhali ababeveliswe ngelixa laMaphandle). Umgaqo-nkqubo undulula ukuba iiyunithi zomhlaba odluliselweyo ziza kuchazwa ngokwayamene nemida yetrayibhali equlunqwe ngokwayamene ne-Bantu Authorities Act of 1951” (i-PLAAS 2014) edale ingxokolo.
KwezaMahlathi iSebe lazise i-National Forest Act (i-NFA) ka-1998 ukuhlangabezana neendidi ezintathu zeenkqubo ze-tenure ngokuphathelele kumahlathi: ezizezi, imimandla karhulumente, yokuzibambela mahala neyamagunya ngokwesithethe womntu wonke ngokuhlangeneyo. Ngaphandle koku kusekho umsantsa kulawulo lobutyebi bezamahlathi kwaye uluntu lusahlangabezana nokuphulukana namalungelo okusebenzisa kwaye asililo lonke uluntu oluye lwanako ukufumana kwakhona amalungelo alo okulawula ubutyebi balo bamahlathi.
KwezokuLoba nobutyebi bezaselwandle nezasemanzini, kusekho ukukhethelwa bucala okunabileyo. Nangona kunjalo, umgaqo-nkqubo wezokuloba zeZinga eliphantsi, ngenkqubo yazo esekelwe kumalungelo oluntu, unikeza ithemba.
Unika uxanduva uRhulumente ukuba aqonde nawaphi na amalungelo ezinto zaselwandle avelayo ngokwayamene nomthetho wezamasiko, umthetho ongabhalwanga nowiso-mthetho olubhaliweyo.
Lo mgaqo-nkqubo we-SSF ubhekiselele kuphela kwezokuloba zaselwandle. Okwangoku akukho wiso-mthetho luhlangabezana nokuthanda ukusebenzisa amalungelo abalobi abakwizinga eliphantsi
kwezokuloba angaphakathi elizweni. I-DAFF ifake kwiphepha-ndaba lombuso
umbhalo-ngqangi wemigaqo ukuze uluntu lwenze amanqaku acwangcisa inkqubo entsha yobudlelane be-tenure yezokuloba ezikwizinga eliphantsi. Ngelishwa umbhalo-ngqangi wemigaqo uyasilela ukuqonda nokwamkela abalobi abakwizinga eliphantsi abahlala kumhlaba wabahlali bonke kwaye behlala phantsi kweenkqubo zomthetho wezamasiko nolawulo. Oku kubhekiselele kulo lonke uluntu oluhlala ngaphakathi okanye kufuphi nee-MPA eMpuma Koloni naKwaZulu Natala kwakunye noluntu kula maphondo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba oku kubhekiselele kuluntu lwe-SSF oluninzi kangangama-56. Umgaqo-siseko neziLungiso ze-MLRA zinyanzela uMphathiswa ukuba aqonde amalungelo olo luntu. Umbhalo-ngqangi wemigaqo ye-DAFF umisela umfuziselo we-tenure ‘ongena kuko konke’ kwi-SSF esilelayo ukuthathela ingqalelo amalungelo e-tenure asele ekhona, iinkqubo namaziko. Ikwasilela ukuqonda umthetho-siseko wofikelelo olukhethekileyo lwe-SSF ephathelele kwizithethe kumanzi wabo nobutyebi njengoko kucwangcisiwe kwimiGaqo yeNdlela yokuziPhatha kwezokuLoba ezinoXanduva (6.18), kwaye iyasilela ukugqithisela amandla namagunya okwenza izigqibo kubanini bamalungelo abaziwayo kwinqanaba loluntu/lwengingqi.
Ucalucalulo oluqhubekayo kuluntu ngokuphathelele kwi-tenure luyenzeka nokuba ngaba la malungelo e-tenure, namalungelo oluntu anxulumeneyo akhuselwe kwiindidi zezixhobo zomthetho zezizwe ngezizwe, ezinjenge-Universal Declaration of Human Rights, i-Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples ne-African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (i-ACHPR).
Uluntu oluninzi eMzantsi Afrika lujongene ne-tenure engakhuselekanga kumhlaba walo, amahlathi nezokuloba nezinye izinto zendalo oluxhomekeke kuzo ngeempiliso zalo namanye amalungelo oluntu. Uhlaziyo olusemthethweni ukusukela ekuqaleni kwedemokhrasi lusilele ukuqonda amalungelo e-tenure abo esenziwa. Olu luntu ngoku luguqukela kwi-VG Tenure Guidelines ukuluxhasa kuqhankqalazo lwalo lokukhusela amalungelo abo e-tenure.
