vaxtang rodonaia nino nakudaSvili avTandil arabuli marine xuciSvili

qarTuli ena da literatura

V klasi

maswavleblis wigni

2018

grifminiWebulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier 2018 wels

qarTuli ena da literaturaV klasis maswavleblis wigni

avtorebi: vaxtang rodonaia nino nakudaSvili avTandil arabuli marine xuciSvili

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa qeTevan gogava

© `swavlani~, 2018 weli. pirveli gamocema

gamomcemloba `swavlani~

misamarTi: Tbilisi, s. cincaZis 39

tel.: 2 36 91 85

www.stavlani.ge

ISBN 978-9941-9548-3-2

V. Rodonaia, N. Nakudashvili, A. Arabuli, M. Khucishvili

GEORGIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 5

Teacher’s book

First Edition, 2018

Published by STSAVLANI Publishing

S i n a a r s i

1. zogadi informacia saxelmZRvanelos Sesaxeb

Sesavali ............................................................................................................................5

sagnis swavlebis miznebis, amocanebis, standartis Sedegebisa da

saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsis urTierTkavSiris ruka (matrica) ........6

specifiuri sagnobrivi unarebis ganviTareba.........................................13

moswavleze orientirebuli swavlebis strategiebi

saxelmZRvaneloSi .....................................................................................................20

moswavlis Sefasebis principebi ......................................................................21

2. informacia moswavlis rveulisa da wignis Sesaxeb

agebis principebi ......................................................................................................34

3. maswavleblis wignis praqtikuli nawili

komentarebi enis nawilis TiToeul struqturul elementze .........35

saswavlo masalis wardgenis fazebi da gakveTilis dagegmvis

zogadi principebi ....................................................................................................84

sanimuSo gakveTilebis scenarebi ...................................................................85

4. maswavleblis wignis daskvniTi nawili

saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli zogierTi enobrivi

savarjiSos pasuxi ...................................................................................................102

leqsikuri da gramatikuli masalis codnis

Sesamowmebeli testebi .........................................................................................106

maswavleblisTvis saWiro resursebi ...........................................................117

5

1. zogadi informacia saxelmZRvanelos Sesaxeb

Sesavali

V klasis qarTuli enisa da literaturis saxelmZRvanelo Seqmnilia axali erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT da enisa da literaturis sag­nis swavlebisTvisaa gankuTvnili.

saxelmZRvanelo oTxi erTeulisagan Sedgeba. esenia: literaturis nawili, enis nawili, enobrivi savarjiSoebis rveuli da maswavleblis wigni.

literaturis nawilSi warmodgenili saswavlo masala dayofilia Tavebad Tematuri principis mixedviT.

saxelmZRvanelos es nawili Sedgeba Svidi Tavisagan. esenia:

1. gogonebi da biWebi2. deda, mSobliuri garemo3. saxelovani winaprebi4. SoTa da saba5. ra xdeba zRaparSi?6. adamiani da buneba7. pirispir

enis nawili dayofilia Semdeg Tavebad:

1. ena da adamiani2. mSenebeli bgerebi3. enis salaro4. azri da winadadeba5. sityvaTa klasebi

es Tavebi, Tavis mxriv, iyofa paragrafebad. enobrivi savarjiSoebis rveulis monakveTebic am paragrafebs mihyve­

ba. iSviaTad, magram aris iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca saxelmZRvanelos paragrafs rveulSi Sesabamisi davaleba ar mosdevs; es iq, sadac CavTva­leT, rom wignis savarjiSoebic sakmarisi iyo.

Cveni saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsis kavSiri sagnis swavlebis miznebTan da amocanebTan, agreTve qarTuli enisa da literaturis standartiT gansazRvrul misaRwev SedegebTan qvemoT aris warmodgenili.

6

swav

leb

is S

inaa

rsi

swav

leb

is m

izan

i d

a am

oc

aneb

isa

swav

lo

d

ro

is

moc

ul

oba

Sesa

bami

soba

st

and

art

is

Sed

egeb

Tan

lit

erat

ur

a

I Tav

i. g

og

one

bi d

a bi

Web

i

eTer

i _

r.i

nani

Svil

i;

nisl

i z

mor

ebiT

ad

ga m

iwid

an _

S.

niSn

iani

Ze;

uku

Rma

daW

edil

i_ r

. ina

niSv

ili;

fex

qveS

gaT

ela

Semo

dgo

mam

xeW

eWu

reb

i _

S.n

iSni

aniZ

e;

mir

and

uxt

_ r

.ina

niSv

ili;

gane

leb

ul

i ko

co

ni _

g.b

uT

xuz

i;

kac

ad m

aSin

xar

saq

ebi

_ i

.Wav

Wav

aZe;

Sr

omi

T d

a si

mama

ciT

_ x

alxu

ri.

Eena

I Tav

i. e

na d

a ad

amia

ni

Eenis

ro

li

adam

iani

s c

xovr

ebaS

i;

Aadam

iani

s en

a d

a c

xove

lT

a si

gnal

ebi;

sign

aleb

i Cv

en i

rgv

liv

;

Jes

ti

da

mimi

ka;

ram

den

i en

aa m

sof

lio

Si?

qar

Tu

li

ena.

asak

is S

esaf

eris

i t

eqst

ebis

mo

smen

is, w

akiT

xvis

a d

a in

ter

pret

acii

s u

nar

is g

amo

muSa

veba

;

kiT

xvis

st

rat

egie

bis

gamo

muSa

veba

(win

aswa

ri

dak

­vi

rve

ba s

aTau

rz

e, i

lu

str

acie

bze)

;

teq

stT

an d

ial

ogi

s u

nar

­Cve

vis

gamo

muSa

veba

;

mTav

ari

azr

is a

moc

nobi

sa d

a t

eqst

is d

etal

ebz

e d

akvi

rve

bis

una

r­C

vevi

s ga

momu

Save

ba;

war

mosa

xvis

una

ris

gam

omu

Save

ba;

moc

emu

li

gegm

is (C

arCo

s) m

ixed

viT

teq

stis

Seq

mnis

u

nar

is g

amo

muSa

veba

;

sit

yvaz

e d

akvi

rve

bis

una

ris

gam

omu

Save

ba;

Eenis

ro

lis

gac

nobi

ereb

a ad

amia

nis

cxo

vreb

aSi;

Aadam

iani

s en

is s

pec

ifiu

ro

bis

gac

nobi

ereb

a;

Aarav

erba

lu

ri

sign

aleb

is r

ol

is g

acno

bier

eba;

qar

Tu

li

enis

st

atu

sis

gac

nobi

ereb

a.

daa

x.

27 a

kad

. sa

aTi

qar

T.d

awy.

(II)

2,3,

6,7,

9,10

,

11, 1

2

sa

gn

is

sw

av

le

bi

s m

iz

ne

bi

s, a

mo

ca

ne

bi

s, s

ta

nd

ar

ti

s S

ed

eg

eb

is

a d

a

sa

xe

lm

ZR

va

ne

lo

s S

in

aa

rs

is

ur

Ti

er

Tk

av

Si

ri

s r

uk

a (

ma

tr

ic

a)

7

lit

erat

ur

aII

Tav

i. d

eda,

mS

obl

iur

i g

arem

o

iavn

anam

ra

hqmn

a _

i.g

oge

baSv

ili;

iavn

ana

_ x

alxu

ri;

Cven

i qa

rT

ul

i...

_ i

.no

neSv

ili;

Cemi

Tav

gad

asav

ali

_ a

k.we

reT

li;

d

eda

_ a

.Sen

gel

ia;

ded

as _

g. l

eoni

Ze.

ena

II T

avi.

mS

eneb

eli

bger

ebi

Bbger

ebi

da

aso

ebi;

ro

gor

war

moiq

mneb

a bg

ereb

i;

xmo

vneb

i d

a T

anxm

ovn

ebi;

bger

ebi

da

sit

yveb

i;

mar

cva

li;

dam

arc

vla

da

sit

yvis

gad

atan

a.

teq

stz

e mu

Sao

bis

una

r­C

veve

bis

gamo

muSa

veba

(g

egmi

s Se

dge

na);

Sina

arsi

s vr

cl

ad d

a mo

kled

gad

moc

emis

una

r­

Cvev

ebis

gam

omu

Save

ba;

teq

steb

is S

edar

ebiT

i an

aliz

is u

nar

is g

amo

muSa

ve­

ba;

teq

stis

Tem

isa

da

idei

s am

oc

nobi

s u

nar

is g

amo

­mu

Save

ba; s

akva

nZo

sit

yveb

is a

moc

nobi

s u

nar

is

gamo

muSa

veba

;

wer

iTi

met

yvel

ebis

una

ris

gan

viT

areb

a (S

inaa

rsi

s ga

dmo

cem

a sa

kvan

Zo s

ityv

ebz

e d

ayr

dno

biT

);

sit

yvaz

e mu

Sao

bis

una

r­C

vevi

s ga

momu

Save

ba;

sit

yvis

bge

riT

Sed

geni

lo

baz

e d

akvi

rve

ba;

xmo

vneb

isa

da

Tan

xmo

vneb

is r

ol

is g

acno

bier

eba;

wer

ilo

biT

i ko

nven

cie

bis

(sit

yvis

dam

arc

vla

da

gad

atan

a) w

eseb

is g

acno

ba.

daa

x.35

ak

ad.

saaT

i

qar

T.d

awy.

(II)

1,2,

3,6,

7,8,

9,

10, 1

1, 1

2

8

lit

erat

ur

aII

I Tav

i. s

axel

ova

ni w

inap

reb

i

vaxt

ang

mef

e _

xal

xur

i;

vaxt

ang

mef

e _

S.n

iSni

aniZ

e;

Tam

aris

dr

oSa

gaS

ales

_

gr.o

rbe

lia

ni;

niko

lo

z g

ost

aSab

iSvi

li

_ i

.Wav

Wav

aZe;

mt

ris

Zl

eva

_ i

.Wav

Wav

aZe;

as

eTi

dar

i T

u i

yo m

aSin

_ a

.kal

and

aZe;

T

bil

isi

_ o

. Wil

aZe;

kr

wani

sis

yaya

Coeb

i _

l. a

saT

iani

; si

zma

ri

_ a

k.we

reT

eli;

c

xovr

eba

meFf

eT­m

eFfe

dav

iTis

i _

uc

­no

bi a

vto

ri;

vaJ

kac

sa g

ul

i r

kini

sa _

xal

xur

i;

kid

evac

dai

zr

deb

ian

_ x

alxu

ri.

Eena

II

I Tav

i. e

nis

sal

aro

sit

yva;

sit

yvis

mni

Svne

lo

ba;

sit

yva

sxva

das

xva

mniS

vnel

obi

T;

sino

nime

bi; s

ino

nime

bis

Ser

Ceva

;

sino

nimT

a Se

rwy

ma; a

nto

nime

bi;

sit

yvaT

a wa

rmo

qmna

; rT

ul

i si

tyv

ebis

ma

rT

lwe

ra.

teq

steb

is S

edar

ebiT

i an

aliz

is u

nar

­Cve

vis

ganv

i­T

areb

a;

mxat

vru

l s

ityv

aze

dak

vir

vebi

s u

nar

­Cve

vis

ganv

i­T

areb

a;

lit

erat

ur

ul

i na

war

moeb

is e

sTet

iku

ri

Sef

aseb

is

sawy

isi

una

r­C

vevi

s ga

momu

Save

ba;

moc

emu

l T

emaz

e T

xzu

leb

is w

eris

una

r­C

vevi

s ga

momu

Save

ba;

sit

yvaz

e d

akvi

rve

bis

una

r­C

vevi

s ga

momu

Save

ba;

sit

yvis

Ser

Cevi

s u

nar

­Cve

vis

gamo

muSa

veba

;

sit

yvaT

a wa

rmo

qmna

ze

dak

vir

vebi

s u

nar

is g

amo

­mu

Save

ba;

rT

ul

i si

tyv

ebis

mar

Tl

wer

is s

wavl

eba.

daa

x. 2

5 sa

aTi

qar

T. d

awy.

(II)

. 1, 2

,

3, 4

, 6, 7

, 8, 9

,

10, 1

1, 1

2

9

lit

erat

ur

aIV

Tav

i. S

oT

a d

a sa

ba

amba

vi r

ost

evan

ar

abT

a me

fis

a _

So

Ta

ru

sTav

eli

(fr

agme

nti)

;

usa

mar

Tl

o S

irva

n­Sa

hi;

mef

e d

a av

sit

­yv

a; o

rmo

Si C

agd

ebu

li

mef

e; e

niT

dak

o­

dil

i; u

tkb

esi

da

umw

ares

i _

su

lxa

n­sa

ba o

rbe

lia

ni.

Eena

IV T

avi.

az

ri

da

win

adad

eba

wina

dad

eba;

wina

dad

ebis

wev

reb

i;

mar

tiv

i d

a r

Tu

li

wina

dad

eba;

sru

li

da

usr

ul

i wi

nad

adeb

a;

erT

gvar

wevr

ebia

ni w

inad

adeb

a;

sxva

Ta

sit

yva;

wina

dad

ebis

war

moT

qma

da

sasv

eni

ni

Sneb

i.

teq

steb

is e

sTet

iku

ri

aRqm

isa

da

int

erpr

etac

iis

una

ris

gam

omu

Save

ba;

per

sona

Jeb

is d

axas

iaT

ebis

una

ris

gam

omu

Save

ba;

nawa

rmo

ebis

ded

aaz

ris

amo

cno

bis

una

ris

gam

o­

muSa

veba

;

nawa

rmo

ebis

st

ru

qtu

raz

e d

akvi

rve

bis

una

ris

ga

momu

Save

ba;

wina

dad

ebis

int

ona

cia

sa d

a sa

sven

niS

nebz

e

muSa

oba

;

wina

dad

ebis

wev

reb

is a

moc

noba

ze

muSa

oba

;

mar

tiv

i d

a r

Tu

li

wina

dad

ebis

Sed

gena

ze

muSa

oba

;

sru

li

da

usr

ul

i wi

nad

adeb

is s

tr

uqt

ur

is a

moc

­no

baz

e mu

Sao

ba;

erT

gvar

wevr

ebia

ni w

inad

adeb

is s

tr

uqt

ur

is

gac

noba

.

daa

x. 1

5 sa

aTi.

qar

T. d

awy.

(II)

. 1, 2

,3,4

,6,

7,8,

9,10

,11,

12

10

lit

erat

ur

aV

Tav

i. r

a xd

eba

zR

apar

Si?

pat

ara

din

oz

avr

i _

g.p

etr

iaSv

ili

pepe

la

_ g

.pet

ria

Svil

i

ena

V T

avi.

sit

yvaT

a kl

aseb

i

sit

yvaT

a Zi

riT

adi

klas

ebi

anu

me

tyv

eleb

is n

awil

ebi;

arse

biT

i sa

xel

i;

arse

biT

i sa

xel

is j

guf

ebi;

bru

neba

;

fu

Ze d

a br

unv

is n

iSan

i;

fu

Zis

cvl

ileb

a br

une

bis

dr

os;

mrav

lo

biT

is w

armo

eba.

teq

steb

is S

edar

ebiT

i an

aliz

is u

nar

­Cve

vebi

s ga

momu

Save

ba;

teq

stis

int

erpr

etac

iis

una

r­C

veve

bis

gamo

muSa

ve­

ba;

Jan

ris

spe

cif

ikis

amo

cno

bis

una

r­C

vevi

s ga

nviT

a­r

eba;

per

sona

Jis

dax

asia

Teb

is u

nar

is g

anvi

Tar

eba;

war

mosa

xvis

una

ris

gan

viT

areb

a;

sit

yvis

fo

rma

cva

leb

aze

dak

vir

vebi

s u

nar

is g

amo

­mu

Save

ba;

arse

biT

i sa

xel

is b

ru

neba

ze

muSa

oba

;

mrav

lo

biT

i r

icxv

is f

or

mawa

rmo

ebis

gac

noba

.

daa

x. 1

4 sa

aTi

qar

T. d

awy.

(II)

.

1,2,

3,4,

5,6,

7,

8,9,

10,1

1,12

11

lit

erat

ur

aV

I. ad

amia

ni d

a bu

neba

arag

vs _

n. b

araT

aSvi

li;

ga

zaf

xul

iyo

maS

ina

_ x

alxu

ri;

Sv

lis

nu

kris

naa

mbo

bi _

va

Ja­

FfSa

vel

a;

Tu

Ta

_ a

. kal

and

aZe;

mu

xa _

r. i

nani

Svil

i;

cel

i ki

vis

_ g

. tab

iZe;

qa

ri

hqr

is _

g. t

abiZ

e;

gaz

afxu

li

_ i

. Wav

Wav

aZe;

Eena

V. T

avi.

sit

yvaT

a kl

aseb

i

(gag

rZe

leb

a)

Tan

deb

ul

ebi

da

maT

i d

aniS

nul

eba;

zed

sar

Tav

i sa

xel

i;

zed

sar

Tav

i sa

xel

is b

ru

neba

;

ric

xviT

i sa

xel

i;

nac

val

saxe

li/

pir

is n

acva

lsa

xel

i;

Cven

ebiT

i na

cva

lsa

xel

i;

kuT

vnil

ebiT

i na

cva

lsa

xel

i.

teq

steb

is S

edar

ebiT

i an

aliz

i sa

da

int

erpr

eta­

cii

s u

nar

is g

amo

muSa

veba

; sit

yvaz

e d

akvi

rve

bis

una

ris

gam

omu

Save

ba;

mxat

vru

l s

axez

e d

akvi

rve

bis

una

ris

gam

omu

Save

ba;

wer

iTi

met

yvel

ebis

una

ris

gan

viT

areb

a (C

arCo

s mi

xed

viT

Txz

ul

ebis

daw

era)

;

Tan

deb

ul

ebis

a d

a ma

Ti

dan

iSnu

leb

is g

acno

ba;

zed

sar

Tav

i sa

xel

is f

unq

cii

s ga

cno

ba;

ric

xviT

i sa

xel

is f

unq

cii

s ga

cno

ba;

nac

val

saxe

lis

fu

nqc

iis

gac

noba

.

daa

x. 1

7 sa

aTi

qar

T. d

awy.

(II)

.

1,2,

3,4,

5,6,

7,8,

9,10

,11,

12

12

lit

erat

ur

aV

II T

avi.

pir

ispi

r

gaR

mivl

ebi

_ g

.Co

xel

i;

bibl

iur

i is

to

ria

_ i

.go

geba

Svil

i

ena

V

Tav

i. s

ityv

aTa

klas

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13

vfiqrobT, es matrica daexmareba maswavlebels saswavlo procesis dagegmvaSi. masSi kargad Cans, rogor unda warimarTos paralelur re­JimSi enisa da literaturis swavleba. Cven Segnebulad avarideT Tavi saaTebis zust ganawilebas, vinaidan es adgilze gadasawyveti amocanaa da bevr faqtorzea damokidebuli, maT Soris klasSi moswavleebis ra­odenobaze da maTi mzaobis donezec. Tavisufali saaTebi (gaunawilebe­li darCa daax. 25 saaTi) maswavlebels SeuZlia gamoiyenos Semajamebeli samuSaoebisa da sxva aqtivobebisaTvis.

qvemoT Cven visaubrebT moswavleze orientirebuli midgomis spe­cifikaze sagnis swavlebis procesSi; specifikur sagnobriv unarebze, romlebzec yuradReba unda gamaxvildes sagnis swavlebisas; moswavlis Sefasebis principebze. ganvmartavT saxelmZRvanelos Tavisa da parag­rafis agebulebas. warmogidgenT samodelo gakveTilebs.

garda amisa, SemogTavazebT komentarebs enis nawilis TiToeul parag­rafze, vinaidan ena am saxiT (calke gamoyofil monakveTad) wina wlebSi ar iswavleboda da es maswavleblisaTvis garkveuli siaxlea.

rogorc enis, ise literaturis masalis prezentaciis dros saxelm­ZRvanelos avtorebi iTvaliswineben moswavlis asakobriv Taviseburebebs.

specifiuri sagnobrivi unarebis ganviTareba

saxelmZRvanelos avtorTa koncefciis Tanaxmad, enisa da literatu­ris gakveTili xelovnebis gakveTili unda iyos da misi kanonebis mixed­viT aigos. enisa da literaturis swavleba unda vaqcioT Zaldautane­bel, bunebriv saqmianobad, romelic Seesatyviseba dawyebiTi skolis moswavlis asakobriv da individualur Taviseburebebs.

Cveni azriT, umTavresi mizezi, ris gamoc Tanamedrove bavSvs kate­goriulad ar unda kiTxva, isaa, rom igi uars ambobs akeTos is, rac ar moswons. ramdenic unda varwmunoT igi, rom kiTxva aucilebelia, amao iqneba, sanam ar vuCvenebT, rom kiTxva sixarulis, bednierebis wyaroa.

ratom ver Rebuloben siamovnebas bavSvebi kiTxvisgan

I. Tanamedrove bavSvisTvis klasika iseTive gaugebaria, rogorc ucxo enaze dawerili teqsti. mowafeebs sayvelpuro sityvebis mniSvnelobac ki ar esmiT. am problemas ver wyvets saleqsikono muSaobac, radgan es sityvebi ar aqtiurdeba maT metyvelebaSi da, Sesabamisad, daviwyebas miecema xolme. maswavlebeli verafriT Seucvlis bavSvs sametyvelo garemos Sin, quCaSi...

verc weriTi davalebis gamartiveba da naklebis moTxovna uSvelis saqmes. moswavleebs ar SeuZliaT da arc undaT mkafiod gamoTqvan Ta­vianTi azrebi da grZnobebi. es ki imitom xdeba, rom qarTuli enis swav­

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leba sakomunikacio xasiaTs ar atarebs. gakveTilebze ena ar aRiqmeba, rogorc urTierTobis saSualeba. mowafeebs miewodebaT mxolod mec­niereba enis Sesaxeb. ganyenebuli, konteqstidan amoglejili gramati­kuli savarjiSoebi moswavles enobriv alRos ver ganuviTarebs da verc leqsikur marags gaumdidrebs. amisTvis saWiroa, moswavleTa da maswav­lebelTa Zalisxmeva sami mimarTulebiT warimarTos:

• unda ganixilon (gaaanalizon) sityvebi, iswavlon maTi `danaxva~;• iswavlon sityvis `gamozrda~ TavianT SemoqmedebaSi;• iswavlon neli kiTxva.

rogor vaswavloT sityvis `danaxva~

moswavleebi unda SevaCvioT, yuradRebiT daakvirdnen sityvas konte­qstSi da mis gareSe. amisaTvis maswavlebelma xSirad unda `Seaxvedros~ mowafe sityvasTan. es iqneba xan ucnob sityvebze muSaoba teqstis gasa­gebad, xanac _ zogadad gasageb, magram teqstSi moulodneli rakursiT gamoyenebul sityvebze dakvirveba.

sityvisadmi emociuri damokidebulebis stimulireba SesaZlebelia imgvari davalebebiT, rogoricaa: gansazRvreT,

• ra ferisaa sityva?• ra masalisagan SeiZleba misi `gakeTeba~ an risganaa igi Seqmnili

(Sali, broli, spilenZi, vercxli..)• rogor Srifts SeurCevdiT mas Casawerad?• ras gagonebT sityvis JReradoba, rogor gaxmovandeba igi ukeTe­

sad?• rogori xasiaTisaa igi? romeli cocxali arsebis saxiT warmoidgen

mas? • rogori suni, gemo aqvs sityvas?

SeiZleba SevTavazoT moswavleebs sityvis daxatva, misi wamRereba, cekva, pantomimiT gamosaxva.

Tumca leqsikuri muSaoba ar iqneba efeqturi, Tuki gakveTilze ganx­iluli sityva SemdgomSi xSirad ar gamoviyeneT. amitom saWiroa erT­gvari `leqsikuri minimumis~ Seqmna TiToeuli klasisTvis da mudmivad masTan dabruneba, sanam isini bavSvebis aqtiur leqsikad ar iqceva. am TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonilia gakveTilebze:

• sityvis xelmeored Sexvedrisas imis gaxseneba, TUu ra konteqstSi Segvxvda es sityva adre;

• SevecadoT CavabaT mowafe msjelobaSi, rogor iqneba ukeTesi am sit yvis wamoTqma, aseve _ Sinaarsis gadmocemaSi, teqstis mxat­vrul kiTxvaSi;

15

• SevTavazoT moswavleebs sityvis konteqstSi CarTva (winadadebis ageba, mini­teqsti, epiTetis SerCeva, asociacia);

• CavrToT sityva Sedareba­Sepirispirebis procesebSi (sinonimeb­Tan misi SedarebiT, msgavsfuZiani sityvebis SedgeniT, sxva enaze TargmniT);

• sityva vaqcioT moswavlis damoukidebeli Semoqmedebis centrad.

rogor vaswavloT sityvis `gamozrda~

literaturaSi sityvisTvis yuradRebis miqceva moswavlisTvis Cveu­lebrivi saqmianoba mxolod maSin gaxdeba, rodesac is CaerTveba Semoq­medebiT saqmianobaSi. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa konteqstis ga­reSe muSaoba sityvebze, romlebic moswavleebma unda Seadaron sxva sityvebs (sinonimurs da antonimurs), Semdeg ki Seqmnan sakuTari teq­sti, romelSic yvela sityva konteqstSi sakuTar `rols iTamaSebs~.

ai, magaliTad, sityvaze muSaobis amgvari gakveTili:

• mowafeebs dafaze CamovuwerT Tematurad axlobel ramdenime sit­yvas:

mogzaurigamvleliqveiTimegzurimawanwala

• Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT (visaubrebT mowafeebTan erTad), riT ganxvavdeba isini erTmaneTisgan; gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas, maT warmoSobaze (etimologia), maT stilur Seferilobaze, gadatani­Ti mniSvnelobiT maT SesaZlo gamoyenebaze.

• SesaZlebelia damatebiT masalad mxatvruli teqstebidan nawyvetebis motana, romelSic am sityvebs sxvadasxva elferi eqne­ba (teqstebi moswavleTa asakis mixedviT unda SeirCes).

• Semdeg vTavazobT moswavleebs, am sityvebis gamoyenebiT Seadgi­non gavrcobili winadadebebi, sadac maTi mniSvneloba gamoCndeba.

• muSaobis Semdgomi etapia asociaciebis SerCeva, aseve JReradobiT msgavsi sityvebis moZebna (iwereba dafaze), Semdgom _ epiTetebis SerCeva (iwereba dafaze).

amgvarad moswavleebi agroveben masalas, rac gamoadgebaT maT Semo­qmedebiTi davalebisTvis _ daweron teqsti am sityvebis gamoyenebiT.

ase xdeba sityvis damkvidreba bavSvis enobriv samyaroSi.

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rogor vaswavloT neli kiTxva

sityvisadmi yuradReba gulisxmobs neli, dafiqrebuli kiTxvis Cve­vas. axla yvela imas cdilobs, iswavlos swrafad kiTxva, raTa didi ra­odenobis informacia aiTvisos, rac, rasakvirvelia, saWiroa, magram Cveni mizani sapirispiroa _ unda vaswavloT nela da yuradRebiT kiT­xva. ra Tqma unda, yovelTvis araa saWiro da aucilebeli yvela sityvaze SeCereba. aris teqstebi, romelTac minimaluri komentari sWirdeba. mag­ram zogierTi ikiTxeba nela, mowafeebTan erTad, raTa TiToeuli sit­yvis, sasveni niSnis, TiToeuli abzacis TuU strofis Sinaarsi gavaana­lizoT. umetesad esaa arcTu ise didi poeturi teqstebi, zogjer ki _ moTxrobebic.

mxatvrul saxeebze muSaoba

V­VI klasis moswavleebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia literaturisadmi gulubryvilo­realisturi midgoma, rac Semdgomac sakmaod didxans grZeldeba.

sityvis gadataniTi da metaforuli mniSvnelobis wvdoma TandaTano­biT xdeba. amgvar muSaobas xandaxan mTeli gakveTilic SeiZleba daeT­mos. mniSvnelovania, rom mowafeebma gaigon ori ram: sityva mxatvrul teqstSi yovelTvis ar utoldeba mis saleqsikono mniSvnelobas da lite ratura azrovnebs saxeebiT da saubrobs arapirdapiri eniT.

mxatvrul saxeebze muSaobisas SesaZlebelia Semdegi aqtivobebis gamo yeneba:

I aqtivoba

• maswavlebeli gakveTilze kiTxulobs leqss saTauris dausaxeleb­lad (vTqvaT, galaktion tabiZis `celi kivis~), Semdeg sTxovs mowa­feebs, daasaTauron igi. SemoTavazebuli saTaurebi iwereba da­faze;

• klasSi gaimarTeba msjeloba, ratom daasaTaura ama Tu im moswav­lem leqsi amgvarad;

• Semdeg maswavlebeli asaxelebs leqsis avtorsa da saTaurs;• mowafeebi msjeloben, visi varianti iyo ufro miaxloebuli avto­

riseulTan da ratom daasaTaura poetma es leqsi amgvarad?

II aqtivoba

• maswavlebeli (asaxsneli teqstidan) dafaze wers sityvas (romelic gamoxatavs sagans an movlenas) da moswavleebs sTxovs, SeurCion mas daxasiaTeba, Seadaron sxva sagans an movlenas raime niSniT; Ser­Ceuli mxatvruli saxe unda gamoxatavdes mowafis damokidebule­

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bas sagnisa an movlenisadmi, miseul xats unda warmoadgendes.• Semdeg maswavlebeli kiTxulobs teqsts, romelSic am sagansa Tu

movlenazea saubari.• Semdgom muSavdeba kiTxvari (saxelmZRvaneloSi teqstis Semdeg

mocemuli), romelic zogadad am tipisaa:1. CamoTvlili sityvebidan romeli gamoxatavs leqsis ganwyobas?2. rogor waikiTxavdiT am leqss: mSvidad, wynarad Tu omaxianad,

nela Tu Cqara? ratom?3. ra suraTebi warmogidgebaT Tvalwin am leqsis kiTxvisas? 4. riT gansxvavdeba TiToeul strofSi warmosaxuli garemo?5. ratom Seadara poetma erTi sagani/movlena meores?

III aqtivoba

• maswavlebeli mowafeebs aZlevs leqss, romelSic gamotovebulia sityvebi (mxatvruli saxeebi). moswavleebs daevalebaT, Casvan es sityvebi;

• ganixileba TiToeuli SemoTavazeba mowafeebisgan; • Semdeg urigdebaT teqsti da adareben TavianT saxeebs mwerli­

seuls.

IV aqtivoba

• maswavlebeli aZlevs wyvilebSi samuSaos: erTma mowafem unda daweros arsebiTi saxeli (Tu termini jer ar ician, maSin sagnis an movlenis amsaxveli sityva), meorem _ zedsarTavi (sagnis niSan­Tvisebis gamomxatveli sityva), erTmaneTs ar uCveneben (zedsar­Tavebi ar unda iyos martivi _ kargi-cudis tipis). rasakvirvelia, es gamova uazro sityvaTSeTanxmeba.

• Semdegi Txovnaa _ Casvan es sityvaTSeTanxmeba winadadebaSi an pa­tara teqstSi ise, rom gaamarTlon misi arseboba, rogorc poeturi saxisa.

• magaliTebi ganixileba klasSi.

amgvari davaleba aryevs gonebaSi CaWedil, daxsomebul sityvaTa leqsikur mniSvnelobas, aRviZebs fantazias da aviTarebs enobriv dak­virvebulobas.

rogor gavxadoT gakveTili TiToeuli moswavlisTvis mniSvnelovani

rogor mivaaxlovoT mowafe imasTan, rac xdeba gakveTilze? rogor gavxadoT misTvis mniSvnelovani wignis kiTxva da misi analizi? rogor ganvaviTaroT masSi mkiTxvelis monacemebi?

