Xya {ejU H|$Ð - Shivaji University. A. Part-I History Ris… · {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya Xya {ejU H|$Ð _amR>r gÎmoMm CX` (1600 Vo 1707) (e¡j{UH$ df© 2013-14 nmgyZ) B{Vhmg

$Page 1: Xya {ejU H|$Ð - Shivaji University. A. Part-I History Ris… · {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya Xya {ejU H|$Ð _amR>r gÎmoMm CX` (1600 Vo 1707) (e¡j{UH$ df© 2013-14 nmgyZ) B{Vhmg$
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya {ejU H|$Ð

_amR>r gÎmoMm CX`(1600 Vo 1707)

(e¡j{UH$ df© 2013-14 nmgyZ)

B{Vhmg : EopÀN>H$ nona 1 d 2

~r. E. ^mJ-1

go{_ñQ>a 1 d 2 H$[aVm

H I

K J

© Hw$bg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamîQ´>)àW_md¥Îmr : 2013~r. E. (_amR>r gÎmoMm CX`) ^mJ-1 B{Vhmg nona 1 d 2 H$[aVmgd© h·H$ ñdmYrZ. oedmOr odÚm[rR>mÀ`m [admZJroedm` H$m{UË`mhr àH$mamZ{ Z·H$c H$aVm {Uma Zmhr.

àVr : 5,000

n

àH$meH$ :

S>m°. S>r. ìhr. _wio

Hw$bg{Md,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>,H$moëhmnya - 416 004.

n

_wÐH$ :

AYrjH$,{edmOr {dÚmnrR> _wÐUmb`,H$moëhmnya-416 004.

n

ISBN- 978-81-8486-496-0

H Xÿa {ejU H|$Ð Am{U {edmOr {dÚmnrR> m~ÔcMr _m{hVr nwT>rc nÎ`mda {_iy eHo$c.{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, {dÚmZJa, H$moëhmnya-416 004. (^maV)

H Xÿa {ejU n[afX-B§{Xam Jm§Yr amîQ´>r` _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zdr {Xëcr m§À`m {dH$gZ AZwXmZmVyZ m gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©VrHo$cr Amho.

(ii)

XyaoejU H|$Ð, oedmOr odÚm[rR>, H$m{ëhm[yan gëcmJma go_Vr n

_m. àm. (S>m°.) EZ. Oo. ndmaHw$cJwê$, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

_m. àmMm © (S>m°.) E. Eg. ^moB©Q>oà-Hw$cJwê$, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àm. (S>m°.) Ama. H¥$îUm Hw$_ma_m. Hw$cJwê$, èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamîQ´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>,kmZJ§JmoÌr, J§Jmnya S>°_Odi, Zm{eH$-422 222

S>m°. A{Zc JdirA{YîR>mVm, H$cm d c{cVH$cm {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. gr. Oo. {IcmaoA{YîR>mVm, {dkmZ {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. E. ~r. amOJog§MmcH$, _hm{dÚmc` d {dÚmnrR> {dH$mg _§S>i,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. ~r. E_. {hS>}H$anarjm {Z`§ÌH$, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. E. EZ. Omoerd¡îUdr AnmQ>©_|Q>, gX{ZH$m Z§. 8, lra§JZJa, n§qnJ ñQ>oeZOdi, J§Jmnya S>°_ Odi, Zm{eH$-422 222

àm. (S>m°.) Ho$. Eg. a§Jmßnm_m. Hw$cJwê$, H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` _wŠV {dÚmnrR>,_mZgJ§JmoÌr, åh¡gya-570006

àm. ìhr. d|H$æ`mg§MmcH$, {dÚmà~mo{YZr S>m°. ~r. Ama. Am§~oS>H$a _wŠV{dÚmnrR>, amoS> Z§. 46, Á`w~cr {hc, h¡Ðm~mX-33 Am§Y«àXoe

S>m°. Oo. Eg. nmQ>rcA{YîR>mVm, gm_m{OH$ emñÌo {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. Ama. Or. \$S>VaoA{YîR>mVm, dm{UÁ` {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$m oëhmnya

S>m°. S>r. ìhr. _wioHw$cg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

lr. ìhr. Q>r. nmQ>rc{dÎm d coIm A{YH$mar,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àm. (S>m°.) AéU ^mogco (gXñ` g{Md)g§MmcH$,Xya{ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

n Aä`mg_§S>i : B{Vhmg n

l S>m°. E_. E. cmohmaB{Vhmg {d^mJà_wI, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

l S>m°. gXm{ed _méVr JmdS>o_wYmoOr H$m°coO, \$cQ>U, {O. gmVmam

l S>m°. M§ÐH$m§V JmoqdXamd nmQ>rcnÙ^yfU S>m°. dg§VamdXmXm nmQ>rc _hm{dÚmc`, VmgJmd,{O. gm§Jcr

l S>m°. I§S>oamd AOw©Z qeXoamOfu emhÿ AmQ>©g A°ÊS> H$m°_g© H$m°coO, éH$S>r,Vm. hmVH$U§Jco, {O. H$moëhmnya

l S>m°. (lr_Vr) Z§{XZr aqdÐ aUIm§~ogXJwê$ JmS>Jo _hmamO H$m°coO, {dÚmZJa, H$amS>,{O. gmVmam

AÜ`j - - - - - àmMm © (S>m°.) Q>r. Eg. nmQ>rcM§Ðm~mB©-em§Vmßnm e|Sy>ao H$m°coO, hþnar, Vm. hmVH$U§Jco, {O. H$moëhmnya

(iii)

Xya oejU H|$ÐoedmOr odÚm[rR>,H$m{ëhm[ya

_amR>r gÎmoMm CX`

Aä`mg KQ>H$m§Mo boIH$

boIH$ KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$

gÌ-1 : nona-1

S>m°. Ad{Ze nmQ>rc 1

N>ÌnVr {edmOr H$m°coO, gmVmam.

àm. (S>m°.) ~r. Eg. _mir 2

H«$m§Vrqgh ZmZm nmQ>rc _hm{dÚmc`, dmidm, {O. gm§Jcr.

S>m°. _§Owlr ndma 3

èd§Vamd MìhmU dmaUm _hm{dÚmc`, dmaUmZJa

S>m°. A^` nmQ>rc 4

N>ÌnVr {edmOr H$m°coO, gmVmam.

gÌ-2 : nona-2

àm. Oo. dm`. ^mogco 1

nr.ìhr.nr. H$m°coO, H$dR>o_hm§H$mi, {O. gm§Jcr.

àm. {dídZmW ndma 2

lrnVamd H$X_ _hm{dÚmc`, {eadi

àmMm © (S>m°) Q>r. Eg. nmQ>rc 3

M§Ðm~mB©-em§Vmßnm e|Sy>ao H$m°coO, hþnar, Vm. hmVH$U§Jco, {O. H$moëhmnya

àm. S>m°. {dcmg nmodma 4

S>r. S>r. qeXo gaH$ma H$m°coO, H$moëhmnya

BMcH$a§Or, {O. H$moëhmnya.S>m°. AmZ§X cmoXmS>o

ehmOramOo _hm{dÚmc`, IQ>md,{O. gmVmam.

(iv)

n g§nmXH$ n

àmMm © (S>m°) Q>r. Eg. nmQ>rcM§Ðm~mB©-em§Vmßnm e|Sy>ao H$m°coO, hþnar,

Vm. hmVH$U§Jco, {O. H$moëhmnya

àñVmdZm

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>mZo OyZ 2013 nmgyZ ~r.E.^mJ-1 B{Vhmg {df`mMm Aä`mgH«$_

gÌnÕVrZwgma d gwYm[aV ñdê$nmV cmJy Ho$cm Amho. Ë`mZwgma Xÿa {ejU H|$Ðm_m\©$V ~{h…ñW

{dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r "B{Vhmg' {df`mMm XmoÝhr gÌmMm Aä`mgH«$_ {dMmamV KodyZ gXaÀ`m nwñVH$mVrc

ñd § AÜ``Z gm{hË` AZw dr àmÜ`mnH$m§H$Sy>Z coIZ H$ê$Z V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. OyZ

2013 nmgyZ `m dJm©gmR>r V`ma Ho$coë`m "_amR>r gÎmoMm CX`' `m nwñVH$m§V {dÚmÏ`mªZm g_Ooc,

C_Ooc Aem ^mfoV {cImZ H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho.

"_amR>r gÎmoMm CX`' `m go{_ñQ>a-1 gmR>rÀ`m Aä`mgH«$_mV gmYZo, N>. {edmOtMm

Am{Xcemhr d _m|Jc `m§À`mer g§Kf©, {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm amÁ`m{^foH$, _amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í` wÕ

`m KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho. gÌ 2 gmR>r V`ma Ho$coë`m Aä`mgH«$_mV amOZrVr,

_amR>oH$mcrZ AW©ì`dñWm, g_mO Am{U Y_©, _amR>çm§Mo B{VhmgH$ma B. KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe

H$aÊ`mV Amcocm Amho. `m nwñVH$mMr EHy$U 8 KQ>H$m§_Ü o {d^mJUr H$ê$Z _m§S>Ur Ho$cr Amho.

gd© {dÚmWu d {ejH$m§Zm gXaMo nwñVH$ _mJ©Xe©H$ R>aoc, Agm Amåhmg {dídmg dmQ>Vmo.

gXahÿ nwñVH$mÀ`m {cImZmMo H$m_ {edmOr {dÚmnrR> H$joVrc {d{dY _mÝ`da àmÜ`mnH$m§Zr

doioV nyU© Ho$ë`m~Ôc, g§nmXH$ _§S>i Ë`m§Mo Am^mar Amho. `m nwñVH$mMo àH$meZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r

{edmOr {dÚmnrR> d Xÿa {ejU {d^mJmVrc àemgH$s` A{YH$mar d H$_©Mmè`m§Zr Ho$coë`m

ghH$m`m©~Ôc g§nmXH$ _§S>i Ë`m§Mo _ZmnmgyZ Am^ma _mZV Amho.

- g§nmXH$

(v)

AZwH«$_{UH$m

nona-1 : go{_ñQ>a-1

1. gmYZo 1

2. N>. {edmOtMm Am{Xcemhr d _m|Jc `m§À`mer g§Kf© 23

3. {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm amÁ`m{^foH$ 59

4. _amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í` wÕ 88

nona-2 : go{_ñQ>a-2

5. amOZrVr 112

6. _amR>oH$mcrZ AW©ì`dñWm 140

7. {edH$mcrZ g_mO Am{U Ym{_©H$ OrdZ 168

8. _amR>çm§Mo B{VhmgH$ma 184

(vii)

KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ KQ>H$mMo erf©H$ nmZ H«$_m§H$

(viii)

n odÚmÏ`mªZm gyMZm :

àË {H$ KQ>H$mMr gwédmV CoÔîQ>m§Zr hm{B©c. CoÔîQ>ç{ oXemXe©H$ AmoU [wT>rc

]m]r ñ[îQ> H$aUmar AgVrc.

1. KQ>H$m_Ü { H$m` oXc{c{ Amh{.

2. Vw_À`mH$Sy>Z H$m` A[{ojV Amh{.

3. odoeîQ> KQ>H$mdarc H$m © [yU© H{$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm H$m` _mhrV hm{Ê`mMr A[{jm

Amh{.

ñd`§• _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r àíZ oXc{c{ AgyZ Ë`m§Mr A[{ojV CÎma{hr X{Ê`mV

Amc{cr Amh{V. Ë`m_wi{ KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg `m{½` oXe{Z{ hm{B©c. Vw_Mr CÎma{ ochÿZ

Pmë`mZ§VaM ñd §• AÜ``Z gmohË`m_Ü { oXc{cr CÎma{ [mhm. hr Vw_Mr CÎma{ (qH$dm

ñdmÜ`m`) Am_À`mH$S>{ _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r [mR>dm`Mr ZmhrV. Vwåhr `m{½` oXe{Z{

Aä`mg H$amdm, `mgmR>r hr CÎma{ "Aä`mg gmYZ' (Study Tool) åhUyZ

C[ w·V R>aVrc.

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gÌ - 1 : KQ>H$ - 1

gmYZo

AZwH«$_{UH$m

1.0 C{Ôï>ço

1.1 àñVmdZm

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

1.2.1 ^maVs` gmYZo: {ed^maV Am{U g^mgX ~Ia

1.2.2 \$mags gmYZo: Im\$sImZ `m§Mo _wŠËIm~ Cb bw~~ Am{U ^r_goZ gŠgoZm `m§Mo VmarI-E-{XëHw$em

1.2.3 naamï´>r` gmYZo: B§J«Or d nmoVw©JrO gmYZo

1.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©

1.4 ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

1.5 gmam§e

1.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

1.7 g§X © J«§W

1.0 C{Ôï>ço

øm KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mda {dÚmÏ`mªZm Imbrb Jmoï>r¨Mo AmH$bZ hmoB©b.

B B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mgmR>s Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZm§Mo d nwamì`m§Mo _hÎd ñnï> hmoB©b.

B {edH$mimMm B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mgmR>r CnbãY Agboë`m _hÎdmÀ`m ^maVr`, \$mags, nmoVw©JrO dB§J«Os ^mfoVsb gmYZm§Mr AmoiI hmoB©b.

B {ed^maV d g^mgX ~Ia gma»`m g§ñH¥$V d _amR>r gmYZm§Mo B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mgmR>r H$m` _hÎdAmho Vo ñnï> hmoB©b. øm gmYZm§À`m _`m©Xm H$iVrb.

B _wŠËIm~ Cb bw~~ d VmarI E {XëHw$em øm \$maer ^mfoVrb gmYZm§Mo _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg{b{hÊ`mgmR>r _hÎd d _`m©Xm H$iVrb.

~r.E. mJ-1/B{Vhmg ....1

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B nmoVw©JsO d B§J«Or ^mfoVrb H$mJXnÌm§Mm _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mgmR>r {H$Vr Cn`moJ Amho VoH$iob. hr H$mJXnÌo H$moUH$moUË`m {R>H$mUr OVZ H$ê$Z R>odbr AmhoV Vo H$iob.

1.2 àñVmdZm :

^zVH$mimMs {MÝho, IwUm AWdm Adeof AgÊ`mè`m Jmoï>s¨Zm B{VhmgmMo gmYZ g_Obo OmVo.B{VhmgmMo gmYZ ho {bpIV ñdénmV Agz eH$Vo. CXm. H$mJXnÌo, J«§W, H$m`Xo, dmS²_`, amoO{Zer. VgoMVo A{bpIV ñdénmV XoIsb Agy eH$Vo CXm. _§{Xa, B_maVr BË`mXr. B{Vhmg hm gmYZm§À`m AmYmao{b{hbm OmVmo. B{VhmgH$ma Oo ~mobVmo, {b{hVmo qH$dm {gÕ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo Ë`mgmR>s Vmo gmYZm§MmAä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`m_Yrb _m{hVr d nwamdo XoV AgVmo. B{VhmgH$mambm yVH$mimVrb KQ>Zm§Mr, {dMmam§Mr,AmMmam§Mr _m{hVr d nwamdo Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZo XoVmV. gmYZm§_Yrb _m{hVsMm Am{U nxamì`m§Mm dmnaH$ê$ZM B{VhmgH$ma zVH$mimVsb KQ>Zm§À`m qH$dm ì`º$s¨À`m B{VhmgmMo H$WZ H$ê$ eH$Vmo. `m_wioB{VhmgboIZm_Ü o gmYZm§Mo Iyn _hÎd AgVo.

gd© Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZm§Mr {dídmgmh©Vm qH$dm gË`Vm gmaIr ZgVo. B{VhmgH$ma Eo{Vhm{gH$gmYZm§Ms {dídmgmh©Vm Am{U gË`Vm H$mhr àíZm§À`m CÎmam§da R>adV AgVmV. CXmhaUmW© gmYZ H$moUrd H$Yr {Z_m©U Ho$bo Amho? Vo H$m {Z_m©U Ho$bo Amho? Vo H$go {Z_m©U Ho$bo Amho? Vo H$moUmgmR>r {Z_m©UHo$bo Jobo? gmYZ{Z_m©Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mMm H$m` AW© hmoVm? gmYZ {Z_m©Ë`mZo Ë`mMm H$m` Cn`moJ Ho$bm?gmYZmMr {Z{_©Vr H$moUË`m n[apñWVrV Pmbs? Ago AZoH$ àíZ {dMmê$Z B{VhmgH$ma gmYZmMr{dídmgmh©Vm Am{U gË`Vm VnmgVmo. àË oH$ gmYZmMo Á`mà_mUo _hÎd AgVo Ë`mà_mUo Ë`mÀ`m _`m©Xmhr AgVmV. B{VhmgH$ma gmYZm§Mo _hÎd Am{U _`m©Xm g_OyZ KoD$ZM Ë`m§Mm `mo½` dmna H$ê$ eH$VmV.gmYZm§Ms Aem àH$mao {M{H$Ëgm Ho$ë`m{edm` B{VhmgH$ma Ë`mVyZ ^yVH$mimMm B{Vhmg _m§S>Ê`mgmR>rAMyH$ _m{hVr d nwamdo Jmoim H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr d yVH$mimMm `mo½` AÝd`mW© bmdy eH$V Zmhr.

n{hë`m àH$aUmV AmnU _amR>m gÎmoÀ`m CX`mMm B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJr Agboë`mgmYZm§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z KoUma AmhmoV. Ë`m§Mo _hÎd d _`m©Xm OmUyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ :

øm àH$aUmV Amnë`mbm B.g. 1600 Vo 1707 `m H$mbI§S>m_Ü o _amR>m gÎmoÀ`m CX`mMm B{Vhmg{b{hÊ`mgmR>r ^maVr`, \$maer, B§J«Or d nmoVx©JrO ^mfo_Üò CnbãY Agboë`m H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`mEo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZm§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z ¿`m`Mr Amho. {dgmì`m eVH$m_Üò B{VhmgH$mam§Zr _amR>çm§À`mB{VhmgmMr {d{dY gmYZo àH$memV AmUbr AmhoV. H$moUË`mhr EH$m gmYZm_Ü o zVH$mimVrb EImXoàH$aU, àg§J qH$dm ì`º$s `mg§~§Ys g{dñVa _m{hVr ZgVo. B{VhmgH$mambm AZoH$ gmYZm§Mm Aä`mgH$ê$Z Vr H$UmH$UmZo Jmoim H$amdr bmJVo. Ago Ho$ë`mdaM B{VhmgH$ma EH$ VËH$mbrZ {MÌ dmMH$m§nwT>oCô H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

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1.2.1 ^maVs` gmYZo: {ed^maV Am{U g^mgX ~Ia :

B {ed^maV :

{ed^maV ho Eo{Vhm{gH$ _hmH$mì` (great poem) {edmOs _hmamOm§À`m OrdZ H$mimV Ë`m§À`mXa~mamVrb H$dr na_mZ§X `mZo aMbo hmoVo. ho _hmH$mì` g§ñH¥$V ^mfo_Ü o Amho d nÚ ñdénmV Amho. øm_hmH$mì`m_Ü o {edmOs _hmamOm§Zr Amnbr gÎmm H$es ñWmnZ Ho$br øm B{VhmgmMo H$WZ boIH$mZo Ho$boAmho. Ë`m_wio ho _hmH$mì` {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm B{Vhmg d _amR>m ñdamÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vs g_OÊ`mgmR>sAË §V _hÎdmMo R>aVo. {ed^maVMo Xxgao Zmd gy ©d§e AZwnwamU Ago Amho. {ed^maVÀ`m _yi à{V_Ü oH$mhr {R>H$mUr ho Xþgao Zmd Z_yX Ho$bobo AmT>iVo.

na_mZ§X hm gÚmÀ`m Ah_XZJa {OëømVsb Zodmgo JmdmMm a{hdmgs Agbobm EH$ ~«m÷U hmoVm.Vmo dmamUgr oWo dmñVì` H$aV AgVm§Zm {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Amnbo M[aÌ {b{hÊ`mgmR>s Ë`mMr Zo_UzH$Ho$br hmoVr. {edmOr _hmamOm§ZrM H$dr¨Ð (H$dr¨À`m amOm) hr nXdr ~hmb Ho$br Agmdr Ago _V H$mhrAä`mgH$m§Zr _m§S>bo Amho. _hm^maVmà_mUo 1,00,000 H$S>ì`m§Mo _hmH$mì` {b{hÊ`mMm na_mZ§XmMm _mZghmoVm. åhUyZM Ë`mZo Amnë`m _hmH$mì`mMo Zmd {ed^maV Ago R>odbo. na§Vw Amnë`m n ªV Ambobo.{ed^maVho 2000 nojm WmoS>çm OmñV H$S>ì`m§Mo Amho. Vo AnzU© Amho. _hmH$mì`mMr {d^mJUr 31 nyU© àH$aUmVHo$bs Amho. 31 do àH$aU AnzU© Amho. 32 ì`m àH$aUmV 9 ì`m H$S>ì`mV _hmH$mì` AMmZH$nUo Wm§~Vo.

{ed^maVmMr gwédmV {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo AmOmo~m _mbmoOr `m§À`m OrdZnQ>mMm AmT>mdm KoD$Z hmoVo._hmH$mì`mV dU©Z Ho$bobr eodQ>Mr KQ>Zm gmYmaUnUo 1961 gmbÀ`m _o _{hÝ`mVsb Amho. na_mZ§XmZ{ed^maVmV {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo M[aÌ ho ñdV…À`m Am{U dmamUgrVrb H$mhr n§{S>Vm§À`m _Ü o Pmboë`mg§dmXmÀ`m ñdénmV {b{hbobo Amho. _hmH$mì`mV na_mZ§X ho n§{S>Vm§Zm {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m namH«$_mMrH$Wm gm§JV AmhoV. H$mhr {R>H$mUr na_mZ§X n§{S>Vm§Zr {dMmaboë`m àíZm§Mo CÎma åhUyZ {edmOr_hmamOm§À`m namH«$_m§Mm B{Vhmg gm§JVmV.

àmMrZ H$mim nmgyZ ^maVmV _hmH$mì` aMÊ`mMs na§nam ApñVËdmV hmoVr. àmMrZ H$mimVH$m{bXmg, ^mamdr, lrhf©, Hw$_maXmg, ^Å>r BË`mXr H$dr¨Zr AZoH$ _hmH$mì o aMbobr AmT>iVmV. øm_hmH$mì`m§_Üò Zm`H$mMm Jm¡ad H$aÊ`mMr na§nam {dH${gV Pmbr hmoVr. na_mZ§XmMo {ed^maV ømM_hmH$mì` {b{hÊ`mÀ`m na§naoVrb hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMo ñdê$n EH$mM doiog Eo{Vhm{gH$ d¥Îmm§V d Jm¡adH$aUmao _hmH$mì` Ago Amho.

{ed^maVm_Ü o {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m g§~§{YV AZoH$Aem KQ>Zm§Mo dU©Z Amho Á`m§Mo g{dñVa dU©ZAmnë`mbm BVa H$moUË`mhr gmYZmV AmT>iV Zmhr. _hmamOm§À`m OsdZmV 1661 gmbs Pmboë`m KQ>Zmd Ë`m§Zr hmVr KoVboë`m bîH$ar _mo{h_m§Mr g{dñVa _m{hVr Amnë`mbm {ed^maV_Ü oM {_iVo. `m{edmÀ\$PbImZ àH$aUmMo bm§~bMH$ dU©Zhs {ed^maVm_Ü o Amho.