Uluntu oluninzi eMzantsi Afrika lujongene ne-tenure engakhuselekanga kumhlaba walo, amahlathi nezokuloba nezinye izinto zendalo oluxhomekeke
kuzo ngeempiliso zalo namanye amalungelo oluntu.
Court
esy of
Klee
nitupUwiso-mthetho lwe-
tenure nomgaqo-nkqubo eMzantsi Afrika: Ukuphazamisa umhlaba othile nommandla
FishersNet Vol. 24 – June 20157
SPECIAL EDITION iTENUrE kwiMiMaNDLa EsE MaphaNDLENi
NANGONA kukho iinzame zikarhulumente ukulungisa ukungalingani ekubeni nomhlaba, ukupheliswa kokusilela kokhuseleko ngokuphathelele ekutyeni nokudala ukhuseleko ye-tenure yomhlaba, abantu abasemaphandleni basajongene nemingeni emininzi ekunokuthatha ixesha elide ukuyoyisa.
UBoyce Tom, umphandi one-Trust for Community Outreach and Education (i-TCOE) eMowbray, eKapa, usebenza kuphela nabantu abasemaphandleni aseKapa, kwaye uthi kubekho iimpumelelo nokusilela.
Emva kowe-1990, amafama amaninzi aqalisa ukukhupha abantu kwiifama zawo, kwaye amatyotyombe amaninzi aqalisa ukuvela kwiidolophu zasemaphandleni, amafama esebenzisa abasebenzi abasebenza ngamaxesha athile onyaka axakekileyo, kwaye egcina kuphela abasebenzi abambalwa ngexesha lonyaka elingaxakekanga.
Emva kowe-1994 urhulumente wedemokhrasi waphehlelela inkqubo yokuhlaziywa kwemihlaba, eyayiquka indibaniselwano yokubuyekezwa komhlaba nokuhlaziywa kwezemihlaba, ukudluliselwa kobumnini bomhlaba kwabo bangenawo umhlaba.
Urhulumente wabeka iifama ezininzi kwizandla zamafama asakhasayo, waza wawanikeza iimali-mboleko nezibonelelo zemali ukulungiselela ukuba ukuqhutywa kwemisebenzi yolimo nofuyo ibe yimpumelelo.
Amaxwebhu ngelungelo elithile lomhlaba anikezwa abantu namaqela, kodwa, kwabakho
izinga eliphezulu lokusilela kwenkqubo leyo. “Umthetho omtsha owenza abaxhamli ukuba
babe ngabaqeshi beefama iminyaka emihlanu phambi kokuba babe ngabanini beefama ngoku ukhona.”
UBoyce uthi kukho iindidi ze-tenure ezahlukeneyo anokuthi amafama asakhasayo afikelele ngazo kumhlaba ngeenjongo zokuqhuba ulimo nofuyo.
Olunye lwazo ngumhlaba wokusetyenziswa ngumntu wonke ngokuhlangeneyo, okuluphawu oluqhelekileyo phakathi kwamaqela asebenza nawo eBreede Valley nakwiZithili zaseWinelands zaseNtshona Koloni,
“Umhlaba wokusetyenziswa ngumntu wonke ngokuhlangeneyo uphunyezwa kuphela ngoomasipala bengingqi emaphandleni.
Umasipala uqesha indawana yomhlaba kumfama osakhasayo okanye iqela labaxhamli iminyaka emithathu enesiqingatha, minyaka leyo ekufuneka amisele umsebenzi ngokuyimpumelelo.”
Emva kweminyaka emithathu enesiqingatha, ingqeshiso iza kuhlaziywa, kwaye ukuba imisebenzi yolimo nofuyo ayiphumeleli, umfama osakhasayo okanye abanye bangabhida ukuze baqhubeke nokulima nokufuya kwisitandi eso.
Oku kungenisa amafama asakhasayo kwimingeni emininzi, kwaye kungangumngcipheko.
“Okokuqala, kunzima ukufumana imali kurhulumente ngenkqubo enjalo, oza kunikeza imali iipropati ezinengqeshiso yobuncinane
beminyaka emihlanu.”Ezinye iingxaki ziquka umba wokuba
abantu baza kuphulukana neemali abazityale kulimo nofuyo, ezinje ngokubiya, imijelo yamanzi abayifakeleyo nezixhobo zokusebenza abazithengileyo.
Ukusetyenziswa komhlaba ngumntu wonke ngokuhlangeneyo kudala ukulindelwa kobomi obungcono, ukhuseleko oluphathelele ekutyeni ne-tenure yomhlaba, kodwa kwangaxeshanye, kukwadala ukusilela kokhuseleko okufanayo.