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gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi:1) rogor nawarmoebebs vTavazobT wasakiTxad;2) ramdenad viTvaliswinebT nawarmoebebis Seswavlisas moswavlis

subieqtur moTxovnilebebsa da reaqciebs;3) ramdenad vaZlevT moswavles TviTgamoxatvis saSualebas im

formiT, romelic ufro axlobeli da misaRebia misTvis.

mozard asakSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania gakveTilis ageba `mo­swavlisgan~, mis interesebze orientireba. es araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs kiTxvas: `Sen rogor moiqceodi gmiris adgilas?~ saubaria ara personaJTan gaigivebaze, aramed teqstTan dialogis organizebaze; aseve literaturis gakveTilis erT­erTi mizania, gamoavlinos ada­mianSi bunebrivad arsebuli sityvebi da formebi, romlebic gamoxatvas elian. amitomac mowafes unda mieces saSualeba sxvadasxva formiT teq­stis interpretirebisa. Sesabamisad, gakveTilebze muSaoba unda wari­marTos Semdegi mimarTulebiT: kiTxvebis dasmis xelovnebis swavleba, SeuTavseblobis, miuReblobis gamovlena (ratom iyo SenTvis mosawyeni es nawarmoebi?).

skolaSi literaturis gakveTilis erTi umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa aswavlos bavSvs dialogi teqstTan, aRzardos ganaTlebuli, anu iseTi adamiani, romelsac SeeZleba kiTxvis dasma, radgan namdvili dialogi ormxrivi procesia, mxatvruli teqsti ki arsobrivad warmoadgens pa­suxs raime kiTxvaze, iseTze, romelic mkiTxvelma unda dausvas sakuTar Tavs. kiTxvis procesi esaa aRqmis yvela sferos muSaoba (emocia, war­mosaxva, Sinaarsis gaazreba da formis gacnobiereba), es aris proble­mis gamokveTa da misi gadaWris mcdeloba. amrigad, teqstisTvis kiTx­vis dasmis unari erTi­erTi mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia literaturuli ganviTarebisa.

tradiciuli literaturis gakveTili xSirad kiTxva­pasuxzea agebu­li, kiTxvebs ZiriTadad maswavlebeli svams da, Sesabamisad, igi iqceva adamianad, romelic sul raRacas gekiTxeba. Tu moswavle yovelTvis mxolod mopasuxis rolSi iqneba, verasodes iswavlis damoukideblad teqstis wakiTxvasa da gagebas. garkveul etapze amgvari `daxmareba~ saWiroa, magram bolos da bolos, man unda SeZlos sxvis dauxmareblad teqstis aRqma.

kiTxvis dasmaze muSaoba mexuTe klasSi iwyeba, epizodurad grZelde­ba meeqvseSi, meSvideSi ki igi gegmazomier da sistemur saxes iRebs.

kiTxvebis dasmis unaris mizanmimarTuli gamomuSaveba calke Sromas ar gulisxmobs. mowafeebi amas swavloben gaucnobiereblad, yovel­dRiurad teqstis analizisas, rodesac maswavlebeli kiTxvebiT aRZ­ravs maTSi motivacias, uxsnis, ratomaa isini mniSvnelovani, ar malavs

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Tavis `samzareulos~ da cdilobs, gadaakeTos rTulad dasmuli SekiTx­va, daSalos SedarebiT martiv kiTxvebad; moswavleebs uCvenebs, rom ma­sac ainteresebs am kiTxvaze pasuxi, rom arc man `icis es~. TumcaRa es mainc spontanuri samuSaoa. maswavlebelma, pirvel rigSi, TviTon unda gaiazros mimdinare procesi, Semdeg aagos imgvar davalebaTa sistema, romelSic realizdeba moswavleTa unari teqstTan dialogisa.

mexuTe klasSi, sanam saubars daviwyebdeT ama Tu im rTul teqstze, vekiTxebiT moswavleebs, ra kiTxvebi gauCndaT teqstis mimarT. Tavda­pirvelad esaa kiTxvebi siuJetTan dakavSirebiT, calkeuli sityvebis mniSvnelobebi. TandaTanobiT Cndeba mizez­Sedegobriv kavSirebsa da gmirebis saqcielTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvebi.

garkveuli maCvenebeli imisa, rom bavSvebs damoukideblad SeuZliaT dialogi nawarmoebTan, aris maTi qceva gakveTilze. SesaZloa iseTi gare­mos Seqmna, roca maswavlebeli ki ar `atarebs~ gakveTils, aramed saWiro mimarTulebas aZlevs klasSi saubars da masSi monawileobs partnioris uflebiT. aseTi garemo ukve VI klasSi SeiZleba Seiqmnas, Tuki nawarmoe­bi TavisTavad sainteresoa mowafeebisTvis.

strategiulad mniSvnelovani xerxi moswavleTa literaturuli ganviTarebisTvis

Sedareba _ SepirispirebiTi analizi, rogorc literaturuli ganviTarebis saSualeba

teqstis Seswavlis es meTodi axali ar aris, magram V­VI klasebSi igi mxolod xerxi ki araa, aramed literaturuli ganviTarebis strategias warmoadgens.

SedarebiTi analizi ufro ioli, bevrismomcemi da sainteresoa bav­SvisTvis, vidre calke aRebuli teqstis analizi. Sedareba _ Sepiris­pirebisas aRqmis yvela sfero aqtiurdeba, izrdeba SemecnebiTi interesi.

SedarebiTi analizi mexuTe klasSi

mexuTe klasi gulubryvilo, alali realizmis xanaa, rodesac waSli­lia sazRvari xelovnebasa da sinamdviles Soris, is asakia, romelic xa­siaTdeba uSualo emociurobiT, ar eqceva yuradReba mxatvrul formasa da avtoris pozicias, aseve _ mxatvrul azrovnebas.

Cveni ZiriTadi amocanaa, vaswavloT mexuTeklaselebs mxatvrul sa­myaroTa gansxvaveba, CamovuyaliboT warmodgena avtorze, rogorc mxat vruli teqstis Semqmnelze. amitom am periodSi Warbobs sxvadasxva avtorTa msgavs Temaze Seqmnili nawarmoebebis Sedareba. amgvari Seda­rebis procesSi mowafeebi xedaven, rom yvela mwerali individualuria

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da erTsa da imave Temas sxvadasxva avtorebi sxvadasxvagvarad ganixi­laven da warmoadgenen.

V klasSi SedarebiTi analizi SeiZleba iyos siuJetis, saxeebis, kom­poziciis doneze. mowafeTa esTetikuri ganviTareba intensiuri gaxde­ba, Tuki teqstebs SevadarebT xelovnebis sxva dargebis nawarmoebebs.

moswavleze orientirebuli swavlebis strategiebi saxelmZRvaneloSi

saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsi, misi struqtura, calkeuli Tavisa Tu pa­rag rafis agebuleba , savarjiSoebisa da davalebebis sistema pirovnebis ganviTarebaze orientirebul konstruqtivistul saganmanaTleblo koncefcias efuZneba. amis erT­erTi TvalsaCino gamoxatulebaa sa­xelmZRvanelos dawyeba swavlis, kerZod, kiTxvis strategiebis gac­nobiT. swavlis swavla xom am saganmanaTleblo koncefciis erT­erTi ZiriTadi principia. imave mizans (swavlis swavlas) emsaxureba Txzulebis gegma­CarCos micema saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenil davalebebSi.

moswavleze orientirebuli midgomaa warmodgenili saxelmZRvanelos struqturul agebulebaSic. kerZod, saswavlo masalis Tematur dala­gebaSi:

1. gogonebi da biWebi; 2. deda, mSobliuri garemo; 3. saxelovani wi­naprebi; 4. SoTa da saba; 5. ra xdeba zRaparSi? 6. adamiani da buneba; 7. pirispir.

literaturuli masala moswavles jer misTvis yvelaze axlobel sam­yaroSi amogzaurebs, Semdeg TandaTan afarToebs mis Tvalsawiers da bolos adamianuri bunebis siRrmeebSic axedebs.

nacnobidan ucnobisaken svla, ukve arsebul codnaze axlis daSene­ba saxelmZRvanelos meTodikis gamokveTili principia. am principis yvelaze TvalsaCino realizaciaa samotivacio (igive, e.w. maprovocire­beli) kiTxvebi yoveli saswavlo monakveTisa Tu paragrafis dasawyisSi.

amave principis realizacias warmoadgens enis nawilis paragrafebis mTliani agebuleba, Txrobis logika, romelic codnis konstruirebas uwyobs xels. anu moswavles mzamzareuli wesebi ki ar miewodeba, is Tvi­Ton midis ama Tu im enobrivi kanonzomierebis aRmoCenamde.

moswavleze orientirebuli midgomis realizaciis magaliTia agreTve enobrivi movlenebisa da kanonzomierebebis vizualizeba. magaliTad, rTuli sityvebis marTlweris vizualizeba (cxenkaci da cxen­kaci) ken­tavrisa da mxedris qandakebebis magaliTze. amgvari nimuSebi uxvad aris warmodgenili saxelmZRvanelos enis nawilsa da moswavlis rveulSi. sa­varjiSoTa vizualizeba, vfiqrobT, bevrad gauiolebs moswavles enis kanonzomierebaTa gagebas.

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moswavlis Sefasebis principebi

Sefasebis sistema, formebi, rekomendaciebi

Sefaseba swavla/swavlebis procesis erT­erTi mniSvnelovani nawi­lia. saswavlo gegmis mixedviT, dadgenilia ori tipis Sefaseba: ganma-viTarebeli da ganmsazRvreli.

ganmaviTarebel Sefasebas (romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs TviTSe-fasebasac) maswavlebeli iyenebs swavlis xarisxis gasaumjobeseblad, moswavlis ganviTarebis uzrunvelsayofad. es swavlebis procesis mim­dinareobisas miRweulis Sefasebaa, magaliTad, raime Temis/teqstis Seswavlis procesi, saSinao davalebis, proeqtis romelime etapis an gakveTilze CarTulobis Sefaseba. amgvari Sefasebisas moswavle maswav­leblisgan iRebs iseT informacias, romelic mas ganviTarebasa da saku­Tari swavlis gacnobierebaSi exmareba. amde nad Sefasebis amgvari forma ufro metad urTier TanamSromlobiTia, vidre ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba, aqedan gamomdinare, ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebisas maswavlebeli qulas ar wers, igi mowafes aZlevs rCevas, rekomendacias, uCvenebs problema­Ta gada Wris gzebs, daafiqrebs sakuTari azrovnebis pro cesze da a.S.

TviTSefaseba da urTierTSefaseba moswavleTa Sefasebis mniS­vnelovani komponentia. moswavleebma SeiZleba Seafason sakuTari Ta­vica da Tanatolic. TviTSefaseba mniSvnelovan informacias iZleva imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeuZlia moswavles Tvali adevnos sakuTar prog­ress. Sefasebis am formis xSirad gamoyeneba moswavles sakuTari codnis obieqtur Sefasebas aswavlis da damoukideblad swavlisa da TviTkri­tikis unars uviTarebs. igi me tad mniSvnelovania maswavleblisTvisac, romelic met informacias agrovebs mowafeebis Sesaxeb da ufro metad SeuZlia daexmaros maT.

ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba ki moswavleTa miRwevebsa da dones gansaz­Rvravs saswavlo gegmasa da saswavlo miznebTan SesabamisobaSi. ganmsaz­Rvreli Sefaseba Sedegzea orientirebuli, amdenad qulis dawera saval­debulo moTxovnaa. ganmsazRvreli Sefasebisas maswavlebeli iyenebs sxvadasxva Semajamebel aqtivobebs: prezentacias, proeqtis ganxilvas, tests, sakontrolo weras da a.S. ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba qulis saxiTaa mocemuli, romelic gansazRvravs mowafis dones, Sesabamisad, mas ar ax­lavs Sedegebis gasaumjobeseblad komentarebi an rekomendaciebi.

ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis meTodebi

maswavleblis dakvirveba _ Canawerebi, komenta rebi moswavlis miR­wevebis Sesaxeb. gamoiyeneba swavlebis yovel etapze: kiTxvebze pasuxi­

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sas, dafasTan muSaobisas, jgufuri da individualuri muSaobisas, sak­laso werisas...

komentari _ informacia, romelsac maswavlebeli moswavles awvdis misi konkretuli pasuxisa Tu konkretuli davalebis Sesrulebisas. es SeiZleba iyos: qeba, gamxneveba, rCeva, dafiqrebisken mowodeba, Secdomis gasworeba.

TviTSefasebis sxvadasxva forma arsebobs, yvelaze gavrcelebuli TviTSefasebis sqemebia, romelic konkretuli saWiroebis mixedviT ic­vleba, imis mixedviT, Tu ras vamowmebT: erT Temas, erT gakveTils, erT savarjiSos, faqtobriv masalas, rogor ganuviTardaT garkveuli unar­Cvevebi, weriT namuSevars da sxv. amgvari sqemebi sasurvelia moswavle­ebTan erTad SemuSavdes.

weriTi namuSevris TviTSefasebis nimuSi:

saxeli, gvari­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ TariRi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

rodesac gadavxede namuSevars, davinaxe, rom ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

gavaumjobese ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

vamayob, rom ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

kvlav mWirdeba ganmtkiceba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

Semdgom weriT davalebaSi Sevecdebi, rom ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

gakveTilze sakuTari saqmianobisa da Sinagani, pirovnuli proce-sebis TviTSefasebis nimuSi (pirobiTi niSnebis gamoyenebiT)

• vpasuxobdi kiTxvebs da Cems pasuxebs mivyav diT problemis ga­dawyvetamde (pirobiTi niSani mze);

• vamatebdi da vaviTarebdi sxvebis pasuxebs, vexma rebodi gakveTi­lis `agebaSi~ (agurebi);

• vpasuxobdi, magram rogorc mere mivxvdi, arcTu war matebulad, radgan an sxvis pasuxs vimeorebdi, anda swor gzas vcdebodi (CaS­vebuli Ruza);

• yvelaferi vicodi da mesmoda, magram vdumdi (sanam rames vityodi, sxvebi maswrebdnen; vSiSobdi, arasworad ar mepasuxa, dae, sxvebma imuSaon) (dakecili konverti).

• vdumdi, radgan ar vicodi ra meTqva, magram yuradRebiT vusmendi sxvebs (mocinari kacuna, romlis yurebisken mimarTulia isrebi).

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• meZina, buzebs viTvlidi, vocnebobdi (neta, raze?), vfiqrobdi, vi­werdi saSinao davalebas (Rrublebi).

amgvarad, mowafe afasebs sakuTar aqtivobas, sakuTar wvlils gakveTilze ama Tu im problemis gadaWris saqmeSi (maswavlebelma yo­velTvis ar icis, ra dgas mowafis dumilis ukan, amitomacaa mniS­vnelovani, ras airCevs moswavle: `vicodi da vdumdi~, Tu `ar vicodi da vdumdi~). maswavlebeli drodadro krefs TviTSefasebis furclebs da arSiebze akeTebs sakuTar SeniSvnebs (Zalian koreqtuli da arakatego­riuli toniT) maSinac, roca moswavle gadaWarbebiT afasebs sakuTar Tavs da maSinac, rodesac igi dabal TviTSefasebas amJRavnebs (amgvar TviTSefasebaSi aris riski imisa, rom mowafem ieSmakos, araadekvatu­rad Seafasos sakuTari Tavi, magram amgvari riski mainc gamarTlebu­lia, radgan bevri bavSvisTvis igi stimulia, raTa miaRwios im sasurvel Sedegs, romelic am etapisTvis misTvis dauZleveli aRmoCnda).

Semajamebeli Sefasebis sqemebi

Semajamebeli davalebis Sefasebis sqema zepir metyvelebaSi

davalebis tipi: literaturuli nawarmoebis Sesaxeb msjeloba

qulebi

gamarTuli da swori metyveleba

metyvelebs gamarTuli, saliteraturo eniT, iyenebs Sesaferis leqsikas. 0_1

sworad da garkveviT warmoTqvams sityvebs, adekvaturad iyenebs logi­kur pauzebs.

0 _ 0,5­1

saTqmelis naTlad da logikurad gadmocema

msjelobis dawyebamde ayalibebs Teziss (gamokveTs msjelobis Temas). 0 _ 1­2

bolomde mihyavs dawyebuli msjeloba (anu azrs dausrulebels ar tovebs).akeTebs logikur (msjelobidan gamomdinare) daskvnas.

0 _ 1­20­0,5 ­1

kontaqti auditoriasTan, TvalsaCinoebis gamoyeneba

aqvs mxedvelobiTi kontaqti auditoriasTan. 0_1

saWiroebis mixedviT iyenebs Sesabamis TvalsaCinoebas (sqemas, naxats).

0_1

SemoqmedebiTi unarebi

amCnevs teqstSi saintereso detalebs da marjved iSveliebs maT sakuTari msjelobis dasasabuTeblad.

0_1

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standartTan Sesabamisoba: qarT. dawy.(II). 2. moswavlem unda SeZlos standartiT gansazRvruli

sxvadasxva tipis teqstebis mosmena da gageba­gaazreba; teqstze msje­loba da daskvnis gamotana;

qarT. dawy.(II). 3. moswavlem unda SeZlos standartiT gansazRvruli sxvadasxva tipis nacnobi teqstebis interpretireba da Sefaseba; maT mimarT piradi damokidebulebis gamoxatva da axsna; mxatvruli nawar­moebis esTetikuri Sefaseba (sawyis doneze).

Semajamebeli davalebis Sefasebis sqema kiTxvaSi

davalebis tipi: ucxo teqstis wakiTxva­gaazreba

qulebi

teqstis tipis amocnoba

amoicnobs teqstis struqturul elementebs;yofs teqsts Sinaarsobriv nawilebad;akavSirebs saTaurs teqstTan.

0_1­2­3

teqstis Sinaarsis gadmocema sakuTari sityvebiT

amokrebs teqstidan saWiro informacias;mokled gadmoscems vrcel Sinaarss, iTvaliswinebs arsebiTs. 0 _1­2­3­4

teqstis Temisa da dedaazris amocnoba

amoicnobs teqstis Temas;dasabuTebulad msjelobs teqstis dedaazris Sesaxeb. 0 _ 1­2­3

standartTan Sesabamisoba: qarT.dawy.(II). 6. moswavlem unda SeZlos standartiT gansazRvruli sxvadasxva tipis teqstebis wakiTxva, gageba da gaanalizeba arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone sakiTxebis/detalebis gaT­valiswinebiT.

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Semajamebeli davalebis Sefasebis sqema weraSi

davalebis tipi: moTxrobis gagrZeleba

qulebi

icavs TxrobiTi teqstisaTvis damaxasiaTebel struqturas

ambavs aqvs dasawyisi, Sua nawili da dasasruli;miTiTebulia moqmedebis dro da adgili;gamokveTilni arian personaJebi.

0 _ 1­2­3

aqvs mdidari leqsika

iyenebs sinonimebs, xatovan sityva­Tqmebs, frazeologizmebs. 0_1­2

iyenebs Txrobis tipis teqstisTvis damaxasiaTebel sityvebsa da gamonaTqvamebs (erTxel, Semdeg, bolos...).

0_0,5­1­2

SemoqmedebiTi unarebi

gvTavazobs siuJetis ganviTarebis originalur gadawyvetas. 0_1

naSromis organizebuloba

icavs marTlweris wesebs, sworad iyenebs sasven niSnebs. 0_0,5­1­2

standartTan Sesabamisoba:

qarT.dawy. (II).10. moswavlem unda SeZlos standartiT gansazRvruli sxvadasxva tipis mcire zomis teqstebis Seqmna nacnob Tematikaze sxva­dasxva mizniT.

qarT.dawy.(II).11. moswavlem unda SeZlos nacnobi leqsikis, naswavli enobriv­sintaqsuri konstruqciebisa da struqturuli elementebis miznobrivad SerCeva da saTanadod gamoyeneba; qarTuli saliteraturo enis ZiriTadi normebis dacva.

(SeniSvna: Sefasebis kriteriumebi da qulebi yoveli konkretuli davalebis Sesabamisad SeiZleba Seicvalos).

* * *

saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili nebismieri davaleba da savarjiSo, SeEsaZlebelia gamoviyenoT rogorc ganmaviTarebeli, ise ganmsazRvreli SefasebisaTvis. Tumca mexuTe klasis pirvel semestrSi, rogorc viciT, moswavle quliT jer kidev ar fasdeba da, aqedan gamomdinare, Sefasebac ganmaviTarebel xasiaTs atarebs. swored am faqtors viTvaliswinebdiT,

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rodesac enobrivi savarjiSoebis rveulis yvela paragrafis bolos gamovyaviT adgili maswavleblis komentarisaTvis.

moswavleze orientirebuli saswavlo procesis erT­erTi funda­menturi principia diferencirebuli swavleba, anu saswavlo masalis prezentaciisAAAas sxvadasxva saWiroebis moswavleTa interesebis gaTval­iswineba. amave dros, arsebobs standarti, romelic yvela moswavlisaT­vis savaldebulo codnisa da unar­Cvevebis zRvars awesebs. es garkveul sirTuleebs warmoSobs saswavlo proceSi da erT­erTi aseTi sirTule moswavlis Sefasebis dros iCens Tavs: Sefaseba diferencirebuli ver iqneba, is obieqtur da sayovelTao (yvelasTvis erTnair) kriteriumebs unda efuZnebodes. maS, rogorRa SevqmnaT yvelasTvis (anu sxvadasxva saWiroebis mqone moswavleebisaTvis) Tanabari garemo?

pedagogiur literaturaSi am sakiTxisadmi sxvadasxvagvari midgo­ma arsebobs; zogi miiCnevs, rom sxvadasxva saWiroebis mqone moswavle­ebma sxvadasxva tipis davalebebi unda Seasrulon. Cven vTvliT, rom es ar aris swori midgoma, gansakuTrebiT ganmsazRvreli Sefasebis dros, romelmac unda daadginos (gansazRvros), ra xarisxiT miuaxlovda mos­wavle standartiT gaTvaliswinebul misaRwev Sedegs.

Cveni azriT, swori gamosavalia ara sxvadasxva tipis davalebebis micema moswavleebisaTvis, aramed erTi da imave tipis davalebebis mi­cema sxva dasxva instruqciiT (anu ufro metad vexmarebiT mas, visac es sWirdeba). magaliTad, qvemoT moxmobil sawer davalebaSi SedarebiT Zlier moswavleebs vTavazobT pasuxis gegmas, SedarebiT sustebs _ pa­suxis CarCos, anu orive kategoria erTi da imave tipis davalebas asru­lebs da erTnairad fasdeba:

I varianti

amoirCieT erTi sityva, romelic yvelaze ukeT gvixasiaTebs miran-duxts revaz inaniSvilis amave saxelwodebis moTxrobidan: _ W o r i -k a n a , W k v i a n i , T a v a z i a n i, m o u s v e n a r i , T a m a m i _ da moixmeT mOoTxrobis teqstidan Tqveni azris damadasturebeli magaliTebi.

p a s u x i s g e g m a

1. pirvel winadadebaSi axseneT personaJis saxeli da aRniSneT misi xa­siaTis mTavari Tviseba.

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

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2. erTi­ori winadadebiT gadmoeciT personaJis saqcieli, roca es Tviseba man pirvelad gamoamJRavna.

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

3. erTi­ori winadadebiT gadmoeciT kidev rodis gamoamJRavna per­sonaJma xasiaTis es Tviseba.

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

II varianti

amoirCieT erTi sityva, romelic yvelaze ukeT gvixasiaTebs eTers revaz inaniSvilis amave saxelwodebis moTxrobidan: _ W k v i a n i, b e j i T i , m o r c x v i, z a r m a c i , T a m a m i _ da moixmeT mOoTxrobis teqstidan Tqveni azris damadasturebeli magaliTebi.

p a s u x i s C a r C o

yvelaze ukeT eTeris xasiaTs sityva ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ miesadageba. mwerali

gveubneba, rom eTeri ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­.

meoregan ki vkiTxulobT, rom skolaSi mimavali eTeri ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­eTeris es xasiaTi maSinac Cans,

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

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gTavazobT kidev erTi tipis davalebas sirTulis sami sxvadasxva xarisxiT. davalebis samive varianti mTavari azrisa da detalebis amoc­nobis unars amowmebs:

I varianti

waikiTxeT qvemoT moyvanili abzaci, romelsac mTavari azris gamomxatveli winadadeba aklia.

xea ayvavebuli, xis iqiT traqtori xnavs, naxnavs gundad dastriale­ben frinvelebi. qveS miwerili aqvs `gazafxuli~.

daamateT mTavari azris gamomxatveli winadadeba da sruli saxiT gadmowereT es abzaci (mTavari winadadeba SegiZliaT daamatoT abza-cis dasawyisSi an bolos).

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

II varianti

waikiTxeT qvemoT moyvanili abzaci da xazi gausviT qveS mTavari azris gamomxatvel winadadebas.

mxolod mesame saxls etyoba kacis xeli. jer isev nedli rcxilis wneliT aris SemoRobili maRali saCexe, Sig cxvrebi bRavian, moTreulia xerxiT moWrili ori veeba wifeli, beberi pantis Zirze mikrulia axal­dakluli Txis rqebi, baRi gadaCiCqnilia bariT _ es­esaa odnav svelSi amouRiaT kartofili. saxlisken midis fexiT gazekili biliki, dabali kibis ZirSi, safxekTan, datovebulia fexis talaxi. dadian batebi, inda­urebi.

axla ki mocemuli abzacidan amoiwereT mTavari azris gamavrco-beli detalebi:

1.­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

2.­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

3.­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

4.­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

5.­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

6.­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

7.­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

29

III varianti

waikiTxeT moyvanili abzaci, romelSic TqvenTvis nacnobi per-sonaJebia aRwerili. ipoveT da gaxazeT mTavari azris gamomxatveli winadadeba an winadadebis nawili (gaiTvaliswineT, mTavari azri zogjer mTeli winadadebiT ki ara, winadadebis nawiliTac SeiZleba iyos gamoxatuli). Semdeg calke amoiwereT mTavari azris gamavrco-beli zogierTi detali.

wisqvilisaken mimaval orRobeSi ori biWi midis, ori kowowaSvili _ camet­cameti wlisani, mziT gaxunebulni, wengoTi moTxupnulni, ube­ebi namcvrevi kakliT aqvT savse. ubeebSi rom ar CasteviaT, Sarvlis bo­loebze wnelebi SemouWeriaT, totebic muxlamde auvsiaT; xelSi or­ori didi wiTeli wiwaka uWiravT (qali rom yvavils daiWers, ise), midian da Cxak­Cxuk! Cxak­Cxuk! _ moCxakunoben, moanaTeben TvalebiT, TeTri kbilebiT da im wiTeli wiwakebiT.

detalebi:

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

qvemoT moyvanil davalebebSi instruqcia erTi da igivea, sirTulis xarisxs ki dialogebad dasalagebeli teqstis moculoba da sirTule ga­napirobebs:

I varianti

gavixsenoT dialogis Caweris wesi: TiToeuli mosaubris sityvebi (kiTxva an pasuxi) axali xazidan iwyeba da win tire daesmis.

garda amisa, dialogis Caweris wesi gansxvavdeba imis mixedviT, win uswrebs mosaubris sityvebs mTxrobelis komentari Tu ukan mosdevs mas.

daakvirdiT qvemoT moyvanil magaliTebs:

a) mcuravi erTi mihqonda wyals. Tqva: _ RmerTo, miSveleo! meore amxanagma uTxra: _ xeli gaiqnie, gaxval da naSvelebi iqnebio!

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Bb) mcuravi erTi mihqonda wyals. _ RmerTo, miSvele! _ Tqva mcuravma. _ xeli gaiqnie, gaxval da naSvelebi iqnebi! _ uTxra meore amxa­

nagma.

axla gaiTvaliswineT zemoT Tqmuli da CawereT mocemuli teqsti dialogis saxiT jer a da Semdeg b variantis mixedviT.

orni amxanagni nadirobdnen. xevi iyo da xevs gaRma­gamoRma mimodiod­nen. erT amxanags daTvi SemoeWida da qveS amoido. meore amxanagma dauy­vira: gauSvi eg daTvi da wamodi, sxva saqme gvaqvso! man uTxra: daTvi ar miSvebs, Torem me weRanve gavuSvebdio!

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

II varianti

gavixsenoT dialogis Caweris wesi: TiToeuli mosaubris sityvebi (kiTxva an pasuxi) axali xazidan iwyeba da win tire daesmis.

garda amisa, dialogis Caweris wesi gansxvavdeba imis mixedviT, win uswrebs mosaubris sityvebs mTxrobelis komentari Tu ukan mosdevs mas.

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daakvirdiT qvemoT moyvanil magaliTebs:

a) mcuravi erTi mihqonda wyals. Tqva: _ RmerTo, miSveleo! meore amxanagma uTxra: _ xeli gaiqnie, gaxval da naSvelebi iqnebio!

Bb) mcuravi erTi mihqonda wyals. _ RmerTo, miSvele! _ Tqva mcuravma. _ xeli gaiqnie, gaxval da naSvelebi iqnebi! _ uTxra meore amxa­

nagma.axla gaiTvaliswineT zemoT Tqmuli da CawereT mocemuli teqsti

dialogis saxiT b variantis mixedviT.

erTi ku da morieli daZmobildnen. wavidnen gzasa. gasavali wyali dax­vdaT. morieli daRonda, gasvla ar SeeZlo. kum uTxra: zurgze Semajeq, me gagiyvano! Seajda morieli zurgze. ku ra wyalSi Securda, morielma zurgze kbena dauwyo. kum hkiTxa: Zmao, ras Svrebio? morielma uTxra: ra vqna, arc me mnebavs, magram aseTi gvarisani varT, mtersa da moyva­res yvelas unda vukbinoTo. kum daiyuryumalava, morieli wyals misca da uTxra: Zmao, arc me mnebavs, magram Cemi gvari, Tu geslian xorcs ar gaibans, gausivdeba da mokvdebao.

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

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­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

III varianti

gavixsenoT dialogis Caweris wesi: TiToeuli mosaubris sityvebi (kiTxva an pasuxi) axali xazidan iwyeba da win tire daesmis.

garda amisa, dialogis Caweris wesi gansxvavdeba imis mixedviT, win uswrebs mosaubris sityvebs mTxrobelis komentari Tu ukan mosdevs mas.

daakvirdiT qvemoT moyvanil magaliTebs:a) mcuravi erTi mihqonda wyals. Tqva: _ RmerTo, miSveleo! meore amxanagma uTxra: _ xeli gaiqnie, gaxval da naSvelebi iqnebio!

Bb) mcuravi erTi mihqonda wyals. _ RmerTo, miSvele! _ Tqva mcuravma. _ xeli gaiqnie, gaxval da naSvelebi iqnebi! _ uTxra meore amxa­

nagma.axla gaiTvaliswineT zemoT Tqmuli da CawereT mocemuli teqsti

dialogis saxiT b variantis mixedviT.erTi Txa da erTi mela daZmobildnen da saziarod yana daTeses. kargi

mosavali mouvidaT. momkes, galewes da gaaniaves. xvavi calke daagroves da bze _ calke. melam uTxra Txas: xvavi me da bze Senao. Txam miugo: ara, samarTali asea, orive Suaze gaviyoTo. melam uTxra: maS, me waval, biZaCems moviyvan da man gagviyoso.

vidre mela dabrundeboda, Txa wavida, cxvris faridan ori didi qo­faki moiyvana da bzeSi damala. movida mela, erTi iseTi mgeli mohyva, Txas SiSiT TvalT daubnelda.

uTxra mgelma Txas: Cems diswuls ratom aCivlebo? Txam miugo: maS, radgan mowmed moyolixar, mec mama­biZani aq misaflavian, maT saflavze Sedeq, daifice da marTali mowme iqnebio.

mgeli Txis SeWmis survilma ise aitana, rom verafers mixvda. bzeze rom Sedga wamoucvivdnen ZaRlebi, mela da misi mowme ise gaxades, Sar­Sandelic daaviwyes, Torem wlevandel saSovars vinRa daeZebda.

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­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

maswavleblis wignis danarTSi SemogTavazebT Cvens saxelmZRvanelo­Si warmodgenili enobrivi masalis (leqsika da gramatika) aTvisebis Ses­afasebel testebs. I testi pirveli semestris damTavrebisas SeiZleba SeavsebinoT moswavleebs da ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis instrumentad gamoiyenoT: ra uWirs moswavles da risi gameoreba dasWirdeba mas meo­re semestrSi. meore testi ki mexuTe klasis bolos ganmsazRvreli Se­fasebisaTvis SeiZleba gamoiyenoT.

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2. informacia moswavlis wignisa da rveulis Sesaxeb

agebis principebi

informacia Cveni saxelmZRvanelos kompleqtaciis Sesaxeb maswavleb­lis wignis SesavalSi iyo warmodgenili. aq saxelmZRvanelos TiToeuli nawilis struqturuli elementebis agebulebaze gveqneba saubari.

rogorc aRvniSneT, saxelmZRvanelos literaturis nawili Tematuri Tavebis mixedviT aris dalagebuli da Tavis SigniT saswavlo erTeulia literaturuli teqsti. teqsts win uZRvis e.w. samotivacio kiTxvari, romelic moswavlis yuradRebis mobilizebasTan erTad sxva amocaneb­sac isaxavs miznad: kerZod, pirvel da meore teqstTan is kiTxvis stra­tegiebis (ilustraciis mixedviT teqstis Sinaarsis amocnoba, kiTxvis dros warmosaxvis moSveliebis Sexseneba, yuradRebis koncentraciisa da siuJetis amocnobisaken mowodeba, moulodnelobis efeqtisaTvis Semzadeba) gaaqtiurebas emsaxureba; mesamesTan garkveul mimarTulebas aZlevs kiTxvis process da a.S.

teqtis an misi garkveuli monakveTis (Tu teqsti SedarebiT vrcelia) damTavrebis Semdeg, warmodgenilia rubrika: wavikiTxoT, davfiqrdeT, visaubroT. am rubrikaSi mocemuli kiTxvaris daniSnulebaa, daafiqros moswavleebi wakiTxulze da Caabas isini teqstis irgvliv msjelobaSi. kiTxvari blumis taqsonomiis mixedviT aris agebuli da saSualebas aZlevs maswavlebels, gamoiyenos is moswavlis codnisa da unarebis Se­fasebis instrumentad.

Semdegi rubrika, romelic SesaZlebelia, mosdevdes kiTxvars, aris damatebiTi amocanebi. es rubrika emsaxureba ZiriTadad kiTxvis stra­tegiebze muSaobas, kerZod, warmosaxvis gaaqtiurebas, mTavari azrisa da detalebis amocnobas, nawarmoebis gegmis Sedgenas; aqvea weriTi sa­muSaoebic, detaluri instruqciebiT.

rac Seexeba Cveni saxelmZRvanelos enis nawils, qvemoT warmodgenili gvaqvs vrceli koncefcia da komentarebi saxelmZRvanelos TiToeuli struqturuli elementisaTvis. amitom aq amis Sesaxeb sityvas aRar ga­vagrZelebT.

