Un himno de silencio, meditaciones sobre el Padre

7/30/2019 Un himno de silencio, meditaciones sobre el Padre

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]H@JE]I KH@WHFHOE[[H

U@ AJO@I GE [JFE@KJI

Oegjwhkji`e{ {im}e ef \hg}e

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WWUFII]JCJ@HF2

U` j``i gj {jfe`rji

Oegjwhrji`j {uf \hg}e

W]HGUKKJ@2 Oh`uef I}ger ^jffh}}ief& IKG

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@GJKE

J@W]IGUKKJ@. ................................................................>

EF]EKAHRIGEF \HG]EE@EFOU@GIGEAIZ....................................................>

J./ \E]NEKWI[ KIOI ÛE[W]I \HG]E GEF KJEFI. ...........8:

FHFFHOHGHU@JÊ][HFGEFI[MHUWJRHGI[HFH[H@WJGHG. .................................8:

JJ. / OE FE^H@WH] Z ÎFÊ] BU@WI H OJ \HG]E. ..........;7

U@JWJ@E]H]JI\E@JWE@KJHF. ......................................................................;7

JJJ./ ZH [HME ÛE[W]I \HG]E KEFE[WJHF. ........................5;

KIOE@WH]JIHF \HG]E@UE[W]I. ...............................................................>;

^./ EF XUE OE Ê H O Ê H OJ \HG]E. ............................1;

BE[[& @JKIKHOJ@IAHKJHEF \HG]E. ..........................................................1;

^J./ \H[H] GE E[WE OU@GI HF \HG]E. ............................:1

EQHOE@GEKI@KJE@KJH[IM]EFHNE. ...........................................................:1^JJ./ OJ \HG]E E[ EF ^JHGI]. ......................................887

\I]XU@I[\IGH GJI[. .....................................................................887

^JJJ./ EF \HG]E I[ HOH. ................................................8=1

EFHOI]\HWE]@IZOHWE]@IGE GJI[. ......................................................8=1

JQ. HMMH& \HG]E. ....................................................87;

EF E[\]JWU [H@WI@I[GHU@KI]HR@GEAJBI[. ........................................87;

Q./ GJI[ @I AH \E]GI@HGI H [U \]I\JI AJBI. ............851

QJ./ GE F \]IKEGE WIGI Z AHKJH F KHOJ@HOI[. .......838

QJJ./ EF \HG]E GE XUJE@ WIOH @IOM]E WIGH \HWE]@JGHG......................................................................................813

ME@GJWI [EH GJI[ \HG]E( ..........................................=


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J@W]IGUKKJ@.

EF OU@GI @I WE AH KI@IKJGI

Ef }ekahri gef \hg}e e` ef ou`gi ge aiz.

[e}` whf ~er o{ nefjke{ hf ì weè} zh \hg}e9

[j ì e{wiz zh ki` effi{& e` xuj` {e}àe}ohì{9 Ahm} o{ ki`ki}gjh z o{ hoi}

e`w}e effi{9 !\. Kfhugef*8.

8. AU]NH@I[GE \HG]E

Ahz |e}{i`h{ h fh{ xue& e` u` kje}wi oioe`wi ge {u ~jgh& fe{

e`w}h u` ge{ei j}}e|}jojmfe ge kiìke} h {u |hg}e i h {u ohg}e&

xue {hme` xue e{w` ~j~i{ e` hfcu`h |h}we& |e}i h fi{ xue ì ah`

~j{wi ù`kh. Ahke` j`ghchkjiè{& eo|}e`ge` ~jhbe{& |iè`

hù`kji{ e` fi{ |e}jgjki{& z ì {e gh` |i} ~e`kjgi{ ah{wh xue

ki`{jcue` |iè}{e e` ki`whkwi ki` effi{. H ~eke{& wigi fi xue

|jge` e{ {jo|feoe`we |ige} oj}h}fi{ u`h ~er h fi{ ibi{& gh}fe{ u`hm}hri z fueci& {j e{ èke{h}ji& ~if~e} h ge{h|h}eke} ge {u{ ~jgh{.

Fh eo|}e{h e{|j}jwuhf xue ~hoi{ h hkioewe} {e |h}eke u`

|iki h e{i. [hfg}eoi{ e` mu{kh ge ùe{w}i \hg}e kio`& xue

{hmeoi{ xue e{w ~j~i& |e}i hf xue ù`kh aeoi{ kiìkjgi e`

|e}{i`h z ì |}ekj{hoe`we |i} {u kuf|h& z ì ge{kh`{h}eoi{

8 \. KFHUGEF& Fe \}e auojfj.

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ah{wh xue ì {e ì{ kiòue~h` |i} f fh{ e`w}hh{ kioi e{w

e{k}jwi xue {e fe kiòue~e` h f fh{ {uzh{ |i} ì{iw}i{ !kn I{

88&1*.

\e}i ùe{w}h oewh ì e{ {fi kiìke} oebi} hf \hg}e& {hme}hfci o{ {im}e f. Be{{ ah ~j~jgi ki` Gji{ u`h }efhkj` ebeo|fh}&

`jkh e` fh aj{wi}jh gef ou`gi& ge ajbi ki` {u \hg}e. Z wigi fi xue

ajri fi ajri |h}h ffe~h} h iw}i{ ajbi{ h fh cfi}jh& |h}h ahke}fi{

|h}wjkj|h} gef oh}h~jffi{i e{whgi ge ajbi{ z ae}ege}i{& ki` f& ge

wigi. \h}h e{wi `hkj& {un}j& ou}j& }e{ukjw z e`~j hf E{|}jwu

[h`wi2 |h}h xue }ekjmj}hoi{ ef {e} ajbi{ |i} hgi|kj` !Ch 7&5*.

Fh oewh fwjoh& |ue{& ge ùe{w}h m{xuegh e{ e`w}h} e` |i{e{j`

ge e{h ae}e`kjh oh}h~jffi{h& e{ hkkege} hf e{whgi ge ajbi{4 z ì

{fi bu}gjkhoe`we i ge ge}ekai |ue{ e{i zh {e gji ki` ef

mhuwj{oi& {jì whomj` eqj{we`kjhfoe`we& ge aekai& h|}e`gje`gi

h gekj} ge u` oigi ùe~i Hmm& \hg}e(

^j~joi{ e` u`h {ikjeghg xue ah {jgi genj jgh kioi fh

{ikjeghg {j` |hg}e{. H fh ~j{wh ge wigi{ e{w` hfcuì{ {jcì{ ge

e{h |}gjgh ge e{wjoh gef |hg}e. Fh jòe`{h ohzi}h ge fi{ ajbi{

ge |h}ebh{ {e|h}hgh{ e{w` ki`njhgi{ h fh ohg}e& hfcuì{ h

j`{wjwukjiè{ |mfjkh{ i h fi{ gi{ k`zuce{ h fh ~er& |e}i

|ixu{joi{ {fi hf |hg}e. Ef }e{ufwhgi e{ xue khgh ~er ahz o{

kajki{ !gi{ ojffiè{ z oegji aiz e` gh e` u`h {ifh `hkj`

eu}i|eh* xue k}eke` {j` fh johce` |hwe}`h h {u fhgi.

E{h |}gjgh ge fh e{wjoh gef |hg}e }e{ufwh whomj` e~jge`we

e` fh fecj{fhkj` {im}e ef hmi}wi. [fi fh ohg}e wjeè ge}ekai h

gekjgj}& ki` ef }e{ufwhgi ge xue u` aiom}e |uege ~e}{e |}j~hgi ge

uì ge fi{ ge}ekai{ nu`ghoe`whfe{ ge fh |e}{i`h auoh`h ef ge

{e} |hg}e& hu`xue e{w fecwjohoe`we kh{hgi z ahzh ki`kemjgi

u`h ~jgh {j` ~jife`wh} h `hgje. Whf ~er e{wi {eh u`h }ehkkj` h`we

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u`h {ikjeghg e` fh xue ef |hg}e fi gekjgh wigi f }e{|ekwi h fh

oube} z h fi{ ajbi{4 |e}i& kioi wigh }ehkkj` eqke{j~h& fi xue ahke

e{ }e|}igukj} mhbi iw}h ni}oh ef ge{exujfjm}ji ki`w}h ef xue

|}ewe`gh }ehkkji`h}. E`w}e fi{ oj{oi{ aiom}e{& ahz xujeè{{un}e` eì}oeoe`we |i} e{wh {jwuhkj` z ahz xujeè{ {e hfec}h`

ge effh& e` kuh`wi nh~i}eke e{h we`ge`kjh `hwu}hf gef ~h}` h

ge{e`we`ge}{e ge fh |}ife z h gebh} xue {eh fh ohg}e xuje` {e

|}eiku|e |i} effh.

E{wh {jwuhkj` ì{ j`we}e{h |i} fh }e|e}ku{j` xue wjeè e` ef

omjwi }efjcji{i2 u`h {ikjeghg {j` |hg}e{ {e h~jeè nkjfoe`we ki`

u`h }efjcj` {j` \hg}e. Ah{wh ahke |iki& {e {ifh genj`j} hf E{|}jwu

[h`wi kioi ef c}h` ge{kiìkjgi ge fh{ \e}{i`h{ gj~j`h{. Aiz ì

|igeoi{ {ecuj} gjkje`gi e{i ai`}hghoe`we. Gu}h`we ef {jcfi xue

hkhmh ge |h{h}& ef E{|}jwu [h`wi {e ah jo|ue{wi ki` nue}rh h fh

ki`{jge}hkj` ge fh Jcfe{jh. [e ah }eì~hgi fh \èuohwifich& |e}i

{im}e wigi {e ah }eì~hgi \e`weki{w{& c}hkjh{ h fh eq|e}je`kjh

gef E{|}jwu [h`wi xue ah` ~j~jgi kje`wi{ ge ojfe{ ge k}eze`we{ e`wigh{ fh{ Jcfe{jh{ k}j{wjh`h{.

Aiz weèoi{ xue gekj} xue ef c}h` ge{kiìkjgi e{ ef \hg}e.

O{ h` xue ge{kiìkjgi2 }ekahrhgi( Fh ffhohgh weifich ge fh

oue}we ge Gji{& wh` e` huce hff |i} fi{ hi{ 3


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effi{ uì {ifi& ì gjci zh gegjkhgi wigi f hf \hg}e& |e}i `j

{jxuje}h e` ef xue {e ahmfe ge f.

Ahmfh`gi ge fh {jwuhkj` ge fi{ aiom}e{ h`we{ ge fh ~e`jgh ge

K}j{wi& gekh u` huwi} gef {jcfi JJ. Ef ge{kiìkjoje`wi gef \hg}ee}h khu{h ge h`cu{wjh z ge ojegi=. E{i oj{oi iku}}e whomj` e`

ùe{w}i{ gh{. [j ef \hg}e e{ fh }hr gef {e}& {j` f ì |igeoi{

|i} oeì{ ge {e`wj}ì{ ge{h}}hjchgi{. Kh{j wigh{ fh{

}e~ifukjiè{ oige}`h{& ge{ge fh }e~ifukj` n}h`ke{h& {e ah`

|}i|ue{wi ki`{w}uj} u`h {ikjeghg e` fh xue wigi{ fi{ aiom}e{ {eh`

ae}ohì{. \e}i {j efjoj`hoi{ h u` |hg}e kio`& e` xuj`

|ig}eoi{ {e} ae}ohì{9 [j Be{{ ahmfh{e aiz& we`g}h xue }e|ewj}

hxueffh w}j{we ki`{whwhkj 2 \hg}e bu{wi& ef ou`gi ì we ah

kiìkjgi !B` 83&=5*.

Fh{ khu{h{ ge e{e i{ku}ekjoje`wi ge fh njcu}h ge Gji{ \hg}e

e` fh kufwu}h oige}`h {i` ofwj|fe{. E` ef ni`gi {e e`kue`w}h fh

}ej~j`gjkhkj` ge fh hm{ifuwh huwiìoh gef aiom}e. Z kioi Gji{

\hg}e {e |}e{e`wh kioi ef |}j`kj|ji z fh nue`we ge wigh huwi}jghg&

fi `jki xue ahkh nhfwh e}h èch}fi& z h{ ah iku}}jgi. Fh }hr gef

aiom}e e{ ef oj{oi aiom}e ;4 {j Gji{ eqj{we& ef aiom}e ì e{

`hgh72 {wh{ {i` hfcu`h{ ge fh{ ~ike{ xue {e ah` fe~h`whgi e`

ùe{w}i ou`gi ikkjge`whf e` fi{ gi{ fwjoi{ {jcfi{.

N}eug fi ~e}eoi{ oebi} e` u`h ge ùe{w}h{ oegjwhkjiè{

k}ez |ige} gh} u`h bu{wjnjkhkj` |{jkifcjkh ge e{we }ekahri

gjkje`gi xue ef kufwi hf \hg}e kefe{wjhf ì e{ o{ xue u`h

|}izekkj` gef kio|febi |hwe}ì xue ffe~h hf `ji h jgehfjrh} h {u

|hg}e ge fh wje}}h w}h{ ahme} ge{ehgi {u oue}we.

=E~h`cefjuo ~e}jwhwj{!{jcfi JJ*.

; D. OH]Q& K}wjkh ge fh njfi{inh gef ge}ekai ge Aecef.7 B./\. [H]W]E& Ef gjhmfi z ef mue` Gji{.

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\e}i fh{ khu{h{ o{ kiouè{ ge e{e }ekahri gef \hg}e {i`

ge `gife |}kwjkh z eqj{we`kjhf2 ef {un}joje`wi xue eqj{we e` ef

ou`gi z fh eq|e}je`kjh èchwj~h xue oukah ce`we ah ~j~jgi e` {u{

}efhkjiè{ ki` {u |hg}e ge fh wje}}h. Ge fh |}joe}h ge effh{ahmfh}eoi{ eq|}e{hoe`we e` u`h ge ùe{w}h{ oegjwhkjiè{.

Gjchoi{ u`h{ |hfhm}h{ {im}e fh {ecu`gh.

Ahz oiwj~i{ ouz gj~e}{i{ |h}h kio|}e`ge} ef }ekahri gef

|hg}e2 huwi}jwh}j{oi& |hwe}`hfj{oi& ~jife`kjh i& |i} ef ki`w}h}ji&

gemjfjghg z hu{e`kjh. [e |uege }ekahrh} hf |hg}e j`kfu{i {j`

ahme}fi kiìkjgi ù`kh. U`h oukahkah ì ahmh kiìkjgi h {u

|h|& |ue{ fi ahmh |e}gjgi kuh`gi e}h h` ouz |exueh& z {j`

eomh}ci we`h ojegi hf |hg}e. \i} xu9 Khgh ~er xue

ge{imegekh i {e exuj~ikhmh& |i} |iki xue nue{e& {u oho ì

ke{hmh ge }e|ewj}fe2 [j e{wu~je{e hxu wu |hg}e& ì ah}h{ e{wi i fi

ge o{ hff. [j ~j~je{e wu |hg}e...(. \h}h effh fh |hfhm}h |hg}e {e

ahmh ki`~e}wjgi e` {j``joi ge |}iajmjkj`& ge hfcuje` xue xujwh

fjme}whg e` ~er ge gh}fh. E{i oj{oi {ukege h ~eke{ whomj` ki` ef\hg}e gef kjefi. H mh{e ge i} gekj}ì{ ge |exuei{2 Ibi(& {j

ahke{ whf ki{h !{j ì imegeke{& {j gjke{ oe`wj}h{*& Gji{ we ~e z we

kh{wjch}& oukai{ hkhmh` |i} ge{eh} e` {u ki}hr` xue ì eqj{wh

Gji{& z& h nue}rh ge ge{eh}fi& hkhmh` |i} k}e}{efi.

Fh fjwe}hwu}h {e ah }ecigehgi |e{kh`gi e` e{wh ri`h wu}mjh ge

fh eqj{we`kjh2 ef |hg}e ~jife`wi z }j~hf e` ef hoi} ge {u{ ajbi{ !Fi{ae}ohì{ Dh}hohri~ ge Gi{wijes{dz*& ef |hg}e hc}e{j~i e

j}}enfeqj~i !Ef }ez Feh}ge [ahde{|eh}e*& fi{ |hg}e{ ~jkji{i{ kuzh{

kuf|h{ }e|e}kuwe` e` fh ~jgh ge {u{ ajbi{ !Fi{ e{|ekw}i{ z iw}i{

g}hoh{ ge Jm{e`*& ef |hg}e jàjmjgi} !Kh}wh hf |hg}ege Dhndh*& |h}h

ì ahmfh} ge fh |}igukkj` kjèohwic}njkh ge wj|i |{jkih`hfwjki.