Abasebenzi basezifama emaphandleni basajongene neenzima ezininzi nokusilela kokhuseleko kwimiba emininzi yokuphila kwabo kwemihla ngemihla.
Ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwefama ngenxa yomsebenzi, intlawulo okanye nayiphi na enye imbambano nomnye umfama kuseyinyaniso yemihla ngemihla yeefama ezininzi.
Kukho imithetho namaqumrhu asebenza nzima ukukhusela amalungelo abasebenzi basezifama, kodwa ekugqibeleni, xa abantu bangaphandle abangenelelayo egameni lomsebenzi wasefama, beshiya ifama, umsebenzi wasefama kufuneka ajongane nefama ngokwakhe.
UBoyce uthi amafama asebenzisa iindlela ezininzi ukugcina abo baququzelela uhlaziyo lweefama, ngaphandle kweefama zabo.
“Uza kusebenzisa ulawulo lokungena, uchaze ukuba undwendwele bani, isizathu sokundwendwela nokuba uza kuhlala ixesha elingakanani na, kwaye, ukuba akanelisekanga ziimpendulo zakho, uza kukwalela ukuba ungene.”
Amalungelo athile anje ngendawo yokuhlala, umbane, amanzi nogutyulo nazo zizixhobo amafama azisebenzisayo ukulawula ubomi babasebenzi basezifama.
“Abasebenzi basezifama abaqhankqalazayo nabamoshayo efama bangacinyelwa umbane namanzi ngokulula ngumfama, bade bagrogriswe ngokukhutshwa.
UBoyce uthi abasebenza ngamaxesha onyaka axakekileyo bava intlungu yokusilela kokhuseleko ngokuphathelele ekutyeni amaxesha amaninzi enyakeni, kwaye baphumla ebunzimeni ngexesha lonyaka elixakekileyo, kwaye ngexesha lonyaka elingaxakekanga uninzi lwabo luyalamba.
NgokukaBoyce, abantu basemaphandleni beva intlungu yokusilela kokhuseleko lomhlaba nolokutya, kwaye namafama asakhasayo nawo eva kwaloo ntlungu ifanayo.
I-Tenure yemihlaba kwiMimandla yaseMaphandleni
Amafama askhasayo elungisa umhlaba wokulima
FishersNet Vol. 24 – June 2015 8
NATIONAL WORKSHOP
Published by: Coastal Links and Masifundise Development Trust: Email: [email protected] Station Road, Mowbray, Cape Town 7700 • Tel: 021 685 4549 • Fax: 021 685 3816
D E V E L O P M E N T T R U S T
MASIFUNDISE
UCwEyO LwE TENUrE
Abathunywa abangama-70 kwiqumrhu loluntu olukwezemihlaba, ezamahlathi nabalobi kule veki baya kuCweyo lwe-Tenure oluququzelelwe ngu-Masifundise.
Ucweyo lujonge ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kweziKhokelo zokuziThandela (i-Voluntary Guidelines) kuLawulo olunoXanduva lwe-Tenure yomhlaba, ezokuLoba nezaMahlathi phakathi koluntu namaqumrhu aphaya ezantsi eMzantsi Afrika.
Abavelisi, abalobi, abalimi, amafama, abantu bemveli nabantu basekuhlaleni abakwizinga ELIPHANTSI bajongene nokusilela kokhuseleko kwi-tenure, nokwanda ngokusilela kokhuseleko ngokuphathelele kwindlala nasekutyeni, ngenxa yokuxhwithwa komhlaba nolwandlekazi, kodwa, konke oku kungaguquka, ukuba bonke oorhulumente elizweni liphela, naseMzantsi Afrika, bangavumelana ukuphumeza ‘iziKhokelo zokuziThandela kuLawulo oluNoxanduva kwi-Tenure yoMhlaba, ezokuLoba nezaMahlathi (i-VGGT).
“Olu cweyo luvavanya indlela uluntu olwahlukeneyo kumacandelo amashishini okuloba, ezolimo achatshazelwa ngayo ngamalungiselelo e-tenure,” utshilo uMandla Gqamlana, wakwa-Masifundise.
I- VGGT, eyamiselwa yi-FAO ngowe-2012, ilangazelela ukuhlangabezana nokulungelelanisa ngokutsha ukungalingani okudalwe yimigaqo ye-tenure enokhuseleko olusilelayo, edala ukungabi namihlaba, indlala, ukulamba nokungakhuseleki.