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{ed^maV Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZ åhUyZ Imbrb KQ>Zm§gmR>r _hÎdmMo Amho:

1. {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo AmOmo~m _mbmoOr `m§Mm OrdZnQ>

2. ehmOramOo ^mogbo `m§Mr H$maH$sX©

3. {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm OÝ_ d gwadmVsMm OrdZnQ>

4. {edmOs _hmamOm§À`m 1661 gmbÀ`m bîH$ar H$madm`m

B _hÎd:

1. {ed^maV øm gmYZmV {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m OrdZmVrb AZoH$ _hËdmÀ`m KQ>Zm d KS>m_moS>s¨MmA§V^m©d Pmbobm Zmhr. Ago Agbo Var {ed^maV {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm B{Vhmg {bhrÊ`mgmR>r EH$_hËdmMo gmYZ R>aVo H$maU Ë`mMo {bImU _hmamOm§À`m OsdZH$mimVM Pmbo hmoVo. ømV H$moUVrhr e§H$mZmhr H$s H$dr na_mZ§X hm {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm g_H$mbrZ hmoVm d _hmamOm§Zr Ë`mMr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br hmoVr.{edmOr _hmamOm§À`m OrdZ H$mimV {b{hbobo Ë`m§Mo BVa Hw$R>bo M[aÌ AmO CnbãY Zmhs.

2. Amnbo _hmH$mì` aMVm§Zm na_mZ§XmZo EH$ AMyH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ Mm¡H$Q> dmnabr Amho. AZoH$ {R>H$mUrdU©Z Ho$boë`m KQ>Zm§Zm BVa _amR>s qH$dm B§J«Or gmYZo XþOmoam XoVmV. CXmhaUmW© {ed^maVmV Ago dU©ZAmbobo Amho H$s 1661 gmbs {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr H$moH$UmVrb amOmnza oWrb B§J«Om§À`m dImarda h„mHo$bm hmoVm. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr dImar_Yrb O_rZ IUm`bm bmdbr hmoVr. øm dU©Zmbm S>M ^mfoVrbH$mJXnÌo XþOmoam XoVmV. `m{edm` {ed^maVmV nÝhmiJS>mMo dU©Z qH$dm g§J_oída ^modVmbÀ`m àXoemModU©Z AMyH$nUo Ho$bobo AmT>iVo.

3. {ed^maVmV dU©Z Ho$boë`m KQ>Zm§Mm H«$_ AMyH$ Amho. na_mZ§XmMm KQ>ZmH«$_m~Ôb Jm|Yi PmbobmAmT>iV Zmhs.

B _`m©Xm :

H$dr na_mZ§XmÀ`m {ed^maV øm _hmH$mì`mMo Eo{Vhm{gH$ _yë` R>adVmZm AmnU bjmV R>odbo nm{hOoH$s ho H$mì` {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m Xa~mar AgUmè`m EH$m H$drZo {b{hbo Amho. Xxgao Ago H$s {edmOr_hmamO X¡dr AdVma hmoVo Agm na_mZ§XmMm {dídmg hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Ë`mZo {b{hboë`m _hmH$mì`mV H$mhr~m~VrV H$dr H$ënZm d A{Ve`moº$s dmnabr OmUo gmh{OH$M hmoVo. nU Ago Agbo Var ~hþVoH$ doiobmAä`mgH$ na_mZ§XmMr H$dr H$ënZm d A{Ve`moº$s AmoiIy eH$Vmo d Vr ~mOybm R>ody eH$Vmo. CXmhaUmW©na_mZ§X EHo$ {R>H$mUr Ago åhUVmo H$s {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo AmOmo~m _mbmoOr `m§Zr gmoÝ`mÀ`m nm`è`mAgboë`m AZoH$ {d{har ~m§Yë`m. `m CXmhaUmVbr na_mZ§XmMr H$dr H$ënZm d A{Ve`moº$s Amnë`mbmghOnUo bjmV oWo.

{ed^maV Oas EH$ H$mì` Agbo Var Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZ åhUyZ _m¡{bH$ Amho. B{VhmgH$mam§Zr H$mhr

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I~aXmar KoD$Z øm _hmH$mì`mMm Aä`mg Ho$bm Va Ë`m§Zm _hËdmMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ _m{hVr {_iVo.

B g^mgX ~Ia :

_Ü` wJrZ H$mimV _amR>r ^mfoVyZ JÚ ñdénmV AZoH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$WZo {b{hbr Jobr. Ë`m§Zm ~IaAgo åhUVmV. ~IadmS²_` ho {edH$mimVrb _amR>r _mUgmMr B{Vhmg OmUyZ KoÊ`mMr BÀN>m à{Vq~{~VH$aVo. ~Ia hm B{Vhmg gmYZmMm àH$ma AZoH$ Ñï>rZr d¡{eï>çnyU© Amho. _{hH$mdVrMr ~Ia hr `màH$mamVrb H$mbmZwH«$_mZo n{hbr Agbr Var {VMo JÚnÚmË_H$ ñdê$n Am{U àH$aUm§Mr {d{dY H$mimVPmbobr aMZm `m_wio ~Ia dmS²_`mMo Iao ñdê$n `m ~IarV àH$Q> hmoV Zmhr. H¥$îUmOr AZ§V g^mgXmZoN>ÌnVr amOmam_ _hmamOm§À`m gm§JÊ`mdê$Z {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo M[aÌ B. g. 1697 _Ü o {b{hbo Am{UVoìhm nmgyZ _amR>s ~Iar¨Mo wJ gwé Pmbo.

17 ì`m eVH$mV _amR>m gÎmoMm CX` Pmë`mda AZoH$ ì`º$s¨Zr na§naoZwgma {dH${gV Pmboë`m ~Iagm{hË`mMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z _amR>çm§À`m H$m`© d H$V¥©ËdmMr Zm|X R>odm`bm gwédmV Ho$br. {edmOr_hmamOm§À`m Abm¡{H$H$ {d yqV_ËdmZo à^m{dV hmoD$Z Ë`m§Mo OrdZH$m © gm§JÊ`mV AZoH$ ~IaXma a§JyZJobo. {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m ZoV¥ËdmZo Ë`m§Zm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m H$V¥©ËdmMm B{Vhmg Ë`m§ZrJÚ ñdê$n Agboë`m ~IarV _m§S>bm.

~Ia dmS²_`mH$So> B{Vhmg boIZmMo gmYZ åhUyZ AZoH$ B{VhmgH$ma g§e`mMm Ñï>rZo nmhVmV.B{VhmgH$ma {d. H$m. amOdmSo> d ga OXþZmW gaH$ma `m§Zs B{Vhmg boIZmgmR>r ~hþVoH$ ~Iar¨Mm Cn`moJ_`m©{XVM Agë`mMo _mZbo Amho. ~hþVoH$ ~Ia gm{hË` àe§gmË_H$ d ñVwVrna Amho. hoadmS>H$a `m§À`m_Vo ~Ia dmS²_`mMr H$mhr R>iH$ d¡{eï²ço Imbrb à_mUo AmhoV:

1. Vo amOH$s` B{Vhmgmes g§~§YsV AgVo

2. Vo JÚ ñdénmV AgVo

3. Aml`XmVm boIH$mbm ~Ia aMÊ`mgmR>r gm§JVmo

4. Ë`mMr aMZm nwamUm§à_mUo Ho$bobr AgVo

5. Ë`m§À`m_Ü o AX wV Jmoï>r¨Zm d na§nam§Zm _hÎd {Xbobo AgVo.

g^mgX ~Ia hr gd© ~Iar¨_Ü o gdm©V {dídmgmh© _mZbr OmVo H$maU {edmOs _hmamOm§À`m _¥Ë zZ§Va\$º$ 20 dfm©À`m AmV øm ~IasMo {bImU Pmbo hmoVo

g^mgX ~Ia hm {edmOs _hmamOm§À`m M[aÌmMm _amR>s ^mfoVrb AmO ApñVËdmV Agbobm gdm©VOwZm d¥Îmm§V Amho. g^mgX ~Ia 1697 gmbr {bhÿZ nyU© Pmbr. hr ~Ia X{jU ^maVmVsb qOOr {H$„møm {R>H$mUr {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo nwÌ amOmam_ _hmamO `m§À`m Aml`mImbr H¥$îUmOr AZ§V g^mgXmZo nyU©Ho$br. H¥$îUmOr AZ§V g^mgX hm amOmam_ _hmamOm§À`m Xa~mamVrb EH$ _hÎdmMm _§Ìr hmoVm. Ë`mMo _yi

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AmS>Zmd {haonmaIr Ago hmoVo d Ë`m§Mo _zi Jmd gmVmè`m OdiÀ`m d g§VJS>ZOrH$ hmoVo. µ\Œ$ÝH$moB²g _m{Q©>Z`m g_H$mbrZ \«|$M àdmí`mZo Amnë`m AmR>dUr¨_Ü o Agm C„oI Ho$bm Amho H$s amOmam_ _hmamOm§À`mXa~mamV H¥$îUmOr AZ§V hm noeì`mZ§Va gdm©VOmñV _hÎd Agbobm _§Ìr hmoVm.

g^mgX ~ImarMr gwédmV _hmamOm§Mo AmOmo~m_mbmoOr `m§À`m Ah_XZJaÀ`m {ZOm_emhr Xa~mamVrbH$ma{H$Xr©Mo dU©Z H$ê$Z hmoVo. {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m OrdZmVrb gd© _hÎdmÀ`m KQ>Zm§Mo d _amR>m amÁ`mÀ`mñWmnZoMo dU©Z øm ~Iar _Ü o Amho. ~Ia {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m _¥Ë yMo dU©Z H$ê$Z g§nVo. ~IarÀ`mgwédmVrbmM g^mgX Amnë`m {bImUmbm EH$ {d{eï> {df` R>adVmo: {edmOs _hmamOm§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr_amR>m gÎmoMm CX`. _mÌ hr H$Wm gm§JÊ`mgmR>r g^mgXmZo {edmOr _hmamO d _moJb g_«mQ> Am¡a§JOo~`m§À`mVrb g§Kf© hr Mm¡H$Q> ñdrH$mabr Amho. g^mgXmZo 1680 À`m XeH$mVë`m _amR>m gÎmoda Amboë`mAS>MUr¨Mo gwÕm dU©Z Ho$bo Amho. {edmOr _hmamO d Am¡a§JOo~ `m§À`m g§Kfm©V hmoUmè`m MT>-CVmamMoñnï>rH$aU XoÊ`mMm g^mgXZo à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. {deofV… {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m àËòH$ _hÎdmÀ`mH$m_{JarZ§Va g^mgX Amnë`mbm Ë`m H$m_{Jar~Ôb Am¡a§JOo~mZo {Xbobr à{V{H«$`m gm§JVmo.

g^mgX ~Iarbm AmYw{ZH$ Ñï>sH$moZmVyZ {b{hbobm B{Vhmg åhUVm òUma Zmhr. Ë`mH$mimVApñVËdmV Agbobr B{VhmgmMr nma§n[aH$ g§H$ënZm doJir hmoVr. KQ>Zm§À`m H$mbH«$_mbm \$ma _hÎd {XboOmV ZìhVo. ~Iar_Ü o KQ>Zm§Mm H$mbH«$_ Z XoVm Jmoï>rMo H$WZ Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iVo. g^mgX ~Iar_Ü oAmnë`mbm \$º$ {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m OÝ_-_¥Ë yÀ`m VmaIm d BVa H$mhs A{V_hÎdmÀ`m KQ>Zm§À`mMVmaIm {_iVmV. g^mgX ~Iarbm AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV Á`màH$mao M[aÌo {b{hbr OmVmV Vem àH$maMo M[aÌåhUVm oUma Zmhr. Ë`m H$mimVrb M[aÌmMr g§H$ënZm Zm`H$mÀ`m {d{dYnamH«$_m§Mo, H$am_mVr¨Mo d AMmQ>H¥$Ë`m§Mo dU©Z H$aÊ`mn ªVM gr{_V hmoVr.

B _hÎd :

H¥$îUmOr AZ§V hm {edmOs _hmamOm§À`m g_H$mbrZ hmoVm. Ë`m_xio Vmo {edmOr _hmamOm§À`mH$mimer d Ë`m§À`m OrdZmV KS>boë`m KQ>Zm§er n[a{MV hmoVm. g^mgX ~Iar_Üò Z§VaÀ`m BVa~Iar¨à_mUo AØxV Jmoï>s d X§VH$Wm AmT>iV Zmhr. `m XmoZ Jmoï>s¨_wio {edmOs _hmamOm§À`m B{VhmgmMogmYZ åhUyZ `m ~IarMr {dídmgmh©Vm dmT>Vo.

B _`m©Xm:

Oar H¥$îUmOr AZ§V _hmamOm§Mm g_H$mbrZ Agbm Var Ë`mZo hr ~Ia Amnë`m ñ_aUeº$sÀ`mAmYmao {b{hbobr Amho. Ooìhm H¥$îUmOr AZ§V hr ~Ia {b{hV hmoVm Voìhm qOOr {H$ëë`mbm _moJbm§ZrH$S>H$ doT>m KmVbm hmoVm. Aem g§H$Q>mÀ`m n[apñWVrV H¥$îUmOr AZ§VH$So> amÁ`mMo H$mJXnÌ qH$dm Ë`mZoH$mT>boë`m {Q>nÊ`m AgUo eŠ` ZìhVo. Ë`m_wio g^mgX ~Iar_Üò dU©Z Ho$boë`m KQ>Zm§Mm AmYmag_H$mbrZ H$mJXnÌ ZgyZ EH$m d`ñH$a A{YH$mè`mMr ñ_¥Vr Amho, ho B{VhmgmÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZr bjmV

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R>odbo nm{hOo. CXmhaUmW© H¥$îUmOr AZ§V _hmamOm§À`m g_H$mbrZ AgyZ gwÕm Ë`m§À`m ~mbnUr KS>boë`m_hÎdmÀ`m KQ>Zm§Mm Amnë`m ~Iar_Ü o C„oI H$arV Zmhr.

Aä`mgH$m§À`m _Vo g§ mOr _hmamOm§{df`r g^mgXmMm _OHy$a gË` d H$pënV `m§Mo ~o_mbz_ {_lUAmho. g§ mOramOo _moJb JmoQ>mVzZ naV Amë`mda Ë`m§Zr {edmOr _hmamOm§Mr nÝhmiJS>mda oQ> KoVbr.{nVmnwÌmÀ`m oQ>rMo AË §VöX`ñner© dU©Z g^mgXmZo Ho$bo Amho. øm oQ>r_Ü o {nVmnwÌm_Ü o {XbO_mB©Pmbr Ago Vmo åhÊVmo. ho ñdm^m{dH$M hmoVo H$maU eÌzÀ`mJmoQ>mVyZ níMmÎmmn hmodyZ g§ mOramOo {edmOr_hmamOm§H$So> naVbo hmoVo. øm oQ>rZ§Va H$mhrM {XdgmV _hmamO AmOmar nS>bo. AmOma AënmdYrVM{dH$monmg Jobm Am{U E{àb 1680 amoOr {edmOs _hmamOm§Mo {ZYZ Pmbo. g^mgX Ago gm§JVmo {H$AmOmar AgVm§Zm _hmamOm§Zr amÁ`mVrb à_xI A{YH$mè`m§Zm Odi ~mobmdyZ g§ mOramOm hm amÁ` amIUmamZmhr, H«y$a H¥$Ë` H$arb Ago ^{dî` dV©{dbo. g^mgXmÀ`m øm gm§JÊ`mda AZoH$ B{VhmgH$mam§Zr AmjonKoVbm Amho. B{VhmgH$mam§Zm _hmamOm§gmaIm ào_i d H$V©ì`Xj {nVm eÌyÀ`m JmoQ>mVyZ níMmÎmmnX½YhmoD$Z naV Amboë`m Amnë`m nwÌm{df`r Aer ^{dî`dmUr H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m _mJm©V AmnUhÿZ g§H$Q>mMo H$mQ>onoarb Ago dmQ>V Zmhr. _J g^mgXmZo g§ mOr _hmamOm§~Ôb Aem àH$maMo {bImU H$m Ho$bo? g^mgXmZoAmnbr ~Ia amOmam_ _hmamOm§À`m Aml`mZo {b{hbr hmoVr. `m_wio ~Ias_Ü o g§ mOr _hmamOm§Mr ZmbñVrH$ê$Z amOmam_ _hmamOm§Mr ñVxVr H$aÊ`mMm Ë`mMm hoVy {Z:g§e` ñnï> {XgVmo. `m AWm©Zo g^mgXmMo{bImU amOH$maUr Amho. Aä`mgH$m§À`m _Vo g^mgXmZo Ho$bobr g§ mOr _hmamOm§Mr ZmbñVr hr OerImoQ>r Amho, Ver Ë`mZo Ho$bobr amOmam_ _hmamOm§Mr AdmñVd ñVwVrhr ImoQ>r Amho. WmoS>Š`mV g^mgXmMog§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m ~m~VrVrb {bImU njnmVr y{_H$m ì`º$ H$aUmao Amho.

darb _`m©Xm Agë`m Var g^mgX ~Ia {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m B{VhmgmMm _amR>r ^mfoVyZ Agbobm~hþ_mob d¥Îmm§V Amho. _hmamOm§Mm B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mgmR>r EH$ à_xI gmYZ Amho. g^mgX ~IarMm_amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmMo gmYZ åhUyZ dmna H$aVm§Zm Ë`m§V Ho$boë`m dU©ZmMr nxï>r BVa g_H$mbrZ _amR>s,\$maer, B§J«Or, S>M, \«|$M d nmoVw©JrO H$mJXnÌo dmnê$Z Ho$br Va B{Vhmg boIH$mbm \$m`ÚmMo R>aob.

B ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ-1

A) [aH$må`m OmJs `mo½` n`m© âm.

1) na_mZ§X hm .............. JmdmMm a{hdmgr hmoVm.

A) dmamUgr ~) Zodmgo H$) qOOr S>)YaUJmd

2) {ed^maVm _Üò .............. àH$aUo AmhoV.

A) 10 ~) 22 H$) 31 S>) 32

3) {ed^maVmMr gwédmV .............. `m§À`m OrdZnQ>mMm AmT>mdm KoD$Z hmoVo.

A) _mbmoOr ~) ehmOramOo H$) {edmOr _hmamO S>) g§ mOramOo

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4) {ed^maVmMm eodQ> {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m OrdZmVrb ............ gmbÀ`m KQ>Zm gm§JyZ hmoVmo.

A) 1661 ~) 1664 H$) 1671 S>) 1680

5) gw ©d§e AZwnwaU ho .............. J«§WmMo Xþgao Zmd Amho.

A) {ed^maV ~) g^mgX ~Ia H$) {MQ>Urgr ~Ia S>) VmarI-E-Im\$sImZ

6) H¥$îUmOr AZ§V g^mgX `mMo _yi AmS>Zmd .............. hmoVo.

A) gmZo ~) Hw$bH$Us© H$) ImZmobH$a S>){haonmaIs

7) H¥$îUmOr AZ§V g^mgXmZo .............. `m§À`m gm§JÊ`mdê$Z {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo M[aÌ{b{hbo.

A) g§ mOs_hmamO ~) amOmam_ _hmamO H$)_hmamUrVmam~mB© S>)g§VmOs KmoanSo>

8) .............. øm naXoer àdmí`mZo Amnë`m AmR>dUr¨_Ü o H¥$îUmOr AZ§V g^mgXmMm g§X ©{Xbm Amho.

A) µ\Œ$ÝH$moB²g _m{Q©>Z ~) WodoZm°Q> H$) H$aoar S>)~Zr© a

9) .............. hm {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m M[aÌmMm _amR>r ^mfoVrb AmO ApñVËdmV Agbobmgdm©V OwZm d¥Îmm§V Amho.

A) _{hH$mdVrMr ~Ia ~) g^mgX ~Ia H$){ed^maV S>) {ed{Xp½dO`

10) H¥$îUmOr AZ§V `mZo g^mgX ~Ia .............. {R>H$mUr {b{hbr.

A) nÝhmiJS> ~) qOOr H$)YmadmS> S>)H$madma

1.2.2 \$magr gmYZo: Im\$sImZ `m§Mo _wº²$Im~-Cb-bw~~ Am{U ^r_goZ gŠgoZm `m§MoVmasI-E-{XëHw$em :

_Ü` wJsZ ^maVmÀ`m B{Vhmg boIZmV \$maer gmYZm§Mo Iyn _hÎd Amho. \$maer ^mfm hr _moJbgm_«mÁ`mÀ`m H$ma^mamMr ^mfm hmoVr. _moJb g_«mQ> d Ë`mÀ`m gaXmam§À`m hmbMmbr d hoVy OmUÊ`mgmR>r\$magr ^mfoVrb XñVmdoO (H$mJXnÌ) B{VhmgH$mam§Zm Aä`mgmdr bmJVmV. CXmhaUmW© {edH$mim~Ôb_m¡{bH$ _m{hVr XoUmar AZoH$ \$magr H$mJXnÌo H$moëhmnya oWrb {edmOr {dÚmnrR>mMo n{hbo Hw$bJwê$ S>m°.Aßnmgmho~ ndma `m§Zr g§nm{XV Ho$boë`m Vmam~mB© nong© (Tarabai Papers: Collection of Persian

Letters) `m J«§WmV àH$m{eV Pmbr AmhoV. `m{edm` _moJb gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m àemgZmV ZmoH$ar H$aUmè`mH$mhr A{YH$mè`m§Zr _moJb gm_«mÁ`mMm B{Vhmg J«§W ñdénmV {bhÿZ R>odbm Amho. Im\$sImZ `mZo {b{hbobo_wŠËIm~ Cb bx~~ Am{U ^r_goZ gŠgoZm `mZo {b{hbobm VmasI-E-{XëHw$em ho _amR>m-_moJb g§Kfm©g§~§{YV _hËdmMr _m{hVr XoVmV.

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\$magr ^mfoVrb hr XmoZ gmYZo \$magr ^mfm Z oUmè`m B{VhmgH$mam§Zm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV AZoH$Aä`mgH$m§Mo `moJXmZ Amho. B{b`Q> Am{U XmD$gZ `m B§J«Or B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Im\$sImZÀ`m J«§WmVrb{ZdS>H$ ^mJmMo B§J«Or AZwdmX Ë`m§À`m "{hñQ´rAm°\$ B§{S>`m A°OQ>moëS> ~m` BQ²g AmoZ {hñQ>moar`Ýg' I§S>7(1877) _Üò àH$m{eV Ho$bo. Im\$sImZ Am{U ^r_goZ gŠgoZm `m§Mo J«§W _amR>r ^mfm OmUUmè`mAä`mgH$m§Zm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMo H$m_ à{gÕ B{VhmgH$ma goVy _mYdamd nJS>r `m§Zr Ho$bo. goVy_mYdamd nJS>r¨Zr Im\$s ImZmZo _amR>çm§À`m B{Vhmgm~Ôb {b{hbobm _OHy$a Ë`m§À`m _amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í` wÕ`m J«§WmV gmbr AZwdm{XV Ho$bobm Amho. nm§Sw>a§J Zaqgh nQ>dY©Z `m§Zr ^r_goZ gŠgoZm `m§À`m J«§WmMm_amR>r AZwdmX ~w§Xoë`m§Mr ~Ia `m ZmdmZo à{gÕ Ho$bm. goVw _mYdamd nJS>r `m§Zr hr Ë`mMm AZwdmXË`m§À`m _moJb d _amR>o `m J«§WmÀ`m ñdénmV Ho$bobm Amho.