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3. maswavleblis wignis praqtikuli nawili

komentarebi saxelmZRvanelos enis nawilis TiToeul struqturul elementze

Sesavali

enobrivi saswavlo masalis SerCevisas vxelmZRvanelobdiT i. go­gebaSvilis ukvdavi sityvebiT: „yovel adamians dabadebidan dahyveba midrekileba da niWi dedaenis advilad da Rrmad Seswavlisa...“.

am debulebidan gamomdinare da am sayovelTao azris gaTvaliswinebiT, rom dedaenis floba genetikuri niWia, saxelmZRvanelo agebulia far­To mozaikuri principiT, romelSic, gramatikuli sistemis maorganize­bel elementebTan erTad, enis mravalmxrivi SesaZleblobebia gamovle­nili. wignSi gramatikuli sistemis elementebi ZiriTadad pragmatuli niSniT aris Semotanili – an iTvaliswinebs aRsazrdelTa am donisaTvis aucilebeli sistemuri codnis moTxovnas, anda emsaxureba aqtualuri orToepiuri da orTografiuli amocanebis gadawyvetas.

ramdenadac mozardisaTvis es aris arsebiTad pirveli saxelmZRvane­lo „qarTuli enisa“, anu pirveli gacnoba dedaenis samyarosTan, masSi bevri sakiTxi iyris Tavs, magram isini umetesad informaciul, gacnobis xasiaTs atarebs da ar moiTxovs wesebis daswavlas da Teoriuli codnis gadmocemas.

gaiTvaliswineT: bavSvis codnis SefasebaSi unda vixelmZRvaneloT ara imiT, rogor „daiswavla“ gakveTili, aramed imiT, rogor, ramdenad gaigo dasmuli amocana. amis garkvevaSi ki paragrafis bolos dasmul kiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebi da savarjiSoebis Seasrulebis xarisxi dagvexmareba.

sarCevis mixedviT SeiZleba iseTi STabeWdileba darCes, rom mainc bevri gramatikuli sakiTxi iyris Tavs. magram maTi gacnobisas daina­xavT, rom maTi nawili mxolod gacnobiTi xasiaTisaa, nawili gameorebas emsaxureba da umravles SemTxvevaSi ki sakiTxi sul sxva kuTxiT aris dasmuli.

cxadia, didi iqneba cduneba „ajoboT“ saxelmZRvanelos gramatikis codnaSi, magram Tu mas daeyrdnobiT, sasurvelia, ar gadaaWarboT (zm­nis rTuli formebis „daSlis“ droc dadgeba!).

saxelmZRvanelos Temebi amgvarad aris agebuli, rom xSirad aris Car­Tuli paraleluri masala, Tematuri gadaxvevebi (ZiriTadad, leqsikisa da stilistikis sferoSi). rubrikebi „saxaliso sakiTxavi“, `saxaliso amocana~, „sityvam moitana“, „situacia da sityvis arCevani~ emsaxureba,

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erTi mxriv, sakiTxis axleburi rakursiT warmoCenas, meore mxriv, yu­radRebis gadatanas, mzeris gadanacvlebas enis gansxvavebuli da ufro Rrma Sreebisaken. „mozaikurobis“ principis gamoxatulebaa is, rom sistemis Cvenebas enacvleba orTografiis amocana, am ukanasknels – si­tyvis SerCevis sakiTxi, mas – stilistikuri amocana Tu wiaRsvla sit­yvis warmoSobis Sesaxeb da misT.

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces TiTqmis yoveli mecadi­neobisas or ZiriTad mimarTulebas: marTlweris amocanebsa da zepir­metyvelebis kulturas. Tu swavlebis am doneze enobrivi sistemisa da struqturis elementebi Semogvaqvs, amis mTavari mizani aris is, rom mo­swavles enis gamoyenebis praqtikul amocanaze gavumaxviloT Tvali da yuri; gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri, tipobrivi darRvevebisagan dasazRvevi gzebi gamovnaxoT.

erTi sityviT, mSobliuri enis SeTvisebis praqtikuli mxare swavlebis am etapze wamyvani niSania.

rac Seexeba zepirmetyvelebis kulturas, am amocanas emsaxureba sagangebo masala rubrikiT „situacia da sityvis arCevani“, romelic enobrivi amocanis kompleqsur (azrobrivi, fsiqologiuri, eTikuri aspeqtebis) gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs;

am tipis saxelmZRvanelos mTavari mizani mozardSi jer kidev Camo­yalibebadi enobrivi unar­Cvevebis ganmtkiceba, leqsikuri saganZuris gamdidreba da frazis agebis srulyofaa. am amocanas saxelmZRvanelos araerTi piroba emsaxureba.

saxelmZRvanelo dayofilia xuT Tematur blokad (Tavad). pirveli bloki warmoaCens enis mniSvnelobas adamianis cxovrebaSi; Semdeg mo­dis fonetikuri sakiTxebi; mesame blokSi – sityva (leqsika) da meoTxeSi – winadadeba. am Tematur mimdevrobas faqtobrivad gansazRvravs eno­brivi mSeneblobis ierarqia. bolo adgili eTmoba sityvaTa klasebs (anu metyvelebis nawilebs). SeiZleba iTqvas, es mxolod gacnobaa, STabeW­dilebis Seqmnaa im masalis Sesaxeb, romelmac Semdgom gramatikuli kat­egoriebis rTuli sistema unda mogvces. am blokis boloSi moqcevac swored morfologiis sirTuliT aris ganpirobebuli.

enis gakveTilebis sailustracio masala upiratesad eyrdnoba wina da amave klasis saswavlo literaturul teqstebs. es gamiznuli meToduri midgomaa, raTa mowafe mudmivad grZnobdes „enisa“ da „literaturis“ ganuyofel kavSirs, maT mTlianobas. axal, „ucxo“ TematikaSi nacnobi faqtebis aRmoCenis SesaZlebloba fsiqologiuradac gamarTlebuli xerxia. sazogado principia, rom literatura, sityvieri Semoqmedeba mTeli Tavisi simdidriT monawileobdes enobrivi sakiTxebis swavlebis procesSi, vinaidan enis pirveli maswavlebeli swored mwerlobaa.

aqve unda iTqvas, rom gakveTilis teqstebsa da sailustracio masa­

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lebs Soris arcTu iSviaTad aris CarTuli literaturuli fragmentebi, „Tematuri“ leqsebi da sxva. isini savaldebulo sazepiro teqstebi ar aris, Tu raime calke miTiTeba ar axlavs.

saxelmZRvanelos axlavs „moswavlis rveuli“, romelSic warmodgene­lia TiToeuli paragrafis Sesatyvisi Tematuri savarjiSoebi (iSviaTad, magram aris iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca saxelmZRvanelos romelime parag­rafs rveulSi Sesatyvisi Tematuri monakveTi ar gaaCnia). davalebis Ses­ruleba rveulSi moiTxovs sizustesa da lakanurobas; rveulis savarji­Soebi maswavlebelma SeiZleba gamoiyenos, rogorc ganmaviTarebeli, ise ganmsazRvreli SefasebisaTvis, imis mixedviT, saxlSi miscems davalebas Sesasruleblad Tu saklaso oTaxSi.

I Tavi ena da adamiani

pirvel Tavs hqvia „ena da adamiani“ da is moicavs iseT sakiTxebs, rom­lebic mozards popularuli formiT miawvdis cnobebs enis raobisa da warmoSobis Sesaxeb, SeagrZnobinebs im uzarmazar samyaros, rasac ada­mianis ena qmnis danarCeni cocxali samyaros informaciul SesaZleblo­bebTan SedarebiT.

aq gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom V klasSi moswavle pirvelad iwyebs „qa­rTuli enis“ damoukidebel sagnad swavlas da man unda gaigos, ras exeba da ratom aris aqtualuri es sagani. man unda dainaxos, rom qarTuli ena erT­erTi nawilia am uzarmazari samyarosi da, amave dros, misi dedaena gamorCeulia imiT, rom is erTaderTia, rogorc sistema, rom is unika­luria Tavisi istoriiTa da agebulebiT.

amave dros, am Tavis wyalobiT, nel­nela xdeba Semzadeba da gadas­vla bgerebze, anu im fundamentze, romelsac enis fonetikuri sistema hqvia da romelic marTlac ZiriTadi gasaRebia ama Tu im enis mTeli age­bulebisa.

saxelmZRvanelo orientirebulia imaze, rom naTlad da Tanamim­devrulad warmoCndes enobrivi sinTezis procesi: bgera – marcvali – sityva – winadadeba – azri.

am TavSi Semavali masala informaciuli xasiaTisaa da mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba im Tavebisagan, sadac konkretul enobrivi amocanebia das­muli da savarjiSoebia Sesasrulebeli.

mocemuli gakveTilebi ar aris mosayolad gaTvaliswinebuli, ami­tomac maswavlebelma unda Seamowmos miwodebuli informaciis gagebis done da ara teqstis codna. amis Sesamowmeblad kiTxvebidan amosvla sruliad sakmarisia.

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pirveli paragrafi enis roli adamianis cxovrebaSi

es aris erTgvari Sesavali Tavi, romelic unda daexmaros moswavles enis rolis gacnobierebaSi. ra rols asrulebs ena adamianis cxovreba­Si? saxelmZRvanelos es paragrafi da gansakuTrebiT rveulis savarji­So unda daexmaros moswavles enis oTxi funqciis amocnobaSi. man unda gaacnobieros, rom ena aris ara mxolod gagebinebis (komunikaciis) sa­Sualeba, ena aris swavlis, anu sxvisi gamocdilebis aTvisebis saSualeba, amave dros ena aris fiqris, azrovnebis instrumenti da bolos, ena aris TviTgamoxatvis saSualebac.

meore paragrafi adamianis ena da cxovelTa signalebi

am paragrafSi daismis sakiTxi: ra gansxvavebaa adamianis enasa da bune­baSi „cxovelTa enas“ , anu cxovelTa sakomunikacio saSualebebs Soris?

es kiTxva ufro zogad sakiTxs gulisxmobs: ra aris ena?Tu ena aris yovelgvari saSualeba informaciis gadasacemad, ma­

Sin adamianis metyvelebac da sxva arsebaTa msgavsi saSualebebic enad unda iwodos. unda iTqvas, rom amgvar gaerTianebas mimarTaven kidec. amis dasturia Tundac termini „cxovelTa ena“, brWyalebSi Casmuli Tu ubrWyalebod.

magram isic sruliad aSkaraa, rom adamianis ena gansxvavebuli feno­menia da SeuZlebelia is komunikaciis primitiul saSualebebTan gavai­givoT.

am Temam rogorme unda gamokveTos arsebiTi gansxvaveba am enebs So­ris. magram – rogor?

Temaze saubari SeiZleba daviwyoT amgvari kiTxviT:– esmiT Tu ara erTmaneTis bgerebi sakuTar aivanze mdgom bavSvsa da

amave aivanze dabudebul moJRurtule mercxals?– cxadia, esmiT!– magram aseve esmiT Tu ara maT, ras ambobs TiToeuli maTgani saku­

Tari bgerebiT?– aseve cxadia, ara!– ratom ar esmiT?yvelaze martivi pasuxi am kiTxvaze iqneboda:– imitom, rom isini sxvadasxva enaze laparakoben.maS, am SemTxvevaSi iseTive viTareba gvqonia, rogoric, vTqvaT, qar­

Tulad da Cinurad molaparakes Soris, erTmaneTis enis arcodnis piro­bebSi.

magram es xom ase ar aris! amis sabuTia, is, rom qarTvelsa da Cinels

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erTmaneTis enebis swavla SeuZliaT, kacsa da mercxals ki – ara. kaci verasodes etyvis mercxals mis enaze: „frTxilad, kata gepareba!“ verc mercxali etyvis kacs mis enaze: „katis meSinia!“ Tundac mxolod – „vai!“

maS, adamianis enasa da cxovelTa xmianobas Soris ufro arsebiTi gan­sxvaveba yofila. ra aris es gansxvaveba?

arsebiTi gansxvaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom adamianis bgerebi danaw­evrebuli metyvelebis elementebia, romelTa sinTezma ufro rTuli elementebi, mniSvnelobis matarebeli kompleqsebi – sityvebi – unda mogvces. xolo cxoveluri bgerebi mxolod signalebia, romelTa „Si­naarsi“, raime Sedgenilobis saxiT, maTSivea mocemuli. maTi arsebo­ba amiT mTavrdeba, isini „sityvas“ ver Seqmnian. aseTive signalebia sxvadasxva moZraobebi.

amgvarad, signalebis „ena“ da adamianis metyveleba sul sxvadasxva odenobebia da maTi gaigiveba SeuZlebelia. cxovelebi ki ar elaparake­bian erTmaneTs, aramed signalebs gadascemen.

gakveTilis teqstidan moswavlem swored es ZiriTadi daskvna unda gamoitanos: adamianis enasTan SedarebiT cxovelTa signalebi mxolod martivi pirobiTi niSnebia.

aseTi pirobiTi niSnebis magaliTad teqstSi moyvanilia kruxis xmovani signali da iqve futkris „cekvis“ ilustracia, rogorc uxmo signalis nimuSi. futkrebi amgvari „cekvebiT“ sakmaod zust da rTul cnobebs ga­dascemen, magram es mainc ar cvlis am „enisadmi“, rogorc signalebisad­mi, damokidebulebas.

paragrafs erTvis (saxelmZRvaneloSic da rveulSic) savarjiSoebi, romlebic swored sxvadasxva xmianobas ukavSirdeba.

mesame paragrafi signalebi Cven irgvliv

es Tema wina Temis uSualo gagrZelebaa, kerZod, aq ufro metad gamoi­kveTeba signalebis gansxvaveba enisagan imiT, rom warmoCenilia TviT ada­mianTa urTierTobebSi gamoyenebuli pirobiTi niSnebi, anu signalebi.

daviwyoT imiT, riTac adamiani albaT yvelaze metad baZavs frinve­lebs – es aris adamianis mier gamocemuli erTerTi yvelaze mkveTri bgerebi – stvena.

davuSvaT, adamianma Sors, quCis bolos dainaxa megobari, romelic es­esaa Tvals unda miefaros. igi saswrafod mimarTavs am SemTxvevisaTvis yvelaze mosaxerxebel saSualebas – stvenas.

ra aris stvena?– stvena, cxadia, bgerebia, magram mas ara aqvs konkretuli Sinaarsi,

anu ar aris sityva. stvena raRacis niSania, magram risi, amis gamoxatva mas ar SeuZlia. konkretul SemTxvevaSi is SeiZleba niSnavdes: „moixede“,

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„moicade“, „frTxilad“, „gaiqeci“, „aqa var“ da sxva. am konkretuli Si­naarsis gamoxatva sityvieri mimarTvis dros SegviZlia, stveniT ki mxo­lod yuradRebas miviqcevT. amitomac stvena tipuri signalia da amgvari bgerebis gansxvaveba sametyvelo bgerebisagan sruliad aSkaraa.

gakveTilis teqstSi saubaria Cvens cxovrebaSi gamoyenebul ori tipis pirobiT niSnebze: xmovan da uxmo signalebze. sailustraciod araerTi sxva SemTxvevis moxmobac SeiZleba; mecadineobis msvlelobis drosac SeiZleba aseTi epizodis gaTamaSeba:

maswavlebeli fanqriT akakunebs magidaze. ra gamoxata am kakuniT mas­wavlebelma? cxadia, wyroma, magram ra SeiZleba yofiliyo es wyroma si­tyvierad?

maswavlebeli dasvams kiTxvas – „ris Tqma mindoda amiT?“ – da Tvi­Tonve sTavazobs moswavleebs SesaZlebel variantebs:

– viRac xmaurobs!– Cumad, xeli meSleba!– erTmaneTs nu uSliT!– kargiT ra, daviRale amdeni SeniSvniT!romel maTgans gulisxmobs aRniSnuli fanqris kakuni?SeiZleba gulisxmobdes nebismier maTgans da, amave dros, arcerTs,

vinaidan mas konkretuli Sinaarsi ara aqvs.amis mizezi is aris, rom fanqris kakuni signalia da ara – sityva, is

mxo lod niSania, Setyobineba da ara – azri.SeiZleba araerTi sxva SemTxvevis warmodgenac magaliTad:a) Ramea. Tqven musikaSi varjiSobT. kedelze mezobeli akakunebs. ras

„geubnebaT“ igi?b) fexburTis msaji yviTel baraTs iRebs da erT­erT fexburTels uS­

vers. ras „eubneba“ amiT?amis Semdeg SeiZleba gavecnoT gakveTilis teqsts, romelSic signalis

ori yvelaze naTeli ilustraciaa warmodgenili: SuqniSani da skolis zari. sxvaTa Soris, es amocana SeiZleba ufro saintereso gavxadoT ase­Ti kiTxvebiT:

– SeiZleba Tu ara mwvane niSnavdes akrZalvas, wiTeli – nebarTvas?– risi signalia mocimcime SuqniSani da aqvs Tu ara mis fers mniS­

vneloba?– skolis zari aRniSnavs gakveTilis dawyebasac da damTavrebasac. ro­

gor vigebT, romels gvaniSnebs? SeiZleba Tu ara, dawyebas da damTavre­bas sxvadasxva niSani hqonoda? rogor?

rveulSi mocemulia savarjiSo, romelic sasven niSnebs warmoadgens, rogorc signalebs. isini sityvebs Soris marTlac tipuri signalebia, vinaidan sityvieri gamoxatuleba ar gaaCniaT da garkveul sawarmoTqmo niSans gvaZleven (Semdeg vnaxavT, rom piriqiTac SeiZleba damyardes ka­

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vSiri).am paragrafSi pirvelad Semodis rubrika: „situacia da enobrivi

arCevani“. es rubrika miznad isaxavs garkveul dakvirvebasa da varjiSs sxvadasxva enobriv viTarebaSi swori reagirebisaTvis. aq sametyvelo reaqcia dakavSirebulia qcevis etiketTan da metyvelebis kulturis sawyis elementebs gulisxmobs.

maswavlebeli Zalze gulisxmierad unda moekidos am amocanas da situacia, SesaZlebeli variantebi rac SeiZleba detalurad daamu Saos. SemoTavazebul variantTagan yvela gadawyvetileba dasaSvebia, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT sametyvelo amocanas da saurTierTo eTikis normebs. Tu amocanas seriozulad movekidebiT, arCevanis sirTule, Se­sabamisad, naTeli gaxdeba.

magaliTisaTvis, aviRoT SesaZlebloba, rom Tqven usityvod tovebT wveulebas. es gadawyvetileba, erTi SexedviT, yvelaze umtkivneuloa, Tqven Tavs aridebT zedmet garTulebas, rac SeiZleba mohyves sityvier Carevas.

magram sinamdvileSi es aris erT­erTi uaresi gamosavali: jer erTi, Tqven utaqtod eqceviT pativismcemel ojaxs, meore – megobars tovebT iseT situaciaSi, rodesac mas Tqvengan Tanadgoma sWirdeba da ara – gaqceva!

swored ase unda iqnes awonil­dawonili yoveli varianti.gaiTvaliswineT: es pirveli masala im principiTac aris SerCeuli,

rom masSi signalebis enis SesaZleblobebic aris gamoyenebuli. ifiqreT mis mizanSewonilobaze!

meoTxe paragrafi Jesti da mimika

Temis sagania Jesti da mimika, anu garkveuli fizikuri moZraobebis gamoyeneba Cveni ganwyobis, damokidebulebis gamosaxatavad. es Tema aris „signalebis enis“ organuli gagrZeleba da SeiZleba wina davalebis Semowmebis procesi amis sailustraciodac gamoviyenoT.

kerZod: gamokiTxvis dros bavSvebi, bunebrivia, „xels iweven“, zogi – Zalian aqtiuradac. amave dros, maswavlebels aseve SeuZlia xazgasmu­lad miaSviros TiTi imas, visac unda uTxras: „aba, Sen mipasuxe!“

axal masalaze gadasvlis dros maswavlebeli svams kiTxvas:– ras niSnavs maswavleblis SekiTxvis pasuxad mowafis aweuli xeli?– ufro maRla da energiulad aweuli xeli?mosalodneli pasuxebis Semdeg vekiTxebiT:– raRas niSnavs xelaweuli mowafisken maswavleblis gaSverili TiTi?cxadia, niSnavs „mipasuxe!“, magram yovelTvis asea? moviyvanoT aseTi

magaliTi: quCaSi Semxvedri gekiTxebaT:

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– ymawvilo, romelia (saiTaa) Tqveni skola?Tqven TiTis gaSveriT pasuxobT:– ai, is (iqiT).ras niSnavs es moZraoba am SemTxvevaSi?maS, erTma da imave moZraobam SeiZleba sxvadasxva Sinaarsi gamoxatos.amis Semdeg SeiZleba ganvmartoT: xelis amgvar, raimes maniSnebel

moZraobebs hqvia Jesti.Jesti SeiZleba sxva organoTa moZraobebiTac iyos gamoxatuli. maga­

liTad: Tavis dakvra, welSi moxra, mxrebis aCeCva, Tavis gaqneva...TiToeulis konkretuli daniSnulebis ilustrireba SeiZleba.raRa aris mimika? SeiZleba kiTxva ase davsvaT:– erT­erTi mowafis pasuxze maswavlebelma Subli SeiWmuxna? ras

gamoxatavs saxis nakvTebis es moZraoba – kmayofilebas Tu ukmayofile­bas?

– romels ufro niSnavs: pasuxi swori ar aris, Tu – mosawoni ar aris?– rogor gamoxatavda igi JestiT „aras“?amgvarad: mimika aris saxis nakvTebis moZraoba raime ganwyobis,

damokidebulebis gamosaxatavad.amis Semdeg SeiZleba gadavideT gakveTilis teqstis SeyovnebebiT

kiTxvaze. Seyovnebebi Temis garkveul gaRrmavebas gulisxmobs.– Cven vnaxeT, rom signalebis ena cxovelebisTvis aris damaxasiaTe­

beli. aqvs Tu ara Jest­mimika cxovelebs?– vTqvaT, ra aris ZaRlis kudis qicini, yurebis dayursva, Tvalebis

mowkurva?..ZaRlis kudis qicini keTilganwyobis („zavis“) niSnad iTvleba, magram

ZaRli gamiznulad akeTebs amas?ara, ZaRli amas avtomaturad, instinqturad akeTebs. cxovelTa na­

kvTebis moZraobebi imitomac ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos Jest­mimikad, rom isini amas gamiznulad, raime SinaarsiT ar mimarTaven.

esec aris gansxvaveba cxovelTa signalebsa da adamianTa pirobiT niS­nebs Soris.

meore momenti, razec yuradReba unda gamaxvildes, aris is, rom Jest­mimikas, metyvelebisagan gansxvavebiT, ara aqvs erTi gamokveTili Si­naarsi. is SeiZleba sxvadasxva rames gamoxatavdes, zogjer – sruliad sapirispirosac. amitomac mniSvnelovania im sityvebis Tanxleba, rom­lebic Jest­mimikas azusteben, magaliTad: „mwared gaiRima“ da „kmayo­filebiT gaiRima“ sxvadasxva rames gamoxatavs.

savarjiSo Jest­mimikis gamomxatvel xatovan gamonaTqvamebs exeba. es gamonaTqvamebi mianiSnebs, ra Rrma fesvebi aqvs enaSi Jest­mimikas da sa­varjiSos pirobaSi Zalze mniSvnelovania ara mxolod amgvari gamonaT­qvamebis povna, aramed maTi axsna, ganmarteba. Tu dro iZleva SesaZle­

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blobas, mivceT mowafeebs klasSi samuSao, Seadginon am gamonaTqvamebis gamoyenebiT axali winadadebebi.

mexuTe paragrafi ramdeni enaa msoflioSi?

maswavlebeli ambobs: Cveni dedaena aris qarTuli ena. Cvens mezo­blad aseve cxovroben xalxebi, romelTac sakuTari dedaena aqvT. mTel msoflioSi aseTi enebi bevria...

rogor ggoniaT, mainc ramdeni ena unda iyos msoflioSi?moswavleTa pasuxebis Semdeg, romlebic SeiZleba metnaklebad miax­

loebuli iyos namdvil raodenobasTan, vinaidan zusti cifri ar arse­bobs, maswavlebeli sTavazobs bavSvebs:

– modiT, axla saxeldobr gavixsenoT, romeli enebi gagvigonia?aRvricxoT maT mier dasaxelebuli enebi da aRmoCndeba, rom maTi ra­

odenoba erT aTeuls ar gadaaWarbebs.meore saorientacio sakiTxad SeiZleba davsvaT:– raxan sxvadasxva enebze molaparakeni ver ugeben erTmaneTs, ese igi

isini sxvadasxva enebia. magram ras niSnavs es gansxvaveba? riTi hgvanan enebi erTmaneTs da riT gansxvavdebian isini erTmaneTisagan?

am SemTxvevaSi ufro naklebad aris mosalodneli angariSgasawevi pa­suxebi, magram yovel gonivrul azrs viniSnavT da vinaxavT teqstis gac­nobis Semdgomi periodisaTvis, raTa maTi mixvedriloba saTanadod Se­fasdes.

da kidev erTi kixTva:– SeiZleba Tu ara msoflio enaTa mudmiv urTierTWidilSi romelime

enam ise daTmos asparezi, rom gadaSendes?bunebrivia, pasuxi iqneba dadebiTic da uaryofiTic.amitomac maswavlebeli ambobs:– usabuTod yvelafris Tqma SeiZleba. sabuTi ki is iqneboda, Tu amis

erTi magaliTi mainc iarsebebda. Tu kacobriobis arsebobis ganmavloba­Si enis gadaSenebis erTi SemTxvevac ar arsebula, maSin amgvari ram arc yofila SesaZlebeli. Tu gagigoniaT aseTi SemTxveva?

umetesoba ityvis „aras“, magram Tu romelime daasaxelebs konkretul (swor) magaliTs, maswavlebeli ambobs:

– diax, aseTi safrTxe enebs, SesaZloa, marTlac emuqrebodes!amis Semdeg maswavlebeli acnobs moswavleebs gakveTilis teqsts –

„ramdeni enaa msoflioSi“.teqstis gacnobis Semdeg viwyebT im informaciis ganmtkicebas, ro­

melic teqstidan miviReT. am mizniT viyenebT paragrafis teqstis mom­devno kiTxvebs.

rogorc vxedavT, es sainformacio teqsti isea warmarTuli, rom bo­

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los is xifaTic warmoCndes, rac mcirericxovan enebs emuqreba. aq Semo­dis emociuri muxti, romlis aqcentireba saWiroa; aqcentireba, uwin­aresad, dedaenis Rrmad Seswavlis mimarTulebiT.

enebis gadaSenebis magaliTad sxva SemTxvevebic SeiZleba iqnes moyvanili da isic vuTxraT, rom ukve gardasul enebs mkvdar enebs eZa­xian. mkvdari enebis magaliTia Zveli berZnuli, laTinuri, albanuri... es ukanaskneli erT­erTi kavkasiuri ena iyo, Zveli damwerlobiT, romelic, sxvaTa Soris, qarTvelebis mier aris Seswavlili. albanelebi dRevande­li azerbaijanis teritoriaze cxovrobdnen, hqondaT saxelmwifo. dRes ki gadaSenebulad iTvlebian.

enebis SenarCuneba­gadarCenaze zrunva mTeli kacobriobis da yoveli Cvenganis seriozuli problemaa.

aq SeiZleba is kiTxvac daisvas, emuqreba Tu ara aseTi saSiSroeba qar­Tul enas...

am fonze Rimils iwvevs estonuri legenda „saxaliso sakiTxavis“ ru­brikiT da mas asec unda movekidoT. oRond misi gacnobis procesSi serio­zulad vudgebiT am teqstsac da TandarTul kiTxvebsac, rom bavSvebi TviTon mividnen logikur daskvnamde, kerZod, iqamde, rom es mezRapris fantaziis nayofia, oRond – enaTa sxvaobis realuri SegnebiT.

SeniSvna: sazogadod, rubrika „saxaliso sakiTxavi“ saxelmZRvaneloSi bavSvebis yuradRebis garkveul gadarTvas isaxavs miznad. is mosayolad ar aris gamiznuli, Tumca Tavis kvals raRac codnis saxiT yovelTvis tovebs.

estonuri legenda ukavSirdeba enebis gansxvavebas fonetikuri JRe­radobiT. es rom asea, am droisaTvis bavSvebs ukve sakuTari yuriT aqvT SegrZnobili da sametyvelo fiziologiiTac gancdili (romelime ucxo enis swavlis dros). SeiZleba am JReradobis sxvaobaze empiriuli dak­virvebac, Tu romelime moswavles warmovaTqmevinebT qarTul da ucxo frazebs. ras emyareba es gansxvaveba? enis fonetikur agebulebas, ker­Zod, im specifikur bgerebs, romlebic enebSi gansxvavebulia, am bgeraTa gansxvavebul kombinaciebs, maxvils, metyvelebis tempsa da ritms... mag­ram arc erT am aspeqtze maswavlebeli yuradRebas ar gaamaxvilebs, gar­da imisa, rac saxelmZRvaneloSi weria: enebs aqvT gansxvavebuli bgerebi da calkeuli enebis metyvelebis ritmi (siswrafe) gansxvavebulia.

meeqvse paragrafi qarTuli ena

am paragrafis mizania, gamoikveTos is, rom qarTvelTa dedaena – qar­Tuli ena – erT­erTi unikaluria msoflio enaTa Soris.

maswavlebeli iwyebs imis SemowmebiT, vin romel kuTxes icnobs; riTi miuqcevia am kuTxeebs bavSvebis yuradReba da Tu SeumCneviaT maTi me­

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tyvelebis gansxvavebuloba saliteraturo qarTulTan SedarebiT. Sei­Zleba imazec gadavitanoT yuradReba, ra iyo is Tavisebureba, romelic bavSvebma SeamCnies.

Semdeg vsvamT kiTxvas: ra da ra kuTxeebia saqarTveloSi? Tanac aRvricxavT, romeli kuTxeebi dasaxelda bavSvebis mier.

Semdeg gadavdivarT im leqsis gaxsenebaze, romelic meore klasSi iswavles bavSvebma da romelsac „saqarTvelo“ hqvia. am leqsSi saqar­Tvelos yvela kuTxea CamoTvlili, maT Soris – istoriulad Camocileb­ulic Cveni qveynidan. dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli kuTxeebia: qarTli, kaxeTi, imereTi, guria, aWara, samegrelo, raWa, leC­xumi, svaneTi, samcxe­javaxeTi, mTiuleT­gudamayari, fSavi, xevsureTi, xevi, TuSeTi.

TiToeuli es kuTxe metyvelebis met­naklebi TaviseburebiT gamoirCe­va. zogis gageba aRar xerxdeba, anu isini calke enebad aris Camoyalibe­buli (aseTia megruli da svanuri); danarCenebSi arsebuli gansxvavebebi ki iZleva imis saSualebas, rom erTmaneTTan am kiloebze saubris dros gagebineba moxerxdes.

erTi kanonzomierebac: rac ufro centrTan axloa dialeqti, miT ufro axlos aris is saliteraturo qarTulTan, rac ufro Soris aris – miT ufro metia masSi gansxvavebuli da Taviseburi.

yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT imaze, rom kiloebis gansxvavebebi dro­Ta ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda. kilos dacilebas xels uwyobda teri­toriuli da sakomunikacio izolacia, rac gasagebi iqneba, Tu gaviTva­liswinebT, rom wina saukuneebSi ar arsebobda radio­televizia, ar iyo gzebi da transporti da mTebSi da xeobebSi mowyvetili kuTxeebi bune­brivi izolaciis pirobebSi viTardebodnen.

sazogadod, enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia cvlileba droTa ganmavloba­Si, magram es cvlileba miT ufro sagrZnobi xdeba, rac ufro metia izo­lacia; miT umetes, yoveli kuTxe Tavisebur meurneobas aviTarebda, rac aseve aisaxeboda am xalxis dedaenaSi. amaze faqtebiT cota gvian iqneba saubari da aq garkveuli niadagi Semzaddeba amisaTvis.

aqedan erTi daskvnac gamomdinareobs da es SeiZleba gamoviyenoT: Tu kiloebSi cvlilebebi droTa ganmavlobaSi imatebs, maS, ufro adre da adre es gansxvavebebi naklebi da naklebi iyo, anu qarTuli ufro er­Tiani iyo, vidre istoriulma procesebma Camoayaliba.

amis Semdeg mowafeebs vacnobT teqsts da yuradRebas vamaxvilebT ramdenime ZiriTad debulebaze:

a) kavSiri terminebisa: saqarTvelo, qarTveli, qarTuli.qveynis, erovnebisa da enis saxelwodebebi warmomavlobiT erTmaneT­

Tan aris dakavSirebuli da is mianiSnebs, rom saxelmwifos Camoyalibe­baSi am eris roli gadamwyvetia.

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b) qarTuli dedaenaa. es niSnavs ara marto imas, rom qarTuli Cveni mSobliuri enaa da is dedad aris dasaxuli, aramed imasac, rom „dedaena“ niSnavs mTavar enasac (gavixsenoT dedaboZi „qarTuli darbazidan“). aqe­dan gamomdinare:

g) qarTuli ena saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enaa.ras niSnavs saxelmwifo ena? – saxelmwifos arsebobisaTvis aucile­

belia, romelime erTi ena iyos mTavari da oficialurad savaldebulo, anu: oficialur urTierTobebsa, informaciis saSualebebsa da swavla­ganaTlebaSi is aris saurTierTo ena.

sxvaTa Soris, termini „informaciis saSualebebi“ gamoyenebulia iq, sadac qarTuli enis ganviTarebazea saubari. aq igulisxmeba ara mxolod presa, radio­televizia, aramed – Tanamedrove kompiuteri da inter­netic.

saxelmwifo ena gulisxmobs moqalaqeTa movaleobas, yvelam erTnai­rad izrunos saliteraturo enis dacvaze, Seiswavlos da gamoiyenos is yvelgan, sadac amis valdebuleba (aucilebloba) arsebobs.

yvela moqalaqe, miuxedavad erovnebisa, erTnairad aris valdebuli saxelmwifo enis mimarT.

danarCen aspeqtebze (mwerloba, ganaTleba, mecniereba...) SeCereba SesaZlebelia arsebuli drois gaTvaliswinebiT.

amis Semdeg moswavleebs vaZlevT saSinao davalebas: waikiTxon teqsti da werilobiT gascen pasuxi dasmul kiTxvebs.

gakveTils axlavs TiTo strofi megruli, svanuri, TuSuri da xevsu­ruli poeziidan. am nimuSebSi arsebiT enobriv gansxvavebas bavSvebi Tvi­Tonac dainaxaven da aq SeiZleba SevCerdeT mxolod STabeWdilebaze da ar mivmarToT teqstis aranair Targmnas (miT ufro – analizs).

cnobili megruli miTologiuri leqsi pirvelad mesame klasSi iqna Setanili specialur teqstSi („qarTuli darbazi“). mizani amisa aris erTgvarad „yuris miCveva“ im masalisaTvis, romelic SeiZleba romelime regionSi gasagonad ucxo iyos. agreTve bavSvebis cnobierebaSi imis Can­ergva, rom is, rac qarTul enas, farTo gagebiT, ekuTvnis, Zalze mra­valmxrivia da mravalferovani; rom yovelive es erTi mTliani qarTuli kulturis organuli nawilia.

axla am nacnob masalas emateba svanuris, agreTve TuSuri da xevsu­ruli poeziis nimuSebi. marTalia, am nimuSebis arc daswavlaa gamiznuli da arc, maincdamainc, teqstis gageba, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT bav­Svebis cnobismoyvareobas, mogvyavs maTi ganmartebebi:

svanuri

kbili mqonda,

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Txili ara,Txili maqvs dakbili ara.