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@i im{wh`we& fh eq|e}je`kjh èchwj~h ki` ef |hg}e ge fh wje}}h&

|i} jo|i}wh`we xue {eh& ì kje}}h h `hgje ef khojì |h}h hke}kh}{e

hf kiìkjoje`wi ge Gji{ \hg}e. E` ef |fhì }efjcji{i& |uege weè}

gi{ ge{e`fhke{ i|ue{wi{. Uì{ {e {je`we` ffe~hgi{ |i} effh h}ekahrh} fh njcu}h ge Gji{ \hg}e& i hf oeì{ h {e`wj} ojegi e` ~er

ge ki`njh`rh h`we f4 oje`w}h{ xue iw}i{ {hkh` ge effh ef jo|uf{i

|h}h ekah}{e e` {u{ m}hri{ ki` u`h ki`njh`rh h` o{ wiwhf. Z

|uege` ffech} h e`whmfh} u`h }efhkj` meff{joh ki` Gji{ \hg}e&

wh`wi {j ah` ~j~jgi u`h eq|e}je`kjh oh}h~jffi{h ki` {u |hg}e ge fh

wje}}h& kioi {h`wh We}e{h gef @ji Be{{& kioi {j fh ah` we`jgi

èchwj~h& kioi {h` N}h`kj{ki ge H{{. Cjiwwi ah jòi}whfjrhgi ef

oioe`wi e` xue ef bi~e` N}h`kj{ki {e ge{|ibh ge wigh{ {u{ }i|h{

z {e fh{ ge~uef~e h {u |hg}e xue fi ah kjwhgi h bujkji h`we ef

imj{|i& oje`w}h{ eqkfhoh2 Ah{wh hai}h we ae ffhohgi |hg}e e` fh

wje}}h4 ge hai}h e` hgefh`we |ig} gekj} ki` wiwhf ki`~jkkj`2 \hg}e

ùe{w}i& xue e{w{ e` ef kjefi& |i}xue e` f ae |ue{wi wigi oj

we{i}i.@hgje& |ue{& |i} o{ èchwj~h xue |uegh {e} {u eq|e}je`kjh

e` e{we omjwi& `hgje xuegh eqkfujgi ge e{wh h~e`wu}h ùe{w}h ge

{hfj} e` mu{kh gef }i{w}i z gef ki}hr` gef \hg}e gef kjefi4 `hgje

xuegh eqkfujgi gef mje` {u|}eoi ge fh ~jgh& xue& {ec` Be{{&

ki`{j{we e` kiìke} hf \hg}e !kn B` 83&;*.

=. XUJ@@I[]EÊFH]HF \HG]E9

Ef |}joe} |}imfeoh |h}h xuje` {e gj{|iè h e{khfh} u`h

oi`whh e{ ef ge ki`{ecuj} u` mue` cuh. E{i oj{oi ~hfe |h}h fh{

e{khfhgh{ e{|j}jwuhfe{. Gh`we Hfjcaje}j ki`kemh {u h{ke`{j` h fh

~j{j` ge Gji{ kioi u` ~jhbe e` ef xue& e` fh |}joe}h ewh|h& fi

cujhmh ^j}cjfji& e` fh {ecu`gh Ohwjfge& z e` fh ewh|h nj`hf Mehw}jr.

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\hg}e& {jì u` e`hoi}hgi gef \hg}e. f ì {hme ahmfh} ge iw}h

ki{h xue ge f. Fh{ |}joe}h{ |hfhm}h{ xue ge f ì{ w}h`{ojwe` fi{

e~h`cefji{ {i`2 @i {hmhj{ xue zi we`ci xue iku|h}oe ge fh{

ki{h{ ge oj \hg}e9 !Fk =&7:*& z fh{ fwjoh{2 \hg}e& h wu{ ohì{e`kioje`gi oj e{|}jwu !Fk =;&7>*. Be{{ ~j~e |i} ef \hg}e !B`

>&53* z ef \hg}e e{ wigi |h}h f. Kuh`gi Be{{ ahmfh gef \hg}e& {e

~uef~e |iewh4 j`kioigh h fi{ |bh}i{ gef kjefi z h fi{ fj}ji{ gef

kho|i& hf {if z h fh ffu~jh4 ahke `hke} e` xuje` fi e{kukah u`h

eqw}hh ì{whfcjh& ah{wh whf |u`wi xue Nefj|e eqkfhoh2 Ou{w}hì{

hf \hg}e& z ì{ mh{wh !B` 87&1*.

Ef kiìkjoje`wi `jki xue ef Ajbi wjeè gef \hg}e {e ì{ ahke

hkke{jmfe h ì{iw}i{ c}hkjh{ hf E{|}jwu [h`wi. {we ì hhge `hgh

h fh }e~efhkj` xue ì{ ajri Be{{& |e}i ì{ ahke kio|}e`ge} fi

xue Be{{ gjbi gef \hg}e. Ahke xue fh }e~efhkj` eqwe}ji} z |mfjkh

{e ki`~je}wh e` }e~efhkj` j`we}ji} z |e}{i`hf& z fh }e~efhkj`

aj{w}jkh e` }e~efhkj` hkwuhf. Kuh`gi Be{{ gjke h fi{ gj{k|ufi{

xue ef \h}kfjwi fe{ e`{eh} wigi z xue fe{ }eki}gh} wigi fixue f fe{ ah gjkai !B` 87&=>*& |i} ef ki`weqwi }e{ufwh kfh}i xue

e{w hfugje`gi e` |}joe} fuch} h fi xue fe{ ah gjkai hke}kh gef

\hg}e. ^jeè fh ai}h gjke whomj` e` xue i{ ahmfh} gef \hg}e

kfh}hoe`we !B` 8>&=5*. Ku`gi ~h h ahmfh}fe{ gef \hg}e& {j {wh{

{i` u`h{ ge fh{ fwjoh{ |hfhm}h{ xue gj}jce h fi{ gj{k|ufi{ e` fh

wje}}h9 Fe{ ahmfh} kfh}hoe`we gef \hg}e& oegjh`we {u E{|}jwu&ge{|u{ ge \h{kuh( Oukah{ ki{h{ oe xuegh` |i} gekj}i{& |e}i

ì |igj{ kh}ch} ki` effh{ |i} hai}h4 kuh`gi ~e`ch f& ef E{|}jwu

ge fh ê}ghg& i{ cujh} ah{wh fh ~e}ghg |fe`h !B` 8>&8=8;*.

[j ì{ njbhoi{ e` koi ffec Be{{& e` kuh`wi aiom}e& h

ge{kum}j} khgh ~er ki` ohzi} kfh}jghg {u }efhkj` ge njfjhkj` ki`

ef \hg}e& im{e}~h}eoi{ xue fi ajri |i} ef E{|}jwu [h`wi. Fh

8;


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|}joe}h |}ikfhohkj` injkjhf ge e{h {u njfjhkj`& e` ef Mhuwj{oi gef

Bi}g`& e{w `wjohoe`we fjchgh h fh mhbhgh gef E{|}jwu [h`wi

{im}e f. E}h ef oj{oi E{|}jwu [h`wi xue ah} m}iwh} ge{ge fi o{

|}inu`gi gef ki}hr` ge K}j{wi ef c}jwi njfjhf. Hmmh& \hg}e !kn Fk8


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ki` }ene}e`kjh{ ki`wjùh{ hf ou`gi ge fh eq|e}je`kjh oegjh`we

{omifi{& oewni}h{& hfeci}h{. [h` Hcu{w` ah jfu{w}hgi mje` fi

xue iku}}e e` e{e kh{i2

E{ gjnkjf eq|fjkh} ef oiwj~i ge e{e neòeì. \e}i efaekai e{ xue kuh`gi {e ì{ |}i|iè u`h ~e}ghgoegjh`we u`h johce` hfec}jkh& ì{ kiòue~e& ì{gefejwh z fh h|}ekjhoi{ o{ xue {j {e ì{ eù`kjhgj}ekwhoe`we e` {u{ w}ojì{ h|}i|jhgi{. Zi |je`{ixue fi{ {e`wjoje`wi{ gef hfoh {e e`kje`ge` ki` ohzi}gjnjkufwhg oje`w}h{ e{whoi{ e`}eghgi{ e` fh{ ki{h{we}}e`h{. \e}i {j {e fe |}e{e`wh` u`h{ joceè{

ki}|}eh{ z& |h}wje`gi ge effh{& {e fi w}h{fhgh h fh{}ehfjghge{ e{|j}jwuhfe{ {jomifjrhgh{ e` e{h{ joceè{&hgxuje}e& |i} h{ gekj}fi& ùe~h nue}rh c}hkjh{ h e{e

|}ike{i ge w}h`{|i{jkj` T..._& kioi fh ffhoh ge u`hh`wi}kah xue {e e`kje`ge ki` o{ nue}rh {j {e fhhcjwh. >

f oj{oi nue u` ohe{w}i e` e{e h}we& z weèoi{ u` ebeo|fi

ge effi e` e{h ohc`njkh johce` ge fh h`wi}kah e` oi~joje`wi.\h}h }e{|i`ge} h e{h eqjce`kjh& kioe`rh}eoi{ khgh u`h ge

fh oegjwhkjiè{ ahkje`gi u` m}e~e kioe`wh}ji hf {omifi mmfjki ge

Gji{ |}i|ji ge khgh weoh2 fh ohì ge Gji{& ef }i{w}i ge Gji{& fh

~ir ge Gji{& ef ibi ge Gji{& ef igi ge Gji{& fh{ hfh{ ge Gji{& ef

ìom}e ge Gji{. ê}eoi{ h{ ku`wh{ ki{h{ jo|i}wh`we{ {e ì{

gjke` {im}e Gji{ ki` e{i{ {e`kjffi{ {omifi{.Ef oj{oi wwufi gef fjm}i }enfebh e{h efekkj`. [jfe`kji e{ uì

ge fi{ ìom}e{ {jomfjki{ ki` xue& e` fi{ |}joe}i{ {jcfi{& {e

ge{jc`hmh hf \hg}e. Gji{ \hg}e e{ fh Mi`ghg gef [jfe`kji& xue

ahmjwh e` fh khfcjè fuojì{{joh gef {jfe`kji3. [h` Jc`hkji ge

> [H@ HCU[W@& Kh}wh{& 55& 88& =8.3 GJI@J[JIGE H]EI\HCJWH& Fi{ ìom}e{ ge Gji{.

85


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h`wjcuh cì{j{ e` kuh`wi {j{weoh gikw}j`hf& ì ahz xue if~jgh} xue

e` effh {e e`kue`w}h` huw`wjkh{ |e}fh{. \}ekj{hoe`we e` e{we

oi~joje`wi {e ah` ni}oufhgi |i} |}joe}h ~er hfcu`h{ ge fh{

|}ecu`wh{ xue ki`{wjwuze`& whomj` aiz& ef |u`wi ge |h}wjgh gewigi ge{|e}wh} }efjcji{i2 Xuj` {ioi{9& g`ge e{whoi{9&

hg`ge ~hoi{9.

E{e weqwi& |ue{& ahmfh ge u` bi~e` hf xue ef h`kjhì }ez {u

|hg}e e`~h h Ecj|wi ge{ge I}je`we& |h}h xue }eku|e}e u`h |e}fh

|}ekji{h& ku{wigjhgh |i} fh {e}|je`we ohfjc`h. Ef bi~e` {hfe

cu{wi{i |h}h ef fh}ci ~jhbe& |}i~j{wi ge wigh{ fh{ k}ege`kjhfe{ ge {u

|hg}e. \e}i u`h ~er hff& {e gebh e`chh}2 kioe ge fi{ oh`bh}e{

ecj|kji{ z khe e` u` |}inu`gi fewh}ci& if~jg`gi{e ge xuj` e{ z h

xu ah ~e`jgi. Ef |hg}e& |}eiku|hgi |i} {u wh}gh`rh& fe oh`gh u`

oe`{hbe& e` ni}oh ge u`h kh}wh xue ~uefh e` njcu}h ge cujfh.

Kuh`gi ffech bu`wi hf bi~e`& fh kh}wh {e w}h`{ni}oh wigh effh e` ~ir

xue c}jwh2

Fe~`whwe z ge{|je}wh ge wu {uei(]ekue}gh xue e}e{ ajbi ge }eze{(Hku}ghwe ge fh |e}fh(.

Ef bi~e` {e ge{|je}wh& kice fh kh}wh& fh me{h z }io|e {u{

{effi{4 }ekiìke xue fi xue gjke fh ~ir kij`kjge ki` fi xue f

oj{oi {je`we e` {u ki}hr`4 fukah ki` fh {e}|je`we& j`~ikh`gi

{im}e effh ef ìom}e ge {u |hg}e& }eku|e}h fh |e}fh z eo|}e`ge ef~jhbe ge }ec}e{i.

Ef ajoì ge fh |e}fh e{ kioi u`h |h}mifh |h}h ì{iw}i{.

@i{iw}i{ {hfjoi{ gef \hg}e z h f weèoi{ xue ~if~e}. \e}i ki`

n}ekue`kjh ì{ hkfjohwhoi{ hf ou`gi ge whf ni}oh& xue if~jghoi{

xujè{ {ioi{ z hg`ge ~hoi{. E{we fjm}i xuj{je}h kuo|fj} ef

|h|ef xue wjeè e` ef }efhwi fh kh}wh gef |hg}e& ki` hxuef c}jwi xue

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fh }e{uoe wigh e`we}h2 Hku}ghwe(. Hku}ghwe ge xuj` e}e{ ajbi&

hku}ghwe ge xue wje`e{ u` |hg}e xue e{|e}h wu }ec}e{i& hku}ghwe

ge e{h |e}fh xue e{ wu hfoh z ef hfoh ge wigi{ wu{ ae}oh`i{.

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J./ \E]NEKWI[ KIOI ÛE[W]I \HG]E GEF KJEFI.

Fh ffhohgh u`j~e}{hf ge fi{ mhuwjrhgi{ h fh{h`wjghg.

Eo|}e`geoi{ e` u`h{ mh}xujffh{ u`h fh}ch

w}h~e{h& oh}kahoi{ ahkjh ef kjefi ki` gmjfe{ hfh{.

@ue{w}i e{|}jwu ì{ jo|efe h kh`wh} h Gji{& h e{e

Gji{ hf xue `j fi{ e{|}jwu{ kefe{wjhfe{ |uege` hgi}h}

kioi f {e oe}eke. ![h` C}eci}ji @hkjh`keì*.

FH[HFH[GE GJI[.

U` {omifi ouz {uce}e`we ge Gji{& e` fh [hc}hgh E{k}jwu}h&

e{ ef ge fh{ hfh{. Geìwh& h`we wigi& |}iwekkj`2 Cu}ghoe kioi

h fh{ `jh{ ge wu{ ibi{& h fh {iom}h ge wu{ hfh{ e{k`geoe ![hf

83&1*4 Fi{ auohì{ {e hkice` h fh {iom}h ge wu{ hfh{ ![hf ;>&1*4

We kum}j} ki` {u{ |fuoh{& mhbi {u{ hfh{ we }enucjh}{ ![hf :8&7*.

Iw}h{ ~eke{ e{e oj{oi {omifi j`gjkh efe~hkj`. E` e{i{

kh{i{& h fi{ aiom}e{ ì {e fe{ johcj`h mhbi fh{ hfh{ ge Gji{& {jì

{im}e effh{2 I{ ffe~ {im}e hfh{ ge cujfh z i{ w}hbe h o !Eq 8:&7*4

Eqwe`gj {u{ hfh{& fi{ wio z fi{ ffe~ {im}e {u{ |fuoh{ !Gw

;=&88*. Gji{ {e kio|h}h h { oj{oi ki` u` cujfh xue e`{eh h

8:


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{u{ |iffuefi{ h ~ifh} z h ~j~j} e` fh{ hfwu}h{. Gji{ {hk h {u |uemfi

ge fh ki`gjkj` {e}~jf e` xue ~j~h e` Ecj|wi e ajri ge f u`h

`hkj` {h`wh !Eq 8:&>*.

E{we {omifi ì{ j`w}iguke ge ohè}h ouz h|}i|jhgh e` efweoh ge e{wh |}joe}h oegjwhkj`& xue e{ |}ekj{hoe`we ef ge

ùe{w}h ~ikhkj` h fh {h`wjghg. \e}i ì j`{j{whoi{ geoh{jhgi e`

fi{ {jc`jnjkhgi{ z fh{ h|fjkhkjiè{ ge e{we {omifi i ge kuhfxuje}

iw}i. U` {omifi ù`kh {e w}hguke ah e{k}jwi u` e{|ekjhfj{wh e`

e{wi{ h{u`wi{4 ahz xue gebh} xue ahmfe z xue }e{ueè& z fueci

|e`{h} |h}wje`gi ge f.

8. FHJOJWHKJ@GEF \HG]EKEFE[WJHF.

[jcuje`gi ef |fh` hù`kjhgi& kioe`rhoi{ ùe{w}i khojì hf

e`kue`w}i gef \hg}e& e` kio|hh gef |}joe} cuh& fi{ e~h`cefji{

{j |wjki{. Fh |e}fh o{ |}ekji{h xue e`ki`w}hoi{ e` fi{

[j`|wjki{ {im}e Gji{ \hg}e e{ ef ajoì ge bmjfi xue feeoi{ eÒhwei z e` Fukh{2

E` hxuef oioe`wi& Be{{& ffeì ge fh hfec}h gefE{|}jwu [h`wi& eqkfho2 We giz c}hkjh{& \hg}e& [ei}gef kjefi z ge fh wje}}h& |i}xue ah{ e{ki`gjgi e{wh{ki{h{ h fi{ {hmji{ z h fi{ e`we`gjgi{& z fh{ ah{ }e~efhgih fh ce`we {e`kjffh. [& \hg}e& |i}xue h{ we ah |h}ekjgi

mje`. Wigi oe fi ah e`w}echgi oj \hg}e& z `hgjekiìke xuj` e{ ef Ajbi {jì ef \hg}e& `j xuj` e{ ef\hg}e {jì ef Ajbi z hxuef h xuje` ef Ajbi {e fi xuje}e}e~efh} !Fk 8


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fh }e~efhkj` ge {eoebh`we oj{we}ji jènhmfe. [j ì{iw}i{ xue}eoi{

e`ki`w}h}ì{ whomj` e` ef òe}i ge e{i{ |}j~jfecjhgi{ xue {i`

hgojwjgi{ h fh }e~efhkj` gef oj{we}ji& zh aeoi{ igi kuf e{ fh

ki`gjkj`2 {e}& i ahke}ì{& |exuei{. U` `ji ì wjeè xue ahke}e{wugji{ e}ugjwi{ |h}h kiìke} h {u |hg}e. Fe{ mh{wh ki` e{kukah}

fh ~ir ge fh {h`c}e& z h ì{iw}i{ ì{ mh{wh ki` e{kukah} fh gef

E{|}jwu.