B Im\$sImZ `m§Mo _wº²$Im~-Cb-bw~~

_moJb gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m B{VhmgH$mam§V _h§_X hm{e_ Im\$sImZ `mMo ñWmZ \$ma _hÎdmMo Amho. B. g.1734 gmbs Ë`mZo \$mags ^mfoV _moJb gm_«mÁ`mMm B{Vhmg {bhÿZ Ë`mMo Zmd "_wÝVI~wbw~m~_h§_Xemhs' Ago R>odbo. "_wÝVI~wbw~m~' hm eãX Aa~r ^mfoVrb Amho. Ë`mMm AW© Records

(selected) of the Wise and Pure åhUOoM ehmÊ`m Am{U ñdÀN> ì`º$s¨À`m {ZdS>H$ Zm|Xr AgmhmoVmo. `m J«§Wmbm VmarIo Im\$sImZ Agohr åhUVmV. hm J«§W _moJb ~mXemh _whå_Xehm (1719-1748)`m§À`m H$ma{H$Xr©VnyU© Ho$bm Jobm.

øm J«§WmV Im\$sImZmZo _moJb gm_«mÁ`mMs hH$sH$V gmbÀ`m _moJb ~mXemh ~m~amÀ`m AmH«$_UmnmgyZVo B.g. 1734 n ªV AmUyZ gmoS>br Amho. Im\$sImZZo Amnbm B{Vhmg {b{hbm Voìhm _wJbgm_«mOmMrpñWVs ~Xbbobr hmoVr. _wJb gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m amOH$s` èhmgmbm gwédmV Pmbobr hmoVr. _moJb-_amR>mg§Kfm©bm Vsd« ñdê$n àmá Pmbo hmoVo.Ë`m_xio Im\$sImZmÀ`m B{VhmgmV Amnë`mbm _amR>çm§~Ôb AZoH$_hÎdmMo g§X © {_iVmV. Oar Im\$sImZmMm B{Vhmg {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m _¥Ë yZ§Va nojm A{YH$ dfmªZr{b{hbm Agbm Var ho {ZpíMV Amho H$s Im\$sImZmZo Vmo ñdV…bm Agboë`m _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao Am{Ug_H$mbrZ bmoH$mZm§H$Sz>Z _m{hVr KoD$Z {b{hbm hmoVm.

Im\$sImZmÀ`m Zmdm~Ôb B{VhmgH$mam§Zs doJdoJio VH©${dVH©$ _m§S>bo AmhoV. H$mhr B{VhmgH$maIm\$sImZ ho Zmd nS>Ê`mMo H$maU _h§_X hm{e_ ImZ `mMo KamUo _wiMo BamU_Yrb Im\$ `m Jmdm§VbohmoVo Ago _mZVmV. Va H$mhr B{VhmgH$mam§À`m _Vo Ë`mZo ~mXemh Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m H$ma{H$Xs©V B{VhmgboIZmda ~§Xr AgVm§Zm _hËdmÀ`m KQ>Zm d àg§Jm§~Ôb JwánUo (Im\$s) {Q>nUo R>odbs åhUyZ Ë`m§Mo ho ZmdnS>bo Agmdo. Im\$sImZ ñdV…bm {ZOm_Cb_wëH$s Agohs åhUwZ KoVmo. `mMo H$maU Ago H$s, {ZOm_Cb_wëH$hm B.g. 1723 _Ü o X{jUoMm gw oXma åhUyZ Ambm AgVm, Im\$sImZ hm Ë`mMm {XdmU åhUyZ XmoZdfmªn ªV Am¡a§Jm~mX oWo am{hbm. nwT>sb H$mimV ømM {ZOm_Cb_wëH$ Ag\$ Pm Zo ñdV§Ì h¡Xam~mXamÁ`mMs ñWmnZm Ho$bs.

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Im\$sImZmMo dS>sb Am¡a§JOo~mMm YmH$Q>m ^mD$ _wamX `mÀ`m nXas hmoVo. Am¡a§JOo~ `mMr _wamX Am{U

XmamewH$mo~amo~a wÕo Pmbs. Ë`mV H$m°\$sImZmMo dS>sb hOa hmoVo (1657-58). amOnwÌ _wamX `mMm nmS>md

Pmë`mZ§Va Im{\$ImZmMo dS>rb Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m nXar bmJbobo {XgVmV. B.g. 1681 _Üò Ooìhm

Am¡a§JOo~mMm YmH$Q>m _wbJm AH$~a `mZo Amnë`m ~mnm{déÕ ~§S> Ho$bo Voìhm X{jUoH$So> OmUmè`m KmQ>m§da

XoIaoI H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Im\$sImZ `mÀ`mH$So> {Xbo Jobo hmoVo.

B _hÎd :

1) _moJb ~mXemh Am¡a§JOo~mZo Amnë`m H$ma{H$Xr©Vrb KQ>Zm AWdm àg§JmMr Zm|X R>odÊ`mda ~§Xr

KmVbr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m H$ma{H$Xr©Mo B{Vhmg AË §V Xx{_©i AmhoV. _mÌ Im\$sImZmZo JxánUo

~masH$ gmarH$ KQ>Zm§À`m Zm|Xr R>odë`m hmoË`m. ~mXemhmÀ`m _¥Ë yZ§Va Im\$sImZmZo øm Zm|Xs¨Mm Cn`moJ

H$ê$Z Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m H$ma{H$Xr©Mm B{Vhmg {b{hbm. Im\$sImZo {b{hboë`m J«§WmV Amnë`mbm Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m

g§nyU© H$ma{H$Xr©Ms _m{hVr {_iVo.

2) _amR>çm§À`mg§~§{YV KQ>Zm qH$dm Ë`m§À`m H$madm`m§Mm _moJb ~mXehmda H$m` n[aUm_ hmoV Ago

ho Amnë`mbm Im\$sImZmÀ`m B{VhmgmVyZ H$iVo. CXmhaUmW© g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m _¥Ë wZ§Va _amR>çm§Mo

{H$„o AmnU AënmdYsV qOHyZ KoD$ Aes Am¡a§JOo~mbm ImÌr dmQ>V hmoVr Ago Im\$sImZ {b{hVmo.

g§VmOr KmoanSo>Mo namH«$_ EoHyZ Am¡a§JOo~mZo hVmenUo CX²Jma H$mT>bo. _Zwî` hm nañdmYsZ Amho, gd© H$mhs

na_oídamÀ`m hmVr Amho qH$dm amOmam_ _hmamOm§À`m _¥Ë yZ§Va AmVm _amR>çm§Mm Zme Pmbm åhUzZ _moJb

nañnam§Mo A{^Z§XZ H$ê$ bmJbo Ago Vmo gm§JVmo. Im\$sImZÀ`m B{VhmgmV Amnë`mbm _moJb JmoQ>mV

_amR>çm§À`m g§~§{YV KQ>Zm§H$So> H$em àH$maÀ`m àVsH«$s`m C_Q>V hmoË`m d Vo H$em àH$mao {dMma H$aV hmoVo

Vo H$iVo.

3) eÌynjmVsb AgzZ XoIsb Im\$sImZmZo OmJmoOmJs _amR>çm§À`m em¡ m©Y¡ m©{X JwUm§Mr ñVwVs Ho$bs

Amho. {edmOr _hmamOm§g§~§Yr Ë`mZo Jm¡admMo CX²Jma H$mT>bo AmhoV. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m

AZw m`m§Zm _ñOrX, Hw$amU qH$dm {ó`m§Zm hmZr nmoMdm`Ms Zmhs Agm H$S>H$ AmXoe {Xbm hmoVm hr

_hËdmMr _m{hVr Amnë`mbm Im\$sImZmÀ`mM B{VhmgmV {_iVo. g§VmOr KmoanSo> øm _amR>m gaXmamÀ`m

namH«$_m§Mo dU©Z H$aVm§Zm _moJb gaXmam§Zm Ë`mMm {H$Vr YmH$ dmQ>V hmoVm ho Ë`m§Zo _moH$ionUmZo {b{hbo

Amho. eÌynjmVsb EH$m B{VhmgH$mamZo _amR>çm§~Ôb H$mT>bobo CX²Jma ho B{Vhmg boIZmÀ`m Ñï>sH$moZmVyZ

_hËdmMo R>aVmV.

4) _moJbJmoQ>mVrb AgyZ XoIrb _moJbm§Mr XxX©em Im\$sImZmZo bndyZ R>odbr Zmhr. Am¡a§JOo~mZo

gmVmam, nair, nÝhmiJS>, {demiJS>, qghJS> BË`mXr {H$„o KoVbo. `m _mo{h_oV _moJb g¡Ý`mMr Or

XxX©em Pmbr Ë`mMo Vnerbdma dU©Z Ë`mZo {Xbo Amho.

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B _`m©Xm :

Amnbm B{Vhmg {b{hVmZm Im\$sImZmZo {Z…njnmVs amhÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Agbm Vas hm B{Vhmg_moJbm gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m A{YH¥$V Ñï>rH$moZmVzZ {b{hbm Amho ho AmnU bjmV R>odbo nm{hOo. Im\$sImZ hm_moJb gm_«mÁ`mMm B{Vhmg {b{hV hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`mgmR>s {edmOs _hmamO Am{U _amR>o ho _moJb gm_«mÁ`m{déÕ ~§S>Imoar H$aUmao bmoH$ hmoVo. Im\$sImZ hm eÌynjmVsb Agë`m_wio Ë`mMm _amR>çm§~ÔbMm hmnyd©J«h Ë`mÀ`m {bImUmV AmT>iVmo. _amR>çm§À`m g§~§Yr {b{hVmZm Im\$sImZ AZoH$ doim g§ _ gmoS>Vmod Ë`m§Zm hrZ XOm© XoVmo. H$m\$a, ZH©$dmgr, Zmbm`H$, hrZ ,Xxï>, {nS>m XoUmao , \w$Q>Š`mZ{e~mMo Aes AZoH${deofU| Im\$sImZ _amR>çm§Mo dU©Z H$aVm§Zm dmnaVmo.

B ^r_goZ gŠgoZm `m§Mo VmasI-E-{XëHw$em

VmasI-E-{XëHw$em hm J«§W \$magr ^mfoVyZ Amho. øm J«§Wmbm ZwñIm o {XëHw$em `m ZmdmZo XoIrbAmoiIbo OmVo. Ë`mMm boIH$ ^r_goZ `mMo KamUo _wiMo CÎmaàXoemVsb hmoVo. Vmo gŠgoZm H$m`ñWOmVsMm hmoVm. ZmoH$asÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo ho KamUo X{jUoV Ambo. g. 1649 À`m gw_mamg ^r_goZMo dS>sbaKwZ§XZ gŠgoZm ho ~wèhmZnya òWo EH$m bhmZem hþÚmda hmoVo. ^r_goZ `mMm OÝ_ ~wèhmZnya òWo B.g.1649 _Ü o Pmbm. åhUyZ Ë`mbm ^r_goZ ~wèhmZnyar `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmVo. Am¡a§JOo~ _moJb ~mXemhPmë`mda ^r_goZMo dS>sb Vmo\$ImÝ`mÀ`m ImË`mV {heo~-VnmgZrgmÀ`m (_wlr\$) OmJs Am¡a§Jm~mX oWo1657 gmbr éOy Pmbo. ^r_goZMo dS>rb ho Ym{_©H$ d¥ÎmsMo hmoVo. ^r_goZ hm Xhm dfm©Mm AgVmZmAmnë`m d{S>bm§gmo~V Zm{eH$, qÌ~Ho$ída, àdamg§J_ `m ñWim§Mr `mÌm H$ê$Z Ambm. nxT>sb H$mimV^r_goZZo AZoH$ doJdoJù`m _moJb gaXmam§À`m ~amo~a H$m_ Ho$bo. g. 1667 nmgyZ g. 1670 n ªV^r_goZ hm Amnë`m d{S>bm§Mo Vmo\$ImZm ImË`mVrb {heo~-VnmgZrgmMo H$m_ nmhV Ago. Z§Va Ë`mMmOmoYnwaMm amOm Ogd§VqgJ `m§À`mer g§~§Y Ambm Am{U Vmo Ogd§VqgJ `m§À`m~amo~a Ë`mÀ`m bîH$ar_mo{h_m§da OmD$ bmJbm. `mZ§Va Vmo gaXma XmCXImZMm EH$ A{YH$mas ~Zbm. _amR>m \$m¡Om§~amo~aXmCXImZÀ`m EH$m g§Kfm©V ^r_goZ EH$Xm _amR>çm§À`m VmdS>sV gmnS>bm hmoVm. nU {edmOr_hmamOm§MmEH$ _wgb_mZ A{YH$mar ZyaImZ `mZo {^_goZbm AmoiIbo Am{U Ë`mbm _moJb N>mdUrV ZoD$Z nmohMdbo.`mZ§Va ^r_goZ `mg ~hmXzaImZ, {XboaImZ, ehOmXm _wA‚m_ Am{U nwÝhm ~hmXzaImZ Aem {Za{Zamù`mgw oXmam§À`m Am{U goZmnVr¨À`m hmVmImbs H$m_ H$amdo bmJbo. eodQ>s Vmo Xm{V`møm {R>H$mUMm _moJbgaXma XbnVamd ~x§Xobm `mÀ`m ZmoH$arV pñWamdbm. XbnVamd ~w§XobmÀ`m Zm¡H$arV Agë`m_wio ^r_goZ hm_moJbm§À`m X»IZÀ`m _mo{h_oV ñdV… hOa hmoVm. 1698 gmbr _moJb \$m¡Om§Zr nÝhmiJS>mbm doT>mKmVbm hmoVm. ^r_goZ gŠgoZm XoIrb øm _moJb \$m¡O \$mQ>çmV gm_rb hmoVm. doT>m gwé AgVm§ZmnÝhmiJS>mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer Agboë`m Amnë`m V§~yV ^r_goZ gŠgoZmZo Amnbm B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mV gwédmVHo$br.

VmarI-E-{XëHw$em øm J«§Wm_Üò ^r_goZ gŠgoZmZo Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m X»IZ_Yrb _mo{h_m§À`m AmR>dUr

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{b{hë`m AmhoV. Ë`m_wio øm J«§Wmbm g_H$mbrZ B{Vhmgm~Ôb Iyn _m{hVr Agboë`m EH$m ì`º$sMoAmË_M[aÌ Aem àH$maMo ñdê$n àmá Pmbo Amho. øm J«§WmMr gwédmV Am¡a§JOo~mZo 1656 gmbsJmodiH$m|S>çmda Ho$boë`m AmH«$_UmZo hmoVo. J«§WmMm eodQ> Am¡a§JOo~mMm nwÌ ehOmXm H$m_~j `mÀ`m1709 gmbs Pmboë`m _¥Ë yZo hmoVmo. ^r_goZMr boIUr AË §V gmYr d gmonr Amho. Ab§H$m[aH$ ^mfm¹${MVM dmnabobr AmT>iVo.

B _hÎd:

1) ^s_goZ gŠgoZmZo ñdV… X»IZ _Yrb _hËdmÀ`m KQ>Zm nm{hboë`m hmoË`m d Ë`m_Üò AZoH$doim gh^mJ XoIrb KoVbm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m øm J«§Wmbm gmjrXmamMm d¥Îmm§V (eye-witness

account) åhUyZ ñWmZ àmá hmoVo. ^r_goZ _moJb gaXmam§À`m MmH$arV Agë`m_wio Vmo AZoH$ _hËdmÀ`mKQ>Zm§Mm gmjrXma hmoVm. CXmhaUmW© B.g. 1682 À`m gw_mamg _moJbm§Zr am_goOÀ`m {H$ë`mbm doT>mKmVbm. `m àg§Jr Im\$sImZ _moJb N>mdUrV hOa hmoVm. B.g. 1689 _Ü o _moJbm§Zs am`JS> qOHyZKoVbm. Ë`mdoir Im\$sImZ VoWrb _moJb A{YH$mè`mMm _XVJma åhUyZ hmoVm. g§ mOramOo _moJbm§Zm{_imbo (13 {S>g|~a 1678) Ë`m doir ^r_goZ hm _moJb N>mdUrV hOa hmoVm.

2) _amR>çm§À`m {deofV… {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m bîH$as H$madm`m g_OÊ`mgmR>s VmasI-E-{XëHw$emhm J«§W AË §V _hÎdmMm Amho. ^r_goZZo {edmOs _hmamOm§À`m bîH$ar g§KQ>Z H$m¡eë`mMo H$m¡VwH$ Ho$boAmho. {edmOr _hmamOm§~Ôb Ë`mZo gËnwéf, amOZrVr àdrU, A{ÛVr` {enmB© Ago Jm¡admoX²Jma H$mT>boAmhoV. _hmamUr Vmam~mBªMo dU©Z Vmo H$V©~Jma, Hw$eb, gJio _amR>m gaXma {VÀ`m AkoV AgV AgoH$aVmo.

3) ^r_goZMr {ZarjUo {dñVm[aV d AMyH$ AmhoV. Ë`mMo AZHo$ Cƒ nXñW _moJb A{YH$mè`m§~amo~a_¡ÌrMo g§~§Y Agë`m_wio Ë`mbm AMyH$ A{YH¥$V _m{hVr {_iV hmoVr. `m {edm` A{YH$mè`m§À`m ~amo~aAgboë`m OdisH$Vo_wio Ë`mbm Jwá ~mVå`m XoIrb H$iV hmoË`m.

4) ^r_goZ gŠgoZmZo _moJb ~mXehmÀ`m Aml`mImbs {bImU Ho$bo Zmhs. Ë`m_wio Ë`mZo _moJbgaH$ma qH$dm _moJb ~mXemh `m§Zm AnH$s{V© AmUUmè`m Jmoï>r bndë`m ZmhrV. Vmo ñdV… qhXz Y_m©MmAgë`m_wio Vmo _moJb-_amR>m g§Jfm©H$So> VQ>ñWmÀ`m y{_Ho$VyZ nmhÿ eH$V hmoVm. ^r_goZZo Amnë`m J«§WmVAZoH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ì`º$s¨À`m M[aÌm§Mr dU©Zo Ho$br AmhoV. Ë`m§Mo JwU Xmof gm§{JVbo AmhoV.

5) ^s_goZÀ`m J«§Wm_Ü o Amnë`mbm bîH$as _mo{h_m§À`m dU©Zm~amo~a gm_mÝ`bmoH$m§À`mn[apñWVs~Ôb_m{hVs {_iVo. CXmhaUmW© ^s_goZ AÞ-YmÝ`mMo ^md, bmoH$m§Ms _Zmoa§OZmMs gmYZo, añË`mMsn[apñWVs,A{YH$mas dJm©Mo gm_m{OH$ OsdZ B. Jmoï>s¨Ms _m{hVs XoVmo.

B _`m©Xm :

1) ^r_goZ hm qhXÿ Agbm Var Vmo _moJbm§Mm amO{Zð> A{YH$mar hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m {bImUmV

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WmoS>m njnmVrnUm oUo gmh{OH$M hmoVo. Am¡a§JOo~m~Ôb Ë`mbm EH$ àH$maMm Xamam Am{U AmXa dmQ>VAgë`mMo Amnë`mbm Ë`m§À`m J«§Wmdê$Z {XgVo. {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m amÁ`m{^foH$m gma»`m _hËdmÀ`mKQ>ZoMm Vmo C„oI XoIrb H$aV Zmhr.

2) ^r_goZ Amnë`m J«§Wm_Ü o \$ma H$_r VmaIm XoVmo. ^r_goZZo J«§W {b{hVm§Zm AmR>dUr¨da â{Xë`m_wio KQ>Zm§À`m H$mbH«$_Um_Ü o Jm|Yi Pmë`mMo AmT>iVo.

B ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>sàíZ - 2

A) [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` n`m© âm.

1) ............. ^mfm hs _moJb gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m H$ma^mamMs ^mfm hmoVs.

A) g§ñH¥$V ~) Aa~s H$) \$mags S>) _amR>s

2) "Vmam~mB©H$mbsZ H$mJXnÌo' `m J«§WmMo g§nmXZ ................. `m§Zr Ho$bo Amho.

A) S>m°. Amßnmgmho~ ndma ~) S>m°. ~miH¥$îUH$) Jmo.g. gaXogmB© S>) S>m°. O`qgJamd ndma

3) "{hñQ´r Am°\$ B§{S>`m A°O Q>moëS> ~m` BQ²g AmoZ {hñQ>moar`Ýg' `m J«§WmÀ`m gmVì`m I§S>m§_Ü o................ `mMm J«§W B§J«Or ^mfoV AZwdm{XV Ho$bm Jobm.

A) ^r_goZ gŠgoZm ~) Im\$sImZ H$) na_mZ§X S>) g^mgX

4) ............... `m§Zr Im\$sImZ Am{U ^r_goZ gŠgoZm `m§Mo \$magr J«§W _amR>r ^mfoVAZwdm{XV Ho$bo.

A) Jmo. g. gaXogmB© ~) S>m°. Amßnmgmho~ ndmaH$) goVw_mYdamd nJS>r S>) S>m°. A. am.Hw$bH$Us©

5) ................ Zo ñdV…bm "{ZOm_Cb_wëH$s' Agohr åhUyZ KoVbo Amho.

A) Im\$sImZ ~) ^r_goZ gŠgoZm H$) A~wb \$Ob S>) AãXþb h_rXbm hmoar

6) {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m AZw m`m§Zm _ñOrX, Hw$amU qH$dm {ó`m§Zm hmZr nmoMdm`Mr ZmhrAgm H$S>H$ AmXoe {Xbm hmoVm hr _m{hVr Amnë`mbm ............... `m§À`m J«§WmVyZ {_iVo.

A) ^r_goZ gŠgoZm ~) na_mZ§X H$) Im\$sImZ S>) g^mgX

7) ^r_goZ gŠgoZmZo Amnbm J«§W ............. JS>mMm doT>m gwé AgVmZm {b{hÊ`mg gwédmVHo$br.

A) {demiJS> ~) qOOr H$) nÝhmiJS> S>) am`JS>

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8) 1709 gmbr Am¡a§JOo~mMm nwÌ ehOmXm H$m_~jÀ`m _¥Ë yÀ`m KQ>ZoZo ......... Mm eodQ> hmoVmo.

A) VmasI-E-{XëHw$em ~)_wÝV»~-Cb-bw~m~H$) {ed^maV S>) g^mgX ~Ia

9) {edmOr_hmamOm§~Ôb .............. `mZo gËnwéf, amOZrVràdrU, A{ÛVr` {enmB© Ago Jm¡admoX²JmaH$mT>bo AmhoV


10) _hmamUr Vmam~mBªMo dU©Z .............. `mZo H$V©~Jma, Hw$eb, gJio _amR>m gaXma {VÀ`mAkoV AgV Ago Ho$bo Amho.