TuSuri xevsuruli

– iare, katav, darbazSi wavideT, Citi iZaxis: wio,

ludis kasri unda davlocoT. kalos piras vzvivaro,

– me darbazSi ver wamoval, marcvlebs vkref dafexi da barkali mtkiva, kuWSi viyrio.

orma dedam erbo SeWama,

me ki – udanaSaulos – mcemeso.

aqve mocemulia „ gogris“ saxelwodebani sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. misi mizania Cveneba imisa, rom saliteraturo (saerTo) enis erT sityvas dialeq tebSi xSirad aRmoaCndeba xolme sinonimebi. maTi daswavlac, bunebri via, mizani ar aris. am masalis efeqti aris mis simravleSi da calkeuli moswavleebis mier maTTvis nacnobi erTeulebis „povnaSi“. sainteresoa imaze dakvirveba, ramdenad aris es suraTi SenarCunebuli dRevandel dialeqtebSi. SeiZleba bavSvebs davavaloT ramdenime ase­Ti faqtis Semowmeba ufrosebTan (vTqvaT, ra hqvia „askils“, „anwls“, „bueras“...).

rveulis Sesabamis paragrafSi moswavleebs vaZlevT davalebas, qar­Tuli asomTavruli anbanis gamoyenebiT daweron sakuTari gvar­saxeli.

Semdgom gakveTilze vamowmebT davalebis Sesrulebas da masalis cod­nas SekiTxvebis meTodiT. asomTavruliT vawerinebT dafaze sakuTar gvar­saxelebs. Semdeg yuradRebas vamaxvilebT imaze, rom Zvel qarTul­Si asoebis raodenoba meti iyo da gansxvavebuli asoebi mxedrulSic aris asaxuli.

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II Tavi mSenebeli bgerebi

aq Tavmoyrilia ramdenime fonetikuri sakiTxi swored iseTi kuTxiT, rom gamoCndes bgeris, Semdeg ki –marcvlis roli ufro maRali donis erTeulebis – sityvebis – agebaSi. swored amas asaxavs am Tavis zogad saxelwodebaSi sityva „mSenebeli“.

pirveli paragrafi bgerebi da asoebi

bavSvebma ukve ician, ra aris bgera da ra aris aso da momzadebulia niadagi, rom sametyvelo bgerebi danarCeni bgerebisagan gavmijnoT.

wina TavSi gamoikveTa arsebiTi gansxvaveba signal­bgerebsa da sit­yvis Semadgenel bgerebs Soris. amjerad SesaZlebeli xdeba, sametyvelo bgeris arsi garkveul wesad Camoyalibdes.

Temas viwyebT ukve miRebuli codnis gameorebiT. aq saubaria Tanamed­rove anbanze, asoTa rigze, raodenobasa da saxelwodebebze.

asoTa saxelwodebebis dasaxelebis (Camoweris) Semdeg SegviZlia dav­svaT kiTxva:

– ras gamoxatavs TiToeuli aso, imas, rac hqvia (vTqvaT, b – „ban“­s), Tu am saxelwodebis mxolod erT monakveTs?

pasuxi naTelia: is gamoxatavs mxolod ban­is pirvel elements. es aris enis umciresi elementi, romelsac bgera ewodeba.

– magram bgera, rogorc vnaxeT, sxvadasxvagvari SeiZleba iyos. anbanSi Semavali bgerebi ki gamorCeulia.

– riT aris gamorCeuli?– imiT, rom ara marto gamoiTqmis, aramed iwereba kidec.rogorc vxedavT, am masalaSi arsebiTad Seicvala misi mowodebis xer­

xi. wina, sainformacio xasiaTis teqstebisagan gansxvavebiT, aq masalis kiTxva da Tanmimdevruli gacnoba gamoiricxa. aq Semowmeba­ganmtkicebi­sa da kiTxva­pasuxis xerxs unda mivceT upiratesoba.

TandarTuli kiTxvebic am SemTxvevaSi ganvlili da axali masalis erTgvar Sejerebas emsaxureba:

saxaliso savarjiSo – „vin ukeT“ – mivceT saSinao davalebad da masa­lis gamokiTxvasTan erTad SevamowmoT.

da kidev, aq vexebiT axal Temas: es aris arasametyvelo bgerebis asaxva enaSi.

ix. „saxaliso sakiTxavi~.mivmarToT martiv eqsperiments: warmovaTqmevinoT an warmovTqvaT

bgera nw da davsvaT kiTxva:– ramdeni bgera gesmiT da ra bgeras ufro hgavs is?

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– SevufardoT mas n, w da t bgerebis warmoTqma.rodesac davrwmundebiT, rom is erTi bgeraa, maSin davsvaT kiTxva: –

ratom ara aqvs mas sakuTari aso?vcadoT SevavsoT es xarvezi da SevuqmnaT am bgeras sakuTari aso: V.magram is bgera, romlisTvisac aso SevqmeniT, xom unda Sediodes rome­

lime sityvaSi, rom es aso gamoviyenoT? arsebobs aseTi sityva?ar arsebobs da amitomac is bgera, romelsac Cven aso gamovugoneT,

sametyvelo bgera ar aris.

meore paragrafi rogor warmoiqmneba bgerebi

am Temis praqtikuli daniSnuleba naTeli gaxdeba, Tu gaviTva­liswinebT, rom bavSvebs am droisaTvis ukve aqtiurad aswavlian erT ucxo enas mainc. amitomac maT ukve umuSaviaT sametyvelo organoebis imgvarad „dayenebaze“, rac ucxo enis gansxvavebuli bgerebis warmoT­qmas sWirdeba. am dros arsebiTad xdeba „gadawyoba“ genetikurad ukve gansazRvruli sametyvelo wyobisa, rac Tavis mxriv, zegavlenas axdens am ukanasknelzec. am mosazrebiT, warmoTqmis fiziologiaze yovelwli­uri muSaobaa aucilebeli.

metyveleba iwyeba sunTqviT. amitomac SeiZleba daviwyoT am eqsperi­mentiT:

– davniSnoT dro da CavisunToT Rmad, Semdeg aseve amovisunTqoT in­tensiurad, filtvebis daclamde. ra dro dasWirda: an erTs, an – meores?

– TiTqmis Tanabari.– axla kvlav Rrmad CavisunTqoT da sanam haernakadi gveyofa,

vimeoroT romelime fraza (vTqvaT – „yovelni enani aqebdeT ufalsa“). ra dro dasWirdeba am SemTxvevaSi filtvebis daclas?

– cxadia, bevrad meti. es imitom, rom am SemTxvevaSi haernakadi nawil­deba im sametyvelo procesze, romlis warmarTva usunTqvelad SeuZle­belia.

aqedan gamomdinareobs is daskvna, rom bgeris warmoqmnis safuZveli aris sunTqva, haeris talRebi.

amitomac aris, rom sametyvelo organoebi imave dros sunTqvis orga­noebia.

amave safuZvelze kidev erTi daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba: yvela erT­nair dros ar moandomebs amosunTqvis process. e. i. filtvebis tevadoba da sunTqvis marTva yvelasTan erTnairi ar aris. visac filtvebi metad aqvs ganviTarebuli, metadac axerxebs metyvelebis „SenarCunebas“. cno­bilia, rom simRerisTvis aucilebeli pirobaa sunTqvis mowesrigeba. asevea es metyvelebis dros; amitomac aris aqtualuri is mowodeba, ro­melic erTi SexedviT, fizkulturis propagandaa.

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romel organoebs SeiZleba davarqvaT sametyvelo organoebi?yvela im organos, romelic mdebareobs haernakadis daZvridan mis

dasrulebamde, anu: filtvebidan – bageebamde.ganarCeven aqtiur da pasiur organoebs, Tumca am etapze sakmarisia

enis aqtiurobaze gavamaxviloT yuradReba, vinaidan enis (metyvelebis) saxelic masTan aris dakavSirebuli da TviT enobriv masalaSic (sityveb­Si, idiomebSi) misi aqtiuroba Cans imTaviTve danaxuli.

TviT saxmo simebsac, sirTulis gamo, am SemTxvevaSi gverdi aqvs avli­li.

amgvarad, SeiZleba mxolod dasaxeldes xorxidan bageebamde ganla­gebuli organoebi.

gansakuTrebiT im organoebs mivaqcioT yuradReba, romlebic SeiZle­ba bavSvebs nakleb hqondeT gagonili: nunebi – RrZilebis Sida mxare da sasa – piris Rrus zemoTa TaRi, dasrulebuli rbili sasiT, CamogrZele­biT xaxis dasawyisSi.

ar unda gamogvrCes cxviris Rru da misi mniSvneloba zogi bgeris (gan­sakuTrebiT cxvirismieri n bgeris) warmoTqmaSi.

am etapze ar migvaCnia mizanSewonilad (aucileblad) bgerebi dava­jgufoT sawarmoTqmo adgilis mixedviT, magram imaze miTiTeba aucile­belia, rom yvelas SeuZlia daakvirdes sakuTar warmoTqmas da mixvdes, ra adgilas warmoiqmneba esa Tu is bgera.

amis Semdeg SeiZleba davayenoT is amocana, romelic ilustraciebzea warmodgenili. aq iseT bgerebzea saubari, rom maTi sawarmoTqmo urT­ierTmimsgavseba SeuZlebelia. Ria piri xmovnisaa, amgvarad is a unda iyos. m­s warmoTqmis dros bageebis daxSva xdeba, xolo v gamorCeulia zeda kbilebTan bagis SexebiT.

amis Semdeg kidev erTi gafrTxilebaa l bgeris warmoTqmasTan da­kavSirebiT. vinaidan rbili l erT­erTi mTavari mankia axali qarTuli warmoTqmisa, vavarjiSoT baSvebi mis warmoTqmaSi sxvadasxva sityvebis gamoyenebiT (lobio, lagami, liaxvi, qliavi, blu...).

Temas axlavs ori savarjiSo. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sityva „enis“ oraz­rovnebazea aqcenti gakeTebuli – is erT SemTxvevaSi „fizikur organos“ aRniSnavs, meore SemTxvevaSi – „metyvelebas“.

meore savarjiSoSi moswavle bgeris warmoTqmas unda daakvirdes da gansazRvros, ra aqvT saerTo warmoTqmul bgerebs.

mesame paragrafi xmovnebi da Tanxmovnebi

bgeraTa klasifikaciis pirveli safexuria maTi gayofa xmovnebad da Tanxmovnebad, yovel klasifikacias ZiriTadi saklasifikacio niSani sWirdeba.

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ra niSania is, romelic aRniSnul klasifikacias udevs safuZvlad?es aris xmis sisrulis xarisxi.xmovnebis gansxvavebulobis saCveneblad warmovaCinoT maTi warmoT­

qmis ori aspeqti:– daakvirdiT xmovnebis warmoTqmisas piris mdgomareobas. marTalia,

sxvadasxva xmovnis warmoTqmis dros misi Riaoba meqanikurad icvleba, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi is mainc srul Riaobas inarCunebs, gansxvave­biT nebismieri Tanxmovnis warmoTqmisagan.

– davakvirdeT leqsebs da simRerebs. maTSi imdenad dominanturia xmovnebis JReradoba, rom zogjer Tanxmovnebi arc ismis. metic, misam­Rerebi xSirad mxolod xmovnebiT aris Sedgenili. gavixsenoT: „iauao, iao, iauao...“ Tu SeiZleba, rom am rols Tanxmovnebi asrulebdnen (mag. T b S C m x g s...)?

aqedan gamomdinare, xmovnebs SeiZleba momRerali bgerebic vuwodoT, gamomdinare maTi bunebidan – warmoiTqmodnen sruli xmiT, xmamaRla da gagrZelebulad.

es ukanaskneli momenti – gagrZelebis SesaZlebloba – agreTve arse­biTi niSania xmovanTa da TanxmovanTa Sepirispirebis dros.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, naTeli unda gaxdes ganmartebis arsi: xmovania bgera, romlis warmoTqmis drosac filtvebidan wamosul haernakads dabrkoleba ar xvdeba, xolo Tanxmovani bgeris warmoTqma dabrkolebis gadalaxvas gulisxmobs. dabrkoleba SeiZleba sxvadas­xvagvari iyos da bgeris raobazec axdens es gavlenas, magram xmovnebis TavisTavadoba am mxriv sruliad aSkaraa.

TemaSi Tanxmovnis saxelwodebazec vamaxvilebT yuradRebas. saqme is aris, rom am saxelSi gamoxatulia am rigis bgeraTa buneba: isini da­moukideblad, xmovnis Tanxlebis („Tan+xmovnobis“) gareSe arsebiTad ar warmoiTqmian, miT ufro – ver qmnian marcvals, sityvas. amgvarad, ter­mini xmovani da Tanxmovani erTi niSnis antipoduri terminebia.

bgerebi, rogorc martivi dakvirvebiTac aRiqmeba, erTgvari JRera­dobisa ar aris. vinaidan xmovnebi xmis sisruliT xasiaTdeba, bunebrivia, JReradobiT isini aRematebodnen sxva bgerebs. Semdeg modis RiaobiT xmovnebTan ufro miaxloebuli bgerebi – narnarebi (m n r l). Semdeg ki danarCeni Tanxmovnebis daxasiaTebac SeiZleba JReradobis xarisxiT. amisaTvis SeiZleba gamoviyenoT yurebze xelis daWeris Zveli meTodi, romlis drosac mJRer bgerebTan ufro intensiur JReras gavigonebT. magram am etapze TanxmovanTa klasifikaciis metad gaRrmaveba saWiro ar aris.

paragrafis bolos leqsia „saxaliso sakiTxavis“ rubrikiT: „rogor waiCxubnen xmovnebi da Tanxmovnebi“. marTlac, SesaZlebelia amgvari „Cxubi“ da „gayofa“? – SeiZleba es kiTxva davsvaT bavSvebis winaSe. da­

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vuSvaT, moxda aseTi ram; ras miviRebdiT? – miviRebdiT mxolod sityvebs xuTi xmovnis SemadgenlobiT, magram Tanxmovnebi damoukideblad sit­yvas ver Seqmnian. amitomac aris maT Soris „usityvo dava“, amasve gamo­xatavs gamonaTqvami „xmaTa Zmoba“.

meoTxe paragrafi bgerebi da sityvebi

am paragrafSi povebs ganxorcielebas Tavis saTauri „mSenebeli bgerebi“. kerZod, bgeraTa kompleqsis sityvad gardaqmnaSi ganxorciel­deba, erTi SexedviT, martivi, magram SinaarsiT umniSvnelovanesi ram: bgera, romelic TavisTavad mniSvnelobis armqone enobrivi erTeulia, sxva bgerebTan kombinaciiT qmnis mniSvnelobis mqone sityvas da amiT av­lens Cveni enis kolosalur potencias.

es gakveTili iwyeba enobrivi „mSeneblobis“ ierarqiis warmoCeniT. imis gamoyenebiT, rom Cven ukve SevadareT bgera agurs, vaviTarebT am ideas da movixmobT amave rigis Sedarebebs: aguriT kedeli igeba, anu „kedeli“ sityvaa, xolo kedlebi qmnian saxls, anu winadadebas. am kompleqsur Se­darebaSi mSeneblobis arsic aris gacxadebuli: aguris Seqmnis mizani „mSeneblobaa“, aguris agurze dadebis mizani – kedlis Seqmna, kedlebis SeerTebis mizani – Senobis Seqmna. amgvarad, is mTavari mizani, romelic enobrivi „mSeneblobiT“ ganxorcieldeba, winadadebaa, ufro sworad, is azri, romelic winadadebam unda „dabados“. da, rogorc vnaxeT, es mizani ukve devs bgeraSi – samSeneblo „agurSi“.

SesaZlebelia gakveTili pirdapir metaforis gamoyenebiTac daviw­yoT: – ra aris aguri? – risTvis akeTeben agurs? da a. S.

gakveTilSi sxvadasxva saxaliso magaliTia SeTavazebuli imisaTvis, rom aRniSnuli kombinirebis SesaZleblobebi iqnes warmoCenili. ker­Zod, „sityvis karuseli“ da rubrika „vin – ukeT?!“ warmoaCens imas, rom erTi bgeris cvlas SeuZlia axali sityva mogvces: xeli – Zeli...

sxvaTa Soris, es fonemis cnebis erT­erTi aucilebeli pirobaa da Sem­deg mas gaecnobian, rogorc fonemis sityvaTganmasxvavebuli funqciis erT­erT gamoxatulebas. oRond amjerad mas TamaSis forma aqvs da Sei­Zleba Cven TviTonac SemovitanoT araerTi axali magaliTi.

amgvar saxaliso savarjiSo masalas farTod iyeneben Tanamedrove saswavlo­popularul literaturaSi, maT Soris, iseTsac, rogoric warmodgenilia rubrikaSi „vin – ukeT?“ es sakmaod rTuli amocanaa da pasuxi advili mosaZebni ar aris. amitomac pirveli mTlianad aris naCvenebi. rveulSi ki amgvar savarjiSos e. w. gasaRebi axlavs. aq miTiTe­bebi Wadrakis principiTaa: a2 niSnavs, rom meore adgils a unda Caenacv­los, r3 – mesame edgils r da a. S.

ramdenbgeriani SeiZleba iyos sityva? cxadia, nebismieri. es rom

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gansazRvruli yofiliyo, aseve SezRuduli iqneboda sityvaTqmnadobis SesaZleblobebi. Tumca, minimaluri marTlac logikuria: erTi bgera ar SeiZleba sityva iyos zemoaRniSnulis gamo – bgera, rogorc samSeneblo erTeuli, mniSvnelobis matarebeli ar aris da misi aseTi realizacia wess daarRvevda.

orbgeriani sityvebi arsebobs, magram maTi potencia wyvili sityviT aris SezRuduli. umetesoba marTlac realizebulia: ia – ai, xe – ex, ar – ra...

rac ufro izrdeba sityvis bgeriTi Semadgenloba, miT ufro metia kombinaciebis SesaZlebloba.

galaktionis sityvaTqmnadoba da palindromebi raime seriozul amo­canas ar isaxavs miznad, isini mxolod saxaliso xasiaTisaa.

am gakveTilis erT­erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani miTiTeba aris debu­leba „daimaxsovreT“ rubrikiT. es debuleba unda ganvamtkicoT da sa­xelmZRvanelod vaqcioT bavSvebis zepirmetyvelebiTi praqtikis dros, sagangebo teqstis warmoTqmisas da sxva. kerZod, qarTuli sityvis bge­riTi sisrule da werisa da metyvelebis Sesabamisoba erT­erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Rirsebaa qarTuli enisa da mas gaTvaliswineba sWirdeba.

mexuTe paragrafi marcvali

Tema miznad isaxavs, davanaxoT bavSvebs marcvlis – rogorc umciresi sawarmoTqmo erTeulis, sityvis bunebrivi dayofis – mniSvneloba.

aviRoT raime iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac damarcvlis bunebrivi aucile­bloba iqmneba.

pirveli magaliTi: vTqvaT, bavSvebi startze dganan da Tqven uTvliT: er­Ti, o­ri, sa­mi! gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTeba bolo marcvali, rom­lis warmoTqmisasac unda moswydnen adgils; misi wina marcvlis Semdeg sagrZnobi dayovnebaa: sa...mi! SesaZlebelia Tu ara, bolo sastarto si­tyva ase dayofiliyo s­a­m­i? (vinme Tu yofs ase?).

meore magaliTi: aviRoT sityva matarebeli da vcadoT, dayovnebebiT wavimReroT is. ra gamova? ma­ta­re­be­li. sxva varianti Tu SeiZleba?

mesame magaliTi: enis gasatexebi, romlebic grZel sityvebs Seicavs, gulisxmobs raRac sazRvrebis gamoyenebas sityvis warmoTqmaSi. ra saz­Rvrebia es? aviRoT enis gasatexi da warmovaTqmevinoT ramdenime mowa­fes. mag. dafacifucebulni frinvelni ufro dafacifucebulan. davak­virdeT: rac unda swrafad warmoiTqvas es sityvebi, ori sazRvari mainc igrZnoba: dafa­cifu­cebulan.

yovelive es mianiSnebs imaze, rom sityvebis warmoTqma moiTxovs bune­briv danawevrebas da es bunebrivi danawevreba aris swored marcvali. marcvali umciresi sawarmoTqmo erTeulia.

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raxan marcvali warmoTqmis problema yofila, bunebrivia vifiqroT, romel bgerebs eyrdnoba is. ukve vnaxeT, rom damoukidebeli bgerebi – xmovnebia. isini, Tanxmovnebisagan gansxvavebiT, Tavisuflad gamoiTq­mis. Tanxmovnebi ki Tanmxlebia maTi. SeiZleba aseTi dakvirveba:

a) vcadoT wamRerebisaTvis gamoviyenoT a da b bgerebi. gansxvaveba aSkaraa!

b) davweroT dafaze da rig­rigad warmovaTqmevinoT Tanxmovnebi: b, Z, W, k, j, C... Cveulebisamebr, cota Tu warmoTqvams Tanxmovans suf­Tad, raRac „xmovnis“ Tanxlebis gareSe. zogjer ki Tanxmovans aSkarad marcvalad warmoTqvamen: bu...

„daviWiroT“ es Tavisebureba da ganvmartoT, rom warmoTqmis birTvi xmovania, mas SeuZlia Tanxmovnebi iaxlos, gaiyolios. SeiZleba gamoviye­noT aseTi Sedareba: xmovani elmavalia, romelsac SeuZlia Tanxmovnebis vagonebi Caibas da gaiyolios.

amgvarad, marcvlis centri xmovania. sityva xmovnebis mixedviT iyofa marcvlebad. sityvaSi imdeni marcvalia, ramdenic xmovania masSi. erT marcvalSi ori xmovani ar SeiZleba.

Temas axlavs is savarjiSoebi, romlebic aioleben sityvis marcv­lobriv Sedgenilobaze dakvirvebas. aq aris „svla“ martivi amocanidan rTulisken: xmovnebis daTvla marcvalTa raodenobis dasadgenad, mar­cvlebad dayofa da sinTezi – marcvlebiT sityvis „akinZva“. savarjiSo­Si _ wiwilas „marcvlebad“ „asakenki“ mwerebi _ igulisxmeba Semdegi saxelebi: WriWinobela, tarakana, xoWo.

meeqvse paragrafi damarcvla da sityvis gadatana

ganvlili masalis Semowmebis Semdeg vagrZelebT saubars marcvalze da rac SeiZleba uSualo gziT vayalibebT damarcvlis wesebs. aqac wam­yvania wignis sazogado principi – mowafeebi TviTon Caswvdnen sakiTxis arss da TviTon Seqmnan wesi.

radganac vambobT, rom marcvali bunebrivi enobrivi erTeulia, maSa­sadame, marcvlebad dayofac bunebriv sametyvelo process unda war­moadgendes. es marTlac asea, Tu sakiTxs axleburad mivudgebiT.

gaiTvaliswineT: nu gamoiyenebT damarcvlisa da gadatanis Zvel we­sebs. mimarTeT ufro martivs – axals!

mivyveT Tanmimdevrulad:1) marcvlebad dayofis safuZveli martivia: erT marcvalSi ori

xmovani ar SeiZleba. ori xmovani ukve ori marcvalia.2) amgvarad, marcvlis sazRvari gadis yovel or xmovans Soris.3) sakiTxi mxolod am or xmovans Soris moqceuli Tanxmovnebis ga­

nawilebas exeba.

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a) xmovnebs Soris SeiZleba iyos erTi Tanxmovani.am wess eqsperimentiT iolad aRmovaCenT. davsvaT aseTi kiTxva:– davuSvaT wylis an quCis gadaRma dgas Tqveni megobari da geZaxiT:

– lekvi xom ar daginaxavs? sapasuxod eZaxiT xmamaRla da gagrZelebiT: ara! (a­ra Tu ar­a?).

SeuZlebelia meore varianti vinmem airCios.meore SemTxveva:maswavlebeli dafasTan dgas da geubnebaT:– kalami xelSi ase unda geWiroT!Tqven klasis bolo merxze zixarT da maswavlebels, ukeT gasarkvevad,

ekiTxebiT (CaekiTxebiT):– ase? (a­se? Tu as­e?)meore varianti arsebiTad SeuZlebelia.amdenad, damarcvlis wesSi or xmovans Soris moqceuli erTi Tanxmov­

nis momdevno marcvlisaTvis mikuTvneba bunebrivi kanonzomierebaa:isRa darCenila, rom ormarcvlian da xmovniT dawyebul da damTavre­

bul sityvaze SemuSavebuli es wesi sityvis SigniTac gavagrZeloT: sa­a­Ti.gaiTvaliswineT: miRebuli wesis ganzogadeba TiTqos martivi amoca­

naa, magram aRniSnuli erTmarcvlianidan mravalmarcvlianze gadasvla mainc xSirad iwvevs dabnevas. amitom mis gansamtkiceblad masala unda movimaragoT.

b) ra viTarebaa im SemTxvevaSi, roca or xmovans Soris ori da meti Tanxmovani eqceva.

cxadia, aqac SesaZlebelia evristikul meTods mivmarToT, magram mxedvelobaSi aris misaRebi is, rom aq iseTive erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi ar iqneba, rogoric wina SemTxvevaSi. kerZod, aq marcvlis sazRvris aseTi mkveTri SegrZneba ar aris (o­rTqlic SeiZleba warmoTqvan, or­Tqlic da orT­qlic). amitomac uSualo dakvirvebis meTodi aq ar gaamarTlebs.

am SemTxvevaSi unda SemoviRoT erTi saerTo wesi: or xmovans Soris moqceuli ori da meti Tanxmovnidan erTi ekedleba wina marcvals, dan­arCeni (ramdenic ar unda iyos) – momdevnos: af­ra, or­Tqli...

amgvarad, Tu pirvel sazogado wess („ori xmovani – ori marcvali“) calke – fundamenturad – gamovitanT, gvrCeba orad­ori wesi:

1. erTi Tanxmovnis wesi (a­ra).2. erTze meti Tanxmovnis wesi (af­ra).gafrTxileba: am suraTs nuranairi damatebiTi wesiT nu gairTulebT!

icodeT, miRweuls dakargavT!aRniSnuli wesebis Camoyalibeba­ganmtkiceba sakmao dros moiTxovs,

amitomac gadatanis sakiTxze saubari momdevno gakveTilisTvis davto­voT da is davalebebi, romlebic damarcvlas exeba da ara gadatanas, mo­mavlisTvis Sesasruleblad mivceT.

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gadatana erT­erTi praqtikuli amocanaa da damarcvlis wesebi am mizansac emsaxureba.

bolo drois informaciebma gaaCina azri,rom, saerTaSoriso gamoc­dilebiT, gadatana aRar aris aqtualuri problema da is Zvelis iner­ciaa.

es ar aris marTebuli.is enebi (magaliTad inglisuri), romelSic dominanturia mokle sit­

yvebi, iolad uvlian am problemas, magram qarTulis msgavs viTarebaSi SeuZlebelia gadatanas gverdi aevlos; SeiZleba am SemTxvevaSi striqo­nis mesamedi carieli darCes. es miT ufro misaxedi sakiTxia moswavleTa doneze, roca rveulis CarCoSi uwevT wera da striqonis – mindvramde (Tu kidemde) Sevseba.

amdenad, gadatana aucilebeli saskolo amocanaa.damarcvlis ukve Camoyalibebuli wesebi obieqturi safuZvelia ga­

datanis wesebisa. maT mxolod erTi wesi unda daematos (ufro sworad, damarcvlis erTi wesi unda gamoiricxos):

– damoukidebeli xmovani marcvalia, magram misi arc datoveba Sei­Zleba da arc gadatana (i­a, a­ra daimarcvleba, magram ar gadaitaneba).

(Tanxmovnebi, raodenobis miuxedavad, rom marcvali ar aris, aSkaraa!).gadatanis wesebsac metad nu gavarTulebT!Temas axlavs rubrika „saxaliso sakiTxavi“, romelSic e. w. „Citebis

enaa“ Semotanili. risTvis aris is saWiro?roca damarcvlis „xalxur fesvebze“ mivaniSnebdiT, erTs am TamaSsac

vgulisxmobdiT. misi daniSnuleba aSkarad didaqtikuria.marTlac, is ar aris didebisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli saidumlo dam­

werlobis msgavsi ram. is wmindad sabavSvo TamaSia, romelSic iumoris fonze marcvlisa da ritmikis elementebia CarTuli.

gaiTvaliswineT: am TamaSma SeiZleba zedmeti xmauri gamoiwvios, ma­gram icodeT, rom is Tavis rols Seasrulebs imaze metad, vidre serio­zuli msjelobani marcvlis arsze. Tanac, am SemTxvevaSi sagangebo mniS­vneloba eniWeba gadarTvas saxumarodan seriozulze:

ra Secdomebi dauSviaT „Citis enis“ Semqmnelebs bunebriv damarcvlaSi?es Secdomebi, dae, damoukideblad ipovon. aseve – is sityvebi, romle­

bic xmovnebis mixedviT unda amoicnon „wawawi­wi“­Si!

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III Tavi enis salaro

pirveli paragrafi sityva

am paragrafiT iwyeba axali Tavi, romelsac „enis salaro“ ewodeba. es Tavi leqsikuri fondis warmoCenas isaxavs miznad.

rogorc vnaxeT, enobrivi sinTezis pirveli da mTavari Sedegi aris sityva. enis salaro Tu saganZuri sityvaTa maragia, romelic SesaZle­blobas iZleva sityvaTa kavSiris amouwuravi kombinacia ganxorcieldes.

gakveTili SeiZleba daiwyos ganvlilTan dabrunebiT:– ramdeni bgeraa enaSi?– sityva ramdeniRa iqneba?arsebiTi am meore kiTxvaSi aris ara zusti pasuxi, romelic saerTod

ar arsebobs), aramed is, rom, bgerebisagan gansxvavebiT, zusti raode­nobis dasaxeleba aq SeuZlebelia. verc erT ricxvs ver davasaxelebT, romlisTvisac erTi sityvis mimateba ar SeiZlebodes.

es ki imas niSnavs, rom sityvaTa maragi enaSi amouwuravia.– ra qmnis am simravles?– marTalia, bgeraTa kombinirebiT sityvaTa Seqmnis rezervi, rogorc

vnaxeT, usazRvroa, magram ena mxolod am gziT mainc ar midis. leqsi­kuri maragis mxolod mcire nawilia pirveladi, anu Zireuli. leqsikis ZiriTadi nawili ki warmoqmnilia sityvaTqmnadobis gziT. erT Zireul sityvaze zogjer aTi, oci da meti warmoqmnili fuZe modis. gakveTi­lis teqstSi moyvanilia gul­sityvis „nayari“ fuZeebi. imisaTvis, rom mravalferovneba iyos, SemovitanoT sxva sityva – magaliTad, kaci da SevTavazoT bavSvebs, TviTon moiZion fuZis axali warmonaqmnebi.

rubrikaSi `sityvam moitana~ saubaria sulxan­sabas leqsikonze.sulxan­sabas „anderZnamagSi“ Semdeg frazas unda mivaqcioT yu­

radReba:„qarTuli TvisTa nebaze gaeryvnaT“ – es safrTxe enas yovel droSi

elodeba, Tu mas erisagan saTanado yuradReba ar mieqceva. am yuradRebis erT­erTi gamoxatuleba ki sruli leqsikonis qonaa.

meore paragrafi sityvis mniSvneloba

am paragrafSi naTqvamia, rom sityvis arsebobis azri mis mniSvnelo­baSia. magram ase calsaxad rom wydebodes es problema, msjelobis Sem­dgomi gaSlac aRar iqneboda saWiro.

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– saqme is aris, rom enaSi iseTi bgeraTkompleqsebic arsebobs, romel­Tac ase gansazRvruli mniSvneloba ara aqvs, magram mainc sityvebad unda miviCnioT. marTlac, enaSi arsebobs iseTi „carieli sityvebic“, romle­bic damxmare rols asruleben, oRond Tavad leqsikuri mniSvnelobis gareSe arian darCenili.

am sityvebis mniSvneloba maT saWiroebaSi, funqciaSia.magaliTad, „aba“ sityva raime leqsikur mniSvnelobas ar atarebs,

magram mis gareSe TanamosaubresTan garkveul damokidebulebas ver gamovxatavT (Sdr. „damacade“ – „aba, damacade!“).

msjelobis amgvari ganviTarebiT unda mivaRwioT imas, rom mowafe­ebisaTvis misawvdomi (gasagebi) gaxdes sakmaod rTuli klasifikacia: sit yvaTa dayofa srulmniSvnelovan da damxmare sityvebad. es dayofa leqsikis klasebad (metyvelebis nawilebad) dayofis ZiriTadi safuZve­lia.

vinaidan enis swavlebas am etapze leqsikur­semantikuri mimarTuleba aqvs, es sakiTxi aucileblad unda gairkves.

am TemasTan dakavSirebuli davaleba iTvaliswinebs teqstSi monawile sityvebis gamijvnas aRniSnul or jgufad kiTxvebis dasmis meSveobiT (am – kiTxvebis dasmis – meTodze teqstSia saubari).