Fh |hwe}`jghg ge Gji{ e{ u`h jgeh ouz gjnu`gjgh e`w}e fh{

gj~e}{h{ }efjcjiè{. \h}h fi{ c}jeci{& Gji{ e{ ef |hg}e gef

ki{oi{. Ef ìom}e {`{k}jwi ge Gji{& Gzhu{/|jwh& xue {e ki`{e}~h

e` ef fhwjì Bu||jwe}& e{ u`h |hfhm}h kio|ue{wh xue {jc jnjkh

bu{whoe`we Geu{/|hwe}& Gji{ |hg}e. \e}i e` fh Mjmfjh& fh |hwe}`jghg

ge Gji{ }e~j{we u` {jc`jnjkhgi ùe~i z gj{wj`wi2 ì k{ojki i owjki

!fjchgi h ceèhfich{ gj~j`h{*& {jì aj{w}jki. Gji{ {e }e~efh kioi

|hg}e ge {u |uemfi J{}hef e` fh aj{wi}jh& e` kuh`wi xue fi efjce& fi

egukh z fi ni}oh kioi h u` |}joic`jwi. {we e{ ef {e`wjgi ge

n}h{e{ kioi2 Zi {e} u` |hg}e |h}h J{}hef !B} ;8&:*& ge{ge Ecj|wiffho h oj ajbi !I{ 88& 8*.

E` fh oj{oh Mjmfjh& e{h jgeh {e kh}ch ge u` {jc`jnjkhgi

wiwhfoe`we ùe~i z ge{kiìkjgi kuh`gi |h{hoi{ gef H`wjcui hf

@ue~i We{whoe`wi. Hf nj`hf ge {u ~jgh& Be{{ i}h hf \hg}e gjkje`gi2

Ae ghgi h kiìke} wu ìom}e h fi{ aiom}e{ !B` 83&>*. Koi

|uege gekj} e{i9 Hkh{i ì {e kiìkh zh h Gji{ ki` e{e ìom}ee` ef H`wjcui We{whoe`wi9 [& |e}i hai}h ef ìom}e gef \hg}e&

{j` |e}ge} `hgh ge {u h`wjcui {jc jnjkhgi& ah hgxuj}jgi uì

kio|fewhoe`we ue~i.

Ef efeoe`wi kfh~e ge fh }e~efhkj` gef \hg}e e` fi{ e~h`cefji{

e{ fh gj{wj`kj` xue {e ahke e`w}e ~ue{w}i \hg}e z oj \hg}e&

e`w}e Gji{ \hg}e ge fi{ gj{k|ufi{ z Gji{ \hg}e ge {u Ajbi

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Be{uk}j{wi. E` fi{ [j`|wjki{ |}e~hfeke` h` fi{ weqwi{ e` xue {e

ahmfh ge Gji{ ùe{w}i \hg}e !~ue{w}i \hg}e kefe{wjhf*. E{ kje}wi

xue ef n}hcoe`wi ge Ohwei xue aeoi{ kjwhgi |h}eke j`gjkh} fi

ki`w}h}ji& zh xue ahmfh kfh}hoe`we ge fh }efhkj` `jkh xue eqj{wee`w}e ef \hg}e z {u Ajbi Be{{. \e}i {e w}hwh ge u`h eqke|kj`&

ah{wh ef |u`wi ge xue h ~eke{ {e fi ge{k}jme kioi u` oewei}jwi

bi`jki khgi e` ef |fhèwh {j`|wjki.

Fi{ }h{ci{ o{ n}ekue we{ z o{ kh}hkwe}{wjki{ ge fh

|hwe}`jghg ge Gji{ e` fi{ [j |wjki{ {i` iw}i{2 ef kujghgi

|}i~jge`we z hoi}i{i gef \hg}e ahkjh wigh{ {u{ k}ehwu}h{ !Ow 5*&

{u mi`ghg z oj{e}jki}gjh ki` fi{ |ekhgi}e{ z fi{ |e}gjgi{ !Fk 85*&

fh i}hkj` gef \hg}e ùe{w}i. Fh ne e` u` \hg}e mueì z

oj{e}jki}gji{i e{ ef weoh |}j`kj|hf ge fh |}egjkhkj` ge Be{{

{ec` fi{ e~h`cefji{ {j`|wjki{& ah{wh ef |u`wi ge xue fh weifich

fjme}hf gef {jcfi |h{hgi ffec h |iè} e` e{h k}ee`kjh !{j mje`& kioi

~e}eoi{& e` u` {e`wjgi }egukwj~i z exuj~ikhgi* fh e{e`kjh gef

k}j{wjh`j{oi:.

Ge e w}e wigi{ e{i{ weoh{ {j`|wjki{& uì ge fi{ o{

kh}hkwe}{wjki{ e{ fh j`~jwhkj` ge K}j{wi h jojwh} hf \hg}e kefe{wjhf.

Ef fh}ci gj{ku}{i {im}e ef \hg}e xue ì{ w}h`{ojwe Ohwei ki`kfuze

ki` fh{ |hfhm}h{2 \i} wh`wi& {eg |e}nekwi{ kioi ~ue{w}i \hg}e

kefe{wjhf e{ |e}nekwi !Ow 5&71*.

H e{wh n}h{e {e fh ki`{jge}h ki` wigh bu{wjkjh kioi fh ~e}{j`

k}j{wjh`h gef h`wjcui oh`ghoje`wi2 [eg {h`wi{& |i}xue zi& ef

[ei} ~ue{w}i Gji{& {iz {h`wi !F~ 8:&=*. Whomj` fh \}joe}h kh}wh

ge \eg}i e{whmfeke u`h }efhkj` e`w}e e{we oh`ghoje`wi gef

Fe~wjki z fh |hwe}`jghg ge Gji{2

: H. Î@ AH]@HKD& Fh e{e`kjh gef k}j{wjh`j{oi.

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Ef xue i{ ffho e{ {h`wi4 kioi f& {eg whomj`~i{iw}i{ {h`wi{ e` wigh ~ue{w}h ki`gukwh& |i}xue gjkefh E{k}jwu}h2 [e}j{ {h`wi{& |i}xue zi {iz {h`wi. [jffhoj{ \hg}e hf xue burch h khgh uì {ec` {u{ im}h{&

{j` |h}kjhfjghg& wiohg e` {e}ji ~ue{w}i |}ikege} eè{wh ~jgh !8 \ 8&8583*.

\hwe}`jghg z {h`wjghg ge Gji{ e{w` `wjohoe`we u`jgh{.

\hg}e {h`wi fi ffhoh Be{{ !B` 83&88*4 [h`wi e}e{ e` ~e}ghg&

\hg}e& nue`we ge wigh {h`wjghg& fi genjè fh Jcfe{jh hf kioje`ri ge

u`h ge fh{ |fech}jh{ eukh}{wjkh{.

Ahke} ùe{w}h e{wh h|}eojh`we j`~jwhkj` h {e} {h`wi{ e{ fhni}oh o{ huw`wjkh& o{ h`& fh `jkh h|}i|jhgh& ge kefem}h} ef

c}h` bumjfei gef hi =


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{h`wjghg e{w hf hfkh`ke ge wigi{ z ni}oh |h}we ge fh ì}ohfjghg ge

fh ~jgh k}j{wjh`h. Fi{ {h`wi{ {i` kioi fh{ nfi}e{2 ì eqj{we` {fi fh{

xue {e |iè` e` fi{ hfwh}e{. Ku`wh{ m}iwh` z oue}e` e{ki`gjgh{&

ge{|u{ ge |e}nuoh} {jfe`kji{hoe`we ef homje`we xue fh{ }igeh(

=. FHFFHOHGHHFH[H@WJGHG.

Fh }hr` |}inu`gh ge fh {h`wjghg e{ kfh}h ge{ge ef |}j`kj|ji2

xue f& Gji{& e{ {h`wi. E` fh Mjmfjh& fh {h`wjghg e{ fh {`we{j{ ge

wigi{ fi{ hw}jmuwi{ ge Gji{. J{hh{ ffhoh h Gji{ ef [h`wi ge J{}hef&

e{ gekj} hxuef h xuje` J{}hef ah kiìkjgi kioi ef [h`wi. [h`wi&{h`wi& {h`wi Xhgi{a& xhgi{a& xhgi{a e{ ef c}jwi xue hkio|hh

h fh oh`jne{whkj` ge Gji{ e` ef oioe`wi ge {u ffhohgh !J{ >&;*.

Oh}h {e ahke eki njef ge e{wh jgeh ge Gji{ xue wjeè` fi{ |}inewh{

z fi{ {hfoi{ kuh`gi eqkfhoh e` ef Ohc`jnjkhw2 [u ìom}e e{

[h`wi.

E` kuh`wi hf ki`we`jgi ge e{h jgeh ge {h`wjghg& ef w}ojìmmfjki xhgi{a{ucje}e fh jgeh ge {e|h}hkj`& ge gjne}e`kjh. Gji{ e{

{h`wi |i}xue e{ ef kio|fewhoe`we iw}i }e{|ekwi h wigi fi xue ef

aiom}e |uege |e`{h}& gekj} i ahke}. E{ ef hm{ifuwi& e` ef {e`wjgi

ewjoifcjki ge hm/{ifuwu{& ge{fjchgi ge wigi ef }e{wi z {e|h}hgi&

h|h}we. E{ ef w}h{ke`ge`we& e` ef {e`wjgi ge xue e{w |i} e`kjoh ge

wigh{ ùe{w}h{ khweci}h{. Z wigi e{wi& e` {e`wjgi oi}hf& h`we{ h`

xue oewhn{jki4 e{ gekj}& xue {e }enje}e hf im}h} ge Gji{ z ì {fi h{u {e}. [h`wi{ {e |}ikfhoh` {im}e wigi fi{ bujkji{ ge Gji{& {u{

im}h{ z {u{ khojì{.

\e}i {h`wi ì e{& |}j`kj|hfoe`we& u` ki`ke|wi èchwj~i& xue

j`gjxue {e|h}hkj`& hu{e`kjh ge ohf z ge oerkfh e` Gji{& {jì

|i{jwj~i e` {uoi c}hgi. J`gjkh |u}h |fe`jwug. E` ì{iw}i{& fh

|fe`jwug ù`kh kij`kjge wiwhfoe`we ki` fh |u}erh. U`h ki{h

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ki`w}hgjke h fh iw}h. @ue{w}h |u}erh {jeo|}e {e ki`{jcue

|u}jnjk`giì{ z xujwh`gi ef ohf ge ùe{w}h{ hkkjiè{ !J{ 8& 8>*. E`

Gji{ ì2 |u}erh z |fe`jwug kieqj{we` z ki`{wjwuze` fh{ gi{ bu`wh{ fh

{uoh {e`kjffer ge Gji{. Fh Mjmfjh eq|}e{h h fh |e}nekkj` e{weki`ke|wi kuh`gi gjke xue h Gji{ `hgh {e fe |uege hhgj} `j

xujwh} ![j 7=&=8*. \i} {e} fh {uoh |u}erh& `hgh {e fe gemexujwh}4

|i} {e} fh {uoh |fe`jwug& `hgh {e fe |uegehhgj}.

Kuh`gi j`we`whoi{ ge{kum}j} koi e`w}h ef aiom}e e` fh

e{ne}h ge fh {h`wjghg ge Gji{ z xu xuje}e gekj} {e} {h`wi& h|h}eke

jòegjhwhoe`we ef |}egioj`ji& e` ef h`wjcui We{whoe`wi& ge fh

jgeh }jwuhfj{wh. Fh{ oegjhkjiè{ ge fh {h`wjghg ge Gji{ {i` imbewi{&

fuch}e{& }jwi{& |}e{k}j|kjiè{. \h}we{ e`we}h{ gef qigi z gef

Fe~wjki {e wjwufh` kgjci{ ge {h`wjghg i feze{ ge {h`wjghg. Fh

{h`wjghg {e ki`wjeè e` u` kgjci ge feze{. Z e{h {h`wjghg xuegh

|}inh`hgh {j hfcuje` {e hke}kh hf hfwh} ki` u`h geni}ojghg n{jkh i

ge{|u{ ge ahme} wikhgi h u` h`johf jo|u}i2 [h`wjnjkhi{ z {eg

{h`wi{...& ì i{ ki`whoj`j{ ki` `j`cuì ge e{i{ h`johfe{ !F~88&774 =8&=;*.

E` fi{ \}inewh{ z e` fi{ [hfoi{ feeoi{ ~ike{ gj{wj`wh{. H fh

|}ecu`wh Xuj` |uege {umj} hf oi`we gef [ei}& xuj` |uege

e{wh} e` ef }ekj`wi {hk}i9& i mje` Xuj` ge ì{iw}i{ ahmjwh} e`

u` nueci ge~i}hgi}9& {e }e{|i`ge ki` j`gjkhkjiè{

eqxuj{jwhoe`we oi}hfe{2 Ef aiom}e ge ohì{ jìke`we{ z |u}iki}hr` ![hf =7&7*& z ef xue |}ikege ki` bu{wjkjh z ahmfh ki`

}ekwjwug !J{ ;;&8785*. \e}i {i` ~ike{ hj{fhgh{. H` e` wjeo|i{ ge

K}j{wi& e`w}e fi{ nh}j{ei{ z e` Xuo}h`& |}e~hfeke fh jgeh ge xue fh

{h`wjghg z fh bu{wjkjh ki`{j{we` e` u`h |u}erh }jwuhf z e` fh

im{e}~h`kjh ge kje}wi{ |}eke|wi{& e` e{|ekjhf gef |}eke|wi gef

{mhgi.

=5


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[j |h{hoi{ hf @ue~i We{whoe`wi& ~eoi{ koi fh genj`jkj`

`hkj` {h`wh {e eqwje`ge ouz |}i`wi h fi{ k}j{wjhì{. \h}h \hmfi&

fi{ mhuwjrhgi{ {i` {h`wi{ |i} ~ikhkj`& i ffhohgi{ h {e} {h`wi{

TKn ]o 8&3 z 8 Ki 8&=_. Z ahmjwuhfoe`we ge{jc`h h fi{ mhuwjrhgi{ki` ef w}ojì fi{ {h`wi{. Fi{ k}eze`we{ ah` {jgi efecjgi{ |h}h

xue {eh` {h`wi{ e j}}e|}ikahmfe{ h`we f |i} ef hoi} !En 8&7*.

\e}i mhbi e{h h|h}e`we jge`wjghg e` fh we}ojìfich e{whoi{

h{j{wje`gi h khomji{ |}inu`gi{. Fh {h`wjghg zh ì e{ u` aekai

}jwuhf i fechf& {jì oi}hf& {j ì j`kfu{i i`wifcjki. @i }e{jge e` fh{

ohì{& {jì e` ef ki}hr`4 ì e{ hfci xue {e gekjgh nue}h& {jì

ge`w}i gef aiom}e& z {e }e{uoe e` ef hoi}.

Fh{ oegjhkjiè{ ge fh {h`wjghg ge Gji{ zh ì {i` fuch}e{ !ef

weo|fi ge Be}u{hf` i ef oi`we Ch}jr`*& }jwi{& imbewi{ z feze{& {jì

u`h |e}{i`h& Be{uk}j{wi. [e} {h`wi ì ki`{j{we wh`wi e` e{wh}

{e|h}hgige e{wi i ge hxueffi& kuh`wi e` e{wh} u`jgih Be{uk}j{wi.

Hfcu`h{ w}hgukkjiè{ oige}`h{ ge fh Mjmfjh& e` ~er ge ffhohgi{ h

{e} {h wi{ w}hguke` ffhohgi{ h |e}weèke} h Be{uk}j{wi&w}hgukkj` gj{kuwjmfe ge{ge ef |u`wi ge ~j{wh fj`c{wjki |e}i

ki}}ekwh e` kuh`wi hf ki`we`jgi. E` Be{uk}j{wi& ffech h ì{iw}i{ fh

{h`wjghg ge Gji{ e` |e}{i`h& z ì u`h febh`h }e~e}me}hkj` {uzh.

Be{uk}j{wi e{ ef [h`wi ge Gji{ !B` >&>:*.

;. EFCIF\EGEHFHE@EFKHOJ@IAHKJHFH[H@WJGHG.

@i{iw}i{ e`w}hoi{ e` ki`whkwi ki` fh {h`wjghg ge K}j{wi ge

gi{ ohè}h{ z ge gi{ ohè}h{ whomj` {e ì{ kiou`jkh e{h

{h`wjghg2 |i} h|}i|jhkj`z |i} jojwhkj`. Fh o{ jo|i}wh`we ge fh{

gi{ e{ fh |}joe}h& xue {e }ehfjrh e` fh ne z |i} oegji ge fi{

{hk}hoe`wi{2

=>


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I{ fh~h}i`& i{ ki`{hc}h}i`& i{ |e}gi`h}i` e` efìom}e ge ùe{w}i [ei} Be{uk}j{wi z |i} ef E{|}jwu geùe{w}i Gji{ !8 Ki >&88*.

Fh {h`wjghg e{& h`we wigi& gi`& c}hkjh& z e{ im}h ge wigh fh

W}j`jghg. Gef aekai ge xue {ioi{ o{ ge K}j{wi xue ge ì{iw}i{

oj{oi{ !kn 8 Ki >&8:/=


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h}ioh ge {u ajbi& kioi J{hhk kuh`gi me`gjbi h Bhkim !kn C`

=3&=3*.