1.2.3 naamï´>r` gmYZo: B§J«Or d nmoVw©JrO gmYZo :

B B§J«Or ^mfoVrb gmYZo :

B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMo _w»`mb` b§S>Z oWo hmoVo. Ë`mbm B§{S>`m Am°{\$g Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. H§$nZrZo^maVmV ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m dImar Am{U b§S>Z _Yrb H§$nZr _w»`mb`mV àM§S> A§Va hmoVo. Ago Agbo VarH§$nZr _mÌ ^maVmVrb Amnë`m dImarVrb A{YH$mè`m§da H$S>H$ ZOa R>odV Ago. àË oH$ dImarÀ`mX¡Z§{XZ H$m_H$mOmMm Ahdmb b§S>Zbm _w»`mb`mV nmR>dÊ`mMr gº$s hmoVr. dImarMo X¡Z§{XZ àemgZ EH$àemgH$s` _§S>i (H$m¡pÝgb) nmhV Ago. øm àemgH$s` _§S>imMo gXñ` doJdoJù`m àíZm§da MMm© H$aVAgV. Amnbr doJdoJir _Vo gm§JV AgV. àemgH$s` _§S>im_Ü o Pmboë`m MM}Mr Zm|X R>odbr OmVAgo. Z§Va g oMo d¥Îmm§V b§S>Zbm nmR>dbo OmV AgV. `m{edm` H§$nZr A{YH$mè`m§Zr {b{hbobr nÌo dImg _hÎd Agbobo XñVmdoO gwÕm _w»`mb`mbm nmR>dbo OmV hmoVo.

B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrÀ`m A{YH$mè`m§À`m amoO{Zer, dImar¨À`m àemgH$s` _§S>imÀ`m g^m§Mo d¥Îmm§V,A{YH$mè`m§Zr nmR>dbobr nÌo, dImar_Ü o amhUmè`m ì`º$s¨Zr {b{hbobr nÌo Aem àH$maMr B§J«Or ^mfoVrbgmYZo B§{S>`m Am°{\$g XâVaImÝ`mV OVZ H$ê$Z R>odbr AmhoV. dImarÀ`m ñWmnZo nmgyZ Vo gmYmaUV…1708 gmbmn`ªVÀ`m H$mJXnÌm§Mo dJr©H$aU "\°$ŠQ´>r aoH$m°S©>g' `m erf©H$mImbs H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimVrb H$mJXnÌm§Zm "ào{gS|>gr aoH$m°S©>g' Ago doJio erf©H$ {Xbo Jobo Amho. 1600 Vo1707 `m H$mimVrb _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmMr _m{hVr "\°$ŠQ´r aoH$m°S©>g' _Üò {_iVo. ga {d{b`_ \$m°ñQ>a`m§À`m "B§p½be \°$ŠQ´rO² BZ B§{S>`m (1661-1664)'' `m J«§Wm§À`mI§S>m§_Üò H$mhs {ZdS>H$ H$mJXnÌog§H${bV Ho$br AmhoV. `m{edm` ìhr. S>r. H$mio d ~r. Or. nam§Ono `m§Zr {edmOr _hmamOm§g§~§{YV \°$ŠQ´raoH$m°S©>g _Yrb H$mJXnÌo "B§p½be aoH$m°S©>g Am°Z {edmOr' `m J«§WmÀ`m XmoZ I§S>m§_Ü o g§nmXZ Ho$bo AmhoV.

\°$ŠQ´r aoH$m°S©>g² hs H$mJXnÌo B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZsÀ`m nyd}H$S>rb Xoem§_Üò Agboë`m dImar¨À`m X¡Z§{XZ

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H$m_H$mOm g§~§YrV AmhoV. B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrÀ`m ^maVmVrb dImar_Ü o AZoH$ EO§Q> H$m_ H$arV AgV.Ë`mMo à_wI H$m_ ^maVm_Ü o H§$nZrÀ`m ì`mnmamMm {dñVma H$aUo ho hmoVo. Ë`m_wio øm H$mJXnÌm§_Ü o_amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmÀ`m g§~§{YV KQ>Zm§Mo C„oI gmnS>VmV. àË oH$ dImarMr H$mJXnÌo doJir R>odbobrAmhoV. CXmhaUmW© gwaV, _w§~B© d H$bH$Îmm oWrb \$moQ>© g|Q> Om°O© dImarMr H$mJXnÌo doJdoJir R>odbobrAmhoV.

\°$ŠQ´r aoH$m°S©>g_Üò {edmOr _hmamO Am{U _amR>çm§À`m B{Vhmgm~m~V AË`§V _hÎdmMr _m{hVr{_iVo. CXmhaUmW© gwaV _Yrb p¼ñVr Y_©Jwé aoda§S> Om°Z EñHo$br`m°Q> `mZo 1664 gmbÀ`m {edmOr_hmamOm§À`m gyaV darb hëë`mMm d¥Îmm§V {b{hbm Amho. gwaV _Yrb B§J«Om§À`m dImarV p¼ñVrY_m}nXoeH$ åhUyZ Om°Z EñHo$br`m°Q> H$m_ nhmV hmoVm. øm d¥Îmm§VmMo _hÎd Ago H$s {edmOr _hmamOm§ZrgwaV bwQ>br Voìhm Om°Z EñHo$br`m°Q> gwaV_Ü o hOa hmoVm. Ë`mZo hr gd© KQ>Zm Amnë`m S>moù`mZo nm{hbobrhmoVr. gwaV hëë`mMo dU©Z Agbobo nÌ Ë`mZo KQ>Zm KS>ë`mda H$mhrM {Xdgm§Zr {b{hbo hmoVo. Ë`m_wioKQ>ZoÀ`m ñ_¥Vr Ë`mÀ`m _ZmV VmÁ`m hmoË`m. {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo dU©Z Om°Z EñHo$br`m°Q>Zo Ago Ho$bo Amho.C§Mrbm _mÂ`mnojm WmoS>m bhmZ, nU VmR> Am{U CËH¥$ï> ~m§Ü`mMm Amho. amoO ì`m`m_ H$ê$Z H$_mdboboeara Amho. àgÞ Moham, ~mobVmZm _§X pñ_V H$aVmo. Ë`mÀ`m bmoH$m§_Ü o Vmo gdm©V Jmoam Amho, S>moio oXH$Am{U ~mobHo$ AmhoV. \°$ŠQ´r aoH$m°S©>gMo _hÎd XmIdUmao Xþgao CXmhaU åhUOo hoÝar Am°ŠPÝSo>Z øm B§J«OrA{YH$mè`mMr 1674 gmbMr amoO{Zer (S>màr). gwaV _Yrb B§J«O dImarÀ`m AÜ`jm§Zr _amR>çm§~amo~aì`mnmar H$ama H$aÊ`mgmR>r VrZ XÿVm§Zm {edmOr _hmamOm§H$So> nmR>dbo hmoVo. hoÝar Am°ŠPÝSo>Z, Om°O© am°{~ÝgZd hoÝar {_Mob ho VrZ B§J«O A{YH$mar gmbr_o _{hÝ`mV am`JS>mda XmIb Pmbo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm {edmOr_hmamOm§À`m amÁ`m{^foH$mbm CnpñWV amhÊ`mMr g§Yr {_imbr. hoÝar Am°ŠPÝSo>ZZo Amnë`m amoO{ZerV_hmamOm§À`m amÁ`m{^foH$mMm d¥Îmm§V {bhÿZ R>odbm Amho. {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m OrdZmVrb EH$m A{Ve`_hËdmÀ`m KQ>ZoMm hm d¥Îmm§V, Ë`m§À`m Xa~mamMo Am{U Aï>àYmZ _§S>imMo EH$m MmUmj d hþema B§J«OA{YH$mam§Zo Ho$bobo dU©Z {edam`m§Mm B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mgmR>r AË §V _hÎdmMo R>aVo.

B _hÎd :

1) B§J«Or ^mfoVrb øm gmYZm§Mo _amR>çm§À`m B{Vhmg boIZmgmR>r Izn _hÎd Amho. \°$ŠQ´raoH$m°S©>g_Ü o Agbobo Ahdmb, A{YH$mè`m§À`m amoO{Zer d nÌm§_Ü o _amR>çm§g§~§Yr H$WZ Ho$boë`m KQ>Zmøm B§J«Or ì`º$s¨Zr ñdV… nm{hë`m AWdm EoH$ë`m hmoË`m. AZoH$ ì`º$s¨Mm KS>boë`m KQ>ZoV gh^mJ hmoVm.CXmhaUmW© amOmnya, hþ~is, gwaV Am{U YaUJmd oWo _amR>çm§Zr Ho$boë`m hëë`mMo AMyH$ dU©Z VoWrbB§J«Om§Zr Ho$bo hmoVo.

2) B§J«Om§Zr {b{hbobo Ahdmb qH$dm nÌo ho Ë`m§Mm X¡Z§{XZ ì`mnmar H$m_H$mOmMm ^mJ hmoVm. _amR>çm§~ÔbMr _m{hVr ~hþVoH$ doim B§J«Om§Zr EH$_oH$mbm qH$dm b§S>Z_Ysb _w»`mb`mbm ^maVmV KS>V.Agboë`mKQ>Zm§Mr _{hVr XoÊ`mÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo {b{hbobr AmT>iVo. `m_wio øm H$mJXnmÌm§Mr {dídmgmh©Vm dmT>Vo.

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B _`m©Xm :

1) B§J«Or dImar_Yrb ì`º$s¨Mm à_wI hoVy Ë`m§À`m ì`mnmamMm {dñVma H$aUo hm hmoVm. \°$ŠQ´raoH$m°S©>g_Ü o Agbobm nÌì`dhma hm ì`mnmamg§~§Yr Agë`m_wio AZoH$ doiobm boIH$m§Zr dU©Z Ho$boë`mKQ>Zm§À`m VmaIm, H$mbH«$_ qH$dm gË`Vm VnmgzZ nm{hbobr AmT>iV Zmhr.

2) H$mhr nÌm§_Ü o B§J«Or boIH$mMm _amR>çm§~ÔbMm nyd©J«hXÿ{fV Ñï>rH$moZ nwT>o oVmo. _amR>çm§Mo dU©ZXamoSo>Imoa AWdm H«z$a Ago H$mhr nÌm§_Ü o Ho$ë`m_wio B§J«Om§Mr ^maVr` d§emÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm hrZ XOm© XoÊ`mMràd¥Îmr ñnï> hmoVo.

B nmoVw©JrO ^mfoVrb gmYZo :

nmoVw©JrO bmoH$m§Zr ^maVmH$So> oÊ`mMm g§nyU© gmJar _mJ© emoYyZ H$mT>bm. 1498 gmbr H$m{bH$V(Ho$ai) ~§XamV dmñH$mo X Jm_mMr OhmOo oD$Z nmohMbr. H$mhrM dfm©V nmoVw©JrO bmoH$m§Zr Amnbr gÎmm^maVmV éOdbr. 1510 gmbr Jmodm Bbm»`mda {dO` {_idyZ ^maVm_Ü o Amnë`m gÎmobm H$m`_ ñdê$n{Xbo. Ë`m§Zr Jmodm, gmï>r, ~maXoe B. {Q>H$mUr Amnë`m dImar CKS>ë`m. nwT>rb 100 df©o nmoVw©JrO bmoH$m§Mo^maVmÀ`m gmJar ì`mnmamda dM©ñd hmoVo. H$mhr nmoVw©JrO ì`º$s ^maVr` _hmgmJam_Ü o MmMo{Jar H$aVAgV. H$mhr¨Zr ^maVr` amOm§À`m bîH$am_Ü o ZmoH$ar ñdrH$mabr. nmoVw©JrO bmoH$m§À`m øm doJdoJù`mH¥$Ë`m§_wio Ë`m§Mm AZoH$ doim _amR>çm§er g§~§Y Ambm.

nmoVw©JrOm§Mo npíM_ {H$Zmè`mda XmoZ {R>H$mUr amÁ` hmoVo. n{hbo Jmoì`mMo Va Xþgao CÎma H$moH$UmVrbMm¡b, dgB©, X_U B. ^mJmMo. {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m bîH$amV AZoH$ nmoVw©JrO A{YH$mar hmoVo. nmoVw©JrOË`m§À`m Vmo\$ImÝ`mgmR>r à{gÕ hmoVo. H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Mo Ago _V Amho H$s, {edmOr _hmamOm§À`mH$maImÝ`m§n¡H$s "Xmê$ImZm' hm nmoVw©JrO Vmo\$ImZm "H$mgm X nmob~moam'da AmYmabobm hmoVm. {edmOr_hmamOm§Zr _w§~B© Odirb Mm¡bÀ`m darb ^mJmda 1657 gmbr {dO` {_idbm. _hmamOm§Zr 1659 gmbr_amR>m Ama_mamMm nm`m KmVbm. 1667 gmbr _hmamOm§Zr nmoVw©JrOm§À`m ~mX}e Bbm»`mda AmH«$_U Ho$bo.1677 gmbr nmoVw©JrOm§À`m X_Z Bbm»`mH$Sy>Z Mm¡WMr _mJUr Ho$br. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr Mm¡bbm 1683gmbr doT>m KmVbm Am{U nmoVw©JrOm§Zm \$m|S>çmÀ`m bT>mB©_Ü o hadbo. amOmam_ Am{U _hmamUr Vmam~mB©`m§À`m H$ma{H$Xr©V hr nmoVw©JrO _amR>çm§À`m amOH$s` g§nH$m©V dma§dma oV am{hbo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr H$mJXnÌo_amR>çm§À`m B{Vhmg boIZmbm Cn`moJr nS>Uo gmh{OH$M Amho.

J«m§Q> S>\$Zo {b{hboë`m "{hñQ´>r Am°\$ X _amR>mO²' _Ü onmoVw©JrO H$mJXnÌm§Mo AZoH$ g§X © {Xbo AmhoV.àm. nm§Sw>a§J {ngwb}H$a `m§Zr _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mgmR>r _hËdmMr Agbobr nmoVw©JrO ^mfoVrb gmYZoAmnë`m "_amR>m-nmoVw©JrO [aboeÝg' `m J«§Wm_Ü o g§H${bV Ho$br AmhoV. {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo naH$s` ^mfoVM[aÌ {b{hÊ`mMm n{hbm _mZ EH$m nmoVw©JrO boIH$mH$So> OmVmo. B.g. 1675 _Ü o "H$mopñ_ X ½dmX©' `mZo{edmOr _hmamOm§Mo nmoVw©JrO ^mfoVyZ M[aÌ {b{hbo. B{VhmgH$ma gwa|ÐZmW goZ `m§Zr g§nm{XV Ho$boë`m

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"\$m°aoZ ~m`moJ«m{\$O² Am°\$ {edmOr' ({edmOr _hmamOm§Mr naH$s` boIH$H¥$V M[aÌo) `m J«§Wm_Ü o H$mopñ_X ½dmX©Zo {b{hboë`m M[aÌmMm B§J«Or AZwdmX N>mnbm Amho.

b§S>Z _Yrb B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo \«o$S>[aH$ Mmëg© So>Zdg© ZmdmMm EH$ Aä`mgH$ {bñ~Z Am{UEìhmoam `m nmoVw©Jmb _Yrb eham§_Ü o Agbobr A{^boImJmamVrb ^maVmg§~§YrMr H$mJXnÌo Aä`mgÊ`mgmR>rnmR>{dbm hmoVm. So>Zdg©Zo øm nwam{^boImJmamVrb nmoVw©JrO ^mfoV Agboë`m ^maVmg§~§YrV H$mJXnÌm§MmAmT>mdm KoVbm. So>Zdg©À`m AmT>mì`m_wio ho ñnï> Pmbo H$s _amR>çm§g§~§Ys nmoVw©JrO ^mfoV _moR>çm g§» oZoH$mJXnÌo CnbãY hmoVr.

{bñ~ZÀ`m à_wI XâVaImÝ`mg "VmoarXþ Vm|~w' (TorredoTombo) Ago åhUVmV. nmoVw©JrO H$mJXnÌoJmodm, {bñ~Z, Edmoam, AmOwXm `m {R>H$mUÀ`m XâVaImÝ`mV _moR>çm à_mUmV CnbãY AmhoV. nmoVw©JrOH$mJXnÌm§Mo Imbrb à_mUo dJr©H$aU Ho$bobo AmT>iVo:

1) brìhée Xe _m±gmoBe Xþ a¡Zw (amÁ`mMr _mÝgzZ nÌHo$) : hs nÌHo$ nmoVw©JmbhÿZ Jmoì`mVnmdgmùçmV nmohMV AgV åhUyZ `m g§J«hmbm darbà_mUo Zmd {Xbo Amho. hm g§J«h {bñ~ZÀ`mXâVaImÝ`mV Amho. `m g§J«hmVrb 12 I§S>m§_Ü o {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m g§~§{YV _m{hVr {_iVo.

2) brìhée Xe a¡e {dPrÝ we (gr_mdVr© amÁ`mMr nÌHo$) : ^maVmVrb nmoVw©JrO dgmhVrÀ`meoOmarb amÁ`m§Zm nmoVw©JrO gaH$maZo nmR>dboë`m nÌm§Mm hm g§J«h Amho. hm g§J«h {edmOr _hmamOm§À`mB{VhmgmgmR>r AË §V _hÎdmMm Amho. {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m H$mimnmgyZ nmoVw©JrOm§Mo Am{U _amR>çm§Mo g§~§YoD$ bmJbo. H$Yr Ë`m§À`m_Ü o {_ÌËdmMo ZmVo hmoVo Va H$Yr eÌwËdmMo ZmVo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio øm g§J«hmVrb

H$mJXnÌo {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m H$m © H$V¥©Ëdmda àH$me Q>mH$VmV.

3) {bìhée Xe nmPoe B© ÌmZmXxe X§ìXas`m (^maVmÀ`m Vhm§Mr d H$amam§Mr nÌHo$) : `m g§J«hmV^maVmVrb Jmoì`mÀ`m dgmhVrZo eoOmarb amÁ`m§er doimodoir Ho$boë`m Vhm§Mo d H$amam§Mo _gwXo AmhoV.

4) Amg|Vye Xe H$m±gÝ y Xþ BíVm Xþ (amÁ` g„mJma _§S>imMr B{Vd¥Îmo) : `m _Ü o hñV{bpIVH$mJXnÌo AmhoV, Or 1618 Vo 1750 `m H$mimV Pmboë`m ^maVmVrb nmoVw©JrO gaH$maÀ`m g^m§MrB{Vd¥Îmo AmhoV.

5) XþHw$_o Vwe Amìhÿb gwe ambVr ìhþe B§{S>`m (^maV{df`r gwQ>r H$mJXnÌo) : {bñ~Z XâVaImÝ`mVhm nÌg§J«h Amho. `m_Ü o {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m g§~§{YV H$mJXnÌo AmhoV.

`m {edm` nm§Sw>a§J {ngwb}H$a `m§Zr nmoVw©JrO nwñVH$m§Mm AZwdmX Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m_Ü o nmoVw©Jmo{Pe B©_mamVme - ^mJ 1 {edmOr _hmamO, ^mJ 2 g§ mOr _hmamO, ^mJ 4 amOmam_ _hmamO. S>m°. ~§J«mg naoam`m§Zr nmodm©Ë` nmoVw©JrO XâVa I§S> 1, ^mJ 3 hr H$mJXnÌo g§nm{XV Ho$br AmhoV. `m _Ü o _amR>çm§MmB{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJr R>aUmè`m 500 H$mJXnÌm§Mm AZwdmX Amho.

~r.E. mJ-1/B{Vhmg ....2

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B _hÎd :

1) {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mgmR>r nmoVw©JrO ^mfoVrb gmYZm§Zm _hÎd Amho. {edmOr_hmamOm§Mo bîH$a d Ama_mamMo H$m`© d Ë`m§Mr naamï´>ZrVr g_OÊ`mgmR>r nmoVw©JrO ^mfoVrb gmYZoAä`mgUo JaOoMo R>aVo.

2) nmoVw©JrO ^mfoVrb H$mJXnÌo _amR>çm§À`m B{Vhmgmer g§~§{YV Imbrb {df`m§da àH$meQ>mH$VmV :

A) nmoVw©JrO gaH$ma ~amo~a {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Ho$bobo Vh

~) Mm¡W (Mm¡WmB©) nÕVrMm CJ_

H$) {edmOr _hmamO d g§ mOr _hmamO `m§À`m Ama_mamZo Ho$boë`m H$madm`m

S>) _amR>çm§Mo Am{U nmoVw©JrOm§Mo g_yÐr àXoemdarb {Z §ÌU

3) N>ÌnVr g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr OyZ 1683 _Ü o nmoVw©JrO amÁ`mda ñdmar Ho$br hmoVr. øm ñdmarModU©Z B{VhmgH$mam§Zr g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m Am wî`mVrb namH«$_mMo {eIa Ago Ho$bo Amho. `mnmoVw©JrO-_amR>m g§Kfm©Mr Vn{ebdma _m{hVr nmoVw©JrO gmYZm§_Üò {_iVo. øm bT>çmMr VmarIdma g{dñVahH$sH$V \$º$ p¼ñVr {_eZè`m§À`m g§KmÀ`m (H§$nZr) H$MoarVyZ V`ma Pmboë`m {ZZmdr d¥Îmm§VmVyZ CnbãYAmho. `m bT>mB© g§~§Yr Añgb nÌì`dhma Jmoì`mVrb nUOr oWrb A{^boImJma d nmoVw©Jmb_Yrb{bñ~Z oWrb amï´>s` A{^boImJma d J«§Wg§J«hmb` Am{U AOwXm oWrb J«§Wmb` oWo CnbãY Amho.

B _`m©Xm :

1) ~hþVoH$ nmoVw©JrO bmoH$ _amR>çm§À`m~Ôb dm§{eH$Ñïçm nyd©J«hXÿ{fV hmoVo. `m_wio Ë`m§À`mH$mJXnÌm§_Ü o _amR>çm§Zm hrZ XOm© {Xbobm AmT>iVmo. nmoVw©JrO bmoH$ _amR>çm§Zm hrZ XOm©Mo g_OVAgë`m_wio _amR>çm§Mm g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr d Y_m©Mo dU©Z H$aUo Ë`m§Zm JaOoMo dmQ>V Zgo. _amR>m g_mO,g§ñH¥$Vr d Y_m©~Ôb _m{hVr XoUmar nmoVw©JrO H$mJXnÌo ¹${MVM AmT>iVmV.

2) _amR>çm§À`m g§~§{YVnmoVw©JrO ^mfoVrb gmYZo ho bîH$ar H$madm`m d naamï´>ZrVr `m XmoZ{df`m§n ªVM _`m©{XV AmhoV. _amR>çm§Mr g§ñH¥$Vr, Ë`m§Mo amhUr_mZ, Ë`m§Mo gm_m{OH$ d Ym{_©H$ OrdZøm {df`m§da nmoVw©JrO ^mfoVrb gmYZo àH$me Q>mH$V ZmhrV.

B ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ- 3

A) [aH$må`m OmJs `mo½` n`m© âm.

1) B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMo _x»`mb` .............. oWo hmoVo.

A) b§S>Z ~) _w§~B© H$) _Ðmg S>) gwaV

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2) ""B§{be \°$ŠQ´rO² BZ B§{S>`m (1661-1664)'' øm J«§Wm_Üò ............. `m§Za {ZdS>H$ B§J«OrgmYZo g§H${bV Ho$br AmhoV.

A) {d{b`_ \$m°ñQ>a ~) B{b`Q> Am{U XmD$gZ H$) ñH$m°Q> S>) J«m§Q> S>\$

3) ............ `mZo gmbÀ`m {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m gwaV darb hëë`mMm d¥Îmm§V {b{hbm Amho.

A) Om°Z EñHo$br`m°Q> ~) Om°Z\«$mà H$)Om°O© am°{~ÝgZ S>) hoÝar Am°ŠPÝSo>Z

4) {edmOs _hmamOm§Mo dU©Z ........... `mZo Ho$bo Amho.