Nkqu naseMzantsi Afrika, apho iindidi zemithetho yapasiswayo ukususela kowe-1994, ukulungisa ukungalingani kwangaphambili, uluntu luqhubeka nokujongana nokusilela kokhuseleko lwe-tenure kumhlaba nobunye ubutyebi.
“Sinethemba lokwazisa amaqumrhu oluntu malunga neziKhokelo ze-Tenure futhi nokuba uluntu luze namaqhinga alo ngendlela olunokusebenzisa ngayo iziKhokelo ukulunceda” uqhubeke watsho.
Iinjongo ezibalulekileyo zocweyo ziquka:1. Ukwazisa abalobi abakwizinga eliphantsi,
amafama akwizinga eliphantsi nolunye uluntu lwasemaphandleni olungenamihlaba malunga nomxholo we-VGGT.
2. Ukunceda abathabathi-nxaxheba ukuba bachonge iinkqubo zabo ze-tenure
nokuqonda amalungelo abo e-tenure.3. Ukubhexesha inkqubo apho abathabathi-
nxaxheba benokucazulula indlela imigaqo-nkqubo, iinkqubo kunye neenkqubo-sikhokelo zolawulo lwangoku ezinomngeni ngayo kumalungeselelo e-tenure emfezeko yengingqi.
4. Ukubhexesha inkqubo apho amalungu asekuhlaleni anokumisela isicwangciso sokusebenza ukugaya utshintsho kusetyenziswa izikhokelo ze-tenure njengesixhobo senguqu.
I-tenure ichaza ubudlelane babantu nomhlaba, ezaselwandle nezinye izinto zendalo. Ithetha ngokungqalileyo ngokufikelela kwabo kubutyebi obubalulekileyo kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi abafikelele kubo iminyaka ngeminyaka ngendlela yezithethe, ngokuhlangeneyo nangokusesikweni, ngaphandle komqobo ababekelwe wona yimithetho yanamhlanje ecinezelayo kwanemigaqo ngokunjalo ukubalela ekufikeleleni kwi-tenure yabo (i-VGGT, 2012).
Ukwalela abantu ukufikelela kwi-tenure yabo kufana nokwalela abantu amalungelo abo oluntu angundoqo, kuba balelwa ilungelo lokuqhuba ubomi obukhuselekileyo nobuzinzileyo.
“Ukubamba olu cweyo nge-VGGT kubaluleke kakhulu kuba lelinye lamanyathelo amaninzi amancinci okubuyisela ebantwini amalungelo abo asesikweni, ezithethe, abo bonke ngokuhlangeneyo namalungelo oluntu eempiliso ezizinzileyo,” utshilo u-Masifundise’
uMichelle Joshua.UMasifundise umeme abadlali-ndima
boluntu olungabalobi abakwizinga eliphantsi, abolimo nofuyo nabezamahlathi, kunye neengcali ezisebenza kula macandelo. Abameli be-Food and Agriculture (i-FAO), i-Food First Information and Action Network (i-FIAN), i-Trust for Community Outreach (i-TCOE) ne-Institute for Poverty, i-Agrarian and Poverty Studies baza kuthi thaca imiba eyahlukahlukeneyo yezikhokelo.
USofia Monsalve wakwa-FIAN wazisa umba we-tenure nemvelaphi yeziKhokelo. Intetho yakhe aza kuyithi thaca igxile kwisizathu sokubaluleka kwezikhokelo nendlela ezaphuhliswa ngayo.
Njengomnye wabantu abaphambili owayebandakanyeka kwinkqubo yokucacisa i-VGGT, uchaze ukubaluleka kwala mava ingakumbi kwimeko yemibutho yabantu nokuqhankqalazela kwabo i-tenure enobulungisa nekhuselekileyo.
Abathunywa abaya kucweyo bakwafumana iintetho ezithiwa thaca ngendlela iziKhokelo ezinokusetyenziswa ngayo njengesixhobo senguqu ngokunxulumene ngokukodwa nokhuseleko oluphathelele ekutyeni nentetho eza kuthiwa thaca nge-tenure kwimeko yaseMzantsi Afrika ngokugxila ngokukodwa kumafama angaphakathi elizweni, egxila kwiimpawu nemingeni ye-tenure e-SA nguMoenieba Isaacs (i-PLAAS) no-Mercia Andrews (i-TCOE) ngokulandelelanayo.
Ucweyo luxhaswa yi-Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations.
Ucweyo lujonge ukuxhobisa abathabathi-nxaxheba
Amafama elusa inkomo e Ethopia