Bu`wi h e{we oegji nu`ghoe`whf xue e{ fh ne z fi{

{hk}hoe`wi{& geme` iku|h} whomj` u` fuch} fh jojwhkj`& fh{im}h{& ef e{nue}ri |e}{i`hf. @i kioi u` oegji j`ge|e`gje`we z

gj{wj`wi gef |}joe}i& {jì kioi ef `jki oegji h|}i|jhgi |h}h

oh`jne{wh} fh ne& w}hgukj`gifh e` aekai{. Fh i|i{jkj` ne/im}h{ e{

e` }ehfjghg u` nhf{i |}imfeoh& xue {e ah oh`we`jgi o{ xue `hgh

gemjgi h fh |ifojkh aj{w}jkh. Fh{ im}h{ mue`h{& {j` fh ne& ì {i`

im}h{ mue`h{& z fh ne {j` im}h{ mue`h{ ì e{ ~e}ghge}h ne. E{

u`h ne oue}wh& kioi gj}h [h`wjhci !kn [w ;&=>*. Mh{wh ki` xue |i}

im}h{ mue`h{ ì {e e`wje`gh |}j`kj|hfoe`we !kioi |i} ge{c}hkjh

iku}}h e` wjeo|i{ ge Fuwe}i* j`gufce`kjh{& |e}ec}j`hkjiè{ z iw}h{

|}kwjkh{ |jhgi{h{& {j i fh cuh}gh ge fi{ oh`ghoje`wi{& e`

e{|ekjhf ef gef hoi} n}hwe}ì. Be{{ gjke xue e` ef bujkji nj`hf

hfcuì{ xuegh}` nue}h gef }ejì |i} ì ahme} ~e{wjgi hf ge{ùgi

`j ghgi ge kioe} hf ahom}je`wi. \i} wh`wi& ì ì{ {hf~hoi{ |i}fh{mue`h{ im}h{& |e}i who|iki ì{ {hf~h}eoi{ {j`fh{ mue`h{ im}h{.

E` ef @ue~i We{whoe`wi {e hfwe}`h` gi{ ~e}mi{ hf ahmfh} ge

{h`wjghg& uì e` j`gjkhwj~i z ef iw}i e` jo|e}hwj~i2 [ij{ {h`wi{&

[eg {h`wi{. Fi{ k}j{wjhì{ e{w` {h`wjnjkhgi{ z ah` ge

{h`wjnjkh}{e. Kuh`gi \hmfi e{k}jme2 {wh e{ fh ~ifu`whg ge Gji{&

xue {ej{ {h`wi{& e{ e~jge`we xue {e }enje}e h fh {h`wjghg xue e{n}uwi gef e{nue}ri |e}{i`hf. E` enekwi& hhge& kioi {j xuj{je}h

eq|fjkh} e` xu ki`{j{we fh {h`wjnjkhkj` ge fh xue e{w ahmfh`gi2

Xue i{ h|h}wj{ gef ge{e`n}eì& xue khgh kuhf {e|h ki`w}ifh} {u

|}i|ji kue}|i {h`wh z }e{|ewui{hoe`we !8 W{ 7&;:*

=1


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Ef ki`kjfji |iè kfh}hoe`we ge }efje~e e{wi{ gi{ h{|ekwi{ ge

fh {h`wjghg& ef imbewj~i z ef {umbewj~i& xue {e mh{h`

}e{|ekwj~hoe`we e` fh ne z e` fh{ im}h{2

Fi{ {ecujgi}e{ ge K}j{wi& ffhohgi{ z bu{wjnjkhgi{ e`K}j{wi ùe{w}i [ei}& ì |i} {u{ |}i|ji{ o}jwi{& {jì|i} ge{jc`ji z c}hkjh ge f& e` fh ne gef mhuwj{oi ah`{jgi aekai{ ajbi{ ge Gji{ z |h}wkj|e{ ge fh `hwu}hferhgj~j`h& z& |i} fi oj{oi& {h`wi{. E{h {h`wjghg xue}ekjmje}i` geme`& |ue{& ki`{e}~h}fh z |e}nekkji`h}fh e`{u ~jgh ki` fh hzugh ge Gji{. !FC& 7


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geme {e} {h`wi |h}h ahke} }ehfjghg {u jge`wjghg o{ |}inu`gh2 fh

ge {e} johce` z {eoebh`rh ge Gji{. \h}h fh [hc}hgh E{k}jwu}h& ef

aiom}e ì e{ |}j`kj|hfoe`we fi xue e{w |}egewe}oj`hgi h {e} e`

~j}wug ge {u `hkjoje`wi !u` h`johf }hkji`hf*& {jì hxueffi e` fixue e{w ffhohgi h ki`~e}wj}{e& ki` ef ebe}kjkji ge {u fjme}whg z

imegekje`gi h Gji{. @i e{ {fi `hwu}hferh& {jì whomj` ~ikhkj`.

\i} wh`wi& {j e{whoi{ ffhohgi{ h {e} {h`wi{& {j {ioi{ {h`wi{

|i} ~ikhkj`& e{ e~jge`we xue {e}eoi{ ~e}ghge}h{ |e}{i`h{& xue

ì{ {e`wj}eoi{ }ehfjrhgi{& e` fh oegjgh e` xue {ehoi{ {h`wi{. E`

kh{i ki`w}h}ji& {e}eoi{ uì{ n}hkh{hgi{. Fi ki`w}h}ji ge {h`wi ì

e{ |ekhgi}& {jì n}hkh{hgi( E` fh ~jgh {e |uege n}hkh{h} ge

oukah{ ohè}h{& |e}i {e w}hwh ge n}hkh{i{ }efhwj~i{ xue ì

kio|}ioewe` fi e{e`kjhf. Hxu& {e n}hkh{h }hgjkhfoe`we& e` fi xue

uì e{& z ì {fi e` fi xue ahke. @i ahz o{ xue u`h w}j{werh2 fh

ge ì {e} {h`wi{ !Fe` Mfiz*. We`h }hr` fh Ohg}e We}e{h

kuh`gi& h u` |e}jigj{wh xue fe |}ecu`w h mikhbh}}i xu {e`wh

kuh`gi wigi ef ou`gi fh hkfhohmh kioi {h`wh& fe ki`we{w2 Fh{h`wjghg ì e{ u` fubi& {jì u`h èke{jghg.

Ge wigh{ ni}oh{& fh oj{oh eq|e}je`kjh ì{ fi gjke. Fi{ {h`wi{

{i` fi{ ~e}ghge}i{ aiom}e{& |fe`hoe`we }ehfjrhgi{& fi{ xue ah`

gebhgi e` fh aj{wi}jh fh aueffh o{ |}inu`gh z gu}hge}h& z ì {fi

e` fh aj{wi}jh ge fh Jcfe{jh {jì whomj` e` fh gef ou`gi. Mh{wh}h

njbh}ì{ e` wh`wh{ kjughge{& |uemfi{ z khffe{ kioi ffe~h` {u{ìom}e{& |h}h ì ahmfh} ge wigi fi geo{. [i` |e}{i`h{ xue ah`

j`nfujgi& ì {fi e` fh aj{wi}jh& {jì j`kfu{i e` fh ceic}hnh gef

ou`gi.

Ef njf{ini \h{khf ah ni}oufhgi ef |}j`kj|ji ge fi{ w}e{ }geè{

i `j~efe{ ge c}h`gerh2 ef i}ge` ge fi{ kue}|i{ i ge fh ohwe}jh& ef

i}ge` ge fh j`wefjce`kjh z ef i}ge` ge fh {h`wjghg. U`h gj{wh`kjh

;


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kh{j j`nj`jwh {e|h}h hf i}ge` ge fh j`wefjce`kjh gef ge fi{ kue}|i{&

|e}i u`h gj{wh`kjh j`nj`jwhoe`we o{ j`nj`jwh {e|h}h hf i}ge` ge fh

{h`wjghg gef ge fh j`wefjce`kjh. Fi{ ceè{ ì wjeè` èke{jghg ge

c}h`gerh{ ohwe}jhfe{2 {wh{ ì |uege` xujwh}fe{ `j hhgj}fe{ `hgh.Ge fh oj{oh ohè}h& fi{ {h`wi{ ì wjeè` èke{jghg hfcu`h ge fh{

c}h`gerh{ j`wefekwuhfe{2 {u c}h`gerh {e {jwh e` u` |fhì gj{wj`wi.

[i` ~j{wi{ |i} Gji{ z |i} fi{ `cefe{& ì |i} fi{ kue}|i{ `j |i} fh{

oe`we{ ku}ji{h{4 h effi{ fe{ mh{wh Gji{ T\h{khf& \e`{hoje`wi{&

5:;_.

E{we |}j`kj|ji ì{ |e}ojwe ~hfi}h} e` {u bu{wh oegjgh fh{

ki{h{ z fh{ |e}{i`h{ xue ì{ }igeh`. Fh ohzi} |h}we ge fh ce`we

{e xuegh e` ef |}joe} `j~ef z `j {jxuje}h {i{|ekah xue |uegh eqj{wj}

u` |fhì {u|e}ji}. [i` fi{ xue {e |h{h` fh ~jgh |}eiku|hgi{

`jkhoe`we |i} hkuoufh} }jxuerh{& |i} kufwj~h} fh mefferh n{jkh i

|i} hk}eke`wh} {u |ige}. \e`{h`gi e` fh ni}oh e` xue {h`wh

We}e{h ge Be{{ {e johcj`h {u Kh{wjffi j`we}ji}& {wi{ {i` fi{ xue

|h{h` wigi ef wjeo|i e` fh }i`gh gef |hfhkji. Iw}i{ k}ee` xue ef~hfi} {u|}eoi z ef kufoe` ge fh c}h`gerh e{ ef ge fh j`wefjce`kjh.

W}hwh` ge ahke}{e nhoi{i{ e` ef kho|i ge fh{ few}h{& gef h}we& gef

|e`{hoje`wi. \iki{ {hme` xue eqj{we u` we}ke} `j~ef ge c}h`gerh2

ef ge fh {h`wjghg. E{wh c}h`gerh e{ {u|e}ji} h fh{ geo{& |i}xue

e{ ewe}`h z |i}xue& h gjne}e`kjh ge fh{ iw}h{& ì }egu`gh {fi e`

meènjkji ge xuje` fh |i{ee {jì ge wigi{. U`h {ifh ciwh ge{h`wjghg gekh ef o{jki Ciuìg ~hfe o{ xue u` ikhì ge

ce`ji.

^hoi{ h j`we`wh} {hkh} ge wigi fi xue aeoi{ gjkai u`h

ki`kfu{j` i|e}hwj~h. E{ {hmjgi xue ef khojì ge fh {h`wjghg ì e{

u` khojì }ekwjfèi z u`jni}oe. @ue{w}h m{xuegh ge fh {h`wjghg

{e h{eoebh hf khoj`h} gef |uemfi efecjgi |i} ef ge{je}wi. E{ u`

;8


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khojì aekai ge ki`wjùh{ |h}hgh{ z ge ~if~e} h eo|erh}. Ge

wh`wi e` wh`wi ef |uemfi {e gewe`h z |fh`whmh fh{ wje`gh{4 mje`

|i}xue {e {e`wh kh`{hgi& mje` |i}xue ahmh e`ki`w}hgi hcuh z

kiojgh& i {e`kjffhoe`we |i}xue e{wh} {jeo|}e khoj`h`gi e{kh`{hgi}. \e}i ge |}i`wi ef [ei} fe gh h Oij{{ fh i}ge` ge

fe~h`wh} fh{ wje`gh{ z }ehùgh} ef khojì2 Fe~`whwe z {hf ge hxu&

w z wu |uemfi& ahkjh fh wje}}h xue we ae |}ioewjgi !Eq 85&==4 83& 8*.

E` fh ~jgh ge fh Jcfe{jh& e{wh{ j`~jwhkjiè{ h ~if~e} h |iè}{e

e` khojì {e e{kukah` {im}e wigi hf kioje`ri ge u` ùe~i hi

fjw}cjki& e` Hg~je`wi z hf kioe`rh} fh Kuh}e{oh. Ef nj`hf gef

ojfe`ji z ef kioje`ri ge uì ùe~i ahke xue e{wh{ j`~jwhkjiè{

{eh` wigh~h o{ h|}eojh`we{.

\h}h khgh uì ge ì{iw}i{& |e}{i`hfoe`we& e{e oioe`wi ge

fe~h`wh} fh{ wje`gh{ z }ej`jkjh} fh oh}kah ahkjh fh {h`wjghg ì{ ffech

kuh`gi {e`wjoi{ e` ùe{w}i j`we}ji} e{h oj{we}ji{h ffhohgh h ahke}

fi xue |}i~jeè ge fh c}hkjh. E{ u` oioe`wi me`gjwi& u` e`kue`w}i

e`w}e fh c}hkjh z fh fjme}whg& xue& {ec` fh }e{|ue{wh xue geoi{&

we`g} }e{i`h`kjh{ |i{jwj~h{ i èchwj~h{ |h}h wigh fh ewe}`jghg.

Hf |}j`kj|ji e{ hfci h{ kioi u` oioe`wi ge hfwi e` ef khojì.

Uì {e gewjeè e` oegji ge fh ~i}cjè ge fh{ |}i|jh{

iku|hkjiè{& wioh gj{wh`kjh& |i} h{ gekj}fi& ge wigi& |h}h oj}h} fh

|}i|jh ~jgh kioi ge{ge nue}h i ge{ge fi hfwi& {um {|ekje

we}`jwhwj{. Z e`wi`ke{ hnfi}h` fh{ c}h`ge{ |}ecu`wh{2 Xuj`{iz9 xu xuje}i9 hg`ge ~iz9.

[h` Me}`h}gi& h |e{h} ge {e} oi`be& wu~i u`h ~jgh ouz

hcjwhgh !|}e{jgj ki`kjfji{& }eki`kjfj h imj{|i{ z hmhge{& |}egjk

k}urhgh{*. Ge wh`wi e` wh`wi& gjke {u mjc}hni& ahkh u`h |h}hgh z&

kioi {j e w}h{e e` gjfici ki`{jci oj{oi& {e |}ecu`whmh2

Me}`h}gi& h xu ah{ ~e`jgi9 !Me}`h}ge& hg xujg ~e`j{wj9*. \h}h

;=


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xu ah{ gebhgi ef ou`gi z e`w}hgi e` ef ki`~e`wi9 @i{iw}i{

|igeoi{ jojwh}fi2 ffhoh}ì{ |i} ùe{w}i ìom}e !whomj` e{wi

|uege {e} wjf* z |}ecu`whoi{2 |h}h xu e{wiz zi e` ef ou`gi9

|h}h xu {iz k}j{wjhì9 \h}h {e} {h`wi& ì9 E{wiz ahkje`gi&e`wi`ke{& hxueffi |h}h fi xue e{wiz e` ef ou`gi9

]eeo|}e`ge} ef khojì ahkjh fh {h`wjghg e{ hfci xue {e

eo|jerh ge{|e}wh`gi ef ge{ei. @i ffech}eoi{ h {e} {h`wi{ {j` u`

nue}we ge{ei ge {e}fi. [h` Mue`h~e wu}h ì{ gjke h xuj`

gemeoi{ |egj} xue e`kje`gh e{e ge{ei e` ì{iw}i{2

E{wh {hmjgu}h o{wjkh z {ek}ew{joh`hgje fh kiìke {jì xuje` fh }ekjme&`j `hgje fh }ekjme {jì xuje` fh ge{eh&`j `hgje fh ge{eh{jì hxuef h xuje` j`nfhoh ah{wh fh ogufhef nueci gef E{|}jwu [h`wixue K}j{wi e`~j h fh wje}}h. 88

88 [H@MUE@HÊ@WU]H& Jwjè}h}ji ge fh oe`we h Gji{& ^JJ& 7.

;;


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JJ. / OE FE^H@WH] Z ÎFÊ] BU@WI H OJ \HG]E.

U` jwjè}h}ji |e`jwe`kjhf.

@i{iw}i{ weèoi{ ùe{w}i{ gioj`ci{. @ue{w}iae}oi{i gioj`ci& ef gioj`ci ge \h{kuh. \e}i

whomj` Gji{ wjeè {u{ gioj`ci{ e` ef kjefi. [u

gioj`ci ge \h{kuh. Z whomj` wjeè kho|h`h{&kuh`gi xuje}e.

!Ka. \cuz*8=

EFKI]HR@GE GJI[.

Ef ki}hr` e{ xujr{ fh }ehfjghg o{ |}ehgh ge {jc`jnjkhgi{

{jomfjki{ ge wigh fh Mjmfjh. Geìwh fi xue ahz ge o{ `wjoi z

|}inu`gi e` ef aiom}e& fh {ege ge fh j`wefjce`kjh z ge fi{ hnekwi{&

ef fuch} gi`ge {e gekjge fh i}je`whkj` nu`ghoe`whf ge fh |e}{i`h.

Kuh`gi ef ki}hr` {e u{h |h}h ahmfh} ge Gji{& weèoi{ u`

{jomifj{oi gef {jomifj{oi& u` {jomifj{oi efe~hgi hf kuhg}hgi4

hxueffi ge fi xue e{ {omifi ef ki}hr` {e ki`~je}we& h {u ~er& e`{omifi ge hfci xue hwhe hf oj{oi Gji{.

Whomj` e` Gji{& ef ki}hr` geìwh {u kh|hkjghg ge xue}e}&

ge cirh} z ge {un}j} ki` ef aiom}e z |i} ef aiom}e. Ge{|u{ gef

|ekhgi& h Gji{ fe |e{ ge ki}hr` z {e h}}e|j`wj ge ahme}

k}ehgi hf aiom}e !C` >&>*. Gji{ ahmfh ge {hke}giwe{& |h{wi}e{ z

8= KA. \CUZ& Ef |}wjki gef oj{we}ji ge fh {ecu`gh ~j}wug.