A) Om°Z EñHo$br`m°Q> ~) Om°Z\«$mà H$) Om°O© am°{~ÝgZ S>) hoZar Am°ŠPÝSo>Z

5) .............. `mZo Amnë`m amoO{ZerV _hmamOm§À`m amÁ`m{^foH$mMm d¥Îmm§V {bhÿZ R>odbm Amho

A) Om°Z EñHo$br`m°Q> ~) Om°Z\«$mà H$) Om°O© am°{~ÝgZ S>) hoÝar Am°ŠPÝSo>Z

6) B.g. ............ _Ü o {edmOs _hmamOm§Zr nmoVw©JrOm§À`m ~mX}e Bbm»`mda AmH«$_U Ho$bo.

A) 1661 ~) 1637 H$) 1664 S>) 1674

7) .............. à_wI XâVaImÝ`mg "VmoarXþ Vm|~w' (TorredoTombo) Ago åhUVmV.

A) {bñ~Z ~)AOwXm H$) Jmodm S>) Edmoam

8) .............. `m§Zr _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mgmR>r _hËdmMr Agbobr nmoVw©JrO ^mfoVrbgmYZo Amnë`m _amR>m-nmoVw©JrO [aboeÝg `m J«§Wm_Ü o g§H${bV Ho$br AmhoV.

A) S>m°. ~§J«mg naoam ~) àm. nm§Sw>>a§J {ngwb}H$a

H$) g. e. XogmB© S>) S>m°. Aßnmgmho~ ndma

9) .............. H$mJXnÌo Jmodm, {bñ~Z, Edmoam, AmOwXm `m {R>H$mUÀ`m XâVaImÝ`mV _moR>çmà_mUmV CnbãY AmhoV.

A) B§J«Or ~) \«|$M H$) nmoVw©JrO S>) S>M

10) H$mopñ_ X½dmX© `mZo ................. `m§Mo M[aÌ nmoVw©JrO ^mfoVyZ {b{hbo.

A) {edmOr _hmamO ~) g§ mOr _hmamO H$) amOmam_ _hmamO S>) _hmamUr Vmam~mB©


1) A{^boImJma: Á`m B_maVr _Ü o Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mJX-nÌo OVZ H$ê$Z R>odÊ`mV oVmV.

2) Mm¡W (Mm¡WmB©): _amR>s amÁ`mÀ`m gVamì`m-AR>amì`m eVH$m§Vrb CËnÞm§À`m ~m~r¨n¡H$s

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EH$_hËdmMr ~m~ hmoVr. Mm¡W_w»`V: _amR>r amÁ`m~mhoa, N>ÌnVr¨À`m ñdamÁ`m~mhoa nU amÁ`mÀ`mN>m oImbr Agboë`m àXoem§VyZ dgyb H$arV. Mm¡WmB© EH§$Xa nyU© CËnÞmÀ`m EH$ MVwWmªe ^mJ EdT>r hmoVr.

3) AÝd`mW©: H$mJXnÌmMm AÝd`mW© bmdUo B{Vhmg g§emoYZ à{H«$ oVrb EH$ AË §V _hÎdmMm Q>ßnmAgVmo. EImXo ñWi, H$mi qH$dm ì`º$sÀ`m g§X^m©V Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _m{hV Pmboë`mEo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm§Zm qH$dm ì`º$sÀ`m OrdZmbm ñnï>rH$aU XoUo åhUOoM AÝd`mW© hmo .

1.4 ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZm§Ms CÎmao

ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ-1


1) ~ 2) S> 3) A 4) A 5) A

6) S> 7) ~ 8) A 9) ~ 10) ~



1) H$ 2) A 3) ~ 4) H$ 5) A

6) H$ 7) H$ 8) A 9) H$ 10) A



1) A 2) A 3) A 4) A 5) S>

6) ~ 7) A 8) ~ 9) H$ 10) A

1.5 gmam§e :

B{VhmgH$ma gmYZm§À`m AmYmao B{Vhmg {b{hVmo. ^yVH$mimVrb H$moUVrhr KQ>Zm qH$dm ì`{º$`m~Ôb nyU© _m{hVr EH$mM Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZmV gmnS>V Zmhr. B{VhmgH$mambm hr _m{hVr doJdoJù`mgmYZm§_YyZ Jmoim H$amdr bmJVo. gmYZm§_YyZ {_imboë`m _m{hVr d nwamì`m§À`m AmYmao B{VhmgH$mayVH$mimMm AÝd`mW© bmdV AgVmo. B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mgmR>r CnbãY Agboë`m àË oH$ gmYZmbm Ogo

_hÎd AgVo Ves _`m©Xm XoIrb AgVo. gmYZmMr {dídmgmh©Vm d gË`Vm VnmgyZM B{VhmgH$mamZo Ë`mMmdmna Ho$bm nm{hOo.

_amR>m gÎmoÀ`m CX`mMm B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mgmR>r Cn wº$ Agboë`m à_wI gmYZm§Mr MMm© AmnU øm

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àH$aUmV Ho$br Amho. Ë`m§Mo _hÎd Am{U _`m©Xm nm{hë`m AmhoV. H$dr¨Ð na_mZ§X `m§Mr aMbobo {ed^maVho _hmH$mì` d H¥$îUmOr AZ§V g^mgX `m§Zr _amR>r ^mfoVyZ {b{hbobr g^mgX ~Ia {edmOr _hmamOm§MoM[aÌ g_OÊ`mgmR>r AË §V _hÎdmMo AmhoV. _amR>m gÎmoÀ`m ñWmnZoÀ`m gwadmVrÀ`m H$mimV {edmOr_hmamOm§Zr Ho$bobo namH«$_ d Ë`m§Zm Amboë`m AS>MUr `m da hr gmYZo àH$me Q>mH$VmV.

_moJb-_amR>m g§Kfm©Mm B{Vhmg g_OÊ`mgmR>r eÌynjmMr åhUOoM _moJb g_«mQ> d gaXmam§Mr_amR>çm§~ÔbMr ^y{_H$m OmUyZ KoUo _hÎdmMo Amho. Im\$sImZ `m§Mm _wŠËIm~-Cb-bw~~ d ^r_goZgŠgoZm `m§Mm VmarI-E-{XëHw$em ho \$magr ^mfoVrb J«§W Amnë`mbm eÌy njmÀ`m H§$nyVrb KQ>Zm dË`m§À`m y{_Ho$~Ôb _m{hVr XoVmV. Oar øm boIH$m§Mm _amR>çm§~m~V H$mhr à_mUmV nyd©J«h Xÿ{fVÑï>rH$moZAgbm Var B{VhmgH$ma Amnë`m {M{H$ËgH$ ~wÕrMm dmna H$ê$Z øm gmYZmVyZ _m¡{bH$ _m{hVr {_idyeH$Vmo.

B§J«O d nmoVw©JrO bmoH$ ^maVm_Ü o ì`mnma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ambo hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr ^maVm_Ü o Amnë`m dImarñWmnZ Ho$ë`m. nmoVw©JrOm§Zr Va 1510 gmbrM Jmodm oWo Amnbr amOH$s` gÎmm ñWmnZ Ho$br hmoVr.doJdoJù`m H$maUm§_wio Ë`m§Mm _amR>çm§~amo~a g§~Y Ambm. Ë`m_wio ^maVmVrb B§J«O d nmoVw©JrO A{YH$mè`m§Zrb§S>Z qH$dm {bñ~Zbm nmR>{dboë`m nÌì`dhmamV _amR>çm§À`m g§~§Yr AZoH$ Zm|Xr AmT>iVmV. B§J«Or dnmoVw©JrO ^mfoVrb gmYZm§À`m _`m©Xm bjmV R>odë`m Va øm gmYZm§VyZ ~hþ_mob Aer _m{hVr Am{U nwamdoB{VhmgH$mambm {_iVmV.

1.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :

1) _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmMo gmYZ åhUyZ {ed^maVmMo _hÎd Am{U _`m©Xm ñnï> H$am.

2) _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmMo gmYZ åhUyZ g^mgX ~IarÀ`m _`m©Xm gm§Jm.

3) Im\$sImZmÀ`m _wŠËIm~-Cb-bw~~ `m J«§WmMo _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mgmR>r _hÎd d_`m©Xm gm§Jm.

4) _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmMo gmYZ åhUyZ ^r_goZ gŠgoZm `m§À`m VmasI-E-{XëHw$emMo _hÎdgm§Jm.

5) _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mgmR>r B§J«Or gmYZm§Mo _hÎd ñnï> H$am.

6) _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mgmR>r CnbãY Agboë`m nmoVw©JrO gmYZm§Mm AmT>mdm ¿`m.

7) _amR>m B{VhmgmÀ`m nmoVw©JrO gmYZm§Mo _hÎd gm§Jm.

1.7 g§X © J«§W :

1) g._. {XdoH$a (g§nmXH$), H$dr¨Ð na_mZ§XH¥$V {ed^maV, ^maV B{Vhmg g§emoYH$ _§S>i, nwUo, 1927

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2) Khafi Khan, Muhammad Hashim. Muntakhab-ul-Lubab in The History of India as

Told by Its Own Historians, Vol. 7, Elliot and Dowson (eds.), Second Edition,

Calcutta, 1952

3) English Records on Shivaji (1659 – 1682), Shiva Charitra Karyalaya, Poona, 1931

4) Surendra Nath Sen, Siva Chhatrapati : Being a Translation of Sabhasad Bakhar

with Extracts from Chitnis and Sivadigvijya, with Notes. Calcutta, 1920.

5) Mohibbul Hasan (ed.),Historians of Medieval India, Meerut, 1968.

6) Patwardhan, R.P., and H.G. Rawlinson, Source Book of Maratha History : To the

Death of Shivaji, Vol. I, Bombay, 1929.

7) Frederick Charles Danvers, Report to the Secretary of State for India in Council

on the Portuguese Records Relating to the East Indies, contained in the rchivo Da

Torre Do Tombo, and the Public Libraries at Lisbon and Evora, London, 1892.

8) S. P. Sen, Portuguese Records Relating to Maratha History, S.P. Sen (ed),

Sources for Indian History, Vol. I, Calcutta, 1978, pp. 387-422

9) Jadunath Sarkar, Studies in Mughal India, Calcutta, 1919.

10) Surendranath Sen, Studies in Indian History: Historical Records at Goa, Asian

Educational Services, 1930.

11) goVw_mYdamd nJS>r, _amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í` wÕ (Im\$sImZmMm gmYZJ«§W), nxUo, 1962.

11) goVw_mYdamd nJS>r, _moJb Am{U _amR>o (VmarIo {XëHw$em). n{hbr Amd¥Îmr, nxUo, 1963.

12) aKwZmW {dZm`H$ hoadmS>H$a, _amR>r ~Ia, nwUo,

13) Prachi Deshpande, Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western

India, 1700-1960, Columbia University Press, 2007.

14) M.N. Pearson, Coastal Western India: Studies from Portuguese Records, New

Delhi, 1981

B B B

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gÌ - 1 : KQ>H$ - 2

N>. {edmOtMm Am{Xemhr d _m|Jb `m§À`mer g§Kf©

AZwH«$_{UH$m

2.0 C{ÔîQ>ço

2.1 àmñVm{dH$

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ

2.2.1 OmdirMo _moao

2.2.2 A\$ObImZ dY

2.2.3 {edmOr _wKb g§Kf©

2.2.4 em{hñVoImZ ñdmar

2.2.5 gwaVoda ñdmar d gwaVoMr bwQ>

2.2.6 O`qghmMr ñdmar

2.2.7 {edmOrMr AmJ«m oQ>

2.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX Am{U eãXmW©

2.4 ñd §: AÜ``Z àíZ d CËVao

2.5 gmam§e


2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© nwñVHo$.

4.0 C{ÔîQ>ço :

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mbm N>. {edmOr d Am{Xbemhr g§~§Y ñnï> hmoVrb.

B OmdirÀ`m Ohm{Jar {df`r _m{hVr XoVm oB©b.

B {edmOrZo Omdir H$m qOHy$Z KoVbr `mMr _m{hVr XoVm oB©b.

B Omdir {dO`mMo ñdamÁ`mda d Am{Xbemhrda Pmbobo n[aUm_ gm§JVm oVrb.

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B A\$ObImZ ñdmarMm hoVy gm§JwZ d¥Îmm§V XoVm oB©b.

B A\$ObImZ dYmMo ñdamÁ`mda d Am{Xbemhrda n[aUm_ gm§JVm oB©b.

B N>. {edmOr d _m|Jb g§~§Y ñnï> H$aVm oVrb.

B em{hñVoImZ ñdmarMo hoVy d d¥Îmm§V XoVm oB©b.

B {edmOrZo em{hñVoImZmMr \$OrVr H$ê$Z H$go nidyZ bmdbo Vo gm§JVm oB©b.

B _hmamOm§À`m gwaV bwQ>rMo hoVy d d¥Îmm§V XoVm oB©b.

B gwaV ñdmarMo n[aUm_ gm§JVm oB©b.

B O`qghmÀ`m ñdmarMo hoVy d nwa§XaÀ`m Vhmn ªVMm d¥Îmm§V gm§JVm oB©b.

B O`qgh d N>. {edmOr `m§À`m èmnèmÀ`m ~mOy nhmVm oB©b.

B {edmOrÀ`m Amem oQ>rMr MMm© H$aVm oB©b.

B N>. {edmOr Am½ «mÀ`m H¡$XoV H$go nS>bo d Ë`m§Zr Amnbr gwQ>H$m H$er H$ê$Z KoVbr `mMm d¥Îmm§V nhmVm

òB©b.

2.1 àmñVm{dH$ :

B N>. {edmOr Am{U Am{Xbemhr g§§~Y :

N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zm ñdamÁ`mMr ñWmnZm H$aVmZm oWrb XmoZ àñWm{nV gÎmm§er g§Kf© H$amdm bmJbm.

Ë`m_Ü o {dOmnyaMr Am{Xbemhr d {XëbrMr _m|Jbemhr `m XmoZ gÎmm§Mm CëboI hmoVmo. `m g§Kfm©Mm H«$_

bmdVmZm àW_ Am{Xbemhrer Pmbobm g§Kf© d Ë`mZ§Va _m|Jb gÎmoer Pmbobm g§Kf© Agm bmdmdm bmJob.

{dOmnyaÀ`m Am{Xbemhr àH$aUm_Ü o ehmOr amÁ`m§Zm Pmbobr H¡$X, Omdir àH$aU d {gÕr Omohma `m§À`mer

Pmbobm bT>m Agm EHy$U VrZ ^mJmV Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Amho.

3.2 {df` {ddoMZ :

B N>. {edmOr d Am{Xbemhr g§Kf© :

N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo dS>rb ehmOramOo `m§Zr Ë`m§Zm nwUo àm§VmMr Ohm{Jar gm§ miÊ`mgmR>r {Xbr hmoVr.

ehmOr amoO ho `m doir _m|Jb Xa~mamV gaXmaH$s H$arV hmoVo. nwUo àm§V hm Ohm{Jar åhUyZ ehmOr amOm§H$S>o

Agbm Var Ë`m ^mJmVrb _hËdmMo {H$ëbo åhUOo am`JS> VmoaUm {ghJS>> d nwa§Xa ho {H$ëboo Am{XbemhrÀ`m

Vmã`mVrb {H$ëbo hmoVo ho {H$ëbo N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVbo. Ë`m_wio gaXmamÀ`m _wbmZo

hr ~§S>Imoar Ho$br Amho ho Am{XbemhrÀ`m bjmV Ambo. Ë`mVyZ ehmOr amOm§da Am{XbemhrMr I\$m Pmbr.

`mdoir H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_oVrb _wñV\$mImZ `mZo Am{XbemhrMo H$mZ âbo Ë`m_wio ehmOrdarb {dídmg H$_r

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Pmbm. Am{U ehmOrÀ`m Ohm{Jarda OßVrMo hþHy$_ gmoS>bo d Z§Va Vo naVhr KoVbo. 1646 _Ü o Am{Xbemh

AmOmar nS>ë`m_wio Xa~mamMr gd© gyÌo ~S>r ~oJ_ gm{h~m {hÀ`m hmVr Jobo. ehmOr _hmamOm§Mr {edmOramOm§À`m

H¥$Vrg \y$g Agmdr Agm g§e` ~imdë`mZo ehmOr amOo ~ogmdY AgVmZm Ë`m§Zm AQ>H$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. N>.

{edmOr amÁ`m§Zr `mdoir _m|Jbm§er g§YmZ ~m§YyZ amOH$maU gwê$ Ho$bo. `mMm n[aUm_ ehmOr amOm§Mr gwQ>H$m

hmoÊ`mV Pmbr.

B Omdir qOH$Ê`mg H$maUr yV R>aboë`m ~m~r :

OmdirÀ`m _moao KamÊ`mg Am{XbemhrZo M§Ðamd hm {H$Vm~ {Xbm hmoVm. 1648 _YoM `m OmhrJarMm

à_wI M§Ðamd Xm¡bVamd hm {Znw{ÌH$ _aU nmdbm. Ë`mÀ`m _¥Ë yZ§Va `m KamÊ`mV dmagm g§~Yr dmX gwê$

Pmbm. Ë`mdoir Xm¡bVamd `m§À`m {dYdm nËZrZo {edWaH$a _moao KamÊ`m§Vrb èV§Vamdg XËVH$ KoVbo. `m

XËVH$ àH$aUmV N>. {edmOr amOm§Zr OmdirH$amZm ghmæ` Ho$bo hmoVo. {edmOr amOm§Zm `m _moao KamÊ`mZo

ñdamÁ` H$m`m©V _XV H$amdr Aer Anojm hmoVr. `mMdoir dmB© àm§Vm§Mm gw oXma A\$ObImZ `mbm _moaoZm

{edmOrZo Ho$bobr _XV AmdS>br ZìhVr. A\$ObImZmZo _moa§oMm ZdrZ M§Ðamd `mg d Ë`m§Mm H$ma^mar

hU_§Vamd `m§Zm Omdir Vmã`mV XoÊ`mMr V§~r {Xbr. Ë`m_wio M§Ðmamd C\©$ èd§Vamd `mZo N>. {edmOr

{dê$Õ A\$ObImZmer g§JZ_V Ho$bo. d {edmOr {dê$Õ H$madm`mg àma§ Ho$bm.

B {edmOrÀ`m eÌ§yZm ghmæ` :

N>. {edmOr amOm§À`m ñdamÁ` ñWmnZm H$m`m©Mr gwê$dmV Am{Xbemhr àXoemV gwê$ Pmë`mZo

Am{XbemhrZo ~mOr em_amO `m gaXmamg 10 hOma \$m¡O KoD$Z {edmOrMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mg nmR>{dbo.

Ë`m ~mOr em_amO `mg M§Ðamd _moao `m§Zr Aml` {Xbm. nma KmQ>mV {eO¡Mo g¡{ZH$ X~m Yê$Z ~gbo hmoVo.

`m g¡{ZH$m§Zr ~mOr em_amO `mda AMmZH$ hëbm H$ê$Z {nQ>miyZ bmdbo. hr M§Ðmad `mMr Xwgar {edmOr

{dê$Õ H¥$Vr hmoVr.

B _mdi àm§VmVrb H$Q>H$Q>r :

{edmOr _hmamOm§Zr àma§ rÀ`m H$mimV _mdi àm§V H$m~rO Ho$bm hmoVm. Ë`m_Ü o `m M§Ðamd `mZo

H$mhr H$Q>H$Q>r {Z_m©Êm Ho$ë`m hmoË`m. _mdi àm§VmVrb Xoe_wI KamUr ho _moao `m§Mo ZmVbJ hmoVo. `mVrb

Jw§OZ _mdiMm h¡~Vamd {gbr_H$a hm Xoe_wI {edmOrÀ`m ~mOyZo hmoVm. Vmo M§Ðamd `m§Mm ^mMm hmoVm.

h¡~Vamd hm {edmOrÀ`m ~mOyg Agë`mZo M§Ðamd `mZo Ë`m§À`m Xoe_wIr dVZm~m~V dmX {Z_mU© Ho$bm d

Ë`mg Amnë`m ~mOyZo di{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. {edm` OoYo dJ¡ao Xoe_wIm§Zmhr Amnë`m ~mOyZo di{dÊ`mMm

IQ>mQ>mon M§Ðamd H$ê$ bmJbm hmoVm. `m_wio {edmOrg Ë`mMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$maUo JaOoMo hmoVo.

B JwÝhoJmam§Zm Aml` :

{edmOrÀ`m Vmã`mV Agboë`m àXoemV H$mhr JwÝhoJma JwÝhm H$ê$Z OdiM Agboë`m OmdirÀ`m

n«XoemV niyZ OmV AgV. Aemdoir `m M§Ðamd `mZo Ë`m JwÝhoJmam§Zm nH$Sy>Z XoÊ`mMo Q>mibo. d CKS>nUo

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Ë`m§Zm Aml` {Xbm. _wgo Imoè`mVrb a§Jmo {Ì_b dmH$S>o `mZo EH$m ~«m÷U ñÌrda AË`mMma Ho$bm. Ë`mg

M§Ðamd `mZo Aml` {Xbm. M§Ðamd `mZo {edmOrÀ`m àXoemV KwgImoar H$aÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br hmoVr.

{MIbrMm nmQ>rb am_Or dmS>H$a hm M§Ðamd `mg Ow_mZV Zgë`mZo Ë`mMm nmR>bmJ H$ê$Z {edmOrÀ`m

àXoemV KwgyZ _mabo. Ë`mÀ`m _wbmZo amohrS>m Imoè`mV Aml` KoVbm. Ë`mghr VoWo OmD$Z _mabo. ho

{edmOrÀ`m àXoemV Pmbobo Ho$di JwÝho ZìhVo Va {edmOrÀ`m gmd© m¡_Ëdmbm {Xbobo AmìhmZ hmoVo.

B M§Ðamd `mMm CÔm_nUm :

M§Ðamd d {edmOr `m§À`mVrb {dVwîQ>nUm {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V Jobm. Varhr {edmOr amOm§Zr Ë`mg

g_OyZ gm§JÊ`mgmR>r Amnbr Vm~oXmar ñdrH$maÊ`m~m~V {Zamon {Xbm. hoVy hm H$s gd© Ohm{JaXmam§Zm EH$Ì

H$aUo hm hmoVm. nU Ë`m {Zamonmg CÔm_nUo M§Ðamd `mZo CËVa {Xbo. ""Vwåhr H$mbMo amOo Omhbm, Vwåhmg

amÁ` H$moÊhr {XYbo''. Ý`m. amZS>o åhUVmV."{edmOrMm hoVy `m H$mimVhr Ë`m§À`m Ohm{Jar ZraoÀ`m

X{jUg d H¥$îUoÀ`m CËVaog hmoVr; Ë`m§Mr OyQ> KS>dyZ AmUm`Mr hmM hmoVm. na§Vw Ohm{JaXmam§Zm

{edmOramOm§Mo ZoV¥Ëd _mÝ` ZìhVo. Ë`m§Zr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zm {damoY gwê$ Ho$bm. Ë`mV OmdirMo _moao _w»`

hmoVo. Ë`m_wio {edmOr _hmamOm§H$S>o Omdir qOH$Ê`m{edm` Xþgam n`m© ZìhVm.