„saxaliso sakiTxavis“ rubrikiT SeTavazebuli savarjiSo „sityva – enis wverze“ siRrmiseulad Zalze mniSvnelovan problemas ukavSirdeba: Cveni mexsierebis salaroSi sityvas Cven „vagnebT“ semantikur­budobri­vi principiT. cnobilia iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca viciT, ra sityva gvin­da, magram TviT sityva ver gagvixsenebia. is, rac „viciT“, mniSvnelobaa, xolo TviT sityva sapovnelia. am savarjiSoSi xelovnurad aris Seqmni­li analogiuri situacia: mniSvnelobis mixedviT sityvis Zieba.

mesame paragrafi sityva sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT

paragrafi exeba sityvis mravalmniSvnelovnebas. mniSvnelobis cvla sxvadasxva saxiT – es aris universaluri enobrivi kanonzomiereba. ker­Zod, nebismieri sityva SeiZleba aRmoCndes gamoyenebuli gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT.

magaliTad, ra aris sityva „xe“? es aris merqnis mqone mcenareTa saer­To saxeli. magram igi SeiZleba Segvxvdes Tvisebis gamomxatvel sityvad: „es kaci saqmeSi namdvili xea“; „xeqalas“ ityvian iseT qalze, romelsac saojaxo saqme ar exerxeba da sxva.

mniSvnelobis amgvari gadatana adamianis mxatvruli azrovnebis gamovlenaa: mas safuZvlad udevs Sedarebis (metaforizaciis) xerxi – jer airCeva raime sagnis mTavari Tviseba, xolo Semdeg TviT am sagnis saxeli xdeba am Tvisebis gamomxatveli.

rogorc iTqva, amgvari msgavseba safuZvelia sityvis mniSvnelobis

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cvlis, ris Sedegadac viRebT ama Tu im sityvis mravalmniSvnelovnebas. amis araerTi nimuSi arsebobs.

– magaliTad, ras niSnavs sityva Tavi?es kiTxva, faqtobrivad, gaxsenebaa misi cnobili mniSvnelobebisa.

bavSvebs SeuZliaT, damoukideblad daasaxelon or­sami mniSvneloba: „Tavi“, „meTauri“, „nawarmoebis monakveTi“. aseve damoukideblad miag­non kavSirs am mniSvnelobebs Soris: vTqvaT, meTauri xom iseTive mniS­vnelovania raime gaerTianebisaTvis, rogorc Tavi – sxeulisaTvis.

magram aris iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac ar xerxdeba sityvis calkeul mniSvnelobebs Soris kavSiris dadgena. aseT SemTxvevaSi omonimurobaze SeiZleba saubri.

es gansxvaveba polisemiasa da omonimias Soris teqstSi miniSnebulia. oRond gaiTvaliswineT: amis garCevis wesad qcevas nu SevecdebiT! es ise Ti sakiTxia, romelic filologiaSic ki ar aris garkveuli. amitomac termin omonimis Semotanas aq nu viCqarebT; amis garCeva Semdgom safe­xurze gaxdeba SesaZlebeli.

sityvis mniSvnelobis gadatana, polisemiuroba mxatvruli Txzvis safuZvelia. magram, amave dros, amgvari SemTxvevebis gamoyenebas didi yuradReba sWirdeba, raTa frazaSi orazrovnebam da uzustobam ar iCi­nos Tavi (magaliTad: yma muxlebSi Cauvarda mefes. aq yma „moymec“ SeiZ­leba iyos da „yurmoWrili“ qveSevrdomic).

am TemasTan dakavSirebiT savarjiSo masala sityvis mniSvnelobebis gamovlena­dazustebas emsaxureba.

meoTxe paragrafi sinonimebi

sinonimis cnebas mowafeebi ukve icnoben. dawyebiT klasebSi sino­nimebs msgavs sityvebs eZaxdnen, Semdeg terminic gaiges.

sinonimis ganmarteba asec SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: sityvebs, romelTa Canacvlebac erT romelime konteqstSia SesaZlebeli, sinonimebi ewo­deba (Tumca es ganmarteba gakveTilis teqstSi ar aris Setanili, radgan mas Tavisi sirTuleebi axlavs).

aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom sinonimebi erTgvarovani ar aris: dasturdeba zusti da arazusti sinonimebi. zusti sinonimebis urTi­erTCanacvleba, cxadia, daubrkoleblad SeiZleba, xolo arazusti si­nonimebi Sinaarsis mixedviT SerCevas moiTxovs (amis magaliTad SiSveli da titvelia moyvanili). magram sinonimebis arsebobisaTvis Canacvleba mainc aucilebeli pirobaa. SinaarsiT monaTesave sityvebi, romlebic arc erT konteqstSi ar Caenacvleba erTmaneTs, erTi budis sityvebi iqneba da ara sinonimebi. ai, gansxvavebis arsi.

gakveTilis teqstSi ori magaliTia CarTuli imisa, rom amgvari sinon­

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imebis konteqsturi SerCeva garkveul savaldebulo mimarTebebsac gu­lisxmobs. kerZod, sityvebs axasiaTebT semantikuri mijaWvuloba, dro­Ta ganmavlobaSi isini raRac Sesityvebebis organul nawilad iqce vian da erTgvar formulebad arseboben enaSi. savarjiSo SiSveli­titveli sinonimuri wyvilis moSveliebiT swored amgvari enobrivi grZnobis gaaqtiurebas isaxavs miznad.

mexuTe paragrafi sinonimebis SerCeva

grZeldeba sinonimebis Tematika, amjerad ufro stilistikuri aspeqtiT. sinonimebi, pirvel rigSi, imiT aris enis simdidre, rom maTi meSveobiT saTqmelis zusti, niuansobrivi gamoxatvis SesaZlebloba iqmneba. Tu zustad SerCeuli sinonimebi sityvieri ostatobis gamoxa­tulebaa, sinonimuri uzustoba, sinonimebis siRaribe pirdapir asaxavs enobriv uunarobas.

sinonimebze muSaoba Zalze aviTarebs sityvis grZnobas. amitomac ara mxolod am gakveTilSi, aramed saerTodac maswavlebeli gamudmebiT unda svamdes am amocanas: am winadadebaSi es sityva ajobebs, Tu – meore da a. S. magaliTad, blu, enablu da blukuna sinonimebia, magram, aba, daak­virdiT, gana isini erTnairad SeeTavseba Semdeg winadadebas: `batoni giorgi cotaTi... aRmoCnda~; `WiSkarSi gamovarda titlikana, sasacilo, ... biWi~.

amave TemaSi sinonimebTan mimarTebiT daismis enobrivi etiketis sakiTxi. ramdenadac sityvebi arcTu iSviaTad Cvens Semfaseblur damokidebulebasac gamoxataven ama Tu im pirovnebasTan Tu saganTan, sityvis SerCeva aq gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. sazoga­dod, enobrivi etiketis sakiTxi erTi is aspeqtia, romelic am saxel­mZRvanelos mTlianad gamsWvalavs.

Semdeg magaliTebsa da savarjiSoebSi sinonimebis gamoyenebis kidev ramdenime aspeqtzea gamaxvilebuli yuradReba. kerZod, stilis sakiTxs ukavSirdeba isic, rom sinonimebi SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs, Tavidan avi­ciloT tavtologia, sityvaTa gameoreba. gogebaSvilis frazebi swored amis nimuSebs iZleva.

Semdeg ki modis is sakiTxi, romelic v. Tofurias Tavis marTlweris wignSi aqvs Setanili: `wminda~ da `sufTa~ sinonimebis garCeva. es erT­erTi kargi magaliTia imisa, rogor frTxili gamosayenebelia, erTi SexedviT, mniSvnelobiT axlomdgomi sinonimebi. am masalaSi pirdapir Sesityvebebia CamoTvlili aRniSnuli ori sityvis monawileobiT. mivceT klasSi samuSaod winadadebis Sedgena am Sesityvebebis gamoyenebiT. amiT ganmtkicdeba maTi gamijvnis wesi.

savarjiSoebi, romelic am Temas mosdevs, moiTxovs semantikisa da sti­

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lis erTdroul gaTvaliswinebas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi semantikazea aq­centi, vinaidan sxvadasxvagvari bewvi sxvadasxva sityviT aris gamoxat­uli. meore SemTxvevaSi ki arsebiTad myar, xatovan gamonaT qvamebzea yuradReba SeCerebuli.

meeqvse paragrafi sinonimTa Serwyma

am TemaSi ganixileba sinonimTa dawyvilebis sakiTxi. es sakiTxi, cxa­dia, mTlianad enis gamomsaxvelobiT mxares, anu stilistikas ekuTvnis da sityvis rolis ufro uSualod SegrZnebas emsaxureba.

davsvaT kiTxva amgvarad:– rogor viqceviT, rodesac raime ganwyobis mkveTrad gamoxatva

gvsurs? magaliTad, gvinda vinmes uzomo sisastike warmovaCinoT?– vTqvaT, vambobT: rogori uguloa! sakmarisia?– ara jobia: rogori ugulo, ugrZnobi da ulmobelia!amgvar SemTxvevaSi TiTqos Tavad moiTxovs Cveni ganwyoba ara erTi,

aramed ramdenime sityvis gamoyenebas, raTa emocia srulad amovwuroT.aba, gavixsenoT gamonaTqvami: „(TiTqos) sityvebi ar myofnis!“ ami­

tomac amgvar situaciaSi avtomaturad Cndeba erTi mimarTulebis ram­denime sityvis gamoyenebis aucilebloba. TiTqos avtomaturad vambobT: „rogor usamarTlod da... momeqca“ miuxedavad imisa, rom da­s Semdeg SeiZleba sityva mzad ar gvqondes da saZebni iyos.

amitomac moulodneli ar aris is, rom amgvari sinonimuri dawyvile­ba uwinaresad mxatvruli literaturisTvis aris niSandoblivi; is xom emociebis gamoxatvas emsaxureba.

gakveTilis teqstSi magaliTebis simravlea, raTa ukeT warmoCndes am xerxis mizandasaxuleba.

aqve aris sinonimebis erTdrouli gamoyenebis faqtebi iseT SemTxve­vaSi, roca teqstis mokle monakveTSi xdeba aucilebeli erTi da imave azris gamoxatva da saWiroa gameorebas, tavtologias Tavi avaridoT.

varjiSi am TvalsazrisiT, cxadia, unda emsaxurebodes Ziebis gaaqti­urebas amgvari dawyvilebis mimarTulebiT. amitomac SeiZleba nebis­mier teqsts mivmarToT imisaTvis, rom moviZioT, sad Cndeba survili gamoxatvis sityvieri gaZlierebisa, anu axali wyviliscalis moZebnisa. amiT isic gamoCndeba, rom sinonimebis wyvilebad gamovlena TviTmizani ar aris da mas Zlieri aucilebloba ganapirobebs. davalebis arsic es aris. aq sinonimuri wyvilebi unda moiZebnos, magram gairCes saWiroeba­arasaWiroebis mixedviT.

sxvaTa Soris, SeiZleba sxvadasxva mwerlis enis Sedarebac literatu­ris saxelmZRvanelodan. magaliTad g. leoniZisTvis damaxasiaTebelia amgvar sinonimTa didi siWarbe (msuye ena), xolo r. inaniSvilisaTvis –

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ufro naklebi...

meSvide paragrafi antonimebi

antonimia aris enis leqsikis semantikur mimarTebaTa erT­erTi ZiriTadi aspeqti. iq, sadac msgavsebaa, gansxvavebac aris, gansxvavebaTa ukiduresoba (polaruloba) ki antonimebSi gamoixateba.

amdenad, polaruloba antonimebis cnebis aucilebeli pirobaa. amas martivad davinaxavT, Tu SevadarebT mimarTebebs: cxeli – Tbili da cxe­li – civi. pirveli erTi semantikuri velia, xolo meore – „antagonis­turi“ cnebebi. amdenad, gansxvaveba ki ar aris mTavari (es sinonimebSic aris), aramed am gansxvavebis polaruloba.

meore: ra tipis sityvebia antonimebi? magaliTad, Jirafi wvrili da maRalia, behemoTi – msxvili da dabali. – aris Tu ara Jirafi da behe­moTi antonimebi?

mowafeebis umetesoba upasuxebs, rom aris, magram es ar aris swori. antonimuri SeiZleba iyos Tviseba da ara TviT – sagani. antonimuria maRali – dabali, wvrili – msxvili da ara behemoTi – Jirafi. Tumca, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac arsebebs antonimuri Tvisebebi axasiaTebs, ambo­ben, antipodebi ariano.

amgvarad, dRe da Rame ki ar aris antonimebi, aramed naTeli da bneli da sxv.

arsebobs Tu ara obieqturad antonimebi?rogorc amboben, amgvar mimarTebebs adamianis cnobiereba adgens da

is bunebaSi obieqturad arc arsebobs.magram antonimebis cneba SeiZleba davukavSiroT samyaros wonasworo­

bis universalur kanonzomierebas – mikrokosmosic (atomi) da kosmosic (samyaro) arsebiTad sapirispiro muxtiT (+ –) aris gawonasworebuli da es dapirispirebulTa wonasworoba samyaros arsebobis mTavari wesia. am TvalsazrisiT antonimebi obieqturi realobis kanonzomieri gamovlenaa.

aq, bunebrivia, am filosofias ver CavuRrmavdebiT, magram bavSvebis doneze SeuZlebeli ar aris, am kiTxvas gavceT pasuxi:

– iqneboda Tu ara maRali, rom ar iyos dabali?warmovidginoT, rom yvela xe bunebaSi erTi simaRlisaa. SegveZleboda

Tu ara am SemTxvevaSi gveTqva: „maRali xe“, „dabali xe“.an: rom ar arsebobdes bneli, Tu gvecodineboda, rom arsebobs naTeli?rom ar arsebobdes boroti, rogor ganvsazRvravdiT keTils?danarCeni kanonzomierebebi, romlebic antonimebTan aris dakavSire­

buli, sinonimebis fonze, did Zaldatanebas ar moiTxovs: sapirispiro Tvisebebi xSirad eqceva erToblivi gamovlenis sferoSi da, aseve, erT­gvari myari gamonaTqvamebis saxes iZens: keTili da boroti, naTeli da

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bneli... sabolood ki, ramdenad ucnauric ar unda iyos, maTi Serwymac xdeba erT rTul sityvad: av­kargi, Tav­bolo...

Tanamedrove oficialur enebSi Zalze gaxSirda antonimebis xe­lovnuri warmoeba. es qarTul sinamdvileSic SeimCneva, rac enis gaRa­ribebis safrTxes Seicavs. araerTxel SevxvdebiT, rom saWiroebis Sem­TxvevaSi adamiani Tavs ar itkiebs damoukidebeli antonimis moZebniT da pirdapir araTi iwyebs: aragulwrfeli, arapirdapiri, arakeTili da a. S. xelovnur warmoebebs, bunebrivia, ukve arsebuli leqsikuri erTeulebi sjobia.

erTic: araTi nawarmoebi antonimebi ar faravs naRd antonimebs; ara­naTeli maincdamainc bneli ar aris da aramaRali – dabali, amitom isini yovelTvis ar aris gamosadegi.

amave dros, amgvari warmoeba mTlad gamosaricxi ar aris; is aucile­belic kia maSin, rodesac enaSi damoukidebeli antonimebi ar dastur­deba. Tu leqsikons a asoze CavxedavT, araerT aseT sityvas vipoviT (mag. arasasurveli, araefeqturi, araswori da sxv.).

merve paragrafi sityvaTa warmoqmna

es Tema – „sityvis warmoqmna“ – SeiZleba ganvlili masalis gameo­rebaze avagoT. kerZod, gavixsenoT am rubrikis pirveli Tema – „sityva“, romelSic naCvenebia, rogor „ibartya“ sityva gulma. amjerad ukve im meqanizmebzea saubari, romlebic Zireuli sityvebis safuZvelze axali leqsikuri nayaris warmoqmnas ganapirobeben. es meqanizmebia afiqsuri sityvawar­moeba da kompozicia (fuZeTa SeerTeba). unda iTqvas, rom leq­sikis simdidre am meqanizmebis moqmedebaze didwilad aris damokidebu­li. Tu davakvirdebiT, umetesad erT Zireul sityvaze xuTi da aTi war­moqmnili modis.

SeiZleba iTqvas, afiqsuri sityvawarmoebis da kompoziciis erT gakveTilSi moqceva am etapze swored imiT aris gamarTlebuli, rom aq am gansxvavebuli xerxebis gamowvlilviT Cveneba ki ar aris ganzraxuli, aramed gvinda vaCvenoT maTi saerTo mizandasaxulebiT moqmedeba – maTi saerTo roli sityvaTqmnadobaSi; miT ufro, rom es ori meqanizmi xSir­ad erTdrouladac ki aris warmodgenili.

sxvaTa Soris, sityvaTqmnadobis orive am saxes mowafeebi praqtiku­lad icnoben dawyebiTi klasebidan. met amocanas arc amjerad visaxavT; nu daviwyebT raime wesebis dadgenas, mTavaria vaCvenoT TviT qmnadobis procesi da mowafeebs mivceT saSualeba, aqtiurad gamoiyenon enaSi re­alurad arsebuli meqanizmebi.

TemasTan dakavSirebul savarjiSoebSi sxvadasxva amocanaa dasmuli, kerZod, aq aris rogorc analizis, ise sinTezis elementebi. amave dros,

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warmoqmnil sityvebze ufro farTo dakvirveba SeiZleba leqsikonebis gamoyenebiT. magaliTad, Tu Tqven gamoiyenebT sulxan­sabas leqsikons, aq sityva­statiebs boloSi axlavs im sityvebis CamonaTvali, romel Tac aqvT sityvawarmoebiTi kavSiri dasaxelebul sityvasTan. magaliTad, deda sityvasTan miTiTebulia: dedobili, dedofali, deduli, mde-dri, sidedri, simdidre, jinWrisdeda. Tu amgvar sityvebs ganmartebe­bianad amovwerT, miviRebT nayar sityvaTa saintereso „budes“.

savarjiSoSi mocemulia franguli literaturis cnobili gmiris – gargantuas – TamaSobani. magram es TamaSobani franguli ar unda gve­gonos. maTi umetesoba qarTuli sinamdvilidan aris aRebuli da termi­nebic Cvenia. isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom es CamonaTvali arsebiTad ganaxevrebulia da maTganac nacnobi SeiZleba mcire iyos. SeiZleba zogi SevarCioT kidec da mowafeebs amocanad davusaxoT, moiZion misi Sinaar­si da wesebi.

es TamaSobani sityvawarmoebas imiT ukavSirdeba, rom aq saxelwode­bebis warmoqmnaSi aqtiurad monawileoben garkveuli bolosarTebi (-oba, -obia, -obana).

mecxre paragrafi rTuli sityvebis marTlwera

rTuli sityvebis gacnobis Semdeg erT­erTi aucilebeli praqtikuli amocanaa amgvari sityvebis marTlwera, vinaidan am TvalsazrisiT erT­gvarovneba ara gvaqvs. es sakiTxic gameorebis xasiaTs atarebs, vinaidan dawyebiT klasebSi mowafeebi mudmivad ecnobodnen rTul sityvebs da maT dawerilobazec iyo miTiTebebi.

SeiZleba, ganvlilis gaTvaliswinebiT, amocana Sebrunebuli saxiT davsvaT:

– SevaerToT rTul sityvebad Semdegi sityvebi:

mTa da bari tye da veli veli da mindori qarTuli da kaxeTi deda da mama qarTli, kaxeTi da imereTi

– axla is SemTxveva vnaxoT, rodesac rTuli sityva „mqoneblobis“ niS­niT warmoiqmneba. rogor iqmneba erT rTul sityvad:

visac fexi aqvs motexili ..... visac guli aqvs gaxeTqili ..... rasac Ziri aqvs gamoclili ..... rasac cecxli aqvs mokidebuli ..... rasac mtveri aqvs wayrili .....

orsave SemTxvevaSi Sedegad viRebT rTul sityvebs: tye­veli, mtver­

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wayrili... magram maT Soris gansxvaveba aSkaraa. Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi calke sityvebis CamonaTvali, maTi damoukidebeli roli arsebiTad SenarCunebulia, meore SemTxvevaSi am monacemebis, romlebic isedac ar iyo TanabarmniSvnelovani („motexili“ fexs ekuTvnoda da „wayrili“ mtvers), sruli Serwyma, erT sityvad Serwyma xdeba.

formaluradac amosavali viTareba arsebiTad gansxvavdeba: pirvel SemTxvevaSi Serwymul wevrebs Soris da kavSiri zis (an – igulisxmeba), rac am wevrebis Tanabrobis avtomaturi niSania; meore SemTxvevaSi aq zmnis aqcentirebiT xazgasma xdeba raime niSan­Tvisebis mqoneblobaze, rac aseve avtomaturi niSania imisa, rom am zmniT dakavSirebuli wevrebi Tanaswori ar aris – erTi „mqonebelia“, meore „mikuTvnebuli“.

rTuli sityvebis marTlweris arsi amaSi mdgomareobs: Tu Tanabar­mniSvnelovani sityvebis Serwyma xdeba, defisiT iwereba, Tu araTana­barmniSvnelovanTa – Serwymulad. formaluri niSani ki „da“ kavSiris Casmis SesaZleblobaa. es bavSvebisTvis Zneli gasagebi ar aris, oRond ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom am wesmac SeiZleba Secdoma daaSvebinos bavSvs. kerZod, aucilebelia miTiTeba imaze, rom da kavSiris Casmis Sem­deg Semadgeneli wevrebis mniSvneloba unda udrides rTuli sityvis mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, da kavSiris Casma lomkaci sityvis komponen­tebs Sorisac SeiZleba (lomi da kaci), magram lomkaci SinaarsiT „lomi da kaci“ ki ar aris, aramed „lomiviT kaci“ da amitomac is defisiT ver daiwereba.

aqve gamaxvilebulia yuradReba da kavSiriT SeerTebul, agreTve iseT rTul sityvebze, romlebic defisiT iwereboda, magram prefiqs­su­fiqsiT gaformebis Semdeg Serwymul kompozitebad iqcnen.

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom defissa da tires xSirad mozrdilebic ver arCeven, amas xels uwyobs beWdviTi produqciac. amitomac kvlav aris aq­centirebuli ganvlili wesi maTi gansxvavebis Sesaxeb.

am Temas axlavs savarjiSo, romelic Secdomebis gasworebas iTva­liswinebs. sazogadod, Cveni principia, mowafes miewodos mxolod swo­ri orTografiuli variantebi. magram savarjiSoebSi meTodurad gamar­Tlebulia, mowafem TviTon eZebos Secdomebi da maTi gasworebis gziT ganimtkicos miRebuli codna. es xerxi kritikuli damokidebulebis gansaviTareblad, Tvalis gasamaxvileblad aris gamiznuli. miT ufro, rom mocemuli kompozitebis daweriloba adrindel gamocemebSi arcTu iSviaTad Tanamedrove normebs ar eqvemdebareba.

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IV Tavi azri da winadadeba

pirveli paragrafi winadadeba

ramdenime sityviT ganvmartoT, ra ganapirobebs leqsikidan uSualod winadadebaze gadasvlas? xom SeiZleboda, rom radgan sityvaze viyaviT SeCerebeuli, e. w. metyvelebis nawilebze gadavsuliyaviT; bolos ki si­tyvaTa kavSiri, anu winadadeba gangvexila.

saqme is aris, rom enobrivi sinTezis Sedegebidan yvelaze ufro xelSesaxebi da naTeli winadadebaa. winadadeba enobrivi amocanis sabo­loo Sedegia da misi mTlianoba erTnairad xelSesaxebia mSobliuri enis yvela mflobelisaTvis. winadadebaze saubris dros sityvaTa kavSirze, struqturaze gvixdeba saubari da es struqtura Zalze TvalnaTelia, xolo SekavSirebis wesebi – avtomaturi. xolo rac Seexeba metyvelebis nawilebs, maTi ganxilvis dros aucilebeli xdeba sistemuri monace­mebis Semotana, rac met ganzogadebasa da cnebiT gaazrebas moiTxovs. amitomac sityvaTa gramatikuli agebulebis analizs bolo adgils vuT­mobT, Tanac – maqsimalurad mcire doziT.

„winadadebis“ ganmarteba bavSvebma ukve ician wina klasebidan. aq yu­radRebas vamaxvilebT imaze, rom winadadebis agebis, anu sityvaTa Sekav­Sirebis SesaZleblobebi mravalgvaria da rom am potenciis realizacia mizanzea damokidebuli; mizani ki raime azris gamoxatvaa. amgvarad, msje loba iqiT midis, rom sityvebis arseboba jer kidev arafers niSnavs imisaTvis, rac gvaqvs saTqmeli. amitomac aq Zalze mosaxerxebelia sa­yovelTaod gavrcelebuli meTodi – mocemuli sityvebiT TamaSi. maga­liTad, ra asociacias SeiZleba aRZravdes „vardis kona“ anu Taiguli? miT ufro – „vardis kona“ da „guli“, metic – „vardis kona“, „guli“ da „moyvare“. ramdenime SesaZlebeli winadadebis Camoyalibeba SeiZle­ba bavSvebis aqtiurobiT, magram arc erTi ar iqneba rusTaveliseuli: „moyvareman vardis kona gulsa mkra da damiwylula“.

amgvarad, SevTavazoT romelime sami sityva (saxelebi) da Sevadgeni­noT SesaZlebeli winadadebebi. rac ufro semantikuri kavSiris gareSe iqneba es sityvebi dasaxelebuli, miT metia fantaziis SesaZlebloba.

am varjiSidan aSkarad gamoikveTeba, rom sityvaTa jgufi winadadebad mxolod zmnis monawileobis Sedegad iqceva. winadadebis azrsac arsebi­Tad zmnis Sinaarsi ganapirobebs, vinaidan sityvebis urTierTobis azri swored masSia gamoxatuli.

zmna, rogorc moqmedebis „saxeli“, mowafeebma ukve ician da aq misi Semotana raime uxerxulobas ar qmnis. amave dros, principulad gasaT­

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valiswinebelia, rom, rogorc dawyebiT klasebSi, ise am doneze, „zmna“ termini aris gamoyenebuli sintaqsis donezec („Semasmenels“ gamovric­xavT) da amiT xazs vusvamT, jer erTi, im ganuyofel kavSirs, romelic arsebobs morfologiasa da sintaqss Sori. meorec da mTavari – cneba „Semasmenlis“ Semotanas araviTari axali gageba ar Semoaqvs enobrivi ana­lizis doneze, ubralod, gaugebrobas iwvevs ori terminis funqcioni­reba erTi da imave odenobis gamosaxatavad (am winaaRmdegobis movlas imiT cdiloben, rom termin „zmna­Semasmenels“ gamoiyeneben, rac dama­tebiTi gaugebrobaa). amitomac aris, rom Tanamedrove sintaqsur Teo­riebSi zmnas calke sintaqsuri saxeli ar hqvia (bunebrivia aseTi viTa­reba ar aris danarCen „metyvelebis nawilebSi“, vinaidan iq winadadebis wevrebad maTi gamoyeneba aseT calsaxa damokidebulebas ar gviCvenebs).

amgvarad, nu gamoiyenebT „Semasmenelis“ cnebas.zmnas qarTuli winadadebis agebaSi gansakuTrebiT didi roli ekisre­

ba, radganac mravalpirianobis gamo igi faqtobriv miniaturuli wina­dadebaa, anu zmnis warmoTqmiT umetesad mTel sintaqsur konstruqcias gaviazrebT. davalebis erTi punqti swored amas iTvaliswinebs; zmnebma unda gvikarnaxon, ra winadadeba avagoT. amgvarad, aq aris amocana „azri­dan – winadadebisaken“ (gansxvavebiT dasawyisSi warmodgenili amocanisa – „sityvebidan – azrisken“).

momdevno mecadineobaze unda gagrZeldes muSaoba mocemuli sit­yvebis gamoyenebiT winadadebis konstruirebis mimarTulebiT. aq kvlav vubrundebiT winadadebis mTlianobis sakiTxs da saTanado savarjiSos moSveliebiT vadgenT, rom winadadeba winadadeba ver iqneba, Tu is azrob rivad dasrulebuli ar aris.

meore paragrafi winadadebis wevrebi

am paragrafSi vexebiT „winadadebis wevrebis“ sakiTxs. oRond gasaT­valiswinebelia, rom konkretulad mxolod zmna aris gansazRvruli. sxva mxriv am etapze winadadebis wevrebis diferencirebas ar vaxdenT. mxolod vadgenT, rom winadadeba Seicavs namdvil wevrebs, anu srul­mniSvnelovan sityvebs, da e. w. damxmare sityvebs. konkretulad romel wevrs ra hqvia, am etapze amas ar vaswavliT.

gaiTvaliswineT: es aris principuli gansxvaveba tradiciul midgo­masTan. am etapze sintaqsis doneze ar vexebiT winadadebis calkeul wevrebsa da maT mimarTebebs, mxolod winadadebis agebulebis sakiTxs wamovwevT, isic zogadad, wevrTa Sedgenilobis TvalsazrisiT.

rac Seexeba winadadebis centraluri wevris – zmnis – garSemo Tav­moyrili, masTan dakavSirebuli sityvebis sakiTxs, es sakiTxi zmnis ana­lizSi gagvaqvs da moqmed pirebze iq vlaparakobT. am etapze logikuri

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cnebis „qvemdebaris“ Semotanas jobia zmnuri Sesityvebis aucilebel wevrze „subieqtze“ vilaparakoT da amiT azrobrivi gaorebac Tavidan aviciloT.

davubrundeT Temas: rogor gavarCioT erTmaneTisagan namdvili wevrebi da damxmare sityvebi?

aq saWiroa ukve nacnobi – kiTxvis dasmis – xerxi moviSvelioT da amiT winadadebis doneze gavimeorebT da ganvamtkicebT imas, razec sityvis mniSvnelobaze saubrisas ukve SevCerdiT. amgvari kavSirebis warmoCena saxelmZRvanelos mTavari principia.

mesame paragrafi martivi da rTuli winadadeba

paragrafi miznad isaxavs martivi da rTuli winadadebebis gamijvnas.aqac uaRresad yuradRebiT unda movekidoT sakiTxis dasmis rakurss:

miznad ar visaxavT martivi da rTuli winadadebebis raobis gansazRvras! Temis dasawyisSi mxolod imazea miTiTeba, rom winadadebis wevrebis ra­odenoba praqtikulad dausazRvrelia.

Semdeg ki Temis arsebiTi amocanaa dasmuli: rogor gavarCioT erTma­neTisagan martivi da rTuli winadadebebi?

jer erTi, ra mizani aqvs am garCevas?– es aris winadadebebis ZiriTadi klasifikacia agebulebis mixedviT,

romelic ganapirobebs saTanado intonaciasa da punqtuacias.meorec, rogor gavarCioT martivi da rTuli winadadebebi, Tu ar vi­

ciT, ra aris an erTi, an meore.– saqmec is aris, rom winadadebis centralur wevrze – zmnaze – day­

rdnobiT winadadebis saerTo struqturis codnis gareSec SeiZleba imis gansazRvra, martivia is Tu rTuli. cxadia, is SesaZlebloba, rom ufro martivi xerxiT SeiZleba gadavwyvitoT dasmuli amocana, pedagogikaSi aucileblad gamosayenebelia.

diax, zmnaze dayrdnobiT amis gansazRvra sruliad SesaZlebelia.wesi aseTia: zmna winadadebis gulia. guli – erTia. maS, erTi zmna – erT

winadadebas gulisxmobs. es aris martivi winadadebis saxe. Tu erT wina­dadebaSi ori da meti zmna aRmoCnda, cxadia, is winadadeba rTuli iqneba. Serwymuli winadadebis gamocalkeveba SemdgomSi moxdeba.

analogiisaTvis SeiZleba gamoviyenoT marcvlis sakiTxi; erTi xmovani erTi marcvalia, ramdeni Tanxmovanic ar unda axldes mas. aseve: erTi zmna erTi martivi winadadebaa ramdeni wevric ar unda iyos am winadade­baSi (am wesis dazustebebi momavlis saqmea).

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meoTxe paragrafi sruli da usruli winadadeba

„usruli winadadebis“ problema aq aseve Semotanilia ara misi deta­luri, tipobrivi CvenebisaTvis, aramed – rogorc erTi bunebrivi mov­lena Cveni metyvelebisa, werisa da stilisa.

Cveni metyvelebis procesi rom yvela winadadebis mTeli misi Sedge­nilobiT gamoyenebas moiTxovdes, adamianebis saubari saocrad moma­bezrebeli gaxdeboda. ena ekonomiuri sistemaa da is am SemTxvevaSic racionalurad ekideba azrisa da misi gamoxatvis saSualebebis urTi­erTmimarTebas. yvela wevri, romelic SesaZlebelia isedac igulis­xmebodes, SeiZleba gamotovebul iqnes. wevris gamotoveba ki srul wina­dadebas usrulad aqcevs.

usruli winadadebebi enaSi metia, vidre sruli, maTi moxmoba nebis­mieri Txzulebidan SeiZleba.

sasurvelia sakiTxi im principiT gavSaloT, rac gakveTilis ZiriTad teqstSia SemoTavazebuli: aviRoT romelime dialogi moTxrobidan Tu piesidan da mowafeebs mivceT wevrebaRdgenili, Sevsebuli saxiT.