;7


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oegjwh} e{ gekj} |iki2 ahz xue oewe}{e e` fh |h}mifh& iku|h}

e` effh ùe{w}i {jwji. E` fh{ im}h{ ge wehw}i& ef weqwi z fi{

|e}{i`hbe{ !|i} ebeo|fi Ahofew* ah` {jgi njbhgi{ |i} ef huwi} z {i`

{jeo|}e fi{ oj{oi{& |e}i fi{ hkwi}e{ xue fi{ e`kh}`h` khomjh`khgh ~er. E{i oj{oi iku}}e hxu. E` e{wi{ oioe`wi{ ì{ wikh h

ì{iw}i{ e`kh}`h} fi{ |h|efe{ ge fh |h}mifh& {im}e wigi ef |h|ef

gef ajbi |}gjci.

\e}i eqj{we u`h gjne}e`kjh e{e`kjhf e`w}e ef k}eze`we z ef hkwi}.

{we& e` ef e{ke`h}ji& {e oewe& {& e` ef |e}{i`hbe z {e}

ki`{jge}hgi wh`wi oebi} hkwi} kuh`wi o{ hf ~j~i fi }e|}e{e`we4

|e}i e` }ehfjghg {jcue {je`gi fi xue e}h h`we{4 ì {e |}i|iè

jojwh} e` fh ~jgh fi xue }e|}e{e`wh e` ef e{ke`h}ji. Ah{wh whf |u`wi

e{ h{& xue fi{ oj{oi{ hkwi}e{ |uege` }e|}e{e`wh} e` u`h |efkufh

h Be{uk}j{wi i h fh ^j}ce` z e` fh {jcuje`we h u` gefj`kue`we i h u`h

hgfwe}h. Ef k}eze`we {e oewe e` ef |e}{i`hbe |h}h oifgeh} {u ~jgh

{im}e f.

]eki`{w}uzhoi{& |ue{& e` |}joe} fuch} ef kio|i}whoje`wi gef

ajbi& |h}h }ekiìke}ì{ e` f& z fueci ef kio|i}whoje`wi gef |hg}e&

|h}h hfec}h}ì{ ge f. {e {e} ef oioe`wi !xue ù`kh |uege

nhfwh} e` u` jwjè}h}ji kioi ef ùe{w}i* gef h}}e|e`wjoje`wi z ge fh

|u}jnjkhkj` gef |ekhgi. [jcuje`gi fh |h}mifh& gj{wj`cuj}eoi{& e`

fh ki`gukwh gef ajbi& gi{ wjeo|i{2 ef wjeo|i ge oh}kah}{e ge fh

kh{h gef |hg}e z ef wjeo|i ge ~if~e} h effh.

=. EFKHOJ@I\H]HHFEBH][EGE GJI[.

U` aiom}e we`h gi{ ajbi{. Ef oeì} ge effi{ gjbi h {u|hg}e2 \hg}e& ghoe fh |h}we xue oe wikh ge fh ni}wu`h.Ef |hg}e fe{ }e|h}wj fi{ mjeè{. @i oukai{ gh{

ge{|u{& ef ajbi oeì}& bu`wh`gi wigi fi {uzi& eojc} h

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u` |h{ febhì& z hff ge}}ika {u ni}wu`h ~j~je`gi|e}gjghoe`we.

Ku`wh w}j{werh e` e{wh |}joe}h e{ke`h gef g}hoh( @j u`h

|hfhm}h ge c}hwjwug gef ajbi ahkjh {u |hg}e. @j u` {ifi |e`{hoje`wi{im}e ef {ugi} xue whf ~er fe ah ki{whgi hf |hg}e }eu`j} hxueffh

ae}e`kjh. Ghoe fh |h}we xue oe wikh ge fh ae}e`kjh. Ef |hg}e

xuegh }egukjgi h u` {jo|fe w}h`{oj{i} ge u` |hw}joi`ji. Fi `jki

xue hf ajbi fe j`we}e{h gef |hg}e {i` fi{ mjeè{& ì {u{ ki`{ebi{&

{u{ ~hfi}e{& {u kh}ji. \jge {u |h}we ge fh ae}e`kjh kioi {j ef

|hg}e e{wu~je{e zh oue}wi. Fh ae}e`kjh xue oe wikh2 {fi {e

hkue}gh ge xue e{ ajbi |h}h }ej~j`gjkh} {u ge}ekai h fh ae}e`kjh.

Fi xue o{ gemj ge ae}j} ef ki}hr` gef |hg}e nue fh j`c}hwjwug. Fh

h}}ich`kjh jàe}e`we h wigi |ekhgi xuegh hxu e{|ekjhfoe`we

oh`jnje{wh.

[e nue febi{. Ahz gi{ ohè}h{ gj{wj`wh{ ge j}{e febi{2 ge

cif|e& |i} u`h }u|wu}h kfhoi}i{h ki` Gji{ |h}h e`we`ge}ì{& |i}

ef |ekhgi oi}whf& i h |exuei{ |h{i{& h mh{e ge kio|iè`gh{&

ge ioj{jiè{4 e{ gekj}& ki` |ekhgi{ ~e`jhfe{ z ki` u`h wjmjerh

ahmjwuhf. Eqj{we u`h febh`h gef ki}hr`& xue |uege gh}{e e`

hfcuje` xue ni}ohfoe`we {jcue e` fh kh{h |hwe}`h. Ge hfcu`h{

|e}{i`h{& Gji{ gjke e` J{hh{ !z fi }e|jwe |i} mikh ge Be{{*2 Oe

ai`}h` ki` fi{ fhmji{& |e}i {u ki}hr` e{w febi{ ge o !Kn J{

=1&8;4 Ow 85& 1/:*. Ef }e{ufwhgi& e` ef ni`gi& ì e{ ouz gj{wj`wi2 ì{e`ki`w}hoi{ febi{ ge Gji{. E{wi geme}h hzugh}ì{ h oewe}ì{

ge ffeì& ge{ge ef |}j`kj|ji& e` fh |h}mifh z ì |e`{h} xue {fi

wjeè h|fjkhkj` h hfcuì{ c}h`ge{ |ekhgi}e{.

[jchoi{ feze`gi2

Kuh`gi fi ahmh ch{whgi wigi& ~jì |i} hxueffh wje}}h

u` ahom}e we}}jmfe& z eo|er f h |h{h} èke{jghg. Nuee`wi`ke{ z wh`wi fe j`{j{wj h u` ahmjwh`we ge hxuef

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|h{& xue fi oh`g h {u{ kho|i{ h cuh}gh} ke}gi{. Fee`w}hmh` ch`h{ ge ffe`h}{e ef e{wohci ge fh{hfch}}imh{ xue kioh` fi{ ke}gi{& |e}i `hgje {e fh{ghmh.

Ef }e{ufwhgi e{ {jeo|}e ef oj{oi2 kuh`gi {e hkhmh ef gjè}i&{e hkhmh` fi{ hojci{. [ifi& |h{h`gi èke{jghg& cuh}gh`gi

ke}gi{. U` w}hmhbi& xue {j ì e{ ouz hw}hze`we e` ùe{w}i{ gh{

|h}h u` bi~e`& |h}h u` bugi ge hxuef wjeo|i e}h |}ekj{hoe`we fh

ohzi} jcìoj jh. Hf {e}~jkji ge u` hoi |hchì !fi{ bugi{&

e`wi`ke{ jcuhf xue aiz& ì k}jhmh` ke}gi{& |ue{ fi{ ki`{jge}hmh`

h`johfe{ jòu`gi{*.Ki` uì{ |iki{ wixue{ ohcj{w}hfe{ xuegh ge{k}jwh wigh fh

|h}mifh gef |ekhgi. Ef |ekhgi we |}ioewe ef i}i z ef oi}i& we gh

jfu{j` ge ewe}`jghg& z hf gh {jcuje`we ahke xue we e`kue`w}e{

gj{|uwh`gi fh{ meffiwh{ h fi{ ke}gi{. @i {jeo|}e fi xue j`we}}uo|e

ef jgjfji ki` ef |ekhgi e{ ef xuegh}{e {j` gjè}i. Ahz ce`we wh` }jkh

xue& {j {fi {e w}hwh{e ge gjè}i& |ig}h {ecuj} ~j~je`gi gu}h`we{jcfi{ ge ohè}h gj{ifuwh. Oukah{ ~eke{ e{ fh oj{oh `hwu}hferh& z

ki` effh fh {hfug& xuje` {e }emefh z w}u`kh fh h~e`wu}h.

\hmfi ah gjkai hke}whghoe`we2 Ef {hfh}ji gef |ekhgi e{ fh

oue}we !]o >&=;*. Fh oue}we& h`we wigi& ge fh fjme}whg. Ef |ekhgi

ge{fuom}h ki` fh |}ioe{h ge fjme}whg. E{wi e{& e~jge`weoe`we& fi

xue jo|uf{h hf bi~e` ge fh |h}mifh h oh}kah}{e ge fh kh{h|hwe}`h& ì fh èke{jghg ge eojc}h} |h}h ch`h}{e fh ~jgh& ghgi xue

{e w}hwh ge u`h nhojfjh hkioighgh& ki` kho|i{ z {e}~jguom}e.

[je`we fh kh{h |hwe}`h kioi u`h |}j{j`. Mu{kh{we febi{ fh

fjme}whg& gjke u` kh`wi xue {e j`{|j}h e` ùe{w}h |h}mifh. Z fi

xue& hf nj`hf& gh ef |ekhgi e{ fi ki`w}h}ji h fi xue |}ioewe2 fh

e{kfh~jwug. Xuje` |ekh e{ e{kfh~i gef |ekhgi !B`& 1& ;74 kn ]io

>& 8>/83*.

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Fh e{kfh~jwug gef |ekhgi !]o 1&=


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c}ue{h i ki` u` ajfi ge {egh. Ef }e{ufwhgi nj`hf e{ ef oj{oi2 ef

|bh}i ì |uege ~ifh}(87

;. EFKHOJ@IGE]EC]E[I.[jchoi{ feze`gi fh |h}mifh2

]ekh|hkjwh`gi e`wi`ke{ {e gjbi2 Ku`wi{ bi}`hfe}i{ geoj |hg}e wjeè` |h` e` hmu`gh`kjh& oje`w}h{ zi hxuoe oue}i ge ahom}e. Oe |i`g} e` khojì hgi`gee{w oj |hg}e& z fe gj}2 \hg}e& ae |ekhgi ki`w}h efkjefi z ki`w}h wj4 zh ì oe}erki ffhoh}oe ajbi wuzi2

w}whoe kioi h uì ge wu{ bi}`hfe}i{. Z {e |u{i e`khojì hgi`ge e{whmh {u |hg}e.

Fh èke{jghg ohwe}jhf nue fh ikh{j`& ì fh khu{h ge {u

h}}e|e`wjoje`wi. Ahz xuje` ~e e` ef ajbi oeì} h u` ch`guf xue

ge}}ikah e{w|jghoe`we {u ni}wu`h e` n}h`khkaefh{& ah{wh xue&

}egukjgi h fh oj{e}jh& {e hkue}gh ge xue e` kh{h ge {u |hg}e

ah{wh fi{ k}jhgi{ e{w` oebi} xue f& z gekjge ge{kh}hghoe`we~if~e}. \e}i ì{iw}i{ gemeoi{ }e{|ewh} ef {e`wjgi xue ah` ghgi h

fh |h}mifh Be{{& kuh`gi fh ki`w& z fi{ e~h`cefj{wh{ kuh`gi fh

w}h`{ojwje}i`. Z ì khme gugh ge xue Be{{ ì |}ewe`gh |iè}ì{

kioi ebeo|fi u` e|j{igji ge ch`gufe}h& `j |}e{e`wh}ì{ hf |hg}e

kioi u` |im}e j`ceùi xue ì {e gh kue`wh ge fh{ ~e}ghge}h{

j`we`kjiè{ gef ajbi.E` ef }efhwi& ef h}}e|e`wjoje`wi gef oukahkai& hu`xue e{w

oiwj~hgi |i} fh èke{jghg z |i} ef ahom}e& e{ u` ~e}ghge}i

h}}e|e`wjoje`wi. Fi kuhf kij`kjge ki` u`h eq|e}je`kjh u`j~e}{hf2 ef

{un}joje`wi z fh e`ne}oeghg ki`{wjwuze` oukah{ ~eke{ |h}h ef

aiom}e u`h ikh{j` |h}h oegjwh} h ni`gi e` {u |}i|jh ~jgh. Fh

E{k}jwu}h ahke ge effi u` |}j`kj|ji ceè}hf2 Xuje` ah {un}jgi e` {u87 Kn [H@ BUH@GEFH K]UR& [umjgh gef oi`we Kh}oefi& 8.

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kh}è ah }iwi ki` ef |ekhgi !8 \ 7& 8*. Ku`wh ce`we {e ah

{hf~hgi c}hkjh{ h u`h e`ne}oeghg(

]ekh|hkjwh`gi ì {jc`jnjkh& |ue{2 Ajri mje` {u{ kfkufi{& i

{e ajri h{wuwi& {jì hfci oukai o{ |}inu`gi. ]ekiìkj {ue}}i}& ~if~j h e`w}h} e` {u ki}hr`. Ef |ekhgi}& hf hfebh}{e ge

Gji{& {e hfebh whomj` ge { oj{oi& {e hfje`h. \h}h ~if~e} h Gji{&

ahz xue eo|erh} |i} ~if~e} h e`w}h} e` uì oj{oi.

{we e{& e` fh h~e`wu}h gef oukahkai z e` fh ge wigi |ekhgi}&

ef oioe`wi gekj{j~i. Ge ha m}iwh fh gekj{j`2

Oe |i`g} e` khojì hgi`ge e{w oj |hg}e.... Wigi {egekjge e` e{e oioe`wi4 fi xue ~e`g} ge{|u{ ì {e} o{ xue

u`h ki`{ekue`kjh& u` |iè} |i} im}h fi xue {e ah gekjgjgi. {e e{

ef oioe`wi k}wjki ge wigh ki`~e}{j`& ef j`{wh`we e` ef xue iku}}e

ef khomji ge gj}ekkj`.

\hg}e& ae |ekhgi ki`w}h ef kjefi z ki`w}h wj. Kuh`gi ef

h}}e|e`wjoje`wi ~h hkio|hhgi& kioi hxu& |i} fh gekj{j` geki`ne{h} fh{ |}i|jh{ kuf|h{& ef |e}g` ge Gji{ e{w zh e` hkkj`&

h`we{ j`kfu{i ge }ekjmj} fh hm{ifukj` ge fh Jcfe{jh. [j hxuef bi~e`

aumje{e oue}wi e` ef khojì& gu}h`we {u }ec}e{i& e{whmh zh

}eki`kjfjhgi.

\i} fh{ |hfhm}h{ xue gjke ef bi~e` {e ~e kfh}i xue {u

h}}e|e`wjoje`wi e{ huw`wjki& z ì u` i|i}wu`j{oi i u` kfkufi

auohì. Z e` e{i |}ekj{hoe`we e{w fh gjne}e`kjh. Ef kfkufi z fi{

nhf{i{ {e`wjoje`wi{ ge kuf|h wjeè` kioi imbewi ì fi xue e{w ohf

h fi{ ibi{ ge Gji{& {jì fi xue e{w ohf h fi{ |}i|ji{ ibi{ i h fi{

ibi{ ge fh {ikjeghg z ge {u{ ki`~e`kji`hfj{oi{. Fh{ |hfhm}h{ gef

ajbi |}gjci e~ikh` ouz ge ke}kh fh{ ge Gh~jg e` ef Oj{e}e}e2

Ki`w}h wj& ki`w}h wj {ifi |exu& kioew fh ohfghg xue hmi}}eke{.

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Ki` wigi& ef oukahkai kio|}e`ge xue ì |uege ki`ni}oh}{e

{jo|feoe`we ki` gekj} e` {u ki}hr`2 Ae |ekhgi& oe ae

exuj~ikhgi4 z |i} e{i e{w gekjgjgi h }e|ewj} |mfjkhoe`we e{e

}ekiìkjoje`wi h`we {u |hg}e z h`we fi{ oj{oi{ k}jhgi{. E{wi ì{in}eke fh ikh{j` |h}h }enfeqji`h} {im}e fh jo|i}wh`kjh ge fh

ki`ne{j` kioi ef oebi} ki}i`hoje`wi ge e{e khojì ge }ec}e{i z

ge }eki`kjfjhkj` ki` Gji{ z ki` fh kiou`jghg.

Gji{ wjeè wigi ef ge}ekai h {e} f xuje` e{whmferkh fh ohè}h

ge |e}gi`h} fi{ |ekhgi{4 }e{ufwh |efjc}i{i h}}ich}ì{ ì{iw}i{&

|i} ùe{w}h kue`wh& ef ge}ekai h khomjh} e{h ohè}h& gjkje`gi xue

ì ahke nhfwh }eku}}j} h fh Jcfe{jh z xue mh{wh ki` |iè}ì{ kh}h h

kh}h h`we Gji{. Be{{ ah xue}jgi h{ikjh} h { h fh Jcfe{jh& {u

e{|i{h& |h}h xue nue{e u`h {ifh ki{h ki` f& kioi f fi e{ ki` ef

\hg}e. E{ kje}wi xue xuje` |e}gi`h fi{ |ekhgi{ ì e{ fh Jcfe{jh&

{jì ef E{|}jwu [h`wi. Fh Jcfe{jh {fi ebe}ke u` oj`j{we}ji& |e}i u`

oj`j{we}ji e` e{we kh{i j`gj{|e`{hmfe. Be{{ gjbi h fi{ h|{wife{2

H xujeè{ fe{ |e}gi`j{ fi{ |ekhgi{ fe{ xuegh` |e}gi`hgi{ !B`=


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|}kwjkh gef |{jkih`fj{j{ {e mh{h e` e{we aekai z e{ u`h

j`~ifu`wh}jh ki`nj}ohkj` gef oj{oi& z whf ~er u` {ukegèi. Fh

eq|e}je`kjh geoue{w}h xue ef hmh`giì ge fh ki`ne{j`

ge{eomikh {jeo|}e e` u`h |}gjgh |}ic}e{j~h ge {e`{jmjfjghg h`weef |ekhgi z ge ne}~i} e{|j}jwuhf.