B OmdirMm àXoe amÁ`d¥Õrg AZwHy$b :

ñdamÁ`mÀ`m dm`ì` d CËVa {Xeobm _m|Jbr àXoe, nyd© d Am½Zo {Xeobm Am{Xbemhr àXoe hmoVm.

amÁ`d¥Õrg VËŠH$mbrZ n[apñWVrV _m|Jb àXoe qOH$Uo {edmOrg nadS>Umao ZìhVo. Ë`m_wio Omdir hm

àXoe AZwHy$b hmoVm. hçm XwJ©_ àXoemÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ^{dî`mV Am{Xbemhr d _m|Jb `m XmoÝhr gËVm§er

bT>Uo gmono OmUma Agë`mZo Omdir hm àXoe amÁ`d¥Yrg AZwHy$b Agm hmoVm.

B amOH$s` AZwHy$bVm :

OmdirMm àXoe {O§H$Ê`mg VËH$mbrZ amOH$s` pñWVr AË §V AZwHy$b hmoVr. {dOmnwamV Am{Xbemh

hm AË §V AmOmar Agë`mZo Xa~mamMr gd© gwÌo ~S>r ~oJ_ gm{h~m {hÀ`m hmVr hmoVr. Ë`mMdoir {dOmnya

Xa~mamV H$Q>H$mañWmZo gwê$ hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Am{Xbemhr Xa~mamMo bj {edmOrÀ`m H$madm`mH$S>o OmUo eŠ`

ZìhVo. {edm` dmB© àm§VmMm gw oXma A\$ObImZ hm 1655 _Ü o H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb _mo[h_oda Jobm hmoVm.

Ë`m_wio Omdirda Am{XbemhrMr ZOa ZìhVr. `m H$mimV Am¡a§JOo~ `mMr ZOa {XëbrH$S>o hmoVr. Ë`m_wio

Omdir qOH$Uo {edmOramOm§Zm ghO eŠ` hmoVo.

B OmdirMm Vm~m :

ñdamÁ` ho Ü o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`d¥Õr H$aUo H«$_àmá Agë`mZo Omdirda Vm~m {_idUo

Amdí`H$ ~Zbo hmoVo. M§Ðamd _moaoZm {edmOrZo g_OmdyZ gm§JÊ`mgmR>r {Zamon nmR>dbm hmoVm. "Vwåhr

AmnUmg amOo åhUdVm Vo ì`W© Amho. Amåhr Iao amOo AmhmoV. lr e§ yZo Amåhmg amÁ` {Xbo Amho.

Am_À`m A§{H$V ìhmdo.' `m {Zamonmg _moa§oZr AË §V CÕQ>nUo CËVa {Xbo hmoVo. "Vwåhr H$mbMo amOo PmbmV

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Vwåhmbm amÁ` H$moÝhr {XYbo. naV {edmOrZo {Zamon nmR>{dbm H$s, ~X\¡$br H$amb Va àmUmg _wH$mb' _moa§oZr

nwÝhm Ë`mM àH$mao CËVa {Xbo H$s "Omdirg² oUma Agmb Va Oê$a `mdo Xmê$Jmoim _m¡OyX Amho. Aem

àH$ma EH$_oH$mbm Oa~ XoÊ`mMm àH$ma Pmbm. `m~m~V g^mgX åhUVmo,' M§Ðamd _moao `mg _maë`mÀ`m

{da{hV amÁ` gmYV Zmhr.'

nwT>o {edmOramOm§Zr g§ mOr H$mdOr d aKwZmW ~ëbmi g~Zrg `m§Mo gmo~V _mdi àm§VmVrb H$mhr

Xoe_wI Omdirda nmR>{dbo. d 15 {Xdgm§Zr Omdir Vmã`mV Ambr. M§Ðamd _moao Amnë`m XmoZ _wbmgh

amàrg (am`JS>) niyZ Jobm. OmdirMr ì`dñWm bmdë`mda {edmOtZr amàrg doT>m {Xbm. VrZ

_{hÝ`mZ§Va M§Ðamd eaU Ambm. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`mg R>ma _mabo. Ë`mMr XmoZ _wbo ~mOr d H¥$îUmOr `m§Zm

OrdZXmZ {Xbo nU Ë`mZrhr ~X\¡$br Ho$br åhUyZ Ë`m§Zmhr R>ma Ho$bo. Aem àH$mao 1656 _Ü o Omdir

Vmã`mV Ambr.

B Omdir {dO`mMo _hËd :

ñdamÁ`mMr n{hbr _moR>r _mohr_ :

ñdamÁ` {Z{_©Vr_Ü o Omdir {dO`mg _hËËdmMo ñWmZ Amho. hr _mohr_ åhUOo ñdamÁ` {Z{_©Vr_Yrb

n{hbr _moR>r _mohr_ hmoVr. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ EH$ N>moQ>çm Ohm{JarMo ê$nm§Va EH$ amÁ`mV Pmbo hmoVo.

B Am{W©H$ g§nÞËVm :

`m _mo{h_oVyZ ñdamÁ` {Z{_©Vrg bmJUmam n¡gm _moR>çm à_mUmda {_imbm. _moao KamÊ`mMr Am{W©H$

pñWVr ^ŠH$_ hmoVr Vmo I{OZm {edmOrÀ`m hmVr Ambm. Ë`mÀ`m Omoamda Zdo {H$ëbo, bîH$a d Ama_mZ

`mMr C^maUr H$aVm Ambr.

B bîH$ad¥Õr :

OmdirÀ`m {dO`mZ§Va _moaoMo g¡{ZH$ ho ñdamÁ`mMo g¡{ZH$ ~Zbo. _moa|Mo gw_mao 12 hOma g¡{ZH$

ñdamÁ`mÀ`m H$m`m©V Jw§Vbo. _wama~mOr gmaIm `moÕm `mM àm§VmVyZ {_imbm. Ë`m_wio bîH$amMr dmT> XwßnQ>

Pmbr.

B Omdir ^{dî` H$mimVrb _hËËdmMo ñWmZ R>abo :

Omdir XwJ©_ àXoe Agë`mZo oWrb ^mJmMr XmoZ JmoîQ>rV _XV Pmbr EH$ åhUOo `mM ^mJmVyZ

H$mQ>H$ d eya bîH$amMr âVr Pmbr Am{U Xwgar _hËdmMr JmoîQ> åhUOo `mM àXoemÀ`m Omoamda

A\$bOImZmgma»`mbm Zm_mohaU H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo.

B {H$ëë`mMr àmár :

ñdamÁ` {Z_m©U H$aVmZm S>m|Jar {H$ëbo hm _hËdmMm ^mJ hmoVm. Ago {H$ëbo ñdamÁ`mV AgUo JaOoMo

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hmoVo. `m {dO`mZo am_JS>, M§ÐJS>, _H$a§XJS>, gmoZJS> {edm` _hËdmMm {H$ëbm åhUOo amàr (am`JS>)

hmhr {H$ëbm Vmã`mV Ambm. d nwT>o àVmnJS> gmaIm {H$ëbm ~m§YVm Ambm.

B gmJar gËVm d {edmOr :

`m {dO`mZo {edmOrÀ`m amÁ`mÀ`m gr_m gmJamg OmD$Z {^S>ë`m. gmJamda `mdoir nmoVw©JrO, B§J«O

d {gÕr `m§Mr gËVm hmoVr. {edmOr amOm§Zr Ë`mMr XIb KoD$Z ñdamÁ`mgmR>r Ama_mamMr C^maUr Ho$br.

B Am{Xbemhr àXoe {dbJ :

Ë`mdoir Am{XbemhrÀ`m Vmã`mV H$ë`mU d {^d§S>r ho àXoe hmoVo. Omdir {dO`mZo _mÌ H$ë`mU

d {^d§S>r Am{XbemhrÀ`m amÁ`mnmgyZ {dbJ Pmbo. `mMm \$m`Xm {edmOr amOm§Zr KoVbm d àXoe {§O§Hy$Z

KoVbm.

B Am{Xbemhr YŠH$m :

Omdir {dO`mZo Am{Xbemhr Xa~mamg _moR>m YŠH$m ~gbm. Ë`m_wio {edmOr amOm§À`m ~§Xmo~ñVmgmR>r

Ë`m§Zm A\$ObImZ `m gaXmamMr {Z wŠVr H$amdr bmJbr.

B A\$ObImZmMm dY :

ñdamÁ` {Z{_©VrÀ`m H$mimV N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§da AZoH$ H$R>rU àg§J ~oVbo hmoVo. Ë`mVrb EH$

_hËdmMm àg§J åhUOo A\$ObImZ `mMr oQ> hmo . gZ 1656 _Ü o N>. {edmOtZr Omdir qOHy$Z KoVbr

Am{U Ë`mZ§Va dmB© nmgyZ gmVmè`mn ªV Am{U _mhþbrnmgyZ _hmS> VgoM H$ë`mU d {^d§S>r ho àXoe Vmã`mV

KoVbo. OmdirZ§Va Am{XbemhrÀ`m àXoemMm ~amM ^mJ qOHy$Z KoVbm hmoVm. `mMr J§^ra XIb

Am{Xbemhr Xa~mamZo KoVbr. Am{Xbemhr Xa~ma `mdoir _moR>çm g§H$Q>mVyZ OmV hmoVm. _h_X Am{XbehmMm

_¥Ë y Pmbm Agë`mZo ~S>r ~oJ_ gm{h~m {hÀ`m hmVr gd© gËVm Jobr hmoVr. {VZo Amnë`m _OuVrb _h_X

Am{XbehmÀ`m AZm¡ag nwÌmbm ~mXemh ~Z{dbo hmoVo. `mMm amJ Xa~mamVrb AZoH$ gaXmam§Zm hmoVm. `m

JmoîQ>rbm {damoY H$aÊmmè`m AZoH$ gaXmam§Zm {VZo R>ma Ho$bo hmoVo. EHy$U Xa~mamV H$Q>H$mañWmZo `m§Zm CV

oD$Z ~O~Onwar _mObr hmoVr. XwgarH$S>o _m|Jbr gËVoZo Am{Xbemhr {dê$Õ _mohr_ H$mT>br hmoVr nU

Am¡a§JOo~ hm {XëbrH$S>o Joë`mZo ho g§H$Q> Q>ibo hmoVo. `m_wio WmoS>r pñWaVm bm^br Agë`mZo {edmOtÀ`m

H$mdm© mda bj H|$ÐrV Pmbo Am{U Ë`m§À`m narnË`mgmR>r 1659 _Ü o A\$bImZ `m gXmamMr Zo_UyH$

Ho$br.

B A\$ObImZmMo nyd©M[aÌ :

A\$ObImZ hm {dOmnya Xa~mamVrb EH$ AZw dr gaXma hmoVm. Ë`mbm _wbH$s d g¡{ZH$s `m XmoÝhr

ì`dñWoMm AZw d hmoVm. 1638-39 `m H$mimV Vmo aUXþëbmImZ `mMm {dídmgy ZmoH$a hmoVm. H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb

ñdmarV ehmOr amOm§À`m ~amo~arZo Ë`mZo ^mJ KoVbm hmoVm. {eao, ~gdnÅ>U, ~oëbya, Qy>_Hy$a, d qOOr `m

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bT>mB©V Ë`mZo ^mJ KoVbm hmoVm. 1649-55 `m H$mimV Ë`mZo dmB© àm§VmMm gw oXma åhÊmyZ Ë`mZo H$m_

nm{hbo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio `m ^mJmVrb H$mhr Xoe_wI, Xoenm§S>o `m§À`mer Ë`mMm Mm§JbmM n[aM` hmoVm. `mM

~amo~a Vmo H$nQ> H$mañWmZ H$aÊ`mVhr nQ>mB©V hmoVm. Ë`mZoM {eè`mMm gw oXma H$ñVw[aa§Jm `mbm {dídmgKmVmZo

R>ma _mabo hmoVo. Ë`mMo AmUIr EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo Vmo qhXyMm ÛoîQ>m d _yVu §OH$ hmoVm.

B ^mogbo KamÊ`mer d¡a :

A\$ObImZ d ehmOr `m§Zr EH$Ì bT>m`m Ho$ë`m Agë`m Var Ë`m§À`m_Ü o eÌwËdmMr ^mdZm hmoVr.

H$S>dr qhXy Ûofr _mZ{gH$Vm AgUmam A\$ObImZ hm ehmOrÀ`m {damoYmV hmoVm. ehmOrMm Ë`m§À`m

namH«$_mZo hmoV Agbobm CËH$f© hm A\$bImZg² IwnUmam hmoVm. 1648 gmbr _wñV\$mImZ `mZo ehOrg

AQ>H$ Ho$br Vo§ìhm ehmOrÀ`m hmVmV ~oS>çm KmbyZ Ë`mZoM {dOmnyamVyZ {_adUyH$ H$mT>br hmoVr.

A\$ObImZ `mÀ`m H$m_mVrb Hw$MamB©_wio H$ZH$JrarÀ`m wÕmV ehmOrMm _moR>m _wbJm g§ mOr hm _mabm

Jobm hmoVm. Aer _mZ{gH$Vm AgUmam A\$ObImZ hm {edmOrg MT>o KmoS>çm{Zer {Od§V H¡$X H$ê$Z

AmUVmo Aer à{Vkm H$ê$Z ñdamÁ`mV Ambm hmoVm.

B A\$ObImZ ñdmarMo hoVy :

A\$ObImZ `mÀ`m ñdmarMm CÔoe ñnîQ> H$aUmar VËH$mbrZ H$mhr gmYZo CnbãY AmhoV. Ë`mdê$Z

{edmOrg nH$S>Uo H$s R>ma _maUo `mMr A{YH$ ñnîQ>Vm hmoVo. amOmnya oWrb B§J«O A{YH$mar aopìh½Q>§Z

åhUVmo H$s, {edmOrda ~S>r gm{h~mZo 10 hOma KmoS>Xi d nm`Xi XodyZ nmR>{dbo. EdT>çm g¡{ZH$m§Zrer

bT>m XoUo Aí`Š` Agë`mZo {VZo eÌyer {_ÌËdmMm ~hmUm H$aÊ`mg² gm§{JVbo. `mVyZ XmoZ CÔoe ñnîQ>

hmoVmV EH$ åhUOo bT>mB© H$amdr AÝ`Wm _¡Ìr H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mm Zme H$amdm.

Am{Xbemhr Xa~mamVrb VmdarIH$ma gæ`X Zwê$ëbm VmarI-B©-Abr Am{Xbemhr `m_Ü o {b{hVmo,

gwbVmZmZo A\$ObImZmg gm§{JVbo H$s {edmOrbm {ZnQy>Z H$mT>bo nm{hOo. Vmo eaU oÊ`mMo T>m|J H$aob,

nU Ë`mÀ`mda {dídmg R>ody ZH$m.

B ImZmMr bîH$ar ì`dñWm :

A\$ObImZ hm EH$ _moR>r à{Vkm H$ê$Z Ambm Agë`mZo H$m_{Jar \$ËVo hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo Amnbr

bîH$ar ì`dñWm MmoI R>odbr hmoVr. Ë`mZo gmo~V oVmZm {ZdS>H$ 12 hOma KmoS>Xi d nm`Xi AmUbo hmoVo.

{edm` gmo~V A§~aImZ, `mHy$VImZ, _wgoImZ nR>mU, hgZImZ, aUXþëbm (Xþgam) Ë`m§Mo ~amo~a H$mhr

ZmH$m{H$V _amR>m gaXma Ë`m_Ü o KmoanS>o, nm§T>ao, ^mogbo, OmYd, KmQ>Jo VgoM dmQ>oV AZoH$ Am{XbemhrMo

Xoe_wI {_imbo hmoVo. H°$ßQ>Z _moS>H$ `m§À`m åhUÊ`mZwgma "dmB© _wH$m_mn ªV ImZmMr \$m¡OoMr g§»`m

34-35 hOma qH$dm Ë`mhÿZ A{YH$ Agmdr.

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ImZmÀ`m ñdmarMm d¥Vm§V :

B ImZmMo AË`mMma :

A\$ObImZ `mZo Amnbr ñdmar 1659 À`m nmdgmiçmZ§Va gwê$ Ho$br hmoVr. qhXw _§{Xao bwQy>Z H$mhr

n¡gm {Z_mU© Ho$bm. n§T>anya d VwiOmnya, \$bQ>U, OoOwar `m {R>H$mUÀ`m _§{Xam§Mr ZmgYyZ Ho$br. _bdS>r

oWo AgVmZm Ë`mZo \$bQ>UÀ`m ~OmOr {Z§~miH$a `mg Y_mªVa H$amdo AÝ`Wm hËVrÀ`m nm`r XoÊ`mMr

Y_H$s {Xbr. nU nm§T>ao gaXmamÀ`m _XVrZo 60 hOma hmoZ X§S> ^ê$Z ~OmOr `mZo ñdV:Mr gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z

KoVbr. Aem _mJm©Zo A\$bOImZ n¡gm C^m H$ê$Z \$m¡OoMm IM© ^mJdrV hmoVm.

_mo{h_oÀ`m àdmgmV _mdi Imoè`mVrb I§S>moOr ImonS>o d gwbVmZOr OJXmio ho _amR>m Xoe_wI ImZmg

{_imbo Va OoWo BVa H$mhr Xoe_wI _mÌ {edmOtÀ`m ~mOyZo am{hbo.

B {edmOtMm {ZU© :

A\$ObImmMr ñdmOr ho ñdamÁ`mdarb EH$ _hmZ g§H$Q> hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m AË`mMmamZo _hmamîQ´> hmXê$Z

Jobm hmoVm. _hamO `m doir am`JS>mda hmoVo. ImZmer bT>m H$gm Úmdm `m~m~V _hmamOm§Zr Amnbo goZmZr

d _§ÌrJU `m§À`mer MMm© Ho$br. ImZmer g_oQ> H$amdm Agohr EH$ _V Ambo nU Ë`mg _hmamO V`ma

ZìhVo. H$maU ImZ H$gm H$nQ>r Amho `mMr Ë`m§Zm H$ënZm hmoVr. Ë`m_wio g_oQ> Ho$bmM Va ImZ AmnUmg

{Od§V gmoS>Uma Zmhr `mMr ImÌr _hmamOm§Zm hmoVr. eodQ>r Ë`m§Zr ImZmer _wH$m~bm H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dbo.

B aUjoÌmMr {ZdS> :

ImZmÀ`m ñdmardoir _hmamO amOJS>mda hmoVo. ImZ Á`m {XeoZo oV hmoVm Vmo àXoe gnmQ> _¡XmZr hmoVm.

nwUo ^mJmVrb gnmQ> _¡XmZmda bT>Uo ho H$mR>rU Agë`mMo _hmamO OmUyZ Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zr Omdir `m XwJ©_

àXoemMr {ZdS> Ho$br. åhUOo ImZmg Ë`mÀ`m aUjoÌmMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr _hmamOm§Zr Ë`mg {Xbr

Zmhr. d Omdir àXoemVrb àVmnJS> oWo Amnbm _wŠH$m_ Ho$bm.

B ImZ dmB© _wŠH$m_r :

{edmOr _hmamOm§Zm nwUo àm§VmV JmR>mdo Am{U H$Q> H$mT>mdm Aer _mZ{gH$Vm ImZmMr hmoVr. nU

_hmamO àVmnJS>mda Joë`mZo hm _Zgw~m CYibm Jobm. Ë`mg hr ~mV_r bmJVmM Ë`mZo Ë`m {XeoZo àdmg

gwê$ Ho$bm. d Amnbm hoVy gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r `moOZm AmIy bmJbm.

B {ZamonmMo amOH$maU :

ImZ dmB© _wŠH$m_r Amë`mZ§Va Vmo {edmOrZm oQ>rg ~mobmdyZ H¡$X H$aÊ`mMr `moOZm AmIy bmJbm.

Ë`m _Zgwã`mg _yV© ñdê$n XoÊ`mgmR>r dH$sb H¥$îUmOr ^mñH$a `mMr {ZdS> Ho$br. d Ë`mOH$Sy>Z {Zamon

YmS>bm. "Vw_Mo dS>rb ehmOr d Am_Mm OwZm ñZoh Amho. Vwåhr Amåhm§g naHo$ Zmhr. nw§S>nUm Z H$aVm

~mXehmÀ`m AmkoZo Mmbmb Va Vwåhmbm Vw_À`mH$S>o Amho Ë`mnojm OmñV ga§Om_ {_iyZ Xody. H$mhrhr

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A§Xoem Z YaVm Amåhmg oD$Z oQ>mdo.' _hmamOm§Zr H¥$îUmOr ^mñH$a ~amo~a Amnbm dH$sb n§VmOr JmonrZmW

`mg nmR>dyZ {Zamon YmS>bm. "Amnë`m namH«$_mnwT>o Am_Mm H$m` nmS> Amho? Amåhçmg EìhS>r Úm XmI{dbr

hoM {deof Amho. Amåhr oQ> Adí` KoD$ AmnU Omdirbm `mdo. `mdoir dH$sb n§VmOr `m§Zr Agohr

ImZmg gm§{JVbo H$s {edmOr amOo Amnë`m oQ>rg oÊ`mg Km~aV AmhoV. hoVy hm H$s ImZmMm hoVy OmUyZ

¿`mdm. n§VmOrZo hr H$m_{Jar MmoI ~Om{dbr. {edmOr Amnë`mg Km~aV> Agë`mÀ`m ~mV_rZo ImZ

CVmdim Pmbm Am{U Ë`mZo Omdirg oÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bo.

B ImZ Omdir Imoè`mV :

{edmOr _hmamO Am{U A\$ObImZ `m§À`mVrb {ZamonmMo amOH$maU a§JV hmoVo. `m_Ü o {edmOr

amOm§Mm _Zgw~m g\$b Pmbm Am{U ImZmg Omdir Imoè`mV oÊ`mg ^mJ nS>bo. ImZmZo Xhm Vo ~mam

hOmamMr \$m¡O KoD$Z aUVm|S>rMm KmQ> nma H$ê$Z H$mo Zm ZXrÀ`m H$mR>mdarb nma `m {R>H$mUr _wŠH$m_ Ho$bm.

{edmOr _hmamOm§Zr nwÝhm Ë`mg {Zamon YmS>bm H$s, N>mdUrV oD$Z oQ>Ê`mMr {^Vr dmQ>Vo V|ìhm N>mdUrVyZ

Xya àVmnJS>mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer `mdo. `mhr {Zamonmg ImZ V`ma Pmbm. àVmnJS>mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer em{_`mZmV

Amnë`m ~amo~a 10 g¡{ZH$ AmUmdoV nU Vo em{_`mZmnmgyZ ~mUmÀ`m A§Vamda R>odmdo. XmoZ A§JajH$, EH$

Img~maXma d d{H$b AmUmdoV Ago R>a{dÊ`mV Amho.

B _hmamOm§Mr V`mar :

{edmOr _hmamOm§Zm ImZmMm hoVy d Ë`mMo nwd©M[aÌ _m{hV Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zr amÁ`mV BVa ^mJmV

OwO~r g¡Ý` R>odyZ ~mH$sMo g¡Ý` Omdir n[agamV nga{dbo. ZoVmOr nmbH$a `m§Zm aUVm|S>r KmQ>mda Va

_moamon§V qnJio `m§Zm nma KmQ>mda g¡Ý`mgh R>odbo O§JbmVrb bhmZ dmQ>m ~§X H$ê$Z EH$M _mJ© Iwbm Ho$bm.

N>mdUr n[agamVhr g¡Ý`mÀ`m VwH$S>çm bn{dë`m. Ë`m§Zr g§mHo${VH$ Bemam {_iVmM H$m_{Jar nma

nmS>Ê`mÀ`m gyMZm {Xë`m hmoË`m.