SevTavazoT erTgvari stilistikuri samuSao:– Tu grZnobT am winadadebis mouqnelobas?romel sityvebs amoiRebdiT am winadadebebidan ise, rom azric ar

dama xinjebuliyo da frazebic ufro msubuqi da moqnili gamxdariyo?es aris winadadebis daxvewa, romelic SeiZleba SevadaroT moqandakis

Sromas, romelic iRebs marmarilos natexs, aclis yvelafer „zedmets“, raTa miiRos mSvenieri qandakeba. aseTive xelovnebaa iseTi winadadebis miReba, romelsac Camocilebuli eqneba yovelive zedmeti.

amgvarad, am Temis daniSnuleba „usruli winadadebis“ swavleba ki ar yofila, aramed usruli winadadebis, rogorc enobrivi gamoxatulebis aucilebeli formis, mniSvnelobis Cveneba, frazis daxvewaze muSaoba.

am Temas bunebrivad agrZelebs rubrika „situacia da sityvis arCevani“, romelsac konkretuli saTauric aqvs – „dialogis xelovneba“. sametyve­lo urTierTobis umaRlesi forma aris dialogi. dialogis warmarTva marTlac udides ostatobas moiTxovs da uamravi enobrivi da araenob­rivi faqtoris gaTvaliswinebas saWiroebs. rubrikis dasawyisSi mokled aris miTiTebuli im moTxovnebze, rac dialogSi monawiles udgas win. Sem­deg ki SemoTavazebulia iseTi situacia, romlis drosac dialogSi, Tanac moulodnelad warmoqmnil dialogSi, CarTvaa aucilebeli.

mexuTe paragrafi erTgvarwevrebiani winadadeba

es paragrafic aseve praqtikuli mizandasaxulebisaa, ramdenadac

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amgvari agebulebis winadadebas Zalze mwvaved ukavSirdeba punqtuaciis sakiTxi.

mowafeebma ukeve ician, rom winadadebis namdvil, anu srulmniSvnelo­van wevrebs, kiTxvebis dasmis meTodiT amovicnobT. aqedan logikuri daskvna: Tu kiTxvebi erTmaneTs daemTxva, maSasadame, erTgvari wevrebi yofila.

es ar aris universaluri kanonzomiereba. winaswar unda vicodeT, rom SesaZlebelia saerTo kiTxva araerTgvarovan wevrebsac aRmoaCndes. mag­ram es problema Zalze Sorsmimavalia da umetesad ufro maRal safexu­rebzec Znelad gadasawyveti. amitomac am etapze wesis amgvarad Camoya­libeba SeiZleba damakmayofileblad miviCnioT.

erTgvari wevrebi, romlebic an kavSiriT aris dakavSirebuli erTma­neTTan, an CamoiTvleba, winadadebaSi sxvadasxva adgils ikavebs. am ad­gils maSin aqvs mniSvneloba, rodesac maT axlavs e. w. ganmazogadebeli sityva. punqtuaciuri sirTulec axlavs ara erTgvar wevrebs Soris mZi­mis dasmas, aramed orwertilisa Tu tires xmarebas am wevrebis win Tu momdevnod.

am poziciis sami SesaZlebeli varianti gakveTilis teqstSi maqsima­lurad xelmisawvdomad aris warmoCenili. amocana mxolod maTi praqti­kuli ganmtkicebaa empiriuli masalis gaTvaliswinebiT.

savarjiSoebSi problema ramdenime rakursiTac warmoCndeba. yu­radReba unda mieqces ganmazogadebeli sityvebis „moTxovnas“, – mohyves erTgvari wevrebis CamonaTvali. rac Seexeba mcdari variantebis gas­worebis amocanas, aq maswavlebels evaleba, gansakuTrebiT gaamaxvilos yuradReba tipobriv Secdomaze: ganmazogadebeli sityva ar aris, magram orwertils weren!

meeqvse paragrafi sxvaTa sityva

kidev erTi uaRresad aqtualuri amocana, romelic mozardebis eno­briv aRzrdas ukavSirdeba, aris sxvaTa sityvis gadmocema.

qarTul enaSi es forma TavisTavad rTul meqanizms warmoadgens da SeiZleba misi swavleba kidevac gadaweuliyo, magram gasaTvaliswine­belia is, rom praqtikulad SeuZlebelia gverdi aevlos sxvaTa sityvis gamoyenebas; is enobrivi Cvevebic, romlebic am formas ukavSirdeba, swored am dros yalibdeba aqtiurad: bavSvs uwevs Sinaarsis gadmocema zepirad da werilobiT; gansakuTrebiT – Txzulebis teqstis gadayvana pirvelidan mesame pirSi da sxv. amitomac am meqanizmis gaTvaliswineba aucilebeli xdeba.

gaiTvaliswineT: bevri maswavlebeli mowafeebs unergavs im azrs, rom saliteraturo norma sxvaTa sityvis kavSirian gadmocemas iTvalis­winebs (CvenTan – me­2 varianti).

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es ar aris marTebuli! mocemuli variantebidan yvelaze bunebrivi qar­Tuli gaxlavT sxvaTa sityvis gadmocema specialuri nawilakebis gamoy­enebiT. oRond am dros kavSiris gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba (es gafrTxi leba teqstSi gamoyofilia sagangebod).

SesaZlebelia, sxvaTa sityvis nawilakebisaTvis Tavis arideba imi­Tac aris ganpirobebuli, rom maTi ganawileba da daweriloba damatebiT problemebs warmoqmnis. magram gana qarTul kulinariaze xeli unda avi­RoT imis gamo, rom bevrad martivia naxevarfabrikatebis gamoyeneba?! saWiroa, bavSvebi am praqtikuli amocanis gadawyvetasac mivaCvioT.

paragrafi meSvide winadadebis warmoTqma da sasveni niSnebi

paragrafi exeba winadadebis mTlian azrobriv gamoxatulebas, mis intonaciur qargas da winadadebis bolos dasasmel sasven niSnebs. am SemTxvevaSi, Cveulebisamebr, laparakoben winadadebis Sinaarsze da mis modalobaze. Cven aucileblad ar miviCnevT damatebiT cnebebis Semota­nas, vinaidan isini amocanis gagebas ar aadvileben, piriqiT, damatebiTi problemebi SemoaqvT. mivudgeT ufro martivad:

sasveni niSani winadadebis bolos ganpirobebulia im intonaciiT, romlis Tanxlebac aucilebelia winadadebis warmoTqmis dros. es in­tonacia bunebrivia da avtomaturad ganpirobebulia winadadebis Si­naarsiT. amdenad sasveni niSnis moTxovna uSualod aris ganpirobebuli intonaciiT (misi gamoxatulebaa). Tanac, SeiZleba winadadeba erTi iyos, xolo intonacia sul sxvadasxva, rac aseve gansxvavebul punqtuacias moiTxovs. teqstSi amis erTi SemTxvevaa warmodgenili.

amdenad, saTanado amocanis gadasawyvetad bavSvebi vamuSaoT calkeu­li winadadebebis warmoTqmaze da am warmoTqmis Tanmxlebi intonaci­is gaTvaliswinebiT amovacnobinoT sasveni niSnebi. es varjiSi swori intonirebis amocanasac emsaxureba (radgan regionebSi intonaciebi mkveT rad sxvaobs) da punqtuaciuri amocanis gadawyvetasac – sakuTar metyvelebaze dakvirvebiT (Semdgom es ufro ganmtkicdeba).

am TemaSi calke aris gamoyofili kiTxviTi intonaciis problema, vi­naidan am TvalsazrisiT Zalze SesamCnevia saliteraturo normidan gadaxra, gansakuTrebiT – qalaqur metyvelebaSi. kerZod, sazogadod, Zalze gavrcelda metyvelebis manera, romelic winadadebis dasasru­lis intonaciur gagrZelebas gulisxmobs. gansakuTrebul SeniSvnas im­saxurebs xazgasmuli kiTxviTi intonacia TviT im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac kiTxviTi sityvaa gamoyenebuli. norma ki amgvar SemTxvevaSi kiTxviTi in­tonaciis minimumamde Semcirebas iTvaliswinebs. vavarjiSoT bavSvebi im gansxvavebul frazebze, romelTa nimuSebi teqstSia mocemuli. sazoga­dod, vakontroloT maTi metyveleba sxva teqstebis Txrobis drosac am miTiTebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

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V Tavi sityvaTa klasebi

pirveli paragrafi sityvaTa ZiriTadi klasebi anu metyvelebis nawilebi

aq iwyeba saxelmZRvanelos erT­erTi ZiriTadi Tematuri bloki – „si­tyvaTa klasebi“.

ras gamoxatavs termini „sityvaTa klasebi“?cnobilia, rom termini „metyvelebis nawilebi“ sruliad arafris

mTqme lia terminologiuri TvalsazrisiT. is rusulidan aris Targmni­li (kalkia) da Tavis funqcias – naTlad gansazRvros is, rasac daerqva, minimaluradac ver asrulebs.

ra mizans isaxavda „metyvelebis nawilTa“ klasifikacia?– sityvaTa dajgufebas yvelaze msxvil, ZiriTad gaerTianebebad; anu:

„metyvelebis nawilTa“ klasifikacia enis leqsikuri fondis mTavari ga­nawilebaa.

amgvarad, es yofila leqsikis, enis sityvaTa maragis klasifikacia, romelic universaluri gamodga yvela enisaTvis.

ufro naTeli rom iyos mizani da Sedegi, ra SeiZleba davarqvaT am daj gufebebs?

pirvel rigSi, unda SevTanxmdeT imaze, rom am dajgufebis obieqti aris enaSi arsebuli yvela sityva; amitomac esenia sityvaTa jgufebi.

magram, radganac sityvaTa jgufebad SeiZleba ufro mcire gaerTiane­bebic movixsenioT (vTqvaT, sinonimebi, „budeebi“), xolo yvelaze msxvil dayofas, ZiriTad klasifikaciis, klasebad dayofas uwodeben (aqedan – TviT termini klasifikaciac), yvelaze Sesaferisi iqneba amgvar daj­gufebebs vuwodoT „sityvaTa klasebi“. es termini aris kidec gamo­yenebuli samecniero literaturaSi.

ramdenadac SeiZleba bavSvebs es termini examuSoT maTTvis nacnob sit yvasTan damTxvevis gamo, amitomac swored am terminiT daviwyoT:

– skolaSi did­patara bavSvebi erTad modian, Semdeg ki nawildebian – ris mixedviT?

– asakiT, ufro sworad, swavlis safexurebis, mixedviT nawildebian klasebad. klasi aris skolis ZiriTadi danayofi, jgufi.

„klasi“ sityva mxolod aq ar gamoiyeneba. bunebaSi cocxal arsebebsac maTi ZiriTadi niSnebis mixedviT ZiriTad „klasebad“ yofen (magaliTad, „frinvelebi“ frenis niSniT erTiandebian, qvewarmavlebi ki – miwaSi cxovrebis niSniT da a. S.).

amgvarad, enaSi arsebuli leqsikis umsxviles, ZiriTad gaerTianebebs unda vuwodoT sityvaTa klasebi. amiT ufro naTeli gaxdeba is, Tu ras

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exeba termini da aRdgeba is kavSiric, rac am klasifikacias sityvasTan, leqsikasTan aqvs.

amdenad, davamkvidroT termini „sityvaTa klasebi“ da nel­nela gamovdevnoT arafrismTqmeli Sesityveba – „metyvelebis nawilebi“. nel­nelao, rom vambobT, vgulisxmobT imas, rom is jerjerobiT kidev gamoiyeneba swavlebaSi da, amave mosazrebiT, gakveTilis boloSi Cvenc mivuTiTebT, am „klasebs“ metyvelebis nawilebsac uwodebeno.

kidev erTi unda gaviTvaliswinoT: gakveTilSi isic aris naTqvami, rom am klasifikaciiT enis mTeli sityvaTa maragi 10 ZiriTad klasad aris dayofili da imazec aris miniSneba, ra niSniT gamoiyofa es klasebi (sam odenobazea miTiTeba: arsebiTi, zedsarTavi, zmna...). es imas niSnavs, rom amjerad ar aris aucilebeli mTeli am klasifikaciis erToblivad war­modgena da gansazRvra. klasifikaciis Sinagani sirTule erToblivad warmodgenaSi ufro Cans. amitomac vamjobinebT, yvela is klasi (pirveli eqvsi), romelic am etapze Semogvaqvs, damoukideblad, oRond Sesabamisi „qudiT“ warmovadginoT.

am Temas win gameorebis formiT uZRvis is ZiriTadi kavSirebi, romle­bic sityvebma warmoaCines garkveul „budeebad“ gaerTianebisas Tu wi­nadadebebad SekavSirebisas. mizani amisa is aris, rom kidev erTxel ga­moCndes leqsikis urTierTgamsWvaluloba. Sinagani kavSiri da leqsikis ZiriTad klasebad dayofis bunebrivi ganpirobebulobac ufro Tval­naTlivi gaxdes:

sityvaTa klasebi sxva araferia, Tu ara CvenTvis ukve nacnobi semanti­kuri gaerTianebebis ufro maRali donis gaerTianeba, xolo winadade­bebi am klasebis sityvaTa urTierTkavSiris wesebia.

meore paragrafi arsebiTi saxeli

arsebiTi saxeli pirveli klasia, romelic gamoiyofa enis leqsikuri fondidan.

samyaroSi, Cven garSemo, uamravi sagani da movlena arsebobs.– ra SeiZleba ewodos zogadad yovelive imas, rac arsebobs; rac TviT

„arsebobs“ zmnis fuZeSi devs?– arsi, arseba.– swored arsebaTa gamomxatveli sityvebia arsebiTi saxelebi.adamiani samyaros, anu mis yvela „arsebas“ eniT Seimecnebs, imiT ecno­

ba, rom saxels arqmevs. amitomac arsebiTi saxeli ama Tu im arsebis enaSi arsebobis niSania.

samyaroSi arsebul „arsebebs“ (sagnebs) adamiani grZnobaTa organoe­biT aRiqvams (an xedavs, an esmis, an SexebiT SeigrZnobs), magram iseTi

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ganyenebuli movlenebic SeiZleba arsebobdes, romlebic ase ar aRiqmeba (magaliTad, siyvaruli, SiSi, siZulvili...).

maS, ra aerTianebs yovelive imas, rac arsebiTi saxeliT aris gamoxa­tuli, anu rogor amovicnoT sityvaTa saganZuridan arsebiTi saxelebi?

– ra kiTxvebs viyenebT, rodesac raime arsis Secnoba gvainteresebs.– saamisod gvaqvs ori kiTxva: vin aris? ra aris?vin da ra aris is kiTxvebi, romlebic yvela, yovelnair arsebiT sa xels

moicavs. amave dros, es ori kiTxva or mTavar jgufad yofs arsebiTi sax­elebis mTel klass. qarTuli enis Tavisebureba is aris, rom es dayofa adamianebsa da danarCen cocxal da aracocxal samyaros cal­calke ayenebs.

„sityvis saganZuris“ rubrikiT swored adamianTa aRmniSvneli arse­biTi saxelebis erTi jgufia warmodgenili, kerZod, sityvaTa „bude“, romelSic naTesaobis saxelebi Sedis. maTi semantikidan gamomdinare, leqsikuri „budis“ analogiiT, mas sityvis „ojaxi“ vuwodeT.

sxvaTa Soris, naTesaobis leqsika yvela enaSi metad Tavisebur siste­mas iZleva. aq warmodgenili sistema mxolod ZiriTad erTeulebs moicavs, is sruli ar aris. mis Sevsebaze SeiZleba bavSvebma ivarjiSon. amgvari sqema imiT aris kargi, rom sityvaTa Sinagan kavSirebs vizua­lurad warmoaCens da bavSvebs sistemuri azrovnebis unars uviTarebs. kiTxvebi, romlebic sqemas axlavs, swored am kuTxiT aris dasmuli: Tu davukvirdebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom papa da SviliSvili erTmaneTis pozici­idan aris gansazRvruli da ara – mamis poziciidan da a. S.

mesame paragrafi arsebiTi saxelis jgufebi

arsebiTi saxelis Sinagani klasifikacia ukve imiT daiwyo, rom misi ori ZiriTadi kiTxva ganvsazRvreT („vin“ da „ra“). amave dros, sityva­Ta am klasSi kidev ramdenime Sinaarsobriv jgufs gamoyofen. maTgan am etapze SevexebiT mxolod ZiriTads da aucilebels (sulieri – usulo, sakuTari – sazogado, krebiTi).

pirveli gayofa ukve „vin“ da „ra“ dajgufebisTanave xdeba aucilebe­li. kerZod, adamianis garda, yvela sagani „ra“ jgufSi eqceva (qva, mTa, Rrubeli, xbo, beRura...).

– ra ZiriTadi gansxvavebaa maT Soris?pirvelive pasuxi SeiZleba iyos is, rom erTi rigi – cocxali arsebe­

bia, meore rigi – aracocxali sagnebi. xSirad swored asec yofen (coc­xali – aracocxali). magram cocxali xom mcenareebic aris? amave dros, mcenareebi sulierTa klasSi ver moeqceva. amitomac miRebulia dayo­fa sulieri – usulo da sulierebi swored arsebebs (viwro gagebiT – „suldgmulT“) gulisxmobs.

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sxvaTa Soris, am klasifikaciis safuZvlad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT „hyavs“ zmna (is, razedac vityviT „hyavs“, sulieri iqneba, oRond aqedan transporti – manqana, velosipedi – gamoiricxeba). ase rom, maswavle­bels SeuZlia am kuTxiT dasvas maTi saklasifikacio kiTxva.

mowafeebs ukve hqondaT Sexeba da ician, rom enaSi sakuTari saxelebic arsebobs da isini ase individualuri mikuTvnebulobis gamo iwodeba. am­jerad am jgufebis gansxvavebis morfologiasTan dakavSireba ar aris saWiro.

sxvaTa Soris, sakuTar saxelebze yuradRebis gadatanis mizniT, aq mo­cemulia erTi leqsis fragmenti, romelSic mzisgan (naTelisagan) mom­dinare qalTa saxelebia warmodgenili da saxelis darqmevis motivze daafiqrebs mowafeebs.

kidev erTi jgufi, romelic am SemTxvevaSi unda gamoiyos, aris krebi­Ti saxelebi. am jgufis gamoyofas wmindad normatiul­orTografiuli mniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan amgvari saxalebi SeTanxmebul saxelsa da zmnas mxolobiTSi moiTxoven; magram Zalze xSiria azrobrivi SeTan­xmebis SemTxvevebic. teqsts darTuli savarjiSo swored amgvar faqteb­ze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.

meoTxe paragrafi bruneba

ramdenadac arsebiTi saxelis klasi gamoiyo, bunebrivia, SevexoT mis ZiriTad formawarmoebiT niSans, ramdenadac sityvaTa klasebad dayo­fis amocana esec aris, TandaTanobiT xelmisawvdomi gaxdes is mor­fologiuri sistemebi, romlebic maTi enobrivi funqcionirebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.

arsebiTi saxelebis formawarmoeba or ZiriTad sistemas icnobs – brunebisas da ricxvis warmoebisas. orive sakmaod martivi sistemaa da amitom maTi warmodgena swavlebis am doneze sruliad SesaZlebelia.

mowafeebi ukve icnoben brunvis formebs maTi TanmimdevrobiT. ker­Zod, mesame klasSi maT waikiTxes leqsi „mzis bruneba“ da am sityvis Svi­dive brunvis forma; oRond brunvaTa saxelwodebebs isini ar gascno­bian. es arc aris SemTxveviTi, vinaidan es saxelwodebebi pirobiTia da maTSi SemecnebiTi datvirTva minimaluria (amitomac ambobda arn. Ci­qobava, mouxerxebeli rom ar iyos, jobda saerTod nomrebiT yofiliyo warmodgenilio).

amjerad pirvelad Semodis es saxelwodebebi, ukve cnobil brunvis formaTa Sesabamisad. am TemaSi meti siaxle arsebiTad ar aris, amitomac davaleba am brunvaTa daswavlas da martivi savarjiSoebis Sesrulebas iTvaliswinebs. mowafeebs moeTxovebaT ramdenime sityvis bruneba da teq stSi mocemuli brunvis formebis TanmimdevrobiT dalageba. SeiZle­

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ba aseTi samuSao klasSic Sesruldes nebismieri teqstis gamoyenebiT. kerZod, Camoiweros brunvebi da yovel Sexvedril brunvis formas am sistemaSi saTanado adgili moeZebnos.

mexuTe paragrafi fuZe da brunvis niSani

formawarmoebis arsebiTi niSania sistemuroba, rac imas niSnavs, rom erTi paradigmis formaTa saerTo elementi aris sistemis sayrdeni Rer­Zi, xolo gansxvavebuli nawilebi, gramatikuli elementebi.

radganac es elementebi sistemuri monacemebia, maTi dadgena TviT sistemis agebis wesSi igulisxmeba. kerZod, Tu saerTo warmomavlobis erTeulebis vertikalur rigs avagebT, TvalnaTliv gamoikveTeba, ra aris saerTo da ucvleli am formebSi da ra – cvalebadi. vertikaluri xazi ucvlelsa da cvalebad nawilebs Soris aris swored mTavari gamyo­fi fuZisa da mawarmoebeli elementebisa.

SesaZlebelia am SemTxvevaSi maTematikidan mivmarToT analogias. imi­saTvis, rom ricxvi Seikribos, aucilebeli pirobaa erTeulebisa, aTe­ulebisa da a. S. erTmaneTis qveS moqceva. zustad ase, brunebis sistema „qveSmiweris“ principiT unda aigos. amiT sistema TviTon „gaaanalizebs“ Tavis Tavs.

amitomac mowafeebs dafaze vawerinebT erT­erTi TanxmovanfuZiani saxelis brunebas (vTqvaT – saxeli) da vusvamT kiTxvas:

– ra aris am formebs Soris ucvleli, saerTo nawili, da ra – cvaleba­di? Tu amis danaxva mTlianobaSi ar moxerxda, SesaZlebelia sityvafor­mebs aso­asoc ki mivyveT Tavidan bolomde. rodesac davadgenT saerTos da, Sesabamisad, cvalebad nawilebs brunvis formaTa, maSin ukve varqmevT am elementebs Sesaferis saxelebs: fuZe da brunvis niSnebi. aucilebeli ar aris brunvis niSnebis calke damaxsovreba, Tumca maTi calke aRqmis mizniT gakveTilis teqstSi isini isea mocemuli, rom saerTo fuZe erT­xel aris warmodgenili, xolo brunvis Svidive niSani xazebiT aris daka­vSirebuli masTan.

meeqvse paragrafi fuZis cvlileba brunebis dros

Tu kvlav uSualo dakvirvebis gziT wavalT, aSkarad gamoCndeba, rom brunebis dros yvela arsebiTi saxeli erTnair suraTs ar gviCvenebs, zog SemTxvevaSi fuZes mosdis cvlileba, zogjer ki brunvis niSnebi ar aris im saxiT warmodgenili, rogorc isini ukve gavicaniT.

Sesabamisad aucilebeli xdeba im gansxvavebebze miTiTeba, rac sxva­dasxva saxelis brunebisas iCens Tavs.

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aq miznad ar visaxavT, rom yvela tipis bruneba gamoikveTos da, miT­umetes, kumSva­kvecis kanonzomiereba dadgindes, magram gansxvavebis CvenebiT momavlisaTvis vamzadebT am wesebis Camoyalibebis safuZvels.

radgan mowafeebma fuZe ukve ician, SeiZleba advilad davadginoT xmovanze aris daboloebuli fuZe, Tu Tanxmovanze. Semdeg ki, ramdena­dac orive tipis fuZeucvleli brunvebi maT faqtobriv ukve ician, TiTo fuZecvalebadi saxelis tipobriv nimuSs vaZlevT im vizualuri wesiT, rac saxelmZRvaneloSia mocemuli.

Temas „saxaliso sakiTxavis“ rubrikiT axlavs oTar WilaZis leqsis fragmentebi, romlebSic poets uriTmod, magram moxdenilad gauleq­savs sxvadasxvafuZian saxelTa bruneba. maT rigSi sityva „mzis“ brune­bac aris, magram mas aRar vimeorebT, vinaidan es saxeli ukve iyo am for­miT Seswavlili gasuli klasis masalaSi.

meSvide paragrafi mravlobiTis warmoeba

mravlobiTi ricxvis gamoxatva (igulisxmeba – eb­iani mravlobiTi) arsebiT saxelebSi erT­erTi martivi sistemaa.

mowafeebma ukve ician, ra ganarCevs mxolobiTsa da mravlobiTs, mravlobiTis daboloebasac icnoben. amitom aq mxolod am daboloe­bis brunebis sistemaSi warmodgena gvixdeba da esec uaRresad Tvalna­Tel suraTs iZleva, vinaidan brunvis niSanTa rigi ucvlelad daerTvis uSualod fuZes darTul -eb daboloebas. aq damatebiT aRar varTulebT amocanas da -eb sufiqsis darTvisas fuZeebSi momxadar cvlilebebs sa­momavlod vtovebT, im droisaTvis, roca kumSva­kvecis wesebi Camoyali­bdeba.

merve paragrafi Tandebulebi da maTi daniSnuleba

Tandebuliani brunvebis sakiTxi ukavSirdeba lokaluri da zogi sxva mimarTebis problemas enaSi da mas sxva movlenebTanac aqvs mWidro kav­Siri (mag. zmniswinTan).

am Temas aqvs ori aspeqti:pirveli – praqtikuli: brunvis formaTa gacnobis Semdeg, ra adgili

mivuCinoT Tandebulian formebs, romlebic fuZiT maT ukavSirdebian;meore – ra doziT avsaxoT gramatikuli sistemisa da semantikis su­

raTi.rogorc mowodebuli masalidan naxavT, am etapze Tandebulebs brun­

vis formebTan ar vakavSirebT. am daboloebian formebs Cven viRebT, ro­gorc damoukidebel enobriv erTeulebs, romlebic raRac konkretuli

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mniSvnelobis gamoxatvas emsaxurebian (sxvaTa Soris, a. SaniZe zogierT Tandebulian formas damoukidebel brunvad miiCnevda: mag. saxlidan formas gamosvliTi brunva erqva).

pirvel monakveTad midis lokaluri, anu adgilmdebareobis gamom­xatveli Tandebulebi, romelTac aSkarad gamokveTili kerZo lokaluri mniSvneloba aqvT. am mimarTebebs, rogorc sivrcul suraTs, gamokveTi­li vizualuri forma aqvs da es naTelic iqneba mowafeebisaTvis da sain­teresoc.

amdenad, am etapze SemovifarglebiT mxolod Sesabamisi Tandebuliani formebis CvenebiT da maTi funqciis gamokveTiT.

mecxre paragrafi zedsarTavi saxeli

am paragrafis sagania sityvaTa axali klasi – zedsarTavi saxeli.zedsarTavi saxeli sagnis niSan­TvisebaTa gamomxatveli sityvebis

klasia, amdenad, is arsebiTi saxelis „TanaSemwe“, misi „zedsarTavia“. ramdenadac zedsarTavi niSan­Tvisebebs gamoxatavs, samyaros mTeli mravalferovneba swored masSia asaxuli, amitomac uaRresad saintere­soa masze dakvirveba.

romeli saganic ar unda aviRoT, mas uamrav damaxasiaTebel niSan­Tvisebas movuZebniT. magaliTad, carci rom aviRoT: TiTqos Tvisebe­biT erT­erTi Raribi sagania; feri aqvs, magram arc gemo aqvs, arc suni. magram usunoba da „ugemobac“ xom Tvisebebia; amave dros, fxvieri xom aris? xom aqvs raime forma? da a. S.

amdenad, sagans mravali Tviseba aqvs, mTavaria, Cven ra TvaliT da ra kuTxiT SevxedavT mas.

zedsarTavi saxelis amocnoba Zneli ar unda iyos: jer erTi, is Tavisi arsiT arsebiT saxelzea mijaWvuli, meorec, masac sakuTari amosacnobi kiTxvebi moepoveba (rogori? ranairi? romeli?).

Temas erTvis garkveuli SemecnebiTi gadaxveva SegrZnebebis sferoSi. misi daniSnulebaa, bavSvis winaSe warmoaCinos zedsarTavi saxelis „wya­roebi“ CvenSi, anu is, rom zedsarTavi saxelebis warmoqmnis safuZveli Cvens SegrZnebebSia da es samyaros didi saidumloa!

aqve „sityvam moitana“ erTi harmoniuli wyvili, romelic msgavsi JRe­radobis sityvaTa aRrevas gulisxmobs. kerZod, aq miTiTebaa, rom ar avurioT sityvebi aRqma da aRTqma (aRqma „SegrZnebaa“, aRTqma – „piro­bis dadeba“).

Temis savarjiSo masalaSi dasmulia rogorc semantikuri, ise stilis­tikuri amocanebi.

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meaTe paragrafi zedsarTavi saxelis bruneba

aq naCvenebia zedsarTavi saxelis brunebis suraTi.ramdenadac zedsarTavi saxeli damoukideblad brunebis dros igive

arsebiTi saxelia da misi gamovlenac aucileblad moiTxovs arsebiT saxelTan Tanxlebas, amjerad swored arsebiT saxelTan erTad brunebis ZiriTadi SemTxvevebia warmodgenili (Tanac mTavari – prepoziciuri –wyobiT).

es erToblivi bruneba imiT aris aqtualuri, rom mas ramdenime orTog­rafiuli problema ukavSirdeba. sistema martivia da mas, brunebis gac­nobis Semdeg, raime damatebiTi instruqcia ar sWirdeba. kanonzomiere­bebi, rogorc ityvian, zedapirze devs.

erTaderTi, rasac meTodurad SeiZleba mivmarToT, aris is, rom SesaZ lebelia jer arsebiTi saxeli vabrunebinoT dafaze, Semdeg ki mas sxvadasxvafuZiani zedsarTavebis formebi mivusadagoT bunebrivi enob­rivi wesiT. kanonzomierebebi TvalnaTliv gamoCndeba.

Tvalis gasamaxvileblad savarjiSod aq swored im Secdomebis gas­worebaa gamiznuli, romlebic maT saswavlo teqstebSia daSvebuli.

meTerTmete paragrafi ricxviTi saxeli

ricxviTi saxeli SedarebiT erTferovani klasia leqsikuri fondisa. is Tavisi mimarTebebiT arsebiT saxelTan TiTqmis mTlianad misdevs zedsarTav saxels da misi am ukanaskneli klasis erT qvejgufad Semo­tanac SeiZleboda, tradicia rom ara.

cifrebi da ricxvebi, rogorc cnobilia, abstraqciaa, magram maTi Se­sabamisi sityvebi, romlebic enis fondSi ikaveben adgils, cxadia, enob­rivad unda iqnes ganxiluli.

ricxviTi saxeli saganTa raodenobas gamoxatavs. es aris ZiriTadi nawili ricxviTi saxelebisa, „raodenobiTi“ saxeliT rom aris cnobili. am rigis ricxviTi saxelebi ori tipisaa: gansazRvruli (erTi, sami, aTi) da ganusazRvreli (cota, bevri, mravali).

swavlebis am etapze rTuli Sedgenilobis raodenobiT ricxviT saxe­lebs ar vexebiT, vwyvetT mxolod or praqtikul amocanas:

1. ricxviTi saxelis bruneba arsebiTTan erTad. am TvalsazrisiT ki is mTlianad „jdeba“ im wesSi, romelic zedsarTavi saxelisTvis aris Camo­yalibebuli.

2. ricxviT saxelTan arsebiTi saxeli (agreTve zmna) mxolobiTSi dgas (ori Zma movida), cxadia, Tu narTaniani mravlobiTi ara gvaqvs (orni Zmani movidnen).

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am Temas axlavs damatebiTi masala: manZilze da ganmavlobaSi sit­yvaTa xmarebis ganawileba sivrculi da drouli „grZliobis“ gamoxat­vis dros. amiT unda davazRvioT mowafeebi im aRrevisagan, rasac dRes es sityvebi avlenen.

meTormete paragrafi nacvalsaxeli/ piris nacvalsaxeli

enaSi arsebul sityvaTa kidev erTi Taviseburi klasi aris nacval­saxelebi. iseTi Sinaarsobrivi mravalferovneba, rogoric am klass axa­siaTebs, arcerT sxva jgufSi ar SeimCneva. amis mizezi is aris, rom am jgufSi Semavali sityvebi yvela sxva saxelis monacvled gamoiyeneba. am­denad, nacvalsaxelTa klasi ufro funqciiT (roliT), aris gaerTiane­buli da ara sakuTari SinaarsiT. swored es ganapirobebs am klasis jgu­fobriv nairgvarobas.

amjerad yvela jgufi ar aris dasaxelebuli da arc Seswavlis sag­nad qceuli. Semotanilia mxolod sami jgufis nacvalsaxelebi (piris, CvenebiTi da kuTvnilebiTi), rogorc yvelaze aqtiuri gamoyenebisa da Taviseburi warmoebis jgufebi.

pirvel mecadineobaze ganixileba piris nacvalsaxeli.piris nacvalsaxelebi metyvelebaSi monawileTa gamomxatveli „mo­

nacvle sityvebia“. am monacvleobaze, rogorc nacvalsaxelis arsis ganmsazRvrel „meTodze“, calke magaliTis safuZvelze SeiZleba Se­Cereba:

„monadire xelcarieli dabrunda. mas Tofi daaviwyda“.ra aris „mas“. es igive monadirea, gamoyenebuli imisaTvis, rom erTi da

imave saxelis gameoreba aviciloT. amgvarad, nacvalsaxels gamokveTi­li stilistikuri datvirTvac aqvs (amas mivxvdebiT, Tu „mas“ adgilas „monadires“ CavsvamT).

gakveTilis mokle teqstSi aris erTi martivi, magram piris nacval­saxelis namdvili arsis zustad ganmsazRvreli CanarTi: „erTi meores elaparakeba mesameze“. es aris pirTa, anu piris nacvalsaxelTa realuri mimarTebis formula.

amas zustad exmaureba „saxaliso sakiTxavi“, romelSic amgvari „pirovani“ dialogis formiT leqsad aris Semotanili samive piris nacvalsaxelebi orive ricxvSi.

piris nacvalsaxelebis TemaSi Tavia aridebuli ricxvis gamoxatvis problemisagan (aq xom is fuZis cvliT gamoixateba) da arc maT brune­baze vCerdebiT, vinaidan pirveli ori ar ibrunvis, mesame piris nacval­saxeli ki CvenebiT nacvalsaxels emTxveva da maTi bruneba calke iqneba naCvenebi.

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SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva: rogor amoicnos mowafem, romel brunvaSi dgas pirveli Tu meore piris nacvalsaxeli?

ratom unda amoicnos? Cveni saxelmZRvanelos principiT am etapze Teoriul gramatikas ar swavloben, anu raimes gansazRvris sakiTxi TviTmizani ar unda iyos. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT ki amgvari amoc­noba saWiro ar aris. magram, Tu mainc dadgeba es sakiTxi, gvaqvs am SemT­xvevisaTvis gamosadegi martivi gza – „Casmis“ xerxi (gaixseneT narTani­ani mravlobiTi).

mecamete paragrafi CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli

CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli igive mesame piris nacvalsaxelia, oRondac kvlav saubarSi monawile pirebTan siaxlovis mixedviT ganawilebuli. Tu sagnebs TemaSi warmodgenili principiT davalagebT, SeiZleba Tval­saCinod vaCvenoT am nacvalsaxelTa ganawileba. erTi da igive nivTi imis mixedviT, molaparakesTan (anu pirvel pirTan) iqneba moTavsebuli, meore pirTan Tu mesamesTan, Sesabamisad, Semdegnairad iwodeba: es, eg, is. amave dros: samive maTgani, rogorc piris nacvalsaxeli, mesame pirisaa („is“). maTi mimarTeba I, II da III pirebTan sagnis siaxlovis mixedviT ganawilebaa.

CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis warmodgenili samwevriani sistemis Cveneba da misi formacvaleba praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT imiT aris aqtua luri, rom gansakuTrebiT meore pirTan dakavSirebul „eg“ nacvalsaxels coc­xal metyvelebaSi araswori gamoyenebis didi nairgvaroba axasiaTebs (agi, mag...).

meToTxmete paragrafi kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli

kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli (Cemi, Seni, misi) aseve samwevrovania da calkeul pirTa kuTvnilebas gamoxatavs. am TvalsazrisiT neitraluria Tavisi nacvalsaxeli, romelic yovelTvis imis kuTvnilebas gamoxatavs, vinc am enobriv momentSi moqmedebis Semsrulebelia.

kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli zedsarTavi saxelis msgavsad daerTvis arsebiT saxels da misi brunebac raime Taviseburebas ar gviCvenebs, ami­tomac ar aris masze yuradReba gamaxvilebuli.

praqtikuli gramatikis kuTxiT yuradRebas moiTxovs Tavisi – Tavi-anTi nacvalsaxelebis gamoyeneba im TvalsazrisiT, rom, jer erTi, Tavi-si nacvalsaxelis gamoyeneba miTiTebul wess ar eqvemdebareba. gvxvde­ba rogorc misi gamoyeneba Seuferebel adgilas (mag., mama Svils Tavis saxlSi Sexvda), ise mis magivrad „misi“ nacvalsaxelis Casma (mag., yvelas uyvars misi Svili). aseve wesad iqca mravlobiTis gagebiT, „TavianTi“

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formis nacvlad, „Tavisi“ formis gamoyeneba (mag., Zmebma aisrules Ta­visi ocnebebi).

meTxuTmete paragrafi zmna

saxelmZRvanelos bolo monakveTi eTmoba moqmedebis gamomxatvel sit yvaTa – anu zmnis – klass. Tumca am klasis Seswavlas aq mxolod viw­yebT da am Temas aq mxolod oTxi paragrafi mieZRvneba. zmnis Semdgomi Seswavla meeqvse klasSi gagrZeldeba.

Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom zmna wamyvani mniSvnelobis sityvaa winadadeba­Si. leqsikuri TvalsazrisiTac zmna erT­erTi umniSvnelovanesi klasia enis sityvaTa saganZurSi.

zmnas axasiaTebs gramatikuli gamoxatulebis mravalmxrivoba da sir­Tule, amitomac Sesabamisi kategoriebis Semotanas aq meti awon­dawona da racionaluroba sWirdeba.

mowafeebma zogi ram ukve ician zmnis Sesaxeb dawyebiTi klasebidan. amitomac araerTi momenti SemoTavazebul TemebSi nawilobriv gameo­rebis xasiaTs atarebs.

pirvelive Tema arsebiTad nacnob sakiTxze SeCerebaa. magram am Sem­Txve vaSi mTavari yuradReba zmnuri Sinaarsis araerTgvarovnebaze unda gadavitanoT. rodesac vambobT, zmna moqmedebas gamoxatavso, igulis­xmeba zmnebi, romlebic mogvigeben kiTxvaze „ras Svreba (sagani)?“. mag­ram gana yvela zmna miesadageba am kiTxvis Sinaarss? Turme – ara.

aviRoT winadadeba: „kameCi wevs da icoxnis“. icoxnis namdvilad „ras Svrebaa“, magram am kiTxvas „wevs“ zmnas ver davusvamT. arada, isic xom Taviseburi zmnaa, magram ara – moqmedebis gamomxatveli; am SemTxvevi­saTvis gamosadegia kiTxva: „ra mdgomareobaSia (sagani)?“ am kiTxvamde SeiZleba kiTxvebis meTodiTac mivideT, Tu CavuRrmavdebiT imas, rom wevs, dgas, zis mdgomareobas gamoxataven (Sdr. mdgomareoba dgomas uka­vSirdeba) da ara – moqmedebas.

amgvarad, zmnis amosacnobad ori kiTxva aris saWiro: „ras Svreba?“ da „ra mdgomareobaSia?“ SeiZleba amis mixedviT zmnaTa fondi or ZiriTad jgufadac gavyoT: moqmedebisa da mdgomareobis zmnebi.

meTeqvsmete paragrafi moqmedeba da moqmedi pirebi

Temis saTauria „moqmedeba da moqmedi pirebi“. aqedanve Cans, rom zmnis „moqmedeba“ gasceniurebulia, anu gamoyenebulia terminologiuri damTxveva am ori SemTxvevis amsaxveli sityvebisa: moqmedeba da moqmedi pirebi. es saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro TvalsaCinod iqnes warmodgenili is viTareba, romelsac zmnisa da zmnis pirTa mimarTeba gulisxmobs.

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SesaZlebelia am mizniT moqmedebis amsaxveli naxatebic gamoviyenoT, sadac moqmedi pirebi vizualurad iqnebian warmodgenili.

am Temis Sesaferisi savarjiSo masalac ise aris SerCeuli, rom misi scenuri warmodgena xerxdebodes.

oRondac, gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes Semdegi: roca moqmed, moq­medebaSi monawile pirebze vlaparakobT, SeiZleba iseTi STabeWdileba Seiqmnas, rom aq mxolod sulier, „moqmed personazea“ saubari. amitomac praqtikuli muSaobis dros aucilebelia imis Cveneba, rom moqmedebaSi monawile yvela sagani moqmedia. magaliTad, gamocana:

Tofi – xisa, tyvia – wylisa, xes eca da qva gaiqca.aq yvela „moqmedi piri“ usuloa (tyvia, xe, qva), magram maT „pirobaSi“

eWvs ver SevitanT.rac Seexeba „saxaliso savarjiSoebs“, aq saorWofo SeiZleba mxolod

manqanis qona-yola iyos (miRebulia „yola“).

meCvidmete paragrafi aqtivi da pasivi

am sakiTxis gamocalkeveba da win wamoweva ganapiroba praqtikulma amocanam. kerZod, ucxo enis swavlebaSi warmoCenilma sirTuleebma. vi­naidan aqtivisa da pasivis cneba adreul etapzeve Semodis ucxo enis, gansakuTrebiT inglisuri enis, gramatikis swavlebisas, gadavwyviteT moswavleebisaTvis qarTul masalaze dayrdnobiT gagvecno es katego­ria manam, sanam isini zmnis gvars Seiswavlian. marTalia, gvaris kate­goria ufro farToa, magram vfiqrobT, am etapze gvaris kategoriaSi CaRrmavebis gareSec SesaZlebelia am sakiTxis amgvarad warmoCena praq­tikuli miznebidan gamomdinare.

meTvramete paragrafi zmnizeda

zmnisadmi miZRvnili Tematuri bloki, romelic oTxi paragrafisagan Sedgeba, mTavrdeba zmnizediT.

zmnizeda uSualod aris dakavSirebuli zmnasTan da mravalmxriv (yovelmxriv) axasiaTebs moqmedebis raobas. amjerad kiTxvebiT gavecno­biT im xuT garemoebas, romelsac zmnizeda zmniT gamoxatul moqmedebas sZens (es aris dro, adgili, viTareba, mizezi da mizani).

aqac iCens Tavs praqtikuli enobrivi amocana, rasac saTanado yurad­Reba unda mieqces – kerZod, mizezisa da miznis („raTa“, „radgan“) zmnizedebis erTmaneTSi aRreva!

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meeqvse klasSi gagrZeldeba rogorc zmnis, ise sxva sityvaTa klasebis Seswavla, aseve gaRrmavdeba da axali kuTxiT warmoCndeba ukve ganxilu­li sakiTxebic.

saswavlo masalis wardgenis fazebi da gakveTilis dagegmvis zogadi principebi

meTodikaSi cnobilia saswavlo masalis wardgenis Semdegi etapebi anu fazebi:

a. motivacia;b. sakiTxis dasma, amocanis gansazRvra;g. ZiriTadi saswavlo masalis damuSaveba;d. ZiriTadi masalis gacnobis Semdeg (an parale lurad) Sesasrule­

beli savarjiSoebi;e. damagvirgvinebel etapze Sesasrulebeli sa var jiSoebi;v. damoukidebeli samuSao.

Cven vcdilobdiT TiToeuli paragrafi swored am principze agvego, rac naTlad Cans paragrafis struqturidan. maswavlebelma unda dayos paragrafi gakveTilis xangrZlivobis Sesatyvis monakveTebad da gansaz­Rvros TiToeuli konkretuli gakveTilis mizani da aqtivobebi.

gTavazobT gakveTilis dagegmvis zogad princi pebs: gakveTilis dagegmvisas maswavlebelma sami kiTxva unda dausvas sakuTar Tavs:

1. ra Sedegs veli am gakveTilisgan? anu ra co dna da unar­Cvevebi unda SeiZinon (ganaviTaron) moswavleebma?

2. rogor unda miviRo sasurveli Sedegi? 3. rogor gavigo, rom Sedegi miviRe?

pasuxi pirvel kiTxvaze aris gakveTilis mizani; meore kiTxva gakveTil­ze Sesasrulebeli aqtivobebis dagegmvaSi dagvexmareba; mesame kiTxva ki Sefasebis formebis gansazRvrisTvis aris saWiro.

amave etapze unda gansazRvros maswavlebelma dagegmili aqtivobebis gansaxorcieleblad saWi ro aucilebeli pirobebi, anu ra unda icodnen moswavlebma, rom dasaxuli amocanis Sesruleba SeZlon (sWirdebaT Tu ara maT winaswar garkveuli sakiTxebis damuSaveba an informaciis moZie­ba da sxv.).

sasurvelia, maswavlebelma winaswar gansazRvros, agreTve, ra masala dasWirdeba mas gakveTilis Casa tareblad (wignebi, citatebi, Tvalsa­Cinoeba...).

amis Semdeg ukve SesaZlebelia gakveTilis aRwera.sanimuSod gTavazobT ramdenime gakveTilis scenars.

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sanimuSo gakveTilebis scenarebi

gakveTili I

gakveTilis Tema:

r. inaniSvili, `ukuRma daWedili~

gakveTilis mizani

• teqstze muSaobis unaris ganviTareba;• saprezentacio unarebis ganviTareba;• fantaziis ganviTareba;• aRweris tipis teqstis Seqmnis unar­Cvevis gamo muSaveba.

aqtivobebi

• varaudebis gamoTqma;• teqstis gacnoba;• gmirTa portretebze dakvirveba;• aRweris tipis teqstis Seqmna.

saWiro resursebi

• saxelmZRvanelo;• feradi fanqrebi da saxatavi furclebi.

Sefasebis forma

• maswavleblis dakvirveba moswavleTa aqtivobasa da qcevaze; mas­wavleblis dakvirveba muSaobis procesze (ganmaviTarebeli Se­faseba).

gakveTilis msvleloba

• wina gakveTilze micemuli saSinao davalebis Semowmebis Semdeg maswavlebeli klass dayofs jgufebad da waukiTxavs r. inaniSvilis moTxro bis winmswreb maprovocirebel kiTxvas, sTxovs jgufebSi Seajeron varaudebi da warmoadginon.

15 wuTi

• Semdeg klasi gadadis teqstis gacnobaze. maswav lebels winaswar aqvs nawilebad dayofili moTx roba, TiToeuli nawilis wakiTxvis mere moswa vleebs gamoaTqmevinebs varauds, imis Sesaxeb, rogor ganviTardeba moqmedeba, maTi azriT.

20 wuTi

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• Semdeg maswavlebeli sTxovs mowafeebs, ipovon is adgilebi teq­stSi, romelSic avtori moTxrobis gmirebis garegnobas aRwers. mowafeebi xmamaRla kiTxuloben. teqstze dakvirvebisa da avto­ris ostatobaze moswavleTa yuradRebis miqcevis mizniT, maswav­lebeli svams kiTxvebs: jer ras aRwers avtori, mere raze gadadis, ras Seadara `wiwakebiani~ biWebi... rogor warmogidgeniaT `saSarod galajuli~ biWi (mibaZeT mis moZrao bas), rogor gesmiT `warbebqve­Sidan gamoxedva~... (gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom zogjer mowafeebs SeiZleba gauWirdeT saTqmelis TavianTi sity vebiT gamoxatva, amitom maswavlebeli aZlevs maT uflebas, daxaton, Jest­mimikiT gamoxaton da a.S. amgvar muSaobaSi mowafis aRqmis yvela organoa CarTuli, Sesabamisad, teqstSi moce muli frazis daxsomebis meti SesaZlebloba Cndeba).

10 wuTi

saSinao davaleba

• Sin moTxroba kidev erTxel unda waikiTxon, daa kvirdnen, kidev romeli gmiris aRweraa mocemuli teqstSi;

• Seecadon mokled aRweron TavianTi Tanatoli, nacnobi an fanta­ziiT warmosaxul pirovneba.

gakveTili II

gakveTilis Tema:

r. inaniSvili, `ukuRma daWedili~ (gagrZeleba)

gakveTilis mizani

• teqstze muSaobis unaris ganviTareba;• saprezentacio unarebis ganviTareba;• fantaziis ganviTareba;• Txrobis unar­Cvevis ganviTareba;• Txrobis tipis teqstis Seqmnis unar­Cvevis gamo muSaveba.

aqtivobebi

• saSinao davalebis wakiTxva­Sefaseba;• moTxrobis epizodebad dayofa da dasaTaureba;• epizodebis Txroba;• kiTxvebze pasuxebi;• Txrobis tipis teqstis Seqmna.

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saWiro resursebi

saxelmZRvanelo

Sefasebis forma

• maswavleblis dakvirveba moswavleTa aqtivobasa da qcevaze; mas­wavleblis dakvirveba muSaobis procesze (ganmaviTarebeli Se­faseba).

gakveTilis msvleloba

• maswavlebeli survilisamebr ramdenime mowa fes waakiTxebs saSinao davalebas. klasi da maswavlebeli usmenen da gamoxataven TavianT emociebs (momwons, ar momwons, ukeTesi iqneboda...);

10 wuTi

• Semdeg maswavlebeli klasTan erTad moTxrobas yofs epizodebad.• maswavlebeli jgufebs aZlevs TiTo epizods da sTxovs, erTad

moifiqron jgufSi saTauri;• yvela jgufi warmoadgens Tavisi epizodis saTaurs da imsjelebs,

ratom daasaTaura ase; • maswavlebeli jgufidan romelimes moaTxrobinebs `Tavisi~ epi­

zodis Sinaarss (teqsti Txrobis saSualebiT srulad unda aRdges gakveTilze).

15 wuTi

• maswavlebeli klasTan erTad muSaobs saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemu­li kiTxvebis (zepir) damuSavebaze.

20 wuTi

saSinao davaleba

• davalebad SeiZleba mieceT: daweron moTxrobis gagrZeleba.

AgakveTili III

gakveTilis Tema:

S. niSnianiZe, `fexqveS gaTela~...

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gakveTilis mizani

• lirikul leqsze dakvirvebis unaris ganviTareba;• saprezentacio unarebis ganviTareba;• fantaziis ganviTareba;• weris unar­Cvevis ganviTareba;• SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis waxaliseba.

aqtivobebi

• saSinao davalebis wakiTxva­Sefaseba;• lirikul leqsze muSaoba;• dakvirveba mxatvrul saxeebze;• leqsis dasaTaureba;• SemoqmedebiTi wera.

saWiro resursebi

saxelmZRvanelo

Sefasebis forma

• maswavleblis dakvirveba moswavleTa aqtivobasa da qcevaze; mas­wavleblis dakvirveba muSaobis procesze (ganmaviTarebeli Se­faseba).

• mowafeebis mier Seqmnili TxrobiTi tipis teqstis Semajamebeli Sefaseba.

gakveTilis msvleloba

• maswavlebeli survilisamebr ramdenime mowafes waakiTxebs saSi­nao davalebas. klasi da maswavlebeli erToblivad SemuSavebuli kriteriumebis mixedviT afaseben warmodgenil namuSevrebs.

10 wuTi

• maswavlebeli gadadis rubrikaze: `damatebiTi amocanebi~. mowa­feebs etyvis, rom is waikiTxavs leqss, romelSic sityvaa gamoto­vebuli, maT ki evalebaT am sityvis amocnoba (bavSvebs, rasakvirve­lia, wignebi daxuruli aqvT);

• Semdeg maswavlebeli dasvams kiTxvas, rogor, ris mixedviT amoic­nes sityva da saxelmZRvaneloSi leqsis Semdeg mocemul kiTxvaze imsjeleben.

• mere daasaTaureben leqss, saTaurebi iwereba dafaze da mowafeebi msjeloben, ratom daasaTaures leqsi ase.

• maswavlebeli hkiTxavs mowafeebs, leqsSi ro melime sityva xom araa

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ucnobi bavSvebisTvis (anda SeiZleba pirdapir dasvas kiTxvebi: ra aris xeWeWuri, xelada, brge _ Tu ar ician, sityvebi, ganimarteba; sad SegxvedriaT sityva _ devi, vin aris amirani...)

• maswavlebeli leqsis gasaazreblad, mxatvrul saxeebze dasak­virveblad svams kiTxvebs:

1. vis SeuZlia aseTi moqmedebebis Sesruleba: gaTela, Camoiara, moiq­nia, dafla?

2. ra asrulebs leqsSi am moqmedebebs? 3. ras adarebs avtori Semodgomas mesame stri qonSi? ra niSniT?4. rogor fiqrobT, raSi sWirdeba Semodgomas miwaSi dafluli Wure­

bi? (daakvirdiT, ra iTqva meore striqonSi).

15 wuTi

• am muSaobis Semdeg SesaZlebelia maswavlebelma daavalos mowafe­ebs Semodgomis amsaxveli imgvari teqstis dawera, romelSic gamoi­yeneben Tavisive mofiqrebul mxatvrul saxeebs. teqsti SeiZleba daiweros Tavisufali leqsis (visac survili aqvs), Canaxatis saxiT da a.S. (visac amisi survili eqneba, SeiZleba daxatos).

12 wuTi

• Semdeg, survilis mixedviT, waikiTxaven (an gamofenen) mowafeebi namuSevrebs. Sefasebisas mxolod pozitiurze unda gamaxvildes yuradReba, raTa mowafeebi ki ar dabrkoldnen, piriqiT, stimuli mieceT, rom Semdgom ukeTesad warmoaCinon sakuTari Tavi Semoq­medebiTi una rebis ganmaviTarebeli samuSaoebis Sesrule bisas.

saSinao davaleba

• Tu gakveTilze ver moaxerxa vinmem micemuli davalebis dawera an dasruleba, SeiZleba maswavlebelma saxlSi misces dasamTavreb­lad an srulyofisaTvis;

• wasakiTxad rubrika: `es sainteresoa!~

gakveTili IV

gakveTilis Tema:

enis samyaroSi _ sityva

gakveTilis mizani

• sainformacio teqstis wvdomis unaris ganvi Tareba;

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• enis grZnobis ganviTareba;• sityvis pirdapiri da gadataniTi mniSvnelobis amocnoba.

aqtivobebi

• saSinao davalebis wakiTxva­Sefaseba;• sityvis warmoSobasa da mis gamoyenebaze dakvi rveba;• sainformacio teqstis damuSaveba;• sityvebze winadadebebis Sedgena.

saWiro resursebi

saxelmZRvanelo

Sefasebis forma

• maswavleblis dakvirveba moswavleTa aqtivobasa da qcevaze; mas­wavleblis dakvirveba muSaobis procesze (ganmaviTarebeli Se­faseba).

gakveTilis msvleloba

• maswavlebeli survilisamebr ramdenime mowafes waakiTxebs saSinao davalebas. klasi da maswavlebeli usmenen da gamoxataven TavianT emociebs (momwons, ar momwons, ukeTesi iqneboda...).

10 wuTi

• maswavlebeli kiTxvebis saSualebiT gamoi kiTxavs wasakiTxad micemul davalebas: `es sainteresoa!~.: rogor adamians hqvia Sara xvetia? sad da ra konteqstSi Segvxvda es sityva? `xveta~ Ta­visi pirvandeli SinaarsiT niSnavs cocxiT mogvas, gasufTavebas. ra mniSvneloba aqvs sityvaSi Saraxvetia daxvetas? (sityvebze amgvari dakvirvebiT, jer erTi, mowafeebs ukeT axsomdebaT esa Tu is leqsikuri erTeuli, meorec, isini igeben, rom sityva SesaZloa `arapirdapiri~ (gadataniTi) mniSvnelobiTac Segvxvdes, aseve maT Tavad uCndebaT survili _ mere ukve Cvevad qceuli _ CaeZion si­tyvebs, amoicnon maTi warmomavloba da a.S. amitomac aseTi muSao­bisTvis maswavlebels dro ar unda daenanos, igi aaxloebs moswav­les mSobliuri enis wiaRTan, daanaxebs, rom enaSi asaxulia yofa, adamianTa damokidebulebebi garemomcvel samyarosTan, aseve, muS­aobis amgvari saxe bavSvSi aviTarebs enis alRos). aqve, SesaZloa ,maswavlebelma dasvas kiTxva: rogori Tvisebaa Saraxvetiaoba _ mosawonia Tu dasagmobi...

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• daaxloebiT aseve imuSavebs maswavlebeli klasTan momdevno sityvaze: qoqola. saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul informacias daumatebs imasac, rom es sityva wyevla­lanZRvasTan erTad gar­kveul Jestsac gulisxmobs (aCvenebs am Jests), romelic swored qvis srolidan modis.

15 wuTi

• Semdeg maswavlebeli kiTxvebis saSualebiT gaaxsenebs mowafeebs, rogori bgerebi arsebobs, risTvisaa saWiro bgerebi... amgvari kiT­xvebidan is bunebrivad gadadis sainformacio teqstze: `sityva~. (sanam mowafeebi gaiwafebian am tipis teqstebis kiTxvasa da aqedan informaciis amoRebaSi, sasurvelia, isini maswavlebelTan erTad damuSavdes klasSi, anu maswavlebelma waikiTxos, kiTxvisas saWiro aqcentebi gaakeTos, miaqcevinos yuradReba moswavleebs mTavar­ze (kiTxvebis saSualebiT). SesaZloa, aseTi muSaobis xerxic gamoviyenoT: maswavlebeli moswavleebs winaswar acnobs sakiTxebs (ZiriTadad teqstis Semdeg mocemul kiTxvebs), romlebzec teq­stSi iqneba saubari da aZlevs instruqcias, moZebnon pasuxebi am kiTxvebze teqstSi. es xerxi gaaqtiurebs mowafes kiTxvisas).

• Semdeg maswavlebeli gadadis savarjiSoze, romelic mosdevs Teoriul masalas. klasSi msjeloben CamoTvlili sityvebis mniS­vnelobebze.

20 wuTi

saSinao davaleba

• mowafeebs davalebad miecemaT mocemul sityvebze winadadebebis Sedgena.

AgakveTili V

gakveTilis Tema:

givi buTxuzi `ganelebuli koconi~

gakveTilis mizani

• nawarmoebis Temisa da dedaazris amocnobaze muSaoba;• saprezentacio unarebis ganviTareba;• teqstis epizodebad dayofa­dasaTaurebis unaris ganviTareba; • vrceli Sinaarsis gadmocemis unaris ganviTareba;

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• weris unar­Cvevis ganviTareba.

aqtivobebi

• kiTxvebze vrceli pasuxebis gacema;• teqstis Temisa da dedaazris amocnoba;• teqstis epizodebad dayofa­dasaTaureba;• SerCeuli epizodebis Sinaarsis vrclad gadmocema;• weriTi davalebis Sesruleba.

saWiro resursebi

saxelmZRvanelo

Sefasebis forma

• maswavleblis dakvirveba moswavleTa aqtivobasa da qcevaze; mas­wavleblis dakvirveba muSaobis procesze (ganmaviTarebeli Se­faseba).

gakveTilis msvleloba

• mas Semdeg, rac teqsti wakiTxuli aqvT mowafeebs, maswavlebeli klasTan erTad epizodebad dayofs teqsts da jgufebs daavalebs epizode bis dasaTaurebas.

10 wuTi

• maswavlebeli SerCeviT moayolebs epizodebis Sinaarss (SeirCeva is epizodebi, sadac arCevanis winaSe dgeba nodari, aseve _ sikos gamoCenisas, mere ki bolo nawili).

• teqstis Semdeg mocemul kiTxvebze pasuxebi SesaZlebelia swored epizodebis Txrobisas damuSavdes (maswavlebels Tavisi Sexe­dulebisamebr SeuZlia daamatos kiTxvebi).

15 wuTi

• maswavlebeli gadadis `damatebiT amocanebze~, mowafeebi daasa­Taureben leqsebs, imuSaveben saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul kiT­xvebze.

• pasuxebi kiTxvaze _ `ra yofila adamianisTvis mTavari am leqsebis mixedviT?~_ Tezisebis saxiT iwereba dafaze, raTa bolo kiTxvis pasuxi mowafeebisTvis TvalsaCinod iyos warmodgenili.

13 wuTi

93

• maswavlebeli ekiTxeba moswavleebs, rodisme TviTon Tu damdga­ran arCevanis winaSe cudsa da karg saqciels Soris, Semdeg ki ava­lebs, werilobiT gadmoscen gancdebi momxdarTan dakavSirebiT da Seafason TavianTi saqcieli, naSromSi SeuZliaT argumentirebisT­vis ilias mocemuli leqsebic gamoiyenon.

7 wuTi

saSinao davaleba

• daweron Txzuleba `arCevanis winaSe~ (an TviTon daasaTauron Ta­vianTi naSromi).

gakveTili VI

gakveTilis Tema:

ZiZasTan _ sofel savaneSi (akaki wereTeli, `Cemi Tavgadasavali~)

gakveTilis mizani

• nawarmoebis Temisa da dedaazris amocnobaze muSaoba;• saprezentacio unarebis ganviTareba;• teqstis epizodebad dayofa­dasaTaurebis unaris ganviTareba; • vrceli Sinaarsis gadmocemis unaris ganviTareba;• weris unar­Cvevis ganviTareba.

aqtivobebi

• kiTxvebze vrceli pasuxebis gacema;• teqstis Temisa da dedaazris amocnoba;• teqstis epizodebad dayofa­dasaTaureba;• SerCeuli epizodebis Sinaarsis vrclad gadmocema;• weriTi davalebis Sesruleba.

saWiro resursebi

saxelmZRvanelo

Sefasebis forma

• maswavleblis dakvirveba moswavleTa aqtivobasa da qcevaze; mas­wavleblis dakvirveba muSaobis procesze (ganmaviTarebeli Se­faseba).

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gakveTilis msvleloba

• mas Semdeg, rac moswavleebs wakiTxuli eqnebaT `Cemi Tavgadasav­lis~ I Tavi, maswavlebeli gadadis teqstis Semdeg mocemuli kiT­xvebis damuSavebaze, anu moiTxovs kiTxvebze vrcel da amomwurav pasuxebs. rasakvirvelia, maswavlebels sxva kiTxvebic SeuZlia daumatos Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr.

15 wuTi

• maswavlebeli gadadis `damatebiT amocanebze~, kerZod, klasTan erTad muSaobs teqstis Temisa da dedaazris garkvevaze;

• klasi maswavlebelTan erTad dayofs teqsts epizodebad;• maswavlebeli jgufebs avalebs, daasaTauron I Tavis epizodebi

(SeiZleba maswavlebelma Sejibris saxec misces am saqmianobas _ vin ufro zust da moxdenil saTaurebs SeurCevs epizodebs).

15 wuTi

• Semdeg maswavlebeli gaacnobs moswavleebs, ras niSnavs Sinaarsis vrclad gadmocema da sTxovs, teqstis gegmidan romelime epizo­dis vrclad gadmocemas. moswavleebi maswavlebelTan erTad af­aseben erTmaneTs.

10 wuTi

• maswavlebeli gakveTilis bolos gaacnobs moswavleebs instruq­cias, Tu rogor unda daweron `erTi Cveulebrivi dRe Cems ojaxSi~ (mocemulia saxelmZRvaneloSi).

5 wuTi

saSinao davaleba

• saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli weriTi savarjiSos Sesruleba.

AgakveTili VII

gakveTilis Tema:

akaki wereTeli, `Cemi Tavgadasavali~ _ `sasaxleSi~

gakveTilis mizani

• teqstze muSaobis unar­Cvevis ganviTareba;• dialogis agebis unaris ganviTareba;

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• weris unar­Cvevis ganviTareba.

aqtivobebi

• saSinao davalebis Semowmeba;• axali masalis gacnoba _ komentirebuli kiTxva;• dialogis cnebis axsna;• rolebis gaTamaSeba;• dialogis ageba werilobiT.

saWiro resursebi

saxelmZRvanelo

Sefasebis forma

• maswavleblis dakvirveba moswavleTa aqtivobasa da qcevaze; mas­wavleblis dakvirveba muSaobis procesze (ganmaviTarebeli Se­faseba).

gakveTilis msvleloba

• saSinao davalebis Semowmebis mizniT maswavlebeli ramdenime mowa­fes waakiTxebs namuSevars. klasi usmens da maswavlebelTan erTad aZlevs rCevebs, raTa naweri ufro daixvewos.

10 wuTi

• Semdeg gadadian momdevno Tavze: `sasaxleSi~. teqstis wakiTxvamde sasurvelia, maswavlebelma dasvas kiTxvebi (ganvlilis gasaxseneb­lad da axalze bunebrivad gadasvlis mizniT): Tqven Tu mogiwiaT rodisme sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla? rogor gadaitaneT nac­nob adgilTan Tu adamianebTan ganSoreba? gaixseneT, riT damTav­rda pirveli Tavi? rogor fiqrobT, advilad Seegueboda akaki ZiZis saxlis datovebas da sasaxleSi gadasvlas? ra gaZlevT, teqs­tis mixedviT, amgvari fiqris safuZvels?

• am saubris Semdeg teqsti (II Tavi) klasSi ikiTxeba srulad (kiTxu­lobs maswavlebeli, an akiTxebs mowafeebs gagrZelebebiT, ixsneba gaugebari leqsika, keTdeba komentarebi personaJTa xasiaTis amo­sacnobad).

15 wuTi

• Semdeg damuSavdeba kiTxvari;• maswavlebeli gadadis dialogis axsnaze, ris Semdegac klasSi

gaiTamaSeben teqstSi mocemul dialogs (aq saWiroa, maswavlebel­

96

ma mowafeebs yuradReba miaqcevinos rolis Sesabamis intonaciaze, rac mniSvnelovania teqstis gasaazreblad).

15 wuTi

• maswavlebeli klass gaacnobs weriTi davalebis instruqcias (mo­cemulia saxelmZRvaneloSi).

5 wuTi

saSinao davaleba

• `sasaxleSi~ _ Sin kidev erTxel yuradRebiT wasakiTxad (yuradRe­ba miaqcion sasven niSnebs dialogSi, rasac TavianTi naSromebis werisas gamoiyeneben).

• dialogis ageba werilobiT.• SeniSvna: Semdgom gakveTilze radgan mowafeebi ukve gavarjiSe­

bulni arian personaJis teqstis wakiTxvaSi, maswavlebels SeuZlia kiTxvis mimarTulebaSi qarT. dawy.(II).6; qarT.dawy.(II).7. Sedegebze orientirebuli davalebis Semajamebeli Sefaseba.

AgakveTili VIII

gakveTilis Tema:

aleko Sengelia `deda~, giorgi leoniZe `dedas~. (teqstebis Sedareba­Sepirispireba)

gakveTilis mizani

• teqstze dakvirvebis unar­Cvevis gamomuSaveba;• muSaoba teqstebis Sedareba­Sepirispirebis unar­Cvevis Camoyali­

bebaze;• weris unaris ganviTareba.

aqtivobebi

• mwerlis damokidebulebis amocnoba teqstSi;• ori teqstis Sedareba­SepirispirebiTi analizi;• miZRvnis Sinaarsis mqone teqstis Seqmna.

saWiro resursebi

saxelmZRvanelo

97

Sefasebis forma

• maswavleblis dakvirveba moswavleTa aqtivobasa da qcevaze; mas­wavleblis dakvirveba muSaobis procesze (ganmaviTarebeli Se­faseba).

gakveTilis msvleloba

• maswavlebeli kiTxvebis saSualebiT kidev erT xel gaaxsenebs mowa­feebs dedisadmi miZRvnil am or teqsts. SesaZloa, erT­or mowafes waakiTxos leqsi zepirad, an aambobinos, ras wers leoniZe dedaze;

15 wuTi

• maswavlebeli sTxovs mowafeebs, imuSaon jgu febSi da amoweron TiToeuli teqstidan sityvebi da frazebi, romlebSic Cans mwer­lebis damokidebuleba dedisadmi.

• Semdeg dafaze daixazeba sqema da Seivseba warmodgenil masalaze dayrdnobiT. sqema daaxloebiT amgvar saxes miiRebs:

aleko Sengelia giorgi leoniZe

wyaros wkriali _ dedis sicili ia _ dedis cremli

tyis Sriali _ qarSi gaSlili dedis Tma iiT lurjad gadaburuli aremare _ mTeli qveynis dedebis cremli

mTebis mxurvale kalTa _ dedis kalTa qvrivi deda, Savkabiani

nisli _ dedis mandili iasaviT spetaki adamiani

samSoblo = deda dedam maswavla ... iisa da samSoblos siyvaruli

(SedarebiTi analizi ufro ioli, bevrismomcemi da sainteresoa bav­SvisTvis, vidre calke aRebuli teqstis analizi. Sedareba _ Sepiris­pirebisas izrdeba SemecnebiTi interesi. amgvari analizis Rirseba isaa, rom yalibdeba warmodgena avtoris individualurobaze, stilze, Semoq­medebiT procesze _ literatura ixsneba rogorc xelovneba, Tavisi specifikiT. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi yalibdeba warmodgena Janris specifikaze; amgvari Sedarebis procesSi mowafeebi xedaven, rom yvela mwerali individualuria Tavis SexedulebebSi samyaros Sesaxeb da erT­sa da imave Temas sxvadasxva avtorebi sxvadasxvagvarad ganixilaven da xsnian).