@i im{wh`we& whomj` ah ge }eì~h}{e {ec` ef E{|}jwu

ùe{w}h ni}oh ge hke}kh}ì{ hf {hk}hoe`wi ge fh |e`jwe`kjh& |h}h

xue {eh }ehfoe`we enjkhr z gekj{j~h e` fh fukah ki`w}h ef |ekhgi.

]eì~h} ef {hk}hoe`wi {ec` ef E{|}jwu xuje}e gekj} ~j~j}fi ì

kioi u` }jwi& u`h ki{wuom}e i u`h imfjchkj`& {jì kioi u`h

èke{jghg gef hfoh& kioi u` e`kue`w}i |e}{i`hf ki` K}j{wi

}e{ukjwhgi xue& |i} oegjhkj` ge fh Jcfe{jh& ì{ kiou`jkh fh nue}rh

{h`hgi}h ge {u {h`c}e z ì{ ge~uef~e fh hfec}h ge e{wh}

{hf~hgi{. Xuje}e gekj} }ege{kum}j} fh nue}rh oj{we}ji{h xue {e

e`kje}}h e` e{e ce{wi& c}hkjh{ hf E{|}jwu [h`wi xue hkwh e` f.

]eì~h} ef {hk}hoe`wi {ec` ef E{|}jwu xuje}e gekj} whomj`

}e~j{h} ef imbewi ge ùe{w}h{ ki`ne{jiè{. E` effh{ {ifeoi{ njbh}ì{

`jkhoe`we e` fi{ |ekhgi{ i genekwi{ ahmjwuhfe{ z hkwuhfe{4 e` fi{

|ekhgi{& ì e` ef |ekhgi. Ef ajbi |}gjci kio|}e`gj ouz mje`

xue {u |ekhgi ge ni`gi ahmh {jgi ef ge ahme} |e}gjgi ef hoi} h

{u |hg}e& ef ge ì ahme}fi e`we`gjgi& fh j`c}hwjwug ahkjh f4 |i} e{i

eo|jerh ki` e{wi {u ki`ne{j`& ì ki` ku`wh{ ~eke{ |ek ki`

|}i{wjwuwh{.

Xu ge{kum}joje`wi wh` fjme}hgi} z koi ch`h}h` e`

enjkhkjh ùe{w}h{ ki`ne{jiè{ {j wu~j{eoi{ ef ~hfi} ge mhbh} ge

u`h ~er |i} wigh{ ah{wh fh }hr& xue e{ gi`ge {e gekjge fh

i}je`whkj` nu`ghoe`whf ge fh |e}{i`h z {u efekkj` }hgjkhf& |i}

Gji{ i ki`w}h Gji{& |i} uì oj{oi i ki`w}h uì oj{oi( E{wi { xue

e{& }ehfoe`we& kice} ùe{w}h ki`gjkj` |ekhgi}h !]o >&>*&

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ùe{w}i ~jebi zi& z ekah}fi e`w}e fi{ m}hri{ gef K}ukjnjkhgi kioi

{e ekah u`h c}h` |jeg}h e` u` ai}ì ge khf ~j~h |h}h xue {e

ge{oeùke z {e gj{uef~h.

Zi xuje}i gh} we{wjoi`ji ge fh jo|i}wh`kjh xue wjeè e` oj~jgh e{we {hk}hoe`wi. Oe |e}ojwe |}e{e`wh}oe h`we Gji{ ki` oj{

}i|h{ o{ huw`wjkh{& xue {i` fh{ ge |ekhgi} èke{jwhgi ge

oj{e}jki}gjh4 oe gh fh |i{jmjfjghg ge eq|e}joe`wh} h Be{uk}j{wi

kioi oj [hf~hgi} |e}{i`hf& ì e` ceè}hf z u`h ~er& {jì khgh

~er& khgh gh. H f }eku}}i kh{j {jeo|}e h`we{ ge u`h |}egjkhkj`

jo|i}wh`we& |i}xue oe |h}eke xue xujwh e{e ~efi z e{h i|hkjghg

xue ef |ekhgi gebh {jeo|}e e`w}e ef hfoh z Gji{& |e}ojwje`gi xue

fh |hfhm}h ge Gji{ |h{e |i} uì{ fhmji{ oeì{ jo|u}i{. E{ kioi

}e|ewj} khgh ~er fh eq|e}je`kjh ge J{hh{ xue nue |u}jnjkhgi |i} u`

h{kuh ge nueci z e`ki`w} h{ ~hfi} |h}h gekj}fe h Gji{2 Hxu

e{wiz& o`ghoe( !J{ >&71*.

Fh{ c}h`ge{ ~uefwh{ h Gji{& hf oeì{ e` fh Jcfe{jh khwfjkh& {e

ah` {effhgi {jeo|}e ki` u`h ki`ne{j` fjme}hgi}h& ge fh xue ef

aiom}e {e ah fe~h`whgi ki` fh {e`{hkj` ge ahme} ~uefwi

fjwe}hfoe`we h }e`hke}. U` |}ekji{i ebeo|fi e{ bu{whoe`we ef |iewh

ge Fh{ nfi}e{ gef ohf& xue gu}h`we {u ~jgh nue ki`{jge}hgi& z {e

ki`{jge} h { oj{oi& kioi u` kh{i w|jki ge ajbi |}gjci. Xuje`

ajri ki` f fh{ ~eke{ ge |hg}e hkicegi} z hoi}i{i nue... {u ohg}e.

H {u kh{h ~if~j hf nj`hf& e`ne}oi z ki` ef kue}|i }egukjgi |i} fi{eqke{i{ h u` fuch} ge~h{whgi8>. Bu`wi h effh& xue fi kujg ki` u`h

gegjkhkj` {j` fojwe{& ou}j ef ;8 ge hci{wi ge 81>3& ge{|u{ ge

ki`ne{h}{e z ge ahme} |egjgi z }ekjmjgi& ki` wiwhf fukjger& fi{

fwjoi{ {hk}hoe`wi{.

8> KA. MHUGEFHJ]E& Fe{ nfeu}{ gu ohf& F^ !Khj{e}ie*.

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|e}ojwj}h h u` h`kjhì ekah}{e h ki}}e}. Fi xue oh`gh {i` {u{

e`w}hh{ ge |hg}e. Fi `jki xue fe jo|i}wh e{ xue {u ajbi& xue {e

ahmh |e}gjgi& ah ~uefwi z e{w ge ùe~i ki` f. [e hfec}h ge {u

{hf~hkj`& ì ge {u |}i|jh ~jkwi}jh.E` e{wh{ |h}mifh{ ge fh oj{e}jki}gjh ahz hfci o{

kiòi~egi} h` xue fh oj{e}jki}gjh& z e{ fh hfec}h ge Gji{. Oebi}

{e}h ffhoh}fh{ fh{ |h}mifh{ ge fh hfec}h ge Gji{. \h}h ge{kum}j}

e{wi& e{ |}ekj{i weè} |}e{e`we ef efeoe`wi xue uè e`w}e { e{h{

w}e{ |h}mifh{ !fh i~ebh |e}gjgh& fh oiègh |e}gjgh z ef ajbi

|}gjci* xue e` ef e~h`cefji ge Fukh{ {e ì{ kue`wh` u`h gew}{

ge iw}h. Xu gjke ef |h{wi} xue e`kue`w}h fh i~ebh |e}gjgh z fh

oube} xue e`kue`w}h fh oiègh9 Hfec}hi{ kiòjci( Z xu gjke

Be{{ kioi ki`kfu{j` h khgh u`h ge e{h{ w}e{ |h}mifh{9 Ahm}

o{ hfec}h e` ef kjefi |i} u` {ifi |ekhgi} xue {e ki`~je}wh& xue

|i} ì~e`wh z ùe~e bu{wi{ xue ì èke{jwh` ki`~e}wj}{e.

Ef fejwoiwj~ge fh{ w}e{ |h}mifh{ e{& |ue{& fh hfec}h ge Gji{

!ahz hfec}h e`w}e fi{ `cefe{ ge Gji{ e{ u`h ni}oh aem}eh gegekj} xue ahz hfec}h e` Gji{*. E` ùe{w}h |hfhm}h fh hfec}h {e

ge{mi}gh z {e ki`~je}we e` nje{wh. Hxuef |hg}e ì khme e` { ge

hfec}h z zh ì {hme xu j`~e`wh}2 oh`gh xue {hxue` ef w}hbe ge

nje{wh z ef h`jffi ki` ef {effi ge fh nhojfjh& xue ohwe` ef we}è}i

oebi} kemhgi& z gjke h wigi ef ou`gi2 Kefem}eoi{ u` mh`xuewe z

ahchoi{ nje{wh& |i}xue e{we ajbi oi e{whmh oue}wi z ah }e~j~jgi&e{whmh |e}gjgi z fi aeoi{ e`ki`w}hgi. [& whomj` Gji{ wjeè {u

ae}oi{i gioj`ci ge \h{kuh z whomj` wikh fh{ kho|h`h{

kuh`gi xuje}e(

Gi{wijes{dz& e` u`h ge {u{ ì~efh{& ge{k}jme u`h e{ke`h

xue wjeè wigi{ fi{ ~j{i{ ge ahme} {jgi im{e}~hgh e` fh }ehfjghg.

U`h oube} ge |uemfi wjeè e` m}hri{ h {u ajbi ge |ikh{ {eoh`h{&

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kuh`gi {we |i} |}joe}h ~er& {ec` effh fe {i`}e.

\}inu`ghoe`we kiòi~jgh& {e ahke fh {ehf ge fh k}ur& z h xuje` fe

|}ecu`wh |i} xu ahke e{i fe ki`we{wh2 \i}xue fi oj{oi xue u`h

ohg}e {e {je`we nefjr kuh`gi ~e fh |}joe}h {i`}j{h ge {u ajbi& h{ {ehfec}h Gji{ khgh ~er xue u` |ekhgi} khe ge }igjffh{ z fe gj}jce u`h

i}hkj` aekah ge wigi ki}hr`83.

5. GJI[E[\E]HE@@I[IW]I[(

Z |}ekj{hoe`we e` e{wi }e{jge ef h{|ekwi o{ }e~ifukji`h}ji

ge e{wh{ |h}mifh{. \i} xu wjeè xue |e{h} o{ e` fh mhfh`rhu`h i~ebh xue wigh{ fh{ geo{ xue {e ah` xueghgi& z |i} xu fh

xue kue`wh o{ ah ge {e} |}ekj{hoe`we fh xue {e ah e{kh|hgi z

ah k}ehgi o{ |}imfeoh{9 W}hweoi{ ge e`w}h} e` fh oe`we ge Gji{

z ge{kum}j} |i} xu ahz o{ hfec}h e` ef kjefi |i} u` {ifi

|ekhgi} h}}e|e`wjgi xue |i} ì~e`wh z ùe~e bu{wi{ xue ì

èke{jwh` ki`~e}wj}{e.Fh eq|fjkhkj` o{ ki`~j`ke`we fh ae e`ki`w}hgi e` u` |iewh&

e` Kah}fe{ \cuz. Hxueffh i~ebjwh& hf |e}ge}{e& jcuhf xue ef ajbi

|exuei& ajri xue weomfh{e ef ki}hr` ge Gji{. Gji{ weoj

|e}ge}fh |h}h {jeo|}e& weoj ~e}{e imfjchgi h ki`ge`h}fh z h ì

~if~e} h ~e}fh ù`kh o{. E{we ojegi ajri `hke} e` Gji{ fh

e{|e}h`rh& z fh e{|e}h`rh& hf ~e}{e aekah }ehfjghg& |}igubi hfec}h

z nje{wh. Kuhfxuje} |e`jwe`kjh gef aiom}e e{ ef ki}i`hoje`wi ge

u`h e{|e}h`rh ge Gji{81.

Gji{ wjeè oukah o{ ki`njh`rh z e{|e}h`rh e` ì{iw}i{ xue

ì{iw}i{ e` f. Z ghgi xue ef aiom}e wjeè wh`wh gjnjkufwhg |h}h

83 N. GI[WIJES[DZ& Fjgjiwh.81 \CUZ& i. k.&

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hke|wh} xue ge|e`ge ge Gji{& Gji{ {e ajri ge|e`gje`we gef

aiom}e& xuj{i hffh`h}fe ef khojì2

Wigi fi xue weèoi{ xue ahke} |i} Gji{& Gji{ oj{oi

{e hgefh`wh z eo|jerh h ahke}fi |i} ì{iw}i{. Ef xuehoh khe& {e ahke e{kfh~i& ge|e`ge ge fh |e}{i`hhohgh. Z h e{wh fez kio` h wigi{ ah {i|i}whgi{ioewe}{e f. We`g} xue e{|e}h} fh{ ch`h{ gef

|ekhgi}. We`g} xue e{|e}h} e` ef |ekhgi}& e`ì{iw}i{. We`g} xue e{|e}h} h xue ef {ei} |ekhgi}we`ch fh hohmjfjghg ge |e`{h} u` |iki e` {u{hf~hkj` !\cuz*.

E` ì{iw}i{& fi{ aiom}e{& fh ki`gjkj` xue ahke |i{jmfe fh

e{|e}h`rh e{ ef aekai ge xue ì kiìkeoi{ ef nuwu}i4 e` Gji{&

xue kiìke ef nuwu}i& fh ki`gjkj` xue ahke |i{jmfe fh e{|e}h`rh e{

xue ì xuje}e !z& e` kje}wi {e`wjgi& xue ì |uege* ahke} }ehfjghg fi

xue xuje}e {j` ùe{w}i ki`{e`wjoje`wi. Fh fjme}whg auoh`h eq|fjkh

xue e` Gji{ ahzh e{|e}h`rh.

\e}i h` ì{ xuegh u` |u`wi |i} hkfh}h}. Z fh{ ì~e`wh zùe~e i~ebh{ mue`h{& z ef ajbi ohzi} xue ù`kh {e nue ge kh{h9

@i ahm} |h}h effi{ hfec}h& {jì {fi w}hmhbi{9 \h}h effi{ ahz

hfci h` oukai o{ meffi2 kio|h}wj} fh hfec}h ge Gji{(

]eki}geoi{ fi xue gjke ef |h{wi}2 Hfec}hi{ kiòjci(& z fi xue

gjke ef |hg}e hf ajbi ohzi}2 Ajbi& w e{w{ {jeo|}e kiòjci& z wigi

fi oi e{ wuzi. Ef e}}i} gef ajbi ohzi} nue |e`{h} xue ef ahme}e{whgi {jeo|}e e` kh{h ki` {u |hg}e z ahme}fi {e}~jgi e` wigi& ì

e}h u` |}j~jfecji& {jì u` o}jwi {uzi& ì e}h u`h hfec}h& {jì u`

w}hmhbi. O{ xue kioi ajbi& {e kio|i}wh kioi u` oe}ke`h}ji.

K}ee xue {u |hg}e e{w e` geugh ki` f. Z e{wi e{ |}ekj{hoe`we fi

xue Be{{ {e |}i|i`h ki}}ecj}& ki` fh{ w}e{ |h}mifh{& e` {u{

ize`we{ nh}j{ei{ !kn Fk 85&=;*. Whomj` {wi{ |e`{hmh` xue|igh` hfech} ge}ekai{ h`we Gji{& gemjgi h {u |}ewe`gjgh bu{wjkjh.

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\e}i gebeoi{ zh hf ajbi ohzi} e` {u{ kho|i{ z& ki` fh{ ìwh{

ge fh nje{wh& ke}}eoi{ hxu ùe{w}i kioe`wh}ji h fh |h}mifh. E`

e{we |u`wi& fh }ehfjghg e{ h` o{ meffh xue fh |h}mifh. E` fh

}ehfjghg& ef ajbi ohzi} ì {e xueg e` kh{h& {jì xue {e nue foj{oi e` mu{kh ge {u ae}ohì. Be{{ e{ ef ae}ohì ohzi} xue

kio|h}we fh h`{jeghg gef \hg}e z {hfe e` mu{kh ge fi{ ajbi{ ge

Gji{ xue h`ghmh` gj{|e}{i{ !B` 88&5;*.

E` fh |h}mifh gef ajbi |}gjci Be{{ ah }ewiohgi

eq|}e{hoe`we hfcu`h{ joceè{ xue feeoi{ e` ef |}inewh

Rhkh}h{. Xue}eoi{ ki`kfuj} ùe{w}i jwjè}h}ji |e`jwe`kjhf ki` e{h

|cj`h ge fh [hc}hgh E{k}jwu}h& |i}xue e` effh {e e{kukah u`h

e{|ekje ge hm{ifukj` ceè}hf |}iù`kjhgh gj}ekwhoe`we |i}

Gji{. @i{ e`ki`w}hoi{ e` ef oioe`wi ge fh ~uefwh gef eqjfji. Ef

{uoi {hke}giwe Bi{u ~j{we }i|h{ ge fuwi !ef w}hbe {ukji*& {omifi

gef |ekhgi z gef eqjfji gef |uemfi& }i|h{ xue }ekue}gh` fi{

h`g}hbi{ gef ajbi |}gjci hf ~if~e}. E`wi`ke{ ef `cef gef [ei} !i

{eh& ef oj{oi [ei}* gjbi h fi{ xue e{whmh` hf}egegi}2

#Xujwhgfe ef w}hbe {ukji#. Z fueci gjbi h Bi{u2 #Oj}h&h|h}wi ge wj fh kuf|h& z xue we ~j{wh` ge nje{wh#. Z fe

|u{je}i` e` fh khmerh u`h gjhgeoh fjo|jh z fi ~j{wje}i`ki` ~e{wjgu}h{ mfh`kh{ e` |}e{e`kjh gef [ei} !Rk;&85*.

