VET Policy Reform in VET Policy Reform in AustraliaAustralia

The last 20 yearsThe last 20 years

澳大利亚澳大利亚 2020 年来职教政策改革年来职教政策改革

The origins of VET reformThe origins of VET reform职教改革起源职教改革起源• After the 1982-83 recession Australia enjoyed rapid After the 1982-83 recession Australia enjoyed rapid

employment growth and resulting skill shortages employment growth and resulting skill shortages 1982-19831982-1983 年后，需求猛增，导致技术工人短缺。年后，需求猛增，导致技术工人短缺。

• The recession had exposed structural weaknesses in The recession had exposed structural weaknesses in the Australian economy (uncompetitive manufacturing the Australian economy (uncompetitive manufacturing and tourism industries for example.)and tourism industries for example.) 经济衰退暴露了澳大经济衰退暴露了澳大利亚经济的结构性弱点（例如，缺乏竞争力的制造业和旅游利亚经济的结构性弱点（例如，缺乏竞争力的制造业和旅游业）业）

• Weaknesses were also evident in the education and Weaknesses were also evident in the education and training system. Inflexible and not related to industry training system. Inflexible and not related to industry needs. needs. 教育和培训体制中也暴露出弱点，僵硬并不适应行业教育和培训体制中也暴露出弱点，僵硬并不适应行业需求需求

The origins of VET reformThe origins of VET reform 职职教改革起源教改革起源• Government saw that economic reforms were Government saw that economic reforms were

not sufficient.not sufficient. 政府发现经济改革不够政府发现经济改革不够• Australia also needed to improve its Australia also needed to improve its

innovation, skills and technology. innovation, skills and technology. 澳大利亚还需澳大利亚还需要改革其创新、技能和技术要改革其创新、技能和技术

• Education and training were seen as playing a Education and training were seen as playing a ”vital role in productivity performance, directly ”vital role in productivity performance, directly conditioning the quality, depth and flexibility conditioning the quality, depth and flexibility of our labour force skills.”of our labour force skills.” 教育与培训被看作是教育与培训被看作是“生产力提高的主要角色，对劳动力技能的质量，发“生产力提高的主要角色，对劳动力技能的质量，发展和相关性其直接作用。”展和相关性其直接作用。”

The origins of VET reformThe origins of VET reform 职职教改革起源教改革起源• In the early to mid 1980s youth unemployment rates In the early to mid 1980s youth unemployment rates

were high as full time jobs for the young fellwere high as full time jobs for the young fell• Permanent, full time work began to be replaced by Permanent, full time work began to be replaced by

part-time, casual and contract work part-time, casual and contract work 8080 年代初到中期，年年代初到中期，年轻人失业率随年轻人工作机会减少而提高轻人失业率随年轻人工作机会减少而提高

• Industry, during the mid-1980s, became increasingly Industry, during the mid-1980s, became increasingly critical of the training system for drifting away from critical of the training system for drifting away from delivering training of direct relevance to industry delivering training of direct relevance to industry 8080 年年代中期，行业对培训体制未能提供行业相关的培训提出越来越多批评代中期，行业对培训体制未能提供行业相关的培训提出越来越多批评

• In 1990 the Deveson Report recommended national In 1990 the Deveson Report recommended national goals for training and the development of a training goals for training and the development of a training market 90market 90 年， 年， 报告建议，制定培训和开发培训市场的全国性目报告建议，制定培训和开发培训市场的全国性目标标

What the system was before What the system was before reformreform 改革前的培训体制改革前的培训体制

• Before the VET reforms our system Before the VET reforms our system was made up of 9 state-based was made up of 9 state-based systems that lacked consistencysystems that lacked consistency 改革前改革前的职业教育由的职业教育由 99 个州的培训体制组成，缺乏连贯个州的培训体制组成，缺乏连贯

• It was supply-driven rather than It was supply-driven rather than based on expected industry needs based on expected industry needs 该培该培训体制是供方本位的，而非基于行业需求训体制是供方本位的，而非基于行业需求