B ImZmMr oQ> d dY :

{Z`moOZmà_mUo ImZ {edmOr amOm§À`m o{Q>g {ZKmbm gmo~V 1500 g¡{ZH$ hmoVo. nU n§VmOrZo EdT>çm

g¡{ZH$mg {edmOr Km~aVrb Ago ImZmg gm§{JVbo åhUyZ R>abobo g¡{ZH$M ¿`mdo Ago gm§{JVbo. Ë`m_yio

ImZmZo 10 g¡{ZH$, XmoZ A§JajH$, EH$ Img~maXma (gæ`mX ~§S>m) d{H$b H¥$îUmOr ^mñH$a `m§À`mgh

em{_`mZmV ImZ Ambm. ~mUmÀ`m A§Vamda 10 g¡{ZH$ d nmbIrMo ^moOB© R>odbo. A§JajH$ gXao~mOyg Va

gXaoda ImZ, H¥$îUmOr ^mñH$a d gæ`mX ~§S>m C o hmoVo. g^mgXmZo `m oQ> àg§JmMo dU©Z Ho$bo Amho.

"Imgm am{O`m§Zr ñZmZr H$ê$Z ^moOZ Ho$bo. OarMr Hw$S>Vr KmVbr, S>moB©g _§{Xb ~m§Ybo. Ë`mV VmoS>m

~m§Ybm. nm`mV MmoiUm KmbyyZ H$mg H$gbr. EH$ {~Mdm, dmKZIo MR>{dbo Am{U ~amo~a {Oìhm _hmbm

åhUyZ _aXmZm hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`mOdi EH$ nÅ>m d {\$a§J d T>mb Ago XmoKo _aXmZr AmnUm ~amo~a o{Q>g KoVbo

daH$S> Amgnmg YmaH$ar (Vbdma, ~mU) OmJmo-OmJr C o Ho$bo. Am{U amOo m§Zr {gÕ hmoD$Z (Vo)

JS>mImbr o{Q>g `md`mg CVabo.'

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JS>mdê$Z _hmamO oV AgVmZm Ë`m§Zm gæ`X ~§S>m hm ImZmgmo~V Amho ho H$imbo Ë`mdoir Ë`m§Zr

[Zamon nmR>dyZ AmnUmg gæ`X ~§S>mMr {^Vr dmQ>Vo Ë`mg em{_`mZmnmgyZ Xya H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo. `m

{edmOr amOm§À`m amOH$maUMr H$ënZmhr ImZmg ZìhVr Ë`m_yio EH$àH$mao Ë`mMr K_|S> dmT>br d gæ`X

~§S>m Xya Pmbm. Ë`m_wio gXaoda H¥$îUmOr ^mñH$a d ImZ ho XmoKoM Cabo. {edmOramOo JS>mdê$Z CVê$Z Ambo

gmo~V Img~maXma VmZmOr _mbwgao, A§JajH$ {OD$ _hmbm d g§ mOr H$mdOr Ago 10 g¡{ZH$ ~mÊmmÀ`m

A§Vamda C o hmoVo. VmZmOr _mbwgaobmhr gæ`X ~§S>m à_mUo Xya Ho$bo. XmoZ A§JajH$mgh _hmamO gXaoda

Ambo. gXaoImbr A§JajH$m§Zm C o Ho$bo. _hmamOm§Zm {dídmg dmQ>mdm åhUyZ ImZmZo Amnbr Vbdma

H¥$îUmOr ^mñH$aH$S>o {Xbr. _hmamOm§Zrhr VgoM Ho$bo. Xmo¿mm§H$S>o EH$-EH$ {~Mdm (bhmZ Vbdma)

_hmamOm§À`m S>mì`m hmVmV dmKZIo hmoVo.

[admOmà_mUo AqbJU XoÊ`mgmR>r ImZ nwT>o Ambm. _hamOm§Zr Ë`mg Odi KoVbo. ImZmZo _hamOm§Mr

_mZ S>mì`m ~JboV Xm~yZ {~Mdm _hmamOm§À`m nmoQ>mV _mabm nU {MbIV Agë`mZo BOm Pmbr Zmhr.

ImZMr H¥$Vr _hmamOm§À`m bjmV Ambr. àg§JmdYmZmZo _hmamOm§Zr dmKZIo ImZmÀ`m nmoQ>mV Iwngbr d

ImZmMm H$moVim ~mhoa H$mT>bm. ImZmMr nH$S> {T>br nS>br Vgm Vmo XJm-XJm åhUyZ AmoaSy> bmJbm. Vgo

_hmamOm§Zr Ë`mda XmoZ dma Ho$bo d gXaoImbr CS>r _mabr. ImZmMo A§JajH$ d gæ`X ~§S>m {edmOrda

YmdyZ Ambo. {edmOtZr {OD$ _hmbmH$Sy>Z nÅ>m KoVbm d gæ`X ~§S>mMo Mma dma VQ>{dbo. nmMdm O~aXñV

dma _hmamOm§da H$aUma BVŠ`mV {OD$ _hmbmZo gæ`X ~§S>mMm hmV daModa CS>{dbm. `m PQ>mnQ>rV ImZmMo

A§JajH$ d H¥$îUmOr ^mñH$a _mabo Jobo. ImZmÀ`m nmb{IÀ`m ^mo m§Zr ImZmg ni{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV

AgVmZmM g§ mOr H$mdOrZo ^mo m§Mo nm` VmoS>bo. ImZmMo era YS>mdoJio H$ê$Z _hmamOm§Odi AmUbo d

Vm~S>Vmo~ doi Z XdS>Vm _hmamO gmWrXmamgh JS>mda ngma Pmbo.

B ImZmMo g¡Ý` nam yV :

ImZm~amo~a Amboë`m g¡Ý`mgh ImZ _mabm Jobm d ^mo ohr OI_r Pmë`mZo. ImZmÀ`m dYmMr I~a

Ë`mÀ`m \$m¡Oobm ZìhVr. _hmamO JS>mda nmohMVm§M gm§Ho${VH$ IwUoÀ`m Vmo\$m CS>{dë`m Voìhm X~m Yê$Z

~gboë`m g¡{ZH$m§Zr nma _wŠH$m_mda Agboë`m ImZmÀ`m \$m¡Ooda hbmMT>{dbm. H$mÝhmoOr OoYo, AmßnmOr

n§V, {Ì§~H$ ^mñH$a §mZr ImZmÀ`m \$m¡OoMr dmVmhV Ho$br. dmB© oWrb ImZmÀ`m \$m¡Ooda ZoVmOr nmbH$aZo

hëbm Ho$bm. ~ogmdY Agbobo ImZmMo g¡Ý` ^`{^V Pmbo d niy bmJbo Ë`m_Ü o AZoH$OU _mabo Jobo.

AZoH$m§Zm nmR>bmJ H$ê$Z _mabo Jobo. _wgo~mZ, `mHw$VImZ, hgZImZ, A§Hw$eImZ, ImZmMm _wbJm

\$mObImZ ho àVmnamd _moa§oÀ`m ghmæ`mZo nimbo. A§~aImZ, ImZmMo XmoZ nyÌ, ê$ñV_P_mZ, b§~mOr

^mogbo, Pw§Oma KmQ>Jo B. H¡$X Pmbo. `m_Ü o H$mhr gaXmahr _mabo Jobo. EHy$U ImZmÀ`m g¡Ý`mMr XmUmXmU

CS>mbr.

B wÕmoËVa gÝ_mZ :

A\$ObImZ oQ>rÀ`m `m àg§Jm_Ü o Oo wÕ Pmbo Ë`m_Ü o AZoH$ bmoH$ OI_r Pmbo Ë`m§À`m

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Am¡fYnmÊ`mMr gmo Ho$br VgoM wÕmV H$m_r Amboë`m g¡{ZH$m§À`m _wbm§Zm bîH$amV gm_mdyZ KoVbo.

OI_tZm 100 Vo 200 hmoZmn ªV _XV Ho$br Va goZmnVr, goZm{YH$mar `m§Zr ~{jgo XoD$Z C{MV gÝ_mZ

Ho$bm.

gwbVmZOr OJXmio `m {\$Vyamg R>ma Ho$bo Va I§S>moOr ImonS>oMm COdm hmV d S>mdm nm` H$b_ Ho$bm.

B {dO`mMr H$maU{__m§gm :

1) _hmamOm§Mr CnpñWVr :

{edmOr amOo ho ñdV… `m aUm§JUmV g{H«$` Agë`mZo d Ë`m§Zr Amnbm Ord YmoŠ`mV KmbyZ ImZmg

JmaX Ho$ë`mZo g¡{ZH$m_Ü o CËgmh dmT>bm. `m_wioM hm {dO` àmßV hmoD$ eH$bm.

2) qhXdr ñdamÁ`mMr y{_H$m :

`m bT>çm_mJo amOH$s` A^md _moR>m hmoVm Ë`m_Ü o qhXdr ñdamÁ`mMr H$ënZm hmoVr EodÔo{e` bmoH$m§Mo

amÁ` hm qhXdr ñdamÁ`mMm _yi Jm^m Agë`mZo ghH$mar g¡{ZH$mV hr y{_H$m CVa{dbr Ë`m_wio hm {dO`

àmá H$aVm Ambm.

3) ImZmH$Sy>Z Y_© wÕmMo ñdê$n :

A\$ObImZmZo _mÌ `m bT>çmg Y_© wÕmMo ñdê$n {Xbo. Vmo _wVr© §OH$ àd¥ËVrMm Agë`mZo Ë`mZo

_mo{h_oÀ`m _mJm©V Ambobr AZoH$ qhXy _§{Xao, {VW© joÌmMr {dQ>§~Zm H$aUo ho àH$ma Ho$bo. Ë`m_yio bmoH$m§À`m

^mdZm XþImdë`m d Ë`mMm n[aUm_ g¡Ý`mda Pmbm hmoVm.

CbQ> qhXdr ñdamÁ` g§ñWmnH$ `m ÑîQ>rZo {edmOrH$S>o g_mO nhmV Agë`mZo bîH$amMr nyU© {ZîR>m

{edmOr amOm§da hmoVr.

4) aUjoÌmMr {ZdS> :

aUjoÌmMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mÀ`m goZmZrg wÕ qOH$Ê`mMr g§Yr A{YH$ AgVo d Vo aUjoÌ Amnë`m d

Amnë`m g¡Ý`mÀ`m gmo rMo VgoM eÌwbm ÌmgXm`H$ R>amdo Aer y{_H$m H$mhtM ~wÕrd§V goZmqZH$S>o AgVo.

N>. {edmOr amOo Ë`mVrb EH$ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio K_§oS>Imoa d \$mOrb AmË_{dídmg ~miJUmè`m ImZmg hr

g§Yr {_imbr Zmhr [H§$~hÿZm Ë`mH$S>o Ë`mMo \$mago bj Jobo Zmhr Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ `m oQ>rMr d

bT>çmMr gwÌo hr {edmOr amOm§H$S>o am{hbr Ë`m_wio Amnë`mbm gmo rñH$a Ago aUjoÌ {ZdS>bo d Ë`mMr

n[aUrVr eÌwÀ`m namd^dmg Pmbr.

B ImZmMm \$mOrb AmË_{dídmg :

eÌw njmg H$_r boIUo AWdm Ë`mg H$… nXmW© åhUyZ nhmUo hr K_|S>Imoa d¥ËVr ImZmH$S>o hmoVr.

Ë`mMm \$m`Xm {edmOr amOm§Zr KoVbm d Zoh_r AmnU Km~aV Agë`mMo {Zamon Ë`mg nmR>{dbo. Ë`m_wio Vmo

~r.E. mJ-1/B{Vhmg ....3

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A{YH$M Jm\$sb am{hbm. aUjoÌ H$moUVo, Ë`mMo n[aUm_ Amnë`m ~mOwZo H$m` hmoVrb {H§$dm gm¡Ý`mMr

bT>Ê`mMr gd` `m H$moUË`mhr JmoîQ>r Ë`mZo ZJÊ` _mZë`m Agmì`mV hm \$mOrb AmË_{dídmgmMm Z_yZm

hmoVm `mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ Ë`mg àUmg _wH$mdo bmJbo.

B _hmamOm§Mr gmdY{Jar :

_hmamOm§Zm ImZmMm nwd©B{Vhmg _m{hV Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zr Ë`m ImZmg Jm{\$b Va R>odboM nU

àg§JmdYmZ amIyZ o{Q>nwduMr ì`dñWm Amnë`m ~mOwZo H$ê$Z KoVbr Va àË`j o{Q>Vhr Ë`m§Zr Ë`mÀ`mdaM

S>md CbQ>dbm.

B A\$ObImZmdarb {dO`mMo _hËd :

1) _hmamOm§Mr à{VîR>m dmT>br :

A\$ObImZmgma»`m gaXmamMo g§H$Q> _moR>çm wŠVrZo d eŠVrZo _hmamOm§Zr g§n{dbo hm Ë`m§À`m

~wÕrMmVw m©Mm d _wËgÔo{JarMm Z_wZm hmoVm Ë`mMà_mUo Hw$eb goZmZrËdmMo JwU gdmªnwT>o Ambo Ë`m_wio

ñdamÁ`mV d ñdamÁ`m~mhoahr _hmamOm§Mr à{VîR>m dmT>br.

2) AmË_{dídmg dmT>bm :

ImZmÀ`m {dO`m_wi¡ qhXdr ñdamÁ`mdarb gm_mÝ` _mUgo, g¡{ZH$ d IwÔ _hmamOm§Mm AmË_{dídmg

dmT>bm. na{H$`M {dO`r R>ê$ eH$VmV Aer _mZ{gH$Vm AZoH$ H$mi `m g_mOmV hmoVr Vr Zm{her Pmbr

d AmË_{dídmg d AmË_gÝ_mZ dmT>bm.

3) _amR>r amÁ`mMr ñWmnZm :

ImZmÀ`m oQ>rMo d Ë`mÀ`m nam^dmÀ`m KQ>Zo~m~V à{gÕ B{VhmgH$ma goVw _mYdamd nJS>r åhUVmV.

"_hmamîQ´>mMo amÁ` 10 Zmoìh|~a (A\$ObImZ dYm{Xder) Iè`m AWm©Zo ApñVËdmV Ambo.

H$maU Iè`m AWm©Zo ñdamÁ`mMr `mdoir Pmbr hmoVr.

4) amÁ`{dñVma dmT>bm :

ImZmÀ`m dYmZ§Va {dOmnyar Xa~ma hV~b Pmbm `mMm \$m`Xm _hmamOm§Zr KoVbm d dmB©, IQ>md

_mÙr dmido, H$amS>, H$moëhmnya n ªVMm àXoe d nÝhmim d {demiJS> ho {H$ëbo Ë`m§Zr {_i{dbo.

5) Am{Xbemhr hV~b :

ImZmÀ`m dYmZo Am{Xbemhr hV~b Pmbr Ë`mZ§Va {gÕr Omoha d éñV_ P_mZ `m§Zm nmR>{dbo

Ë`m§Zmhr Anè Amho.

_moJbm§Zr `m gd© àH$aUmMr XIb KoD$Z ñdamÁ`mda em{hñVoImZ `m gaXmamg nmR>{dbo.

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B {gÕr OmohaMr _mo{h_ :

A\$ObImZmÀ`m dYmZ§Va _hmamOm§Zr Am{Xbemhr àXoemVrb _hËdmMr R>mUr d {H$ëbo Vmã`mV

KoVbo. 28 Zmoìh§§o~a 1659 _Ü o nÝhmim Vmã`mV KoVë`mZo Am{XbemhrMr Zm_wîH$sbr Pmbr H$maU `m

àXoemVyZ H$moH$UmV OmÊ`mÀ`m _mJm©Mr ZmHo$~§Xr hmoD$ eH$V hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Am{Xbemhr _hmamOm§da éñV_

P_mZ d A\$ObImZmMm nwÌ \$mObImZ `mg nmR>{dbo nÝhmiJS>mÀ`m nm`Ï`m§er bT>mB© Pmbr d `m

Xmohm§oMmhr nam^d Pmbm. ZoVmOr nmbH$a `m§Zo Ë`m§À`m nmR>bmJ H$ê$Z ~oiJmd, YmadmS> n ªV dgwbr Ho$br

IwÔ _hmamO {_aOon ªV MmbyZ Jobo. ZoVmOrZo {dOmnyaÀ`m CnZJamda hëbm MT>{dbm V|ìhm IdmgImZmZo

Ë`mg hþgHy$Z bmdbo. `m_wio IwÔ {edmOr {dOmnyamda hëbm H$aob Aer {^Vr Am{Xbemhr Xa~mamg dmQy>

bmJbr Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr {gÕr Omoha `mg _mo{h_oda nmR>{dbo.

{gÕr Omoha hm H$Zw©bàmVm§Mm gw oXma hmoVm. Ë`mZo AmnUmg H$m_[Jar gmondmdr Ago nÌ Am{Xbemhmg

{bhrbo hmoVo. Vmo ~§S>Imoar d ñdV§Ì àd¥ËVrMm hmoVm. Am{Xbehmghr Aer JaO Agë`mZo Ë`mg `m

_mo{h_oda nmR>{dbo. Ë`mg gbm~VImZ hm {H$Vm~ XoD$Z _moR>o g¡Ý` {Xbo 35 hOma nm`Xi d 20 hOma

KmoS>Xi Ago àM§S> _moR>o g¡Ý` KoD$Z Vmo H$Zm©Q>H$mVyZ {ZKmbm. gmo~V ê$ñV_P_mZ, gmXVImZ, \$mPbImZ

`m§Zmhr KoVbo hmoVo.

_hmamO nÝhmiJS>mda Agë`mZo Ë`mZo nÝhmiJS>mg doT>m {Xbm. doT>m A{YH$ {Xdg Mmbbm Vmo

CR>mdm `mgmR>r ZoVmOr nmbH$a `m§Zr hëbo Ho$bo. nU Ë`mMm Cn`moJ Pmbm Zmhr. `mMdoir Am¡a§JOo~Zo

Amnbm _m_m em{hñVoImZ `mMr Zo_UwH$ _m|Jbr gw oXma åhUyZ X{jUoda Ho$br EH$m ~mOwbm Am{Xbehm

d Xþgè`m ~mOybm _moJbmMm gw oXma em{hñVoImZ `mMr X{jUoda {Z wŠVr ho àH$aU J§ ra hmoVo Ë`m_wio

A{YH$ H$mi doT>çmV AS>H$Uo ho _hmamOm§Zm gmo rñH$a ZìhVo Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr {gÕr Omohaer amOH$maU gwê$

Ho$bo.

{gÕr Omohaer amOH$maU H$aVmZm gd© àXoe d {H$ëbo Am{XbehmÀ`m Vmã`mV XoÊ`mMo H$~wb Ho$bo.

BVHo$M Zìho Va JS>mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer {gÕr OmohaMr oQ> KoVbr d {H$ëbo Vmã`mV XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` Agë`mMo

gm§{JVbo.

`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ doT>m {T>bm nS>bm d `mMm \$m`Xm _hmamOm§Zr KoVbm. 13 Owb¡ 1667 amoOr

JS>mÀ`m CËVa ~mOwg qXS>r XadmÁ`mnmgyZ amÌrÀ`m doir A§YmamMm \$m`Xm KoD$Z H$m§hr {ZdS>H$ g¡Ý`mgh

_hmamO {demiJSmH$S>o {ZKmbo. `mMr _m{hVr H$m§hr doimZo {gÕr Omohabm {_imbr Ë`mZo {dembJS>À`m

amoImZo {gÕ _gmD$X Am{U \$mObImZ `m§Zm nmR>bmJ H$aÊ`mg nmR>{dbo. _hmamO JOmnyaÀ`m {I§S>rV hmoVo.

Voìhm eÌw {nN>mS>rda hmoVm. Voìhm ~mOrà w d H$m§hr _mdiçm§Zm qIS> bT>{dÊ`mMr Amkm Ho$br. AmnU

JS>mda nmohmoMVmM Vmo\$m CS>{dë`m OmVrb Voìhm eÌwg nwT>o oD$ XoD$ZH$m Aer Amkm Ho$br. ~mOrà wZo

eÌwMr dmQ> amoIyZ Yabr naH«$_mMr eW© Ho$br eodQ>r Ë`mg Vmo\o$Mm Jmoim bmJë`mZo Vmo Imbr nS>bm Aem

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OI_r AdñWoV Vmo g¡{ZH$m§Zm CËVoOZ XoV {demiJS>mdarb Vmo\o$À`m AmdmOmMr à{Vjm H$[aV hmoVm. Vmo\$m

CS>më`m ~mOrà wZo àmU gmoS>bo. _mdiçm§Zr bT>mB© Wm§~{dbr d ~mOrà wMo ed KoD$Z ngma Pmbo. hr qIS>

~mOrn« wÀ`m hm¡VmË_`mZo nmdZ Pmbr åhUyZ Ë`mg nmdU{I§S> åhUyZ AmOhr AmoiIbr OmVo.

`mZ§Va Am{Xbemhr \$m¡Om§Zr {dembJS>mg doT>m {Xbm nU Ë`mMm Cn`moJ Pmbm Zmhr. Ë`m_yio

Am{Xbemhr g¡Ý` nyÝhm nÝhmiJS>mH$S>o Ambo. _hmamO _mÌ am`JS>r Jobo. Am{Xbehmbm _mÌ {gÕr OmohmaZo

{edmOrer g§YmZ gmYë`mMm g§e` Ambm d Vmo ñdV… _hmamOm§darb ñdmargmR>r {ZKmbm. V|ìhm _hmamOm§Zr

ê$ñV_ P_mZÀ`m _Ü`ñWrZo nÝhmimJS> Am{Xbehmg {Xbm. {gÕr Omoha _mÌ {dOmnyar Xa~mamÀ`m ZOaoVyZ

CVabm nwT>o Ë`mZo {df àmeZ H$ê$Z AmË_hË`m Ho$br.

3.2.2 {edmOr d _m|Jb g§Kf© :

qhXdr ñdamÁ`mMr ñWmnZm H$[aV AgVmZm {edmOr _hmamOm§Zm XmoZ _moR>çm gËVm§er g§Kf© H$amdm

bmJbm Ë`mn¡H$s _mJrb àH$aUmV Am{Xbemhr `m gËVoer Pmboë`m g§Kfm©Mr _m{hVr H$ê$Z ¿`md`mMr

Amho. `m_Ü o 1647 Vo 1660 n ªV Voam dfm©V Á`m g§Kfm©À`m JmoîQ>r KS>ë`m Ë`m_Ü o em{hñVoImZ àH$aU,

gwaVoMr bwQ>, {_Pm© O`qghmMr ñdmar, {edmOr AmJ«m oQ> d 1670 _Ü o gwaVoMr Xþgar bwQ> `m àH$aUm§Mm

{dMma H$am`Mm Amho.