Oj}h& h|h}wi ge wj fh kuf|h& z xue we ~j{wh` !xue we ~j{wh fhJcfe{jh* ge nje{wh. {wh{ {i` fh{ |hfhm}h{ xue whomj` ì{iw}i{

xue}eoi{ e{kukah} z xue ef \hg}e gef kjefi ì{ gjke& hf we}oj`h}

e{we ùe{w}i khojì ge ~uefwh z ge ki`~e}{j`.

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JJJ./ ZH [HME ÛE[W]I \HG]E KEFE[WJHF.

Hmh`giì ki`njhgi e` ohì{ ge fh |}i~jge`kjh.

Fh ge|e`ge`kjh ge Gji{ e{ fh `jkh ~e}ghge}h

j`ge|e`ge`kjh... \i} e{i& ef aiom}e xue ~j~ekio|fewhoe`we ge|e`gje`we ge Gji{ wjeè e` {uki}hr` u`h ciri{h fe~eghg![. Dje}dechh}g8:*.

EFIBIGE GJI[.

Ef {omifi mmfjki xue ì{ j`w}iguke e` e{wh oegjwhkj` e{ ef

gef ibi ge Gji{. Ki` e{we {omifi& j`{k}jwi e` u` w}j`cufi& {e}e|}e{e`wh h Gji{ \hg}e& h |h}wj} ge kje}wh |ikh& e` oukah{

|j`wu}h{ {hc}hgh{.

Ef ibi e{ {omifi ge Gji{ xue e{k}uwh fi{ ki}hriè{2 [u{

ibi{ ~jcjfh` h fh{ `hkjiè{ ![hf >>&3*4 [u{ ibi{ e{w` im{e}~h`gi&

{u{ |u|jfh{ eqhoj`h` h fi{ aiom}e{ ![hf 88&7*. E{wh johce` ì{

|}e{e`wh u`h c}h` ~e}ghg2 xue Gji{ wigi fi ~e. Gji{ ì{ ~e( Kioigjke u` {hfoi& ì{ {i`geh z ì{ kiìke4 |e}kjme ge febi{ ùe{w}i{

|e`{hoje wi{& kiìke ùe{w}h{ |hfhm}h{ h we{ ge xue fh{

|}iù`kjeoi{4 ì{ ~e kuh`gi e{whoi{ {e`whgi{ z kuh`gi ì{

fe~h`whoi{4 `j {jxuje}h fh{ wj`jemfh{ {i` i{ku}h{ |h}h f. Hg`ge

j} febi{ ge {u oj}hgh9 !kn [hf 8;:*.

8: [. DJE]DECHH]G& Gj{ku}{i{ egjnjkh`we{& =2 Xu {e |uege h|}e`ge} ge fi{fj}ji{ gef kho|i z ge fi{ |bh}i{ gef kjefi !8173*

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H`we fh oj}hgh ge Gji{& |igeoi{ w}hwh} ge e{ki`ge}ì{

!hu`xue e` ~hì*& kioi ajri Hg`& i gebh}ì{ |eèw}h} |i} {u

oj}hgh& gjkje`gi ~hfje`weoe`we& kioi ef huwi} gef {hfoi xue

hkhmhoi{ ge kjwh}2 [ei}& {i`ghoe z kiìke oj ki}hr`& |iòeh |}uemh z kiìke oj{ {e`wjoje`wi{& oj}h {j oj khojì {e ge{~h&

cuhoe |i} ef khojì ewe}ì.

\e}i ef {jomifj{oi gef ibi z ge fh oj}hgh wjeè whomj` u`h

h|fjkhkj` oeì{ {e~e}h z o{ ki`{ifhgi}h. U`h h|fjkhkj` xue

j`gjkh xue Gji{ ~efh |i} fi{ mueì{2 Fi{ ibi{ gef [ei} e{w`

|ue{wi{ e` {u{ njefe{ ![hf ;;&81*4 Fi{ ibi{ gef [ei} oj}h` h fi{

bu{wi{ ![hf ;7&8>*4 \}ekji{h e{ h fi{ ibi{ gef [ei} fh oue}we ge

{u{ njefe{ ![hf 88>&85*. Ef ibi& {omifi ge fh {ifjkjwug hoi}i{h z

|}i~jge`we ge Gji{ ahkjh {u{ k}jhwu}h{.

E` e{wh oegjwhkj` ì{ hkio|hh} ef {omifi gef ibi mhbi

e{we {jc`jnjkhgi.

8. U@H\CJ@HGEFE^H@CEFJIMHBIHKU[HKJ@.

U` weoh jo|i}wh`we z kh}hkwe}{wjki ge fi{ [j`|wjki{ !Ohwei z

Fukh{* {im}e ef \hg}e e{ ef gef hmh`giì ki`njhgi e` {u

|}i~jge`kjh. E{kukaeoi{ hfcuì{ kio|h{e{ gef nhoi{i gj{ku}{i

ge Be{{ {im}e e{we weoh2

Njbhi{ e` fi{ kue}~i{2 `j {jeom}h` `j {jech`& ì wjeè`ge{|e`{h `j c}hè}i z& {j` eomh}ci& Gji{ fi{ hfjoe`wh.Z ku`wi o{ ~hfj{ ~i{iw}i{ xue fi{ |bh}i{( T..._Njbhi{ koi k}eke` fi{ fj}ji{2 `j ajfh` `j webe`& z i{ gjcixue `j [hfio` e` wigi {u nh{wi e{whmh ~e{wjgi kioikuhfxuje}h ge effi{. \ue{ {j h fh aje}mh& xue aiz e{w eèf kho|i z ohh`h {e xueoh e` ef ai}ì& Gji{ fh ~j{weh{& ì ah} oukai o{ |i} ~i{iw}i{& ce`we {j` ne9 @i

e{wj{ ki` ef hfoh e` u` ajfi mu{kh`gi xu kioe} zxu meme}. [i` fi{ ce`wjfe{ xujeè{ |iè` {u hn` e`

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e{wh{ ki{h{4 zh {hme ~ue{w}i \hg}e xue we`j{`eke{jghg ge e{wi !Fk 8=&=7;


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Gji{& xue ì ~hkjfh e` |}i|iè} h {u{ ize`we{ fh imbekj` e` wigh

{u h|h}e`we j`{ifumjfjghg& {ecu}i ge xue eqj{we u`h eq|fjkhkj` z

ge xue hf nj`hf& i}h`gi z mu{kh`gi& {e e`ki`w}h}. Z ge aekai h{

{ukege. O{ h`& fh gjnjkufwhg {e ki`~je}we |h}h f& e` e{wi{ kh{i{&e` u`h ikh{j` |h}h ge{kum}j} ùe~h{ e jè{|e}hgh{

|}inu`gjghge{ e` fh |hfhm}h ge Gji{.

=. KOIE@WE@GE]EFGJ[KU][I[IM]EFH[HÊ[GEFKJEFIZFI[FJ]JI[GEFKHO\I.

H fh{ imbekjiè{ we}jkh{ gef oh}qj{oi ah ki`we{whgi zhge{ge ahke wjeo|i fh gikw}j`h {ikjhf ge fh Jcfe{jh e` gj~e}{i{

gikuoe`wi{& z ì oe gewe`g} h }e|ewj} hxu e{h geoi{w}hkj`.

[fi xuje}i ahke} ìwh} u`h ki{h. Ef kjwhgi |h{hbe gef e~h`cefji

ì{ eqai}wh h xue ì ì{ |}eiku|eoi{ ge ùe{w}i ~e{wjgi z ge

ùe{w}h kiojgh& |e}i ì ge fh kiojgh z gef ~e{wjgi ge fi{

ae}ohì{. \i} ef ki`w}h}ji& ef e~h`cefji xuje}e xue }emi{eoi{ ge

{ifjkjwug ahkjh effi{. Ef xue |}iù`kj e{h{ |hfhm}h{ {im}e fh{ h~e{

xue ì {jeom}h` z fi{ fj}ji{ xue ì webe`& |}iù`kj whomj` fh{

|hfhm}h{2 Wu~e ahom}e z ì oe gj{wej{ ge kioe}& e{whmh ge{ùgi

z ì oe ~e{wj{wej{ !kn Ow =5*. ^hzh& |ue{& {j weèoi{ xue

|}eiku|h}ì{ |i} fh kiojgh z |i} ef ~e{wjgi(

Fh exuj~ikhkj` `hke {jeo|}e ge {e|h}h} u`h |hfhm}h gef

e~h`cefji ge fh{ geo{& u`h |h}mifh ge fh{ geo{& e` ~er ge{jwuh}fh{ e` ef ki`bu`wi. E` e{we kh{i& |i} ebeo|fi& mh{wh}h ki`

}eki}gh} fh |h}mifh ge fi{ whfe`wi{& xue ì{ w}h`{ojwe ef oj{oi

e~h`cefj{wh Fukh{& |h}h gh}ì{ kue`wh ge fi febi{ xue e{w gef

|e`{hoje`wi ge Be{{ fh jgeh ge xue ef aiom}e gemh e{wh}{e

ohì {im}e ohì& e{|e}h`gi xue fh |}i~jge`kjh {e fi ahch khe}

ge fh ùme{& {j` `j {jxuje}h oife{wh}{e e` |egj}fi.

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Fi{ oj{oi{ h{kewh{ gef ge{je}wi& ki` {e} wh` }hgjkhfe{ e` ef

{ecujoje`wi gef e~h`cefji& {jeo|}e ~je}i` ef w}hmhbi ohùhf kioi

ef oegji i}gj h}ji |h}h ki`{ecuj}{e fh kiojgh z ef ~e{wjgi z

ki`w}jmuj} hf {u{we`wi gef oi`h{we}ji& { ~j~h` e` u` keìmji.Ef |}i|ji {h` Hcu{w`& hf kioe`wh} ef gj{ku}{i gef oi`we&

ahmh {ehfhgi koi ef hkwuh} gef oj{oi K}j{wi z ge {u{ h|{wife{

ge{oe wj}h u`h j`we}|}ewhkj` fjwe}hf ge hxueffh{ |hfhm}h{

e~h`cfjkh{. Be{{ w}hmhb gu}h`we w}ej`wh hi{4 z gu}h`we {u

oj`j{we}ji& |e}ojwj xue aumje{e u`h mif{h kio` |h}h kum}j} {u{

èke{jghge{ z |h}h hzugh} h fi{ |im}e{.

[j wiohoi{ hj{fhghoe`we z hf |je ge fh few}h fh{ |hfhm}h{ ge

Be{{& geme}hoi{ ki`kfuj} xue `j {jxuje}h f jojw h fh{ h~e{ gef

kjefi z h fi{ fj}ji{ gef kho|i. Z who|iki fi{ jojw \hmfi& xue gjke

ge { oj{oi xue w}hmhb ki` {u{ ohì{ |h}h |}i~ee}{e h { oj{oi

z hzugh} h fi{ |im}e{==. Gjke {h`wi Wio{ ge Hxujì2 [e}h fiku}h

z we`wh} h Gji{ e{|e}h}& {j` ahke} `hgh& xue Gji{ ì{ {iki}}h e`

fh{ ki{h{ e` xue |igeoi{ hzugh}ì{ ì{iw}i{ ki` ùe{w}i

w}hmhbi=;.

[i` ouka{joi{ fi{ j`{wjwuwi{ }efjcji{i{& {im}e wigi h |h}wj}

gef {jcfi |h{hgi& xue {e hkice`& e` {u oj{oi ìom}e& h fh Gj~j`h

\}i~jge`kjh& |e}i e{ mje` {jc jnjkhwj~i xue kh{j wigi{ e{i{

j`{wjwuwi{& ki` ef Kiwife`ci h fh khmerh& {i` j`{wjwuwi{ ge ~jgh

hkwj~h& ì ki`weo|fhwj~h. Z {e gegjkh` h hzugh} h fi{ geo{2 h fi{

|im}e{& h fi{ au}nhì{& h fi{ e`ne}oi{ o{ c}h~e{. Effi{ {i` fh

oebi} |}uemh ge xue fh ki`njh`rh e` fh |}i~jge`kjh ì |}iguke

nhfwh ge kio|}ioj{i {ikjhf& {jì |i} ef ki`w}h}ji u` kio|}ioj{i wh`

nue}we kioi `j`cu`h fez i wei}h auoh`h |uege |}igukj}.

== [H@ HCU[W@& Ef {e}o` ge fh oi`whh.=; [H@WI WIO[GE HXUJ@I& [uoh ki`w}h fi{ ce`wjfe{& JJJ& 8;5.

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fh{ |hfhm}h{ ge Be{{ {im}e ef \hg}e kefe{wjhf xue hfjoe`wh h fh{

h~e{ gef kjefi z ~j{we h fi{ fj}ji{ gef kho|i. [im}e e{h{ |hfhm}h{&

Dje}dechh}g ah e{k}jwi u` ohc`njki gj{ku}{i egjnjkh`we. E{we c}h`

|e`{hgi} gh`{ kio|}e`gj ef |}inu`gi {e`wjgi ge fh{ |hfhm}h{ geBe{{. @i {e w}hwh ge {hme} {j ef aiom}e wjeè i ì wjeè ge}ekai h

|}eiku|h}{e |i} fh kiojgh4 ge fi xue {e w}hwh e{ ge {hme} {j&

oje`w}h{ {e |}eiku|h |i} |}i~ee}{e ge kiojgh& }ekiìke xue f ì

e{ Gji{& xue& e` genj`jwj~h& ì e{ f xuje` kujgh ge { oj{oi {jì ef

oj{oi \hg}e xue hfjoe`wh h fh{ h~e{ z xue ~j{we h fi{ fj}ji{. E`

u`h |hfhm}h& ge fi xue {e w}hwh e{ ge {hme} {j ef aiom}e {e

ki`ni}oh ki` {e} aiom}e i xuje}e {e} Gji{& hfcuje` xue {e mh{wh h

{ oj{oi.

Ki`ni}oh}{e ki` fh |}i|jh ki`gjkj` ge aiom}e&ki`ni}oh}{e ki` {e} u`h gmjf k}jhwu}h j`kh|hr ge

|}i~ee} h {u{ |}i|jh{ èke{jghge{& ge fh oj{ohohè}h xue e{ j`kh|hr ge k}eh}{e h { oj{oi2 e{wi e{fi nu`ghoe`whf. \e}i {j ef aiom}e {e if~jgh ge Gji{ z

|}ewe`ge hfjoe`wh}{e f {ifi& e`wi`ke{ {e ki`~je}we e`~kwjoh ge fh{ |}eiku|hkjiè{ ohwe}jhfe{!Dje}dechh}g*.

@hgje e{w h {hf~i ge e{wh |}eiku|hkj`. \uege h{hfwh} hf

o{ |im}e z hf o{ }jki. [fi e{w fjm}e ge fh h`cu{wjh gef ohh`h

ef xue& }jki i |im}e& kio|}e`ge& j`kfu{i e` oegji ge fh |im}erh&

xue xuje` fi hfjoe`wh e{ ef \hg}e kefe{wjhf.\e}i ì {i` fh{ h~e{ gef kjefi z fi{ fj}ji{ gef kho|i xujeè{

|uege` e`{eh}ì{ ge ~e}ghg ef ~e}ghge}i hmh`giì ki`njhgi e`

ohì{ ge fh |}i~jge`kjh. Effi{ ì {e |}eiku|h` |i} ef ohh`h

|i}xue& hf jcuhf xue fi{ `ji{& ì wjeè` ef {e`wjgi gef ohh`h&

oje`w}h{ xue ef aiom}e { fi wjeè. Fh |e}nekkj` ki`{j{we e`

kiìke} fh |}eiku|hkj` gef ohh`h z {j` eomh}ci {u|e}h}fh ki`

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fh{ hfh{ ge fh ne. Ef ~e}ghge}i hmh`giì e{ ef xue ~j~j Be{{& xue

|igh gekj}2 Fh{ ri}}h{ wjeè` ohg}jcue}h z fi{ |bh}i{ `jgi& |e}i

ef Ajbi gef Aiom}e ì wjeè gi`ge }ekfj`h} fh khmerh !Fk :&51*.

;. @IWEOH[& \EXUEI]EMHI.

K}ei xue fh |cj`h e~h`cfjkh xue e{whoi{ kioe`wh`gi

e`kje}}h u` oe`{hbe jo|i}wh`we |h}h wigi{& |e}i e{|ekjhfoe`we

|h}h fi{ |h{wi}e{ z fh{ khmerh{ ge fh Jcfe{jh. Gemeoi{ |h}wj} ge

u`h |}eoj{h. Oukah{ |cj`h{ gef e~h`cefji e{w` gj}jcjgh{& {& h

wigi{ fi{ xue k}ee` e` K}j{wi& |e}i nue}i` |}iù`kjhgh{|}joi}gjhfoe`we |h}h ef c}u|i ge gj{k|ufi{ xue ~j~h` ki` Be{{ z

{e ahmh` gegjkhgi |i} kio|fewi h fh khu{h gef }ejì. Z ì |uege`

e`we`ge}{e {j ì {e wioh e` kue`wh e{e ge{wjì |}joi}gjhf z

gj}ekwi. @ue{w}h |cj`h e{ u`h ge effh{ !iw}h e{ fh gef bi~e` }jki2 [j

xuje}e{ {e} |e}nekwi& h`gh& ~e`ge fi xue wjeè{ z ghfi h fi{

|im}e{...*. H{ {e geguke ge fh n}h{e ki`kfu{j~h ge e{we |h{hbe2@i weoh{& |exuei }emhi& |i}xue ~ue{w}i \hg}e ahwe`jgi h mje` gh}i{ ef }ejì. ê`geg ~ue{w}i{ mjeè{ zghg fjoi{`h !Fk 8=&;=;;*.