• Training provided within industry was Training provided within industry was not officially recognisednot officially recognised 行业自己的培训不被行业自己的培训不被正式承认正式承认

Actions takenActions taken 改革行动改革行动

• In 1985 traineeships (1 year combined work & training) In 1985 traineeships (1 year combined work & training) were introduced after the Kirby Report 1985were introduced after the Kirby Report 1985 年，在年，在 KKirbyirby报告后，开始了报告后，开始了 11 年期培训项目（工作结合培训） 年期培训项目（工作结合培训）

• Finn Report of 1991 set target of 90% for young peoples’ Finn Report of 1991 set target of 90% for young peoples’ participation in or completion of education or training by participation in or completion of education or training by age 19 (Actual latest figure is 83%) 19age 19 (Actual latest figure is 83%) 199191 年的年的 FinnFinn 报告确报告确定定 90%90% 的的 1919 岁年轻人参加或完成教育或培训的目标 岁年轻人参加或完成教育或培训的目标

• In 1993 Commonwealth and States agreed to set up the In 1993 Commonwealth and States agreed to set up the Australian National Training Authority – this created a Australian National Training Authority – this created a national system. This was called the ANTA national system. This was called the ANTA Agreement.1993Agreement.1993 年，联邦和州政府同意建立澳大利亚国家培训年，联邦和州政府同意建立澳大利亚国家培训局，从而建立了国家体制。局，从而建立了国家体制。

Actions takenActions taken 改革行动改革行动

• Under the ANTA Agreement the Commonwealth Under the ANTA Agreement the Commonwealth Government provided additional $70 million per Government provided additional $70 million per year for 5 years – about a 5% increase in total year for 5 years – about a 5% increase in total VET funding per year. Commonwealth had been VET funding per year. Commonwealth had been providing about 25% of total funding before thisproviding about 25% of total funding before this 联联邦政府据此连续邦政府据此连续 55 年提供每年年提供每年 77 千万澳元额外经费，每年增加千万澳元额外经费，每年增加 25%25%

• For this it obtained an influence in strategic For this it obtained an influence in strategic planning and resource allocationplanning and resource allocation 并对总体规划和资源分并对总体规划和资源分配具有影响配具有影响

• In the early years of the 1990s Australia spent In the early years of the 1990s Australia spent about $1760 per VET student per year in total about $1760 per VET student per year in total 9090年代上半页，澳大利亚职教年生均经费年代上半页，澳大利亚职教年生均经费 17601760 澳元澳元

Actions takenActions taken 改革行动改革行动

• To improve VET’s ability to meet industry needs To improve VET’s ability to meet industry needs governments set up a National Training Board to governments set up a National Training Board to oversight the development of national oversight the development of national competency standards within the Australian Skills competency standards within the Australian Skills Framework (ASF)Framework (ASF) 为提高职教满足行业需求能力，政府建立国为提高职教满足行业需求能力，政府建立国家培训委员会，以管理澳大利亚技能框架中的国家能力标准开发家培训委员会，以管理澳大利亚技能框架中的国家能力标准开发

• They also established an Australian Qualifications They also established an Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) to match qualifications with Framework (AQF) to match qualifications with jobs and competency standards jobs and competency standards 并建立了澳大利亚证书并建立了澳大利亚证书体系，以让证书与工作和能力相符体系，以让证书与工作和能力相符

Where VET fits in the AQFWhere VET fits in the AQF

Actions takenActions taken 改革行动改革行动

• Governments introduced competency-based training as Governments introduced competency-based training as another way to ensure training was better matched to another way to ensure training was better matched to industry skill needs and to improve the assessment processindustry skill needs and to improve the assessment process政府实施能力本位的培训，以保证培训适应行业技能需求，并改善评政府实施能力本位的培训，以保证培训适应行业技能需求，并改善评估鉴定程序估鉴定程序

• This meant that training could take place in either colleges or This meant that training could take place in either colleges or in the work place – as long as the individual could in the work place – as long as the individual could demonstrate the required skills demonstrate the required skills 这意味着培训可以在大学和行业这意味着培训可以在大学和行业进行，但接受培训者能展示其技能进行，但接受培训者能展示其技能

