Community Power and Renewable Energy Storage in Denmark and in the EUCommunity power og vedvarende energi lagring i Danmark 

og i EUNordisk Folkecenter for Vedvarende Energi, 7760 Hurup, Denmark, 12.12.2016

The event is supported by Europa Nævnet/Arrangementet er støttet af

Vehicle to Grid: a Danish Concept

Køretøjer til nettet: Et dansk koncept

Marjan Gjelaj, DTU Elektro, Denmark)

Marjan Gjelaj (DTU Elektro) Ph.D. student WP7 _Electric transportation infrastructure 12/12/2016

Vehicle to Grid and DC Fast – Charging Station with the Integration of Battery

Energy Storage

Content

Introduction of Nordhavn project Overview of Electric Vehicles (EVs) Concept of V2G Application of the DC fast - charging station LV&MV grid Integration of the Battery Energy Storage with the DC fast -charging

station

Marjan Gjelaj Ph.D. Student

Nordhavn project The “EnergyLab Nordhavn” project aims at providing thedesign of the energy infrastructure of future sustainable citiesby using the Danish metropolitan area Nordhavn.

Marjan Gjelaj Ph.D. Student

This area will be a live laboratory for future smart-energy technologies, and demonstrate how: • Electricity• Heating• Energy Efficiency in Buildings• Electric transportation can be integrated into an intelligent and optimized energy system

Overview of Electric Vehicles

A full electric vehicle is More efficient than gasoline fueled Requires less maintenance Environmental pollution is localized

But suffers from

High cost Low range Long chargingtime

Marjan Gjelaj Ph.D. Student

The most expensive part of the electric vehicle: battery (fuel cell)

Source: P. Wolfram, N. Lutsey, Electric vehicles: Literature review of technology costs and carbon emissions (2016)

-BEV-XXX: battery electric vehicle with range of XX miles -PHEV-XX: plug-in hybrid electric vehicle with range of XX miles -HFCEV: hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle

High cost

Marjan Gjelaj Ph.D. Student

High cost of EVs

MARKET PERSPECTIVE Annual cost reduction of EV battery is 8%

Source: Rapidly falling costs of battery packs for electric vehicles Björn Nykvist1* and Måns Nilsson

Marjan Gjelaj Ph.D. Student

With the large-scale production the price of the batteries can be reduced

E.g. expectations for Giga factory (Tesla) -production capacity of 35 GWh/year

-with annual production of 500 000 battery packs

Low range

Marjan Gjelaj Ph.D. Student

Increase the range Charging time

Approprieret grad

infrastructure

DC-Fast chargingstation

Approprieret grad

infrastructure

strong grid infrastructure

Generation ≈ Consumption

what happens if we do not know the load profile..

Oversizing of : • Transformers• Cables • more protections “It means more costs”

load modeling at electric power distribution less losses for the DSO

Marjan Gjelaj Ph.D. Student

EVs in Distribution Grids

• MV Distribution grid - Citycenter of Bologna.

• Five feeders in 15kV / MV

• Ten EV fast charging spots per feeder with 50kW each

• 50 FCS in total

Marjan Gjelaj Ph.D. Student

• 10% EV penetration and eachtransformer is loaded close to 100%

In two feeders, four cables closer

to the HV/LV transformer -are

congested / overloaded.

EVs in Distribution Grids

the voltage drops

Marjan Gjelaj Ph.D. Student

Concept of V2GIs focus on the synergies between the electric vehicle and the power system.

Integrate smart grid and innovative ICT solutions

for different types of urban mobility concepts.

”V2G”Developing Capacities for

Electric Vehicle Interoperability Assessment

Frequency regulation Voltage support

Marjan Gjelaj Ph.D. Student

Moving forward

When is an electric vehicle “grid integrated”?

Marjan Gjelaj Ph.D. Student

Vehicle to grid ?

Bidirectional system to transfer power between EV and the electrical grid

Frequency regulation Voltage support Congestion management

Marjan Gjelaj Ph.D. Student

V2G

many vehicles simultaneously connected

Frequency regulation

To attend in the electricity market is required a ESS 0,3 - 40MW(It must respond in less than 30 seconds)

Marjan Gjelaj Ph.D. Student

DC fast - charging station with BES ”Battery Energy Storage”BES is delocalized from the chargers BES is localized next to the chargers

Li-ion battery based on ”Cathode materials” ->EVs/ stationary applications

• high energy and power density • energy density [Wh/kg] = 100 – 170

• cycle life = 2000

Lithium titanate / (LTO) ”Anode materials”->stationary applications

• longest lifetime• high safety and thermal stability• energy density [Wh/kg] = 60 - 75 • cycle life = 5000

Stationary ApplicationsESS size: 0.3 – 500 MW Peak shaving Frequency control Voltage support Congestion management

Stationary ApplicationsESS size: 10– 300kW Load scheduling Power decoupling Downsize the required

capacity in LV grid

Marjan Gjelaj Ph.D. Student

DC Fast chargingstation

MV AC Grid

LV AC Grid

Sizing the required capacity of the BES according to

different use conditions

load profile grid availability

Marjan Gjelaj Ph.D. Student

To determine an optimal algorithm for

Conclusions• The impact on the utility grid grows with the EV market penetration.

(The DCFCS keeps constant the charging power during peak demand)

• V2G works with vehicles simultaneously connected

• The load scheduling /load modeling can reduce the peaks on the grid side

• The use of the intermediate battery helps to downsize the required capacity in LV grid.

Marjan Gjelaj Ph.D. Student

Marjan Gjelaj Ph.D. Student

Thank you for your attention