H wigi{ fi{ k}j{wjhì{& |ue{& {e fe{ |jge u`h ki`njh`rh wiwhf e`

fh |}i~jge`kjh gef \hg}e& |e}i {e fe{ |jge ge ohè}h e{|ekjhf h fi{

xue aiz |}ifi`ch` fh oj{j` ge hxuef c}u|i }egukjgi xue ~j~h e`wi}ì h Be{{& e`w}echgi kioi f h wjeo|i kio|fewi h fh ffechgh

gef }ejì& e{ gekj}& h fi{ |h{wi}e{ z |i} u`h }hr` gj{wj`wh h fi{

}efjcji{i{.

W}hweoi{& |ue{& ge e`we`ge} ef ni}ojghmfe oe`{hbe ge xue

e{w jo|}ec`hgh e{h |cj`h gef e~h`cefji mhbi {u fjce}i

}e~e{wjoje`wi |iwjki. Ef ohh`h gef xue Be{{ fe{ gjke h {u{

kifhmi}hgi}e{ xue ì ~j~h` |e`gje`we{& e{ h`we wigi ef ohh`h ge

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fh Jcfe{jh. Ef ojegi xue ì{ j`~jwh h ì weè}& e{ ef ojegi h {e} i h

~if~e} h {e} hfc` gh u` |exuei }emhi.

Xu ~j{j` wjeè ef ou`gi {im}e ef nuwu}i ge fh Jcfe{jh9 U`h

~j{j` |u}hoe`we auoh`h. \h}h f& ef nuwu}i |}qjoi z }eoiwi ge fhJcfe{jh ge|e`ge& hf jcuhf xue fi{ h{u`wi{ ge fh |ifwjkh& ge fi{

exujfjm}ji{ ge nue}rh& gef kaixue ge |e}{i`hfjghge{& ge hfjh`rh{ z

gef |}e~hfeke} ge u`h u iw}h we`ge`kjh. Wigi {e eq|fjkh ge e{h

ohè}h. Z ah{wh hxu ì ahz `hgh ge xu eqw}hh}{e. Ef |}imfeoh

~e`g}h {j ì{iw}i{ khz{eoi{ e` e{h w}ho|h z hkhm{eoi{

|e`{h`gi j`ki`{kje`weoe`we kioi |je`{h ef ou`gi. Z e{we

|efjc}i ì wjeè `hgh ge }eoiwi(

E{ |}ekj{i }eki}gh} fh{ |hfhm}h{ xue {h` \eg}i gj}jce h fi{

k}j{wjhì{ e` {u kh}wh z e{kukah}fh{ kioi gj}jcjgh{ hxu z hai}h h

ì{iw}i{2

J`kfj`hi{& |ue{& mhbi fh ohì |ige}i{h ge Gji{ T..._.Ge{kh}chg e` f wigi ~ue{w}i hcimji& xue f kujgh ge~i{iw}i{ !8 \ 5&>7*.

f kujgh ge ~i{iw}i{2 Gji{ ì ah hmh`gi`hgi h fh Jcfe{jh h

{u{ |}i|jh{ nue}rh{4 `j fh ah hmh`gi`hgi who|iki `jkhoe`we e`

ohì{ ge fh be}h}xuh& |h}h xue {e |}eiku|e ge effh kioi {j {fi

ge{kh`{h{e {im}e {u{ aiom}i{.

E` ef |h{hgi ah eqj{wjgi u`h ~j{j` ge fh Jcfe{jh xue hfcuje`genj`j kioi ge{wh& |i} h`hfich ki` fh njfi{inh kh}we{jh`h e

jfuoj`j{wh kuzi j`nfubi |hgekh. [ec` e{h ~j{j`& ge fh oj{oh

ohè}h xue hf |}j`kj|ji Gji{ k}e hf ou`gi z fi giw ge {u{

|}i|jh{ feze{ z fueci& |i} h{ gekj}fi& f ge{h|h}ekj ge fh

kj}kufhkj`& gebh`gi xue ef ou`gi {jcuje{e {u ku}{i {j` o{

j`we}~e`kjiè{ ge{ge nue}h !`j {jxuje}h |i} |h}we ge Gji{ ki` ef

ojfhc}i*& e{i oj{oi ajri ki` fh Jcfe{jh. U`h ~er xue fh nu`g z fh

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giw ge wigi{ fi{ oegji{ ge c}hkjh z ge fh{ e{w}ukwu}h{ ge

{hf~hkj` !|hfhm}h& {hk}hoe`wi{& huwi}jghg*& kuh`gi K}j{wi {umj hf

kjefi fh fh`r h fh aj{wi}jh& kioi xuje` eo|ubh u`h mh}kh ahkjh fh{

ifh{ gef oh} xueg`gi{e f e` fh i}jffh. Hfci h{ kioi {j aumje{egjkai h {u Jcfe{jh2 wjeè{ wigi{ fi{ oegji{ |h}h khoj`h} w {ifh4

~ewe& |ue{& z ah{wh ef oioe`wi ge fh |h}u{h( E` e{h |e}{|ekwj~h&

hfcuje`& h kioje`ri{ gef {jcfi QQ& hku u`h n}h{e xue& hu`xue e`

{ oj{oh ì {eh e}}èh& { xue e{ |h}kjhf& z |i} e{i nue k}jwjkhgh

|i} ef c}h` ekfe{jfici ge Wumj`ch& B.H. Oafe}2 Gji{ k}e fh

be}h}xuh& z h{ |e}w}eka o{ xue {unjkje`weoe`we h fh Jcfe{jh

ah{wh ef nj` gef ou`gi=7.

Fh e`kkfjkh Oz{wjkj ki}|i}j{ge \i QJJ z ge{|u{ ef ^hwjkhì

JJ ki}}jcje}i` zh e{h ~j{j & |}e{e`wh`gi h fh Jcfe{jh kioi

j`{wjwukj` z oj{we}ji h fh ~er& z kuzi |}j kj|ji h`johgi} z

ki`gukwi}& {jeo|}e |}e{e`we z {jeo|}e hkwj~i& e{ ef E{|}jwu [h`wi&

hfoh ge fh Jcfe{jh. H{ |ue{& hxueffh n}h{e ahz xue {u{wjwuj}fh& i hf

oeì{ }eni}rh}fh ki` e{wh iw}h2 Gji{ ah e`~jhgi {u E{|}jwu h fhJcfe{jh& z h{ fh ah |e}w}ekahgi o{ xue {unjkje`weoe`we ah{wh ef

nj` gef ou`gi. Ef E{|}jwu [h`wi e{ fh c}h` |}i~jge`kjh gef \hg}e

|h}h fh Jcfe{jh.

E{wh{ ~e}ghge{ ki`wjeè` u` oe`{hbe ge e{|e}h`rh z ge

ki`njh`rh |h}h fh be}h}xuh ge fh Jcfe{jh& xue w}hwh} ge jfu{w}h} ki`

hzugh ge u`h eq|e}je`kjh xue ~j~j {h` N}h`kj{ki ge H{{.

Aiz e` gh& wigi{ fi{ e{wugji{i{ e{w` ge hkue}gi e`

j`gj~jguhfjrh} e` fh ~jgh gef \i~e}effi u`h eq|e}je`kjh xue

|ig}hoi{ ffhoh} {u ìkae i{ku}h gef e{|}jwu. Ahkjh ef nj` ge {u

~jgh& N}h`kj{ki wu~i fh kfh}h {e`{hkj` ge xue fh I}ge` xue ahmh

nu`ghgi {e fe e{whmh e{kh|h`gi ge fh{ ohì{. Ef }|jgi

=7 Kn B.H. OAFE]& e` Waeificj{kae Xuh}whf{ka}jnw.

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e` xue& hf ~if~e} ge u` kifixuji }efhbh`we ki` {u ae}oh`h Kfh}h&

jè{|e}hghoe`we eo|jerh h }e{i`h}fe e` fh oe`we& nue}we z

oj{we}ji{h& u`h n}h{e xue f }e|jwe j`nj`jwh{ ~eke{ e` {u j`we}ji}&

oje`w}h{ ~uef~e kh`wh`gi h {u e}eojwi}ji ge fh{ oi`whh{ geê}`h2 N}h`kj{ki& Gji{ eqj{we& z e{i mh{wh( Gji{ eqj{we& z e{i

mh{wh(. Fh |hr z fh hfec}h ahmh` ~uefwi h {u hfoh.

Ef e{|}jwu gef \i~e}effi {hfj ge fh |}uemh |u}jnjkhgi z

ni}wjnjkhgi. We`h fh jo|}e{j` ge xue {fi hai}h kiìkh fi xue e}h

fh ~e}ghge}h |im}erh ge e{|}jwu2 ~j~j} ge{|ibhgi ah{wh ge fh

nj`hfjghg |i} fh xue ahmh ~j~jgi ah{wh e`wi`ke{& {hk}jnjkh} h Gji{ fh

oj{oh im}h |h}h fh xue Gji{ fi ahmh {u{kjwhgi e` fh Jcfe{jh. Kioi

Hm}ha`& xue fe ahmh {hk}jnjkhgi h Gji{ ef ajbi ge fh |}ioe{h& h

hxuef J{hhk e` xuje` {e fe ahmh h{ecu}hgi u`h ge{ke`ge`kjh.

Gji{ |uege |egj} h hfcuje` whomj` aiz xue fe jòife h {u J{hhk

|h}h }ekim}h} fh |hr.

Gji{ eqj{we& z e{i mh{wh( Ef \hg}e fi {hme& z e{i mh{wh(

Kuh`gi ì{ {j whoi{ we`whgi{ |i} ef ge{hfje`wi& }e|jwhoi{

whomj` ì{iw}i{ u`h ge e{h{ |}ine{jiè{ ge ne& z

eq|e}joe`wh}eoi{ fh nue}rh gj~j`h ge ki`{uefi xue ge effh{ {e

ge{|}e`ge.

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J^./ \HG]E @UE[W]I XUE E[W[ E@ EF KJEFI.

Kioe`wh}ji hf \hg}e ùe{w}i.

\hg}e ùe{w}i xue e{w{ e` ef kjefi. Kuh`gi uàiom}e ah eo|erhgi h{& zh |uege {ecuj}

gjkj`gioe fi xue xuje}h. [hmj{9& oe xuegige{h}ohgi. Xu mje` fi {hmh oj Ajbi(. !Ka.

\cuz=>*.

EF@IOM]EGE GJI[

Uì ge fi{ {omifi{ o{ jo|i}wh`we{ ge Gji{& weifcjkhoe`we

ahmfh`gi& e{ ef gef ìom}e. \h}h u` {eojwh ef ìom}e ì e{& kioi

aiz |h}h ì{iw}i{& hfci |u}hoe`we ki`~e`kji`hf& {jì xue ni}oh|h}we ge fh |e}{i`h. Gji{ ah efecjgi u` fuch} ef weo|fi |h}h

ahke}fi oi}hgh ge {u ìom}e& e{ gekj}& |h}h ahke}fi {u |}i|jh

oi}hgh !kn Gw 8=&54 =>&=*. [ei}& Gji{ ùe{w}i& xu hgoj}hmfe e{

wu ìom}e e` wigh fh wje}}h( ![hf 1&=*& e{ gekj}& xu c}h`ge e}e{(

Ef ìom}e ù`kh {e jo|iè hf hrh}& {jì xue eq|}e{h fh{

kj}ku`{wh`kjh{ e` xue uì ah `hkjgi !8 [ 8&= KA. \CUZ& Ef oj{we}ji ge fi{ {h`wi{ jìke`we{.

=3 ZASA {i` fh{ kuhw}i few}h{ !?wew}hc}hoh* xue ni}oh` ef ìom}e |}i|ji gefGji{ ge fh Mjmfjh. H fi fh}ci ge wigi e{we fjm}i& fi{ e{k}jmj}eoi{ h{& {j` fh{

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H`wjcuhoe`we& ef \hg}e ùe{w}i ni}ohmh |h}we ge fh{

}ehfjghge{ {ek}ewh{ ge fh ne k}j{wjh`h xue e{whmh` |}iwecjgh{ |i} fh

fez gef h}khì& e{ gekj}& |i} fh ki`{jc`h xue imfjchmh h fi{

k}j{wjhì{ h ikufwh} !h}khì& ge h}ke}e& {jc`jnjkh cuh}gh}& weè}hfebhgi gef |mfjki* fi{ oj{we}ji{ o{ {h`wi{ ge fh Jcfe{jh |h}h ì

eq|iè}fi{ h fh |}inh`hkj` |i} |h}we ge fi{ |hchì{. [e

e`w}echmh h fi{ khwekoeì{ {fi kuh`gi {wi{ ahmh` we}oj`hgi

{u |}e|h}hkj`& fh ~{|e}h gef mhuwj{oi& bu`wi ki` fh eq|fjkhkj` ge

fh eukh}j{wh=1. Xuje` fi }ekjmh& cuh}ghmh {u{ |hfhm}h{ kioi

}efjxujh{ z e{|e}hmh ki` h`{jh ef oioe`wi e` xue& hf {hfj} gef mhi

gef mhuwj{oi& e` |}e{e`kjh ge fi{ ae}ohì{ z ge fh Ohg}e !fh

Jcfe{jh*& efe~h`gi fi{ m}hri{ hf kjefi& |igh eqkfhoh} |i} |}joe}h

~er2 \hg}e(& ahkj`gi{e h{ }ekiìke} |i} wigi{ kioi ùe~i ajbi

ge Gji{=:.

E{ |}ekj{i }eki}gh} e{wh{ ki{h{& |i}xue ì{iw}i{ aeoi{

w}j~jhfjrhgi ef \hg}e ùe{w}i hf gekj}fi ge kh}}e}jffh& hf gekj}fi {j`

|e`{h}& kioi {e gjke u`h bhkufhwi}jh kuhfxuje}h kuh`gi {e`wjoi{èke{jghg i ojegi4 aeoi{ |e}gjgi ef w}eoe`gi {e`wjgi xue {e

e{ki`ge e` e{h{ |hfhm}h{& |hfhm}h{ {hfjgh{ ge fi{ fhmji{ ge K}j{wi

z gj}jcjgh{ h fi{ igi{ ge Gji{.

Ahz xue }e{khwh} ef \hg}e ùe{w}i ge fh ki{wuom}e xue fi

}ekum}e ki` u`h e{|ekje ge kh|h hj{fh`we xue fe jo|jge m}jffh}

ge`w}i ge ì{iw}i{ z xue h ì{iw}i{ ì{ jo|jge e{w}eoeke}ì{ gehfec}h e` kuh`wi |}iù`kjhoi{ i e{kukahoi{ {u{ |}joe}h{

|hfhm}h{. Fh fjwu}cjh ì{ gh ebeo|fi ge e{wh ~eè}hkj` ahkjh ef

\hg}e ùe{w}i kifik`gifi e` fi{ oioe`wi{ o{ jo|i}wh`we{ ge

{u{ kefem}hkjiè{.

=1 Kn KJ]JFIGE BE]U[HF@& Khwexue{j{ oj{whccjkh{& ^& 88.=: WE]WUFJH@I& Ef Mhuwj{oi.

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Ef \hg}e ùe{w}i `hke ge fh i}hkj` ge Be{{. U` gh& fi{

h|{wife{& hf ~e} h Be{{ i}h`gi& fe gjbe}i`2 [ei}& e`{hì{ h

i}h}& z f }e{|i`gj2 Kuh`gi i}j{& gekjg2 \hg}e ùe{w}i... !kn Fk

88&8=*. Hf ~e} h Be{{ i}h} ge hxueffh ohè}h& fi{ h|{wife{ki`kjmje}i` ef ge{ei ge h|}e`ge} h i}h}& z Be{{ {hwj{njri e{e

ge{ei }echf`gife{ {u oj{oh i}hkj`. \i}xue ef \hg}e ùe{w}i

ahz xue fee}fi |}ekj{hoe`we h{2 kioi fh i}hkj` ge fh khmerh xue

{e gjnu`ge |i} wigi{ fi{ ojeom}i{ z {e ki`~je}we e` i}hkj` gef

kue}|i. E{ kioi u`h i`gh ge fh i}hkj` ge Be{{ xue {e |}i|hch

|i} fi{ {jcfi{ z xue ~h e`c}i{`gi{e o{ z o{& }ekicje`gi wigh{

fh{ ~ike{& wigh{ fh{ {|fjkh{& wigi{ fi{ c}jwi{ xue eojwe` fi{

aiom}e{ oj}h`gi ahkjh fi hfwi& hu`xue h ~eke{ {j` {hme} h xuj`.

Ahz u`h c}h` {jojfjwug e`w}e ef \hg}e ùe{w}iz fh eukh}j{wh.

E` uì z e` iw}h Be{{ {jcue ebe}kje`gi {u u`kj` {hke}giwhf xue

ki`{j{we e` in}eke} i}hkjiè{ z {|fjkh{ hf \hg}e z e` in}eke}{e h

{ oj{oi kioi {hk}jnjkji ~j~i. E` fh eukh}j{wh e w}hoi{ e`

kiou`j` ki` ef kue}|i ge K}j{wi4 e` ef \hg}e ùe{w}i ki` fhi}hkj` ge K}j{wi. E{ mje` {j`wiowjki xue fh fjwu}cjh ahzh kifikhgi&

e` fh oj{h& ef }eri gef \hg}e ùe{w}i bu{whoe`we h`we{ ge fh

kiou`j`.

Ef \hg}e ùe{w}i e{ u` }e{uoe` ge wigi ef e~h`cefji

TWE]WUFJH@I& Fh i}hkj`& 8& >_& ef e~h`cefji

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Un himno de silencio, meditaciones sobre el Padre