98

• am samuSaos Sesrulebis Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebs yu­radRebas miaqcevinebs im faqtze, rom am ori sxvadasxva avtorisa da sxvadasxva Janris teqstis Tema erTi da igivea. maS riTi hgavs da riT gansxvavdeba es ori teqsti erTmaneTisagan? pasuxebi am kiT­xvaze aseve sqemis saxiT dafaze Camoiwereba.

25 wuTi

• maswavlebeli mowafeebs avalebs momdevno gakveTilisTvis Seeca­don daweron maTTvis sayvareli adamianisadmi miZRvnili teqsti (nebismier JanrSi), romelSic gamoxataven TavianT damokidebule­bas (SeuZliaT daurTon ilustracia, daxaton, miaweron fotos da a.S.). instruqcia mocemulia saxelmZRvaneloSi.

5 wuTi

saSinao davaleba

• sayvareli adamianisadmi miZRvnili teqstis dawera.

SeniSvna: momdevno gakveTilze ukve SeiZleba saSinao davalebis Sema­jamebeli Sefaseba.

gakveTili IX

gakveTilis Tema:

• winadadeba; • ra mogveTxoveba teqstis warmoTqmis dros?

gakveTilis mizani

• sainformacio teqstSi saWiro informaciis wvdomis unaris ganvi­Tareba;

• winadadebis sworad agebis unaris ganviTareba;• mxatvruli teqstis swori intonaciiT wakiTxvis unaris Camoyali­

beba.

aqtivobebi

• winadadebis raoba, zmna da misi funqcia winadadebaSi;• winadadebebis Sedgena;• mxatvruli teqstis `kiTxvis partituris~ Sedgena.

99

saWiro resursebi

saxelmZRvanelo

Sefasebis forma

• maswavleblis dakvirveba moswavleTa aqtivobasa da qcevaze; mas­wavleblis dakvirveba muSaobis procesze (ganmaviTarebeli Se­faseba).

gakveTilis msvleloba• enobrivi masalis axsnisas sasurvelia maswavlebelma mowa fe­

ebs `aaxsnevinos~ masala da ara mzamzareuli miawodos. am miz­nis ganxorcieleba martivad aris SesaZlebeli kiTxvebis dasmiT, romlebsac mowafeebi iolad upasuxeben da daskvnasac TviTonve gamoitanen, Tu kiTxvebi sworad iqneba SerCeuli. magaliTad, wina­dadebis raobis asaxsnelad maswavlebeli svams kiTxvas:

rogor fiqrobT, ra aris metyvelebis mizani, ratom vlaparako­bT saerTod? (savaraudo pasuxebi: gavagebinoT erTmaneTs Cveni saTqmeli, gamovxatoT azri...).

• maswavlebeli dafaze wers sityvebs: kaci, Tiva, iremi. kiTxva: SeiZ­leba Tu ara am sityvebidan azris gamotana? ra aris saWiro, rom es sityvebi ̀ azrad iqces~? (savaraudo pasuxi: erTmaneTs unda daukav­Sirdes).

maS, daukavSireT erTmaneTs, aqcieT azrad (kacma irems Tiva aWama, dauyara an raime amgvari); pasuxebi dafaze iwereba;

• maswavlebeli: axla daakvirdiT Canawerebs _ kaci, Tiva, iremi da kacma irems Tiva dauyara. ra ganasxvavebs maT erTmaneTisagan, ra aris an erTi, an _ meore? (pasuxi: pirveli sityvebia, meore _ azri, winadadeba).

maswavlebeli: imisaTvis, rom sityvebi winada debad (azrad) qceu­liyo, ra daemarTaT maT, an ra daemataT? (pasuxi: daemata dauyara, sityvebma ki forma icvala). SesaZlebelia mowafeebma uceb ver gascen pasuxi kiTxvas, ra `daemarTaT~ sityvebs, maswavlebeli ex­mareba sasurvel pasuxamde misvlaSi.

maswavlebeli: sityvas, romelmac daakavSira danarCeni sityvebi da daexmara winadadebad qceuliyvnen, zmna hqvia.

15 wuTi

• Semdeg mowafeebi wignebs gadaSlian da damoukideblad waikiT­xaven paragrafis teqsts `winadadeba~.

• maswavlebeli kiTxvebiT amowmebs, rogor gaiges wakiTxuli.

10 wuTi

100

• imisaTvis, rom moswavleebma TvalnaTliv daina xon intonaciis sworad SerCevis aucilebloba, SesaZlebelia, maswavlebelma raime winadadeba Tqvas gaugebrad, araswori intonaciiT ise, rom azri ver gamoitanon mowafeebma. Semdeg hkiTxos, ratom ver gaiges naTq­vami, amis Semdeg daskvnas bavSvebi advilad gamoitanen; rasakvirve­lia, maswavlebeli daamatebs im informacias, rac saxelmZRvanelo­Sia mocemuli.

7 wuTi

• sworad warmoTqmisa da metyvelebis ganviTarebisTvis, aseve, rac mTavaria, teqstSi avtoris saTqmelis amocnobisa da sakuTari damokidebulebis gamoxatvis Camosayalibeblad, maswavlebeli klass sTxovs gadaSalon wigni ukve Seswavlil ioseb noneSvilis leqsze `Cveni qarTuli _ sityvaqarguli~. Semdeg moswavlee­bma wignSive fanqriT gaakeTon moniSvnebi _ romeli strofi an striqoni rogor unda waikiTxon, sad unda SeCerdnen (pauza)... anu Seadginon `kiTxvis partitura~ (daaxloebiT ise, rogorc remarke­bia dramaSi, Tavidan maswavlebeli daexmareba, uCvenebs, rogor gaagrZelon muSaoba), mowafeebi Seecdebian TavianTi SeniSvnebis mixedviT waikiTxon teqsti. Semdeg klasSi gaanalizdeba.

13 wuTi

saSinao davaleba

• saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli ori savarjiSo;• Seadginon erTi sayvareli leqsis `kiTxvis partitura~.

gakveTili X

gakveTilis Tema:

lado asaTianis `krwanisis yayaCoebi~

gakveTilis mizani

• teqstze dakvirvebis unar­Cvevis gamomuSaveba;• teqstis gageba­gaazrebis unaris Camoyalibeba;• muSaoba teqstebis Sedareba ­ Sepirispirebis unar­ Cvevis Camoya­

libebaze;• weris unaris ganviTareba.

101

aqtivobebi

• mwerlis saTqmelis amocnoba teqstSi;• mxatvrul saxeebze muSaoba;• saTauris SerCevaze muSaoba;• kiTxvaris damuSaveba;• ori teqstis Sedareba­SepirispirebiTi analizi;

saWiro resursebi

saxelmZRvanelo

Sefasebis forma

• maswavleblis dakvirveba moswavleTa aqtivobasa da qcevaze; mas­wavleblis dakvirveba muSaobis procesze (ganmaviTarebeli Se­faseba).

gakveTilis msvleloba

• axali masalis axsnamde maswavlebeli kidev erTxel gaamaxvile­binebs mowafeebs yuradRebas oTar WilaZis leqsis mTavar saTqmelze: `dRes Sen xar da dRes Seni bralia, rac SeemTxveva: kar­gic da cudic~. imsjeleben, ra pasuxismgebloba akisria adamians sakuTari qalaqis, qveynis winaSe.

10 wuTi

• Semdeg maswavlebeli dafaze wers sityvas yayaCo da sTxovs jgufebs, SeurCion epiTetebi, hkiTxavs, ras agonebT, Seadaron sxva sagans an movlenas (SerCeuli mxatvruli saxe unda gamoxatavdes mowafis damokidebulebas, mise ul xats unda warmoadgendes); mowa­feebi war moadgenen TavianT mosazrebebs;

• Semdeg maswavlebeli kiTxulobs lado asaTianis leqss `krwanisis yayaCoebi~(saTauris gareSe). usvams kiTxvas klass, moewonaT Tu ara leqsi. Semdeg ekiTxeba, rogor daasaTaurebdnen am leqss. pa­suxebi iwereba dafaze. mowafeebi xsnian, ratom daasaTaures leqsi amgvarad.

• Semdeg maswavlebeli awvdis informacias samasi aragvelis Sesaxeb, rom leqsi maT xsovnas eZRvneba da hkiTxavs, xom ar daazustebdnen TavianT saTaurebs (iwereba dafaze);

• maswavlebeli gaumxels mowafeebs leqsis namdvil saTaurs da nawarmoebze dayrdnobiT sTxovs mowafeebs, axsnan, ratom uwoda mweralma leqss es saTauri;

15 wuTi

102

• Semdeg maswavlebeli romelime mowafes akiTxebs leqss da gadadis kiTxvaris damuSavebaze.

15 wuTi

• me­6 kiTxvaze vrceli pasuxi SesaZlebelia maswavlebelma dasa­werad misces saxlSi mas Semdeg, rac gakveTilze ganixilaven am sakiTxs (teqstebis Sedareba­Sepirispirebaze muSaobis nimuSi mo­cemulia am wignSi. ix. gakveTili VII).

saSinao davaleba

• werilobiT gadmoeciT, ra msgavseba­gansxvavebas xedavT ana kalan­daZisa da lado asaTianis leqsebs Soris.

4. maswavleblis wignis daskvniTi nawili

saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli zogierTi enobrivi

savarjoSos pasuxebi

1. sityva da Jesti (gv. 13).

savarjiSo 1: warbi Seikra (`gawyra~, `gabrazda~), cxviri CamouSvas (`daRondes~), muxli moiyara (`Tayvani sca~), Subli gagvexseneba (`gagvi­xardeba~), wAAarbebi SeiQWmuxna (`gawyra~), xels miqnevda (`miwvevda~, `mix­mobda~), TiTi dauqnia (`daemuqra~).

2. sityva (gv. 38).

savarjiSo: Tavxe, meTauri, Tavxedi, moTave, saTave, cixisTavi, Tav­mjdomare, TavdaviwyebiT, rusTavi, Tavqudmoglejili, Tavmoyvare, TavpirismtvreviT, Tavqve.

3. sityvis mniSvneloba (gv.40).

savarjiSo: damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis sityvebi: Zalian, vCqarob­di, mivuswari;

biWebsac, imedi, gadaewuraT; matyuaradac CamTvales; me, ise, mivdiodi, mwvrTneli, menaxa;isic, sxvagan, wasuliyo, sityva, daegdo;damxmare: Tumca, magram, ver, albaT, iqneb, ki, ver, rom, jer, Tumc, da,

arc.saxaliso amocana: TOoxi, kibe, beWedi, qamari, makrateli, qvabi, fari.

103

4. sinonimebi (gv. 44).

savarjiSo 1: xeebi (SiSveli); xmali (SiSveli); cxeni (SiSveli); bartyi (titveli); bavSvi (fexSiSveli); axalgazrda (pirtitveli).

savarjiSo 2: varami _dardi; uneburad _ TavisTavad; tanjva _ wva­leba; ejavreboda _ sZulda; javri _ mwuxareba; ganTqmuli _ saxe­lovani.

savarjiSo 3: SeeSinda _ gauskda guli; alazaTianebda _ fers aZlev­da; exmarebodnen _ xels umarTavdnen.

5. sinonimebis SerCeva (gv. 47).

savarjiSo 1: bewvi; balani; Tma; banjgvli; jagari; bewvi.savarjiSo 2: 1. cqviti; 2. mCqefare.

6. sinonimTa Serwyma (gv. 49).

savarjiSo 1: Zal­Rone; Wkua­goneba; tol­amxanagad; wyevla­krulvis; bed­iRbals; cimcim­kamkami.

savarjiSo 2: Zal­Rone; Wkua­goneba; tanjva­wvaleba; Sveba­lxena; Wkua­goneba.

7. antonimebi (gv.51).savarjiSo: Zveli; naTeli; dari; uSno; marTali; naklebi; bevri; ax­

los; gemrieli; iSviaTad; magari; mSieri; carieli; lxini.saxaliso amocana: Tbili.

8. sityvaTa warmoqmna (gv.53).

savarjiSo 1: Zma­saZmo, moZme, uZmo, Zmobili, Zmiani, da­Zma, Zmakaci, saZmakaco, daZmobileba...

savarjiSo 2: TavSali, moxveuli, Tavi, zari, dacemuli; abjari, asxmu­li; guli, yuri, dakarguli; Tavi, gza, abneuli; gza, kvali, areuli; piri, qve, damxobili; axali, fexi, adgmuli.

9. rTuli sityvebis marTlwera (gv. 56).

savarjiSo 1: axsna TiToeulis.savarjiSo 2: Tval­warbi; cecxlmodebuli; fexmokle; yurgrZeli;

TavSali; gulgaReRili.

10. winadadeba (gv.59).

savarjiSo 1: a) biWi carciT wers dafaze; b) gogonam dedas werili miswera; g) bebia nemsiT windas keravs; d) mxedarma cxens unagiri daad­ga; e) gogonam Txas balaxi aWama; v) dedam gogonas Tmaze bafTa gaukeTa; z) eqimma TermometriT bavSvs sicxe gauzoma.

104

savarjiSo 2: Svili mamas daemsgavsa. mokrivem metoqes dartyma daas­wro; dRe dRes misdevs; gogonam biWs saubari gauba; biWma mdinareSi Ses­vla gabeda.

11. winadadebis wevrebi (gv. 61).

savarjiSo 1: mzem (ram?) aiwia (ra qna?) fexis (ris?) wverebze (raze?).leqsom (vin?) qaTmebs (ras?) sakenki (ra?) dauyara (ra qna?).qali (vin?) ciskris (ris?) zarebma (ram?) gamoaRviZes (ra qnes?).xolo xeebma (ram?) Telas (ras?) Tvaliereba (ra?) dauwyes (ra qnes?).es (romeli?) TamaSi (ra?) me (vis?) ar miyvarda (ras vSvrebodi?).gveli (ra?) Tu vinmes (vis?) Sexvda (ra qna?) da ukbina (ra qna?).javrsa (ras?) nu maWmevT (ras izamT?) mtrisasa (visas?).me (vin? ) ki maSinve (rodis?) ezos (ras?) mivaSure (ra vqeni?).

12. martivi da rTuli winadadeba (gv. 63).

savarjiSo 2: a) Sedgeba ZiriTadad rTuli winada debebisgan.b) gamotovebuli zmna: `marjvniT _ nestan­dare jani~ (ejda). `cal­calke da yvela erTad _ sicocxle da netareba~ (iyo).g) xSirad mTavrdeba Zaxilis niSniT _ imitom, rom grZnobis, emociis

gamomxatveli winadadebebia.

13. sruli da usruli winadadeba (gv.65).savarjiSo 1: xom ar ginda (Sen), rom daeWido (Sen mas)?_ vis (daveWido me)?_ im patara biWs (daeWido Sen)._ rad unda daveWido (me im patara biWs)?_ Tu moerevi (Sen im patara biWs)?_ ratom ver moverevi (me im patara biWs)?_ Ronieria is patara biWi da imitom (ver moerevi Sen im patara biWs).

14. sityvaTa ZiriTadi klasebi anu metyvelebis nawilebi (gv.75).

davaleba: arsebiTi _ mefe, RmerTi, meomari, Ze, mefe, asuli, sofeli, mnaTi, mze, guli, goneba, suli, brZeni, ena...

zedsarTavi _sviani, maRali, uxvi, mdabali... uebro, laRi, wynari, amao...

zmna _ iyo, esva, xams, ars, gaizarda, gaivso, ixmna, zis, daisxna, dauwyo...

15. arsebiTi saxeli (gv.78).

savarjiSo 1: Sirvani, Sahi, kaci, qveyana, momCivani, glaxaki, samefo, kaci, frinveli, mxeci, ena.

savarjiSo 2: warbebi aZgiba; Tvalebi moWuta; wamwamebi daafaxula;

105

cxviri aibzua; fexebi gaWima; yurebi dacqvita; piri mokuma; kiseri waigrZela; Subli Seikra; TiTebi gafarCxa; mxrebi aiCeCa.

16. bruneba (gv.82).

savarjiSo: saxli aguri sofeli kedelisaxlma _ sofelma kedelma_ agurs _ _saxlis aguris soflis kedlis_ aguriT _ _saxlad agurad _ _ _ _ sofelo _

17. zedsarTavi saxeli (gv. 93).

savarjiSo: yurebi _ grZeli; rqebi _ maRali; kudi _ grZeli; kiseri _ grZeli; mili _ grZeli; cxviri _ grZeli; Subli _ maRali.

18. ricxviTi saxeli (gv.97).

savarjiSo 1: uricxvi... saTamaSo; bevri qveyana; zogierTi epizodi; TiTo­orola kvercxi; bevri Secdoma; oTxive... miscvivda.

savarjiSo 2: erT, as (mic.); ori (naT.); erTi (naT.), cxra (moT.); erTma (moT.), asi (sax.); erTsa (naT.), Tormeti (sax.).

19. nacvalsaxeli (gv.99).

savarjiSo: me (Ip, mx.r); isini (IIIp, mr.r); me(Ip, mx.r);Sen (IIp, mx.r); Cven(Ip, mr.r); Tqven(IIp, mr.r);igi(IIIp, mx.r); man(IIIp,mx.r).

20. kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli (gv.103).

savarjiSo: imisma (mxrebma); TavianTi (ezosken); Tavisi (mosazrebiT); Cems (Zmas); Cems (gunebaze); imisi (mteroba); Cvens (WeramTan); TavianTi (sircxvili); Tavisi (xmis); TavianT (Svilebs); Tavisi (xeliT).

21. moqmedeba da moqmedi pirebi (gv.107).

savarjiSo 1: miuyvana (moqm.), moqm.pirebi: mamam Svili gadias; Caikra (moqm.), gadiam biWi (moqm. pir.); daemSvidoba (moqm.), biWi, mamas (moqm. pir.); wavida (moqm.), mama (moqm. pir.); epareba (moqm.), kata, Tagvs (moqm.pir.); daagdebina (moqm.), ZaRlma, katas, Tagvi (moqm.pir.); gadauxada (moqm.), Tagvma, ZaRls madloba (moqm.pir.); gaibuta (moqm.) kata(moqm.pir.).

savarjiSo 2: hyavs (velosipedi), aqvs (akvariumi); aqvs (wyalmcenareebi), hyavs (Tevzebi); hyavs (cxeni), aqvs (unagiri); aqvs (fafari), hyavs (rwyile­

106

bi); hyavs (ZaRli), aqvs (budrugana); hyavs (lekvebi), aqvs (saWmeli); mohyavs (cxeni), mohyavs (manqana); mohyavs (mgzavrebi), moaqvs (xurjini); waiyvana (ve­losipedi), moitana (mxriT); moaqvs (mwvanili) bazridan, mohyavs (bostanSi).

d a n a r T i

t e s t e b i

leqsikuri da gramatikuli masalis codnis Sesamowmebeli testi

nNawili I

leqsika

1) ipoveT frazis `piri daaRo~ sinonimuri Sesatyvisi (SemoxazeT am sityvis Sesabamisi cifri):

1. gaukvirda2. Sewuxda3. ewyina4. atirda

2) romeli sinonimuri SesatyvisiT SeiZleba CavanacvloT wina dadebaSi gamoyenebuli xatovani gamonaTqvami?

zurab qarTvelaZis cols oqro guli hqonda.

1. Zvirfasi guli2. keTili guli3. mgrZnobiare guli4. mosiyvarule guli

3) CamoTvlilTagan romeli sityvaa miRebuli sinonimebis Sew yvilebiT?

1. da­Zma2. saxl­kari3. Jivil­xivili

107

4. col­qmari

4) ipoveT sityva `naRvlianis~ antonimi:

1. dardiani2. aforiaqebuli3. sevdiani4. xalisiani

5) ipoveT antonimuri wyvili:

1. Sveba _ lxena2. siyvaruli _ siZulvili3. aRelveba _ aforiaqeba4. mogoneba _ gaxseneba

6) ipoveT xatovani gamonaTqvamis _ `Tvali zed darCenoda~ _ antonimuri fraza:

1. sul mas uyurebda.2. TvalgaSterebuli iyo.3. Tvali gaeqca.4. zedac ar uyurebda.

7) romel winadadebaSia gamoyenebuli sityva `mgeli~ gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT?

1. mgelma faridan cxvari moitaca.2. adamiani adamianisaTvis mgelia.3. dedis win morbenal kvics mgeli SeWams.4. mglis naSiersac lekvi hqvia.

8) romel frazaSia gamoyenebuli sityva `tkbili~ pirdapiri mniSv nelobiT?

1. tkbili Zili2. tkbili moxuci3. tkbili namcxvari4. tkbili mogoneba

9) ra mniSvnelobiT aris sityva `mecadineoba~ am winadadebaSi gamoyenebuli?

Nnaibma kargad icoda zurabis wadili da mecadineoba.

1. swavla­ganaTleba2. sibrZne3. mondomeba, mcdeloba

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4. saxelganTqmuloba

10) romel winadadebaSia gamoyenebuli sityva `gza~ gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT?

1. maswavlebelma mowafe swor gzaze daayena.2. sofelSi axali gza gaiyvanes.3. bavSvs gza aeria.4. ise bneloda, rom gza saerTod ar Canda.

11) romelia rTuli sityva?

1. narTvlevi2. doinjSemodgmuli3. Tixiani4. dafeTebuli

12) ras ewodeba mimika?

1. saxis nakvTebis moZraobas2. sxeulis nawilebis moZraobas3. nawarmoebis mTavar azrs4. uxmo dialogs

13) ra aris leqsika?

1. poeturi nawarmoebi2. enis sityvaTa maragi3. enis gasatexi4. msgavsi mniSvnelobis mqone sityva

14) romelia xatovani gamonaTqvami?

1. ena daewva2. enaze wamali daido3. enis wverze adgas4. ena Seiswavla

15) intonacia aris:

1. brZanebiTi winadadeba2. winadadebis gamoTqmis Tavisebureba3. dasrulebuli azri4. sasurveli azri

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16) romelia damoukidebeli sityva?

1. magram2. xolo3. mTvare4. Turme

17) romel winadadebaSia gamoyenebuli damxmare sityva?

1. me avad gaxldiT.2. Tqven xom kargad xarT?3. diliT daubera qarma.4. Zvirfasi stumari gvewvia!

18) romel winadadebaSia gamoyenebuli mimarTvis neitraluri formebi?

1. Semodi da dajeqi!2. mobrZandiT, dabrZandiT!3. daetie Sens adgilas!4. gaeTrie axlave gareT!

19) romeli rTuli sityva iwereba defisiT?

1. Tavgadasavali2. werakiTxva3. fexSiSvela4. nacarqeqia

20) romeli rTuli sityvaa dawerili arasworad?

1. wirva­locva2. xel­piri3. Tav­SiSvela4. erT­erTi

21) rogor unda daiweros rTuli sityvebi, romlis Semadgeneli nawilebic `da~ kavSiris saSualebiT SeiZleba SevaerToT?

1. cal­calke2. defisiT

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3. tireTi4. erTad

22) ipoveT TxrobiTi winadadeba:

1. aba, wavideT2. nikolozma yizilbaSi daamarcxa3. rogor moeria nikolozi yizilbaSs4. modiT piri CaitkbaruneT

23) ipoveT brZanebiTi winadadeba:

1. mas aqeT bevrma wyalma Caiara2. ratom emterebodnen saqarTvelos3. biWo, gulSi Suri ar SeuSva4. vxedav Cems Tavs patara sofelSi

24) ipoveT kiTxviTi winadadeba:

1. winadadeba gamoxatavs dasrulebul azrs 2. ar gabedo tyuilis Tqma3. gorgasali mefobda V saukuneSi 4. romeli leqsi ganadidebs vaxtang gorgasals

25) ipoveT kiTxviTsityviani kiTxviTi winadadeba:

1. mniSvnelovani ram gamogrCaT?2. sworadaa abzacebi gamoyofili?3. rogor Sexvdi axal wels?4. axal wels saxlSi iyavi?

26) romel winadadebaSia gamoyenebuli damxmare (damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis armqone) sityva?

1. wadi, puri moitane!2. wadi da swrafad dabrundi!3. wadi, RmerTma gza mSvidobisa mogces!4. RmerTma mSvidobiT gataros!

27) romel dialogSia gamoyenebuli sruli (anu yvela mTavari wev-ris Semcveli) winadadebebi?

1. _ ratom gijavrdeba deda? _ deda imitom mijavrdeba, rom fafas ar vWam.2. _ vin dawera `nikoloz gostaSabiSvili~? _ iliam.3. _ guSin kinoSi iyaviT? _ dagvagvianda da kinoSi veRar wavediT.

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4. _ ilias zRaprebs deda uambobda? _ ara, ilias zRaprebs mama uyveboda.

28) ipoveT martivi winadadeba:

1. iqneb me Tvali mabrmavebs, zeca matyuebs kriala?2. Tqvens saflavebTan mosvla da muxlis modreka mominda!3. Jriali xom ar mogesmaT oJa jurxais farisa?4. dRes Sen xar da DdRes Seni bralia, rac SeemTxveva, kargic da cu­

dic.

29) ipoveT rTuli winadadeba:

1. sikeTiT unda sZlio mters.2. marabdis omSi cxra Zma xerxeuliZem gawira Tavi.3. mzem aiwia fexis wverebze.4. aseTi dari Tu iyo maSin, odes Tbilisi aikles sparsTa?

30) ipoveT rTuli winadadeba, romelSic gamotovebuli zmnis nacvlad tire unda daiweros:

1. riT gaTavda es omi, amis ambavi grZelia.2. Rimili jadosnuri hqonia, sityva­pasuxi tkbili.3. iseTi ymawvili kacebi daxoca, rom ukeTess kaci ver inatrebda.4. es sircxvili rogor vWamoT, Sin ra saxeliTRa mivideTo.

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1) ipoveT winadadeba, romelSic antonimuri wyvilia mocemuli:

1. Wirsa da ubedurebas RmerTma gadaarCina.2. Wiri ar wava uWirod, Tu Wiris deda mrTelia.3. Wirsa Sigan gamagreba asre unda viT qviTkirsa.4. Wiri iq davagde, lxini aq movitane.

2) ras ityvian alersianad, sasiamovnod molaparakeze?

1. pirze rZe ar SeSrobia.2. piri wyliTa aqvs savse.3. piridan Tafli gadmosdis.4. pirze cecxli ukidia.

3) ras niSnavs gamonaTqvami `pasuxi ago~?

1. upasuxa2. miugo3. daisaja4. sTxova

4) romelia erTi da imave fuZisagan Sedgenili rTuli sityva?

1. kar­fanjara2. mindor­mindor3. mTa­veli4. zamTar­zafxul

5) romelia ori sxvadasxva fuZisagan Sedgenili rTuli sityva?

1. sawuTro2. wuTisofeli3. sasoflo4. nawarmi

6) ipove sityva, romelic `saxeli~ sityvasTan erTad Seqmnis rTul sityvas:

1. morcxvi2. urcxvi

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3. gatexili4. moRebuli

7) ra aris `seni~?

1. mcxunvareba2. bedniereba3. ubedureba4. avadmyofoba

8) romelia xatovani gamonaTqvami?

1. mindors cecxli moedo.2. saxls cecxli moedo.3. gulze cecxli moedo.4. Tivas cecxli moedo.

9) rogor kacze ityvian `yiamyraliao~?

1. romelsac cudi suni udis. 2. romelsac grZeli cxviri aqvs.3. romelsac cudi ena aqvs.4. romelsac kbilebi aqvs Camtvreuli.

10) romeli sinonimiT SecvlidiT gamonaTqvams: `sityva daugdo~?

1. ubrZana2. daubara3. moaxsena4. ganacxada

11) ipoveT sityva, romelic `guli~ sityvasTan erTad qmnis rTul sityvas:

1. gakrefili2. wasuli3. aSenebuli4. SekeTebuli

12) romelia erTi da imave fuZis ganmeorebiT Sedgenili sityva?

1. sicil­xarxari2. gamvlel­gamomvleli3. dila­saRamo4. mzian­mTvariani

13) romelia xatovani gamonaTqvami?

1. grZeli kudi aqvs

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2. kuds miwaze daaTrevs3. kudiT Tavs iwonebs4. kudiT qva asrolina

14) ipoveT `qeba~ sityvis antonimi:

1. mofereba2. lanZRva3. Zageba4. dayvireba

15) ras niSnavs sityva `Tavlafdasxmuli~ ?

1. Tavdaubanels2. pirdaubanels3. Sercxvenils4. saxelganTqmuls

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16) romelia CamoTvlilTagan zedsarTavi saxeli?

1. xuTi2. varskvlavi3. cisferi4. gamarjveba

17) romelia CamoTvlilTagan arsebiTi saxeli?

1. yviTeli2. rva3. wers4. Taro

18) ipoveT arsebiTi saxeli, romelsac daesmis kiTxva `vin~?

1. gedi2. mze3. asuli4. alva

19) romel SemTxvevaSia sworad gamoyofili fuZe da brunvis niSani sityvaSi?

1. xel­mwife­d2. xelmwi­fed

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3. xelmwife­d4. xelmwif­ed

20) romeli saxelia mocemuli Zveleburi mravlobiTis formiT?

1. vezirebi2. mefeni3. msaxurebi4. qveynebi

21) romelia Tandebuliani sityva?

1. baRma2. TagviT3. velze4. mTaTa

22) ipoveT arsebiTTan erTad zedsarTavis brunebis araswori forma:

1. lamazma xoxobma2. lamazi xoxbiT3. lamazo xoxobo4. lamaz xoxbis

23) romelia ganusazRvrelobiTi raodenobis aRmniSvneli ricxvi Ti saxeli?

1. asi2. TxuTmeti3. milioni4. uricxvi

24) romelia meore piris nacvalsaxelebi?

1. me, isini2. Sen, Cven3. Sen, Tqven4. is, Cven

25) ipoveT winadadeba, romelSic `is~ CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelia:

1. is kargad gamoiyureba.2. is guSin unda wasuliyo.3. is ar gamoCenila.4. is biWi Cemi klaselia.

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26) ipoveT winadadeba, romelSic arasworadaa gamoyenebuli kuTv nilebiTi nacvalsaxeli:

1. mefem Tavisi Svili ZiZas miabara.2. Cvens bals wels ar mousxams.3. mefeebi erisTavebs azrdevinebdnen Tavis Svilebs.4. Tqveni saxli grilia.

27) ipoveT subieqti winadadebaSi:

qarTvelsa gulman rogor gauZlos.

1. qarTvelsa2. rogor3. gulman4. gauZlos

28) ipoveT zmna, romelsac arasrulad aqvs pirebi Sewyobili:

1. miuTiTa _ man, mas , is2. Seurigda _ is, mas3. aRmoCnda _ is4. daugviana _ man, is

29) ipoveT winadadeba, romelSic mizezis zmnizedaa gamoyenebuli:

1. Sen imisTvis dagiZaxes, rom is gaeRizianebinaT;2. Sen imitom dagiZaxes, rom yvelaferi dawvrilebiT gviambo;3. SEen imisTvis dagiZaxes, rom cekva­simReriT gagvarTo;4. Sen imitom dagiZaxes, rom es saqme yvelaze ukeT ici.

30) ipoveT winadadeba, romelSic miznis zmnizedaa gamoyenebuli:

1. aq imitom movedi, rom wasasvleli arsad mqonda;2. aq imisTvis movedi, rom yvelaferi gulaxdilad giambo;3. aq imisTvis movedi, rom ase mirCies;4. aq imitom movedi, rom ase mirCevnia.

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maswavleblisTvis saWiro resursebi

1. ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi; Tbilisi, 2008.

2. swavleba da Sefaseba; Tbilisi, 2008.

3. saswavlo da profesiuli garemo; Tbilisi, 2008.

4. didi wignebis erToblivi kiTxva; http://www.tpdc.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8115&Itemid=71&lang=ka

5. ganmartebiTi leqsikoni ganaTlebis specialis tebisaTvis; 2007.

6. testuri davalebebis Seqmnis xelovneba; 2009.

7. rogor vaswavloT azrovneba; 2008.

8. problemaze dafuZnebuli swavla; 2008.

9. robert j. marzano da sxv., efeqturi swavleba skolaSi; 2009.

10. maswavleblis wigni _ interaqtiuri meTodebi praqtikaSi, maia firCxaZe, maia jaliaSvili, manana ratiani, nino lomiZe, nino Wia­beraSvili, rusudan TedoraZe, sofiko lobJaniZe, 2017. mastsav­lebeli.ge/?cat=34&paged=2.

11. maswavleblis wigni _ ganaTlebis dawyebiTi safexuris maswavle­blebisaTvis, ana janeliZe, violeta kvirikaSvili, nino labarty­ava, qeTevan qobalia, 2015. mastsavlebeli.ge/?cat=34&paged=2.

12. kiTxvis efeqturi meTodebi 2 (saswavlo meToduri filmi da misi gzamkvlevi), 2015. mastsavlebeli.ge/?cat=34&paged=2.

13. maswavleblis wigni _ Sefaseba: moswavle, gAAKakveTili, Sida sas­kolo, giorgi nozaZe, TamTa kobaxiZe, maia inasariZe, manana bo­WoriSvili, 2017. mastsavlebeli.ge/?cat=34

14. maswavleblis wigni _ gamWoli kompetenciebi, Tamar mosiaSvili, maia bliaZe, manana ratiani, manana sexniaSvili, nato ingoroyva, cira barbaqaZe, 2017. mastsavlebeli.ge/?cat=34

15. rogor vaswavloT kiTxva, dawyebiTi klasebis pedagogebisaTvis, naTela imedaZe, dali farjanaZe, mariam mirianaSvili, 2010. ga­mocdebis erovnuli centri.

16. dawyebiTi safexuris maswavleblis meToduri gzamkvlevi, 2010. maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centri.

17. qarTuli ena da literatura, I­IV klasebi, gzamkvlevi maswavle­blebisaTvis, Tamar jayeli, irina samsonia, nino doborjginiZe, TinaTin ceraZe, qeTevan TofaZe, maia inasariZe, maia lorTqi­faniZe, 2011. erovnuli saswavlo gegmebis centri.