• Governments also introduced competitive funding for some Governments also introduced competitive funding for some VET provision. This means that now the government-owned VET provision. This means that now the government-owned TAFE Colleges deliver about 84% of all VET in Australia. The TAFE Colleges deliver about 84% of all VET in Australia. The rest is delivered by private or community-based providers.rest is delivered by private or community-based providers. 政政府对培训单位拨款实施竞争。即国有培训学院实施府对培训单位拨款实施竞争。即国有培训学院实施 84%84% 的培训，其他的培训，其他部分培训由私立或社区学校提供部分培训由私立或社区学校提供

Actions takenActions taken 改革行动改革行动

• With the support and cooperation of Australian unions With the support and cooperation of Australian unions governments established a National Framework for governments established a National Framework for the Recognition of Training. This brought together the Recognition of Training. This brought together curriculum reforms, qualification levels, industry and curriculum reforms, qualification levels, industry and college training and the industrial relations systemcollege training and the industrial relations system 政府政府建立国家承认的体系，包括课程改革，证书等级，行业和大学培训，行业建立国家承认的体系，包括课程改革，证书等级，行业和大学培训，行业关系等关系等

• Governments encouraged and funded industry to set Governments encouraged and funded industry to set up Industry Training Advisory Bodies (ITABs) at both up Industry Training Advisory Bodies (ITABs) at both the national and state levelsthe national and state levels 政府鼓励并资助行业建立咨询委员政府鼓励并资助行业建立咨询委员会会

• These bodies advise government on competency These bodies advise government on competency standards and the future skill needs of their industrystandards and the future skill needs of their industry咨询委员会就能力标准和未来能力需求提出建议咨询委员会就能力标准和未来能力需求提出建议

Actions takenActions taken 改革行动改革行动

• Governments also established a National Governments also established a National Research body (NCVER), which in turn developed Research body (NCVER), which in turn developed national statistical standards for VET (AVETMISS), national statistical standards for VET (AVETMISS), compiled national data and encouraged and compiled national data and encouraged and managed VET researchmanaged VET research 政府建立了国家研究中心，该中心开政府建立了国家研究中心，该中心开发了国家职教数据标准，发了国家职教数据标准，

• This statistical standard meant that state and This statistical standard meant that state and college level performance could be compared college level performance could be compared across Australia and that a national planning across Australia and that a national planning system could be introducedsystem could be introduced 该数据标准规定，各州和大学该数据标准规定，各州和大学培训统一标准，建立国家计划体系培训统一标准，建立国家计划体系

Future challengesFuture challenges 未来挑战未来挑战

• The changing nature of work, and the timely The changing nature of work, and the timely provision of suitable skills, is one of the central provision of suitable skills, is one of the central issues facing the VET sector. issues facing the VET sector. 职教主要问题是其变化性，职教主要问题是其变化性，和提供及时恰当的技能和提供及时恰当的技能

• New technologies have changed both the nature New technologies have changed both the nature of technical skill requirements and have also of technical skill requirements and have also reshaped work organization, emphasising the reshaped work organization, emphasising the need for so-called “soft skills” in communication, need for so-called “soft skills” in communication, teamwork and other human interaction. teamwork and other human interaction. 新技术改变新技术改变了技能要求的性质，和工业的组织，强调交往，团队等“软技术”了技能要求的性质，和工业的组织，强调交往，团队等“软技术”

Future challengesFuture challenges 未来挑战未来挑战

• With work becoming more specific to With work becoming more specific to individual enterprises occupations are individual enterprises occupations are becoming less uniform across the labour becoming less uniform across the labour marketmarket 随不同企业的工作的不同，职业在劳动力市场随不同企业的工作的不同，职业在劳动力市场越来越不一致越来越不一致

• As work changes more rapidly, workers As work changes more rapidly, workers will need to upgrade their skills more will need to upgrade their skills more regularly than in the pastregularly than in the past 工作的变化使工人更需工作的变化使工人更需要提高技能要提高技能