1) em{hñVoImZmÀ`m ñdmarMo hoVy :

gZ 1653 nmgyZ X{jU gwä`mda _m|JbmMm gw oXma åhUyZ ehmOhmZ ~mXehmÀ`m _wbJm Am¡a§JOo~

hm H$m_ nhmV hmoVm na§Vy 1658 _Ü o ehmOhmZÀ`m AmOmarnUmMr ~mV_r oVmM Vmo dmagm hŠH$mgmR>r

{Xëbrg admZm Pmbm. gd© ^mdm§Zm ~mOwg H$mTy>Z d{S>b ehmOhmZ `m§Zm AQ>Ho$V Q>mH$bo. d Owb¡ 1659

amoOr Am¡a§JOo~mZo ñdV…Mm amÁ`m[^foH$ H$ê$Z KoVbm. Ë`mZ§Va amÁ`ì`dñWm gwairV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo

H$m§hr ~Xb Ho$bo. Ë`m_Ü o X{jU gwä`mda em{hñVoImZ hm Am¡a§JOo~mMm _m_m hmoVm. d Ë`mÀ`mda

{edmOrÀ`m ~§Xmo~ñVmMr _moR>r O~m~Xmar Q>mH$br. Ë`mÀ`m ñdmarMo hoVy nwT>rb à_mUo.

B Zd{Zdm©MrV _amR>r gËVoMm Zme H$aUo :

Am¡a§JOo~ hm EH$ MVya d H$nQ>r gÎmm{Ye hmoVm. X{jU gw m `mda _moJbm§Mr gËVm A~mYrV

amIm`Mr Agob Va Ë`mVrb gdm©V _moR>m d MVya eÌw {edmOr Amho ho Vmo OmUyZ hmoVm Ë`m_yio `m

Zd{Zdm©MrV gËVoMm Zme Ho$ë`mg ^{dî`mV X{jUoV amÁ` H$aUo gmono OmUma hmoVo `m CÔoí`mZo Ë`mZo

em{hñVoImZmg X{jUog nmR>{dbo.

B {edmOrÀ`m H$madm`m§Zm nm`~§X KmbUo :

{edmOr _hmamOm§Mm ~mob~mbm hm A\$ObImZ dYmZ§Va dmT>bm hmoVm. {edm` Am{Xbemhr {edmOrbm

nm`~§X Kmby eH$V Zmhr ho {gÕ Pmbo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio H$madm`m§Zm Amim KmbUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. ^{dî`mV

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Am{Xbemhr à_mUo Vmo _moJbr àXoemdahr hëbo MT>{dÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm hmoVr Ë`m_wio doirM nm`~§X

KmbÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo hr XjVm KoVbr.

B Am{Xbemhrda dMH$ d _XV :

_moJbm§Zm X{jUoV XmoZ à{VñnYu hmoVo EH$ Am{Xbemhr d Xwgam {edmOr `mdoir _m|Jbm§Zr

Am{Xbehrg _XV H$ê$Z {edmOrg Amim KmbÊ`mMm _Zgw~m AmIbm. Ë`mdoir Am{Xbemhrda dMH$

amhÿZ {edmOrg Amim KmbVm oUma hmoVm.

2) em{hñVoImZ ñdmarMm d¥Vm§V :

B nwÊ`mH$S>o dmQ>Mmb :

em{hñVoImZ hm EH$ AZw dr C_amd hmoVm. Ë`mbm X{jUoÀ`m amOH$maUmMr _m{hVr hmoVr. Vmo

Am¡a§Jm~mX oWo AgVmZm Ë`mMr Zo_UwH$ Pmbr hmoVr. 28 OmZodmar 1660 amoOr Ë`mZo Am¡a§Jm~mV gmoS>bo.

ñdV… ~amo~a Ë`mZo 77 hOma KmoS>oñdma, 30 hOma nm`Xi, 400 hËVr, 5 hOma C§Q>, Vmo\$ImZm-eñÌo d

àM§S> wÕgm{hË` gmo~V AZoH$ _wñbr_, aOnwV gaXma KoD$Z 14 {Xdgm§V Vmo Ah_XZJabm Ambm. Ë`mZ§Va

gmoZdS>r, gwno KoD$Z ~am_VrH$S>o dibm, nwT>o {eadibm Amë`mZ§Va _amR>çm§Zr Ë`m§À`mda H$mhr hëbo Ho$bo

d n[aUm_ Pmbm Zmhr. nwT>o Ë`mZo IoS> {edmnya bwQy>Z gmgdS>bm Ambm d 9 _o 1660 bm nwÊ`mV XmIb

Pmbm.

B MmH$U {H$ëbm H$m~rO :

em{hñVoImZ nwÊ`mV oÊ`mnyduM _amR>çm§Zr Ë`mMr AS>MU H$aÊ`mgmR>r VoWrb {nHo$, YmÝ`, JdV

dJ¡ao JmoîQ>r g§n{dë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m_wio agX {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r AmVm ImZmg MmH$UnmgyZ Ah_XZJa Odi

nS>V Agë`mZo Ë`mZo MmH$UH$S>o OmÊ`mMm {ZU© KoVbm d MmH$Ubm doT>m {Xbm. (OwZ 1660) 14 Am°JñQ>

n ªV MmH$UMm {H$ëbm {\$a§JmoOr ZagmioZo bT>{dbm. `mdoir {edmOr _hmamO {gÕr OmohaÀ`m doT>çmV

nÝhmiçmg AS>H$bo hmoVo Vo {demiJS>mda H$m§hr {Xdg amhÿZ nwT>o am`JS>mda Jobo.

em{hñVoImZmg MmH$UMm {H$ëbm KoVmZm Iyn H$îQ> nS>bo Ë`m_wio qghJS>, nwa§Xa `mgmaIo {H$ëbo

KoVmZm H$m` qH$_V _moOmdr bmJob Ë`mg qMVm bmJbr hmoVr. Vmo nwÊ`mV Ambm d {VZ dfo© VoWo Vmo

am{hbm. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zrhr em{hñVoImZmÀ`m àM§S> gm_Ï`m©Mm Vm|S> H$go Úm`Mm `mMm {dMma Ho$bm.

d Am{Xbemhrer VS>OmoS>r H$ê$Z nÝhmim {Xbm d EH$meÌwg em§V H$ê$Z em{hñVoImZmMm {dMma H$ê$

bmJbo.

B CËVa H$moH$UmVrb Anèr ñdmè`m :

CËVa H$moH$U àXoemVrb {edmOrÀ`m Vmã`mVrb àXoe Vmã`mV KoÊ`mgmR>r em{hñVoImZmZo gbm~V

X»IUr`m gaXmamg nmR>{dbo. Ë`m§Zm Anè Ambo åhUyZ 1661 À`m OmZodmarV H$maVbo~ImZ `mÀ`m

ZoV¥ËdmImbr 30 hOma \$m¡O gmo~V aOnwV gaXma, Ohm{JaXmamMr nËZr "am`~mJrU' `m§Zm nmR>{dbo. nwÊ`mVyZ

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Amboë`m H$maVb~ImZmg C§~a qIS>rV ZoVmOr nmbH$amZo JmR>bo. H$maVb~ImZmg `m àXoemMr _m{hVr

ZìhVr. J{Z_r H$mì`mZo ho g¡Ý` h¡amZ Pmbo. ß`m`bm nmUr gwÕm {_ioZm. eodQ>r H$maVb~ImZmZo eaUmJVr

nËH$abr d nwÊ`mg naVbm.

Ë`mZ§Va {edmOramOo ñdV… H$moH$UmV CVabo d {gÕr OmohaÀ`m doT>çmV _XV H$aUmè`m _mbdUÀ`m

Ogd§Vamd XidrMo amÁ` d e§¥JmanyaÀ`m gw ©amd gwd} Mo amÁ` qOHw$Z KoVbo. amOmnyaMr B§J«Or dIma bwQ>br

Ë`mZ§Va H$ë`mU {^d§S>rda Mmb H$ê$Z Amboë`m Zm_XmaImZMmhr nam^d Ho$bm.

3) em{hñVoImZmda N>mnm (5 E{àb 1663) :

_m|Jbr g¡Ý`mda Oar _amR>çm§Mo hëbo Pmbo Var em{hñVoImZ nwÊ`mVyZ hmbV ZìhVm Ë`mÀ`m bwQ>rbm

d Ìmgmbm OZVm d¡VmJbr hmoVr. _amR>m dVZXmahr {^V Agë`mZo ImZmÀ`m ~mOwg OmV hmoVo. åhUyZM

_hmamOm§Zr amÌrMm N>mnm Q>mH$Ê`mMr `moOZm AmIbr.

{edmOr amOm§Zr Jwáhoam§À`m _m\©$V ImZmÀ`m N>mdUrMr d dmñVdmMr gd© _m{hVr {_idbr.

ImZmÀ`m _hmbm^modVr nhmam Va qghJS>À`m dmQ>oda Ogd§Vqgh \$m¡Oo{Zer hmoVm V[ahr hr _mo{h_ \$ËVo

H$aÊ`mMm {ZU© _hmamOm§Zr KoVbm.

Amnë`m~amo~a 400 g¡Ý` d ~m~Or d {M_mOr _wXJb `m§Zm gmo~V KoVbo. ZoVmOr d _moamn§V `m§MoH$S>o

àË oH$s 1 hOmamMr \$m¡O {Xbr. d 5 E{àb 1663 amoOr qghJS>mhÿZ nwÊ`mH$S>o à`mU Ho$bo. dmQ>oV

oQ>Umè`m _m|Jb g¡Ý`mg AmnU X{jUr g¡Ý` AmhmoV Ago gm§JV _ÜàmÌr ImZmÀ`m {ZdmgmOdi nmohmoMbo.

hm {Xdg a_OmZÀ`m CndmgmMm {Xdg Agë`mZo OodU H$ê$Z hr gd© _§S>ir Pmonbr hmoVr. ñd §nmH$s _mÌ

ñd §nmH$ KamV _½Z hoVo. ñd`nm§H$ KameoOmar ImZmMm OZmZImZm hmoVm. ñd §nmH$ Ka d OZmZImÝ`mVrb

q^VrMo Xma {dQ>m _mVtZr ~§X Ho$bo hmoVo. _amR>çm§Zr Vo \$moS>Ê`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. Ë`m AmdmOmZo H$m§hr bmoH$

OmJo Pmbo. Xaå`mZ _amR>çm§Zr ZJmaImÊ`mH$S>o _moMm© di{dbm d H$mnmH$mnr Pmbr d ñdV…M _moR>çmZo

ZJmao dmOdy bmJbo hm AmR>dS>m Am¡a§Oo~mMm OÝ_moËgdmMm Agë`mZo Ago dmOdrZo {ZË`mMr JmoîQ> hmoVr.

Ë`mMm \$m`Xm _amR>çm§Zr KoVbm. q^Vrbm ^JXmS> nmSy>Z _hmamO OZmZImZmV {eabo. AmaS>m AmoaS>m gwê$

Pmbm. ImZ eñÌmbm hmV KmbUma VodT>çmV _hmamO {VWo nmohmoMbo. d ImZmda dma Ho$bm Vmo dma Ë`mZo

MwH${dbm nU Ë`mMr ~moQ>o VwQ>br. ~oJ_m§Zr [Xdo {dPdbo d Ë`mg bn{dbo. A§YmamV H$moU ñÌr H$moU nwê$f

ho H$ioZm.

EdT>çmV ~m~Or 200 _mdiçmgh _hmbmÀ`m nwT>rb XadmÁ`mVyZ nhmaoH$è`m§Zm H$mnV AmV {eabm

`m Jm|YimV ImZmMm _wbJm, OmdB© d AZoH$ ñÌr`m _maë`m Joë`m. VodT>çmV _hmamO {VWyZ {ZgQ>bo d

qghJS>mda nmohmoMbo. eodQ>r 8 E{àbbm ImZmZo Jmem J§wS>mibm d Amnë`m AnèmMo Imna Ogd§Vqghmda

\$moS>bo. Ogd§VqghmZo qghJS>mbm doT>m {Xbm Vmohr Ë`mbm CR>dmdm bmJbm. eodQ>r ~mXehmZo em{hñVoImZmMr

Zo_UwH$ ~§Jmb gwä`mda Ho$br.

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4) {dO`mMr H$maU{__m§gm :

em{hñVmImZ 1 bmI \$m¡O KoD$Z 3 df} ñdamÁ`mV amhÿZ Yw_mHy$i KmVbm Ë`m_wio a`V ÌñV Pmbr.

`mda {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Ë`mda N>mß`mMr `moOZm AmIbr d Vr _mo{h_ èñdr Ho$br Ë`m {dO`mMr H$maU

{__m§gm nwT>rbà_mUo -

B Am{Xbemhrer amOH$ma :

{edmOr _hmamOm§nwT>o XmoZ g§H$Q>o EH$X_ Ambr hmoVr. n{hbo {gÕr OmohaMm doT>m Va Xwgao em{hñVoImZmMr

ñdmar nÝhmim doT>çmVyZ {ZgQ>bo Var _hmamOm§da Am{Xbemhr Mmb H$ê$Z oV hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Am{Xbemhrer

amOH$maU H$ê$Z nÝhmim Ë`m§À`m Vmã`mV XoD$Z EH$m g§H$Q>mg Wmon{dbo Ë`m_yio Xwgam eÌw em{hñVoImZ

`m§À`mer bT>VmZm ASMU Ambr Zmhr.

B Ogd§Vqghmer amOH$maU :

em{hñVoImZmZo Ogd§Vqghmbm 10 hOma \$m¡Oo{Zer nwUo, {g§hJS> _mJm©da R>odbo hmoVo. _hmamOm§Zm hr

EH$ _moR>r AS>MU hmoVr. Ë`m_wio _hmamOm§Zr `m Ogd§Vqghmg Amnë`mH$S>o di{dbo. hm Ogd§Vqgh

{edmOrbm de hmoÊ`mMo H$maU åhUOo _wKbmÀ`m dmagm wÕmV Vmo XmamewH$moh `mÀ`m ~mOyMm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio

Am¡a§JOo~mMo d Ë`mMo nQ>Uo eŠ` ZìhVo `mMm \$m`Xm _hmamOm§Zr KoVbm.

B A{VH$m ©j_ hoa §ÌUm :

{edOr Jwáhoa g§KQ>Zm AË §V H$m ©j_ hmoVr. Ë`mÛmam Ë`m§Zr _hmbmMr gd© _m{hVr {_i{dbr hmoVr

ImZmÀ`m e`ZImZmMr dJ¡ao _m{hVr AJmoXaM {_i{dë`mZo Ë`mda hëbm H$aUo gmono Pmbo hmoVo.

B MmVw © d YmS>gr JwU :

AË §V H$S>oH$moa nhmam d Ë`m ~m~r oXÿZ OmUo d ImZmda hëbm H$aUo hr gmYr Jmoï> ZìhVr. nU

_hmamOm§Mo YmS>g d ~wÕrMmVw © ho gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgmnojm A{YH$ hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m MnimB©Zo hçm JmoîQ>r Vo

gmÜ` H$ê$Z eH$bo.

2.2.2 gwaVoMr ñdmar - bwQ> - 1664 :

em{hñVoImZmMr \${OVr Ho$ë`mda _hmamO X{jU H$moH$UmV Ambo d bK_ gmd§VmH$S>rb Hw$S>miMm

àXoe KoVbm Ë`mZ§Va bJoM A{Ve` gYZ gwaV ehamMr bwQ> Ho$br. Ë`mZ§Va 9 _{hÝ`mZ§Va nwÝhm Xwgè`m§Xm

gwaV bwQ>br.

1) gwaV bwQ>rMo hoVy :

B em{hñVoImZ ñdmarMm gyS> :

1660 nmgwZ em{hñVoImZmÀ`m ñdmarZo ñdamÁ`mMr _moR>r hmZr Pmbr hmoVr. Ominmoi d bwQ>mbwQ>

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Ho$ë`mZo ñdamÁ`mMr hmZr _moR>çm à_mUmda Pmbr hmoVr. Ë`mMm gyS> KoÊ`mgmR>r `m gYZ ehamMr bwQ>

Ho$br.

B gwaV EH$ gYZ eha :

npíM_ {H$Zmè`mdarb AË §V gYZ eha åhUyZ gwaVoMr AmoiI hmoVr. Aa~- wamo{n` àXoem§er `m

ehamMm ì`mnma Mmbbm hmoVm. _moJbmZm `m ehamVyZ dfm©bm 12 bmI ê$n`mMr OH$mV {_iV hmoVr `m

ehamV gYZ ì`mnmar AgV Ago eha bwQ>bo Va _m|Jbm§À`m ñdmarZo ñdamÁ`mMr Pmbobr hmZr ^ê$Z

{ZKUma hmoVr. åhUyZ `m ehamMr {ZdS> Ho$br.

B Agwa{jV gwaV :

gwaV EH$ gYZ eha AgVmZmhr Ë`mÀ`m gwajoMr H$miOr KoVbr ZìhVr ehamÀ`m VQ>~§Úm nS>ë`m

hmoË`m I§XH$ _mVrZo âbo hmoVo. Ë`mV VoWrb A§_bXma BZm`VImZ hm AË §V «îQ> hmoVm. àË`jmV \$m¡O

ZgVmZmhr 500 \$m¡OoMm {hemo~ XmIdyZ Vmo n¡gm bwQ>V hmoVm. ñdamÁ`mÀ`m hoam§Zr hr ~mV_r gm§{JVbr

hmoVr. åhUyZ gwaV bwQ>Ê`mg AZwHy$b dmVmdaU hmoVo.

B gm_Ï`m©Mr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoUo :

Ho$di em{hñVoImZmMr \${OVr H$ê$Z gm_Ï`m©Mr OmUrd _moJbm§Zm ZìhVr Vr Am{Xbemhrg hmoVr Vr

OmUrd H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r hr _mo{h_ AmIbr {edm` gwaV ho gYZ eha _moJbr g_«mÁ`mÀ`m eoH$S>mo _¡b

AmV hmoVo. Vr bwQ>Ê`mZo ~mXembm _moR>o AmìhmZ {Xbo OmUma hmoVo Ë`mM ~amo~a Vr ~mXehmMr ZmMŠH$s

H$aUmar hmoVr. `mgmR>r hr _mo{h_ AmIbr hmoVr.

B bwQ>rMr nwd©V`mar :

gwaVoÀ`m bwQ>rÀ`m _mo{h_obm OmÊ`mAmJmoXa EH$ df© AJmoXa V`mar Ho$br hmoVr. `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Amnbr

\$m¡O ZmeH$mV nmR>dyZ {Xbr. {edmOramOm§Zr Amnë`m hoa §ÌUoH$Sy>Z gwaVoMr gwajm ì`dñWm, ì`mnma,

lr_§V ì`mnmar Ë`m§Mo dmS>o `mMr ~m[aH$-gm[aH$ _m{hVr Jmoim Ho$br hmoVr. _moJbm§Zm `m _mo{h_oMm g§e`

oD$ Z o `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm X§S>amOmnyar, noU d Zm{eH$ oWo g¡{ZH$sVi C^m H$ê$Z H$moH$UmV {gÕr d

nmoVw©{JOmda hëbo H$aÊ`mMr `moOZm Agë`mMo Om{ha Ho$bo Ë`m_wio _m|Jb ~ogmdY am{hbo. eÌwbm \$gdrV

Vo amOJS>mVyZ gwaVoH$S>o admZm Pmbo.

B JUXodrg AmJ_Z :

Zm{eH$bm Joë`mZ§Va Am¡a§Jm~mXda hëbm H$aÊ`mMo ^mg{dbo gwaVoOdi Agboë`m JUXodr `m

{R>H$mUr nmohmoMbo. _hmamO gwaV bwQ>Ê`mgmR>r Ambo Agë`mMr ~mV_r g_OVmM bmoH$m§_Ü o {^Vr {Z_m©U

Pmbr Ë`m§Zr BZm`VImZ, B§J«O d S>Mm§H$S>o _XV _m{JVbr hmoVr. BZm`VImZmZo _mÌ ñdV… gwaVoÀ`m

{H$ë`mV Aml` KoVbm.

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B I§S>UrMr _mJUr :

JUXodrg _wŠH$m_ AgVmZm _hmamOm§Zr Amnbm XÿV nmR>dyZ BZm`VImZ d gwaVo_Yrb lr_§V ì`mnmar

hmOr gæ`X ~oJ d hmOr H$mg_ §mÀ`mH$S>o 50 bmImMr I§S>Ur _m[JVbr. Z {Xë`mg gwaV bwQ>Ê`mMm

BamXm ñnîQ> Ho$bm. BZm`VImZmZo `m {Zamonmg CÕQ> CËVa {Xë`mZo _hmamO ñdV… gwaVoH$S>o Ambo eham~mhoa

EH$m ~mJoV 6 OmZodmarg gH$mir 11 dmOVm nmohmoMbo.

B gwaVoMr ~ogwaV :

gwaVoÀ`m bwQ>rMo dU©Z H$aVmZm [a`mgVH$ma Jmo.g.gaXogmB© `m§Zr gwaVoMr ~ogwaV Ho$br Ago

åhQ>bo Amho. I§S>UrÀ`m _mJUrbm à{VgmX {_iV Zgë`mZo bwQ>rMr Amkm Ho$br 6 OmZodmar Vo 10

OmZodmar `m H$mimV gwaV bwQy>Z Ominmoi Ho$br.

eoH$S>mo dmS>çm§À`m q^Vr d O{_Zr IUë`m BZm`VImZmZo {H$ë`mVyZ ehamda Vmo\$m§Mm _mam Ho$bm

Ë`m_wio ehamV AZoH$ Kao ZîQ> Pmbr.

EH$ B§J«Or nmÐr åhUVmo, "" Jwê$dma d ewH«$dma `m XmoZ {Xder Va ehamV bJboë`m AmJr_yio amÌ

{Xdgm gmaIr ^mgy bmJbr Am{U YyamÀ`m _moR>çm bmoQ>m_yio {Xdg amÌr gmaIm ^mgy bmJbm.''

S>M dImar eoOmarb ~hOu ~moham `mMm dmS>m _amR>çm§Zr KygyZ gm\$ Ho$bm. BWo _amR>çm§Zm {hao,

_mUHo$, _moVr, gmoZo Aer bjmdYr ê$n`m§Mr g§nËVr {_imbr.

hmOr gæ`X~oJ `mMmhr dmS>m bwQ>bm d g§nVr hñVJV Ho$br Ë`mdoir eoOmaÀ`m B§J«O dImadmë`m§Zr

_amR>çm§Zm AQ>H$md Ho$bm Ë`m_wio _amR>o-B§J«O `mV dmX Pmbm _amR>çm§Zr B§J«Om§Zm H$mnyZ H$mT>Ê`mMr Y_H$s

{Xbr nU B§J«Om§Zr Ë`mg Ow_mZbo Zmhr. `mdoir _amR>çm§Zr doi XdS>m`Mm ZìhVm åhUyZ Ë`mH$S>o bj {Xbo

Zmhr. Ë`m_wio àH$aU {VWoM Wm§~bo.

7 OmZodmarg BZm`VImZmZo dmQ>mKmQ>r H$aÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo EH$m hñVH$mg nmR>{dbo. Ë`mg _hmamOm§Zr

BZm`VImZm~Xb IS>o ~mob gwZmdbo Ë`mdoir Ë`m hñVH$mZo {edmOrda Vbdma CngwZ Ymd KoVbr nU

_hmamOm§À`m A§JajH$mZo Ë`mMm hmV CS>dbm. Vmo _maoH$ar hñVH$ _hmamOm§À`m A§Jmda H$mogibm Ë`mMo

aŠV _hmamOm§À`m A§Jmg bmJbo nU g¡{ZH$m§Zm dmQ>bo H$s, _hmamOm§Mo H$mhr ~ao dmB©Q> Pmbo Amho. Ë`mdoir

g¡{ZH$m§Zr H$m§hr H¡$Úm§À`m H$ËVbr Ho$ë`m. _hmamO CRy>Z A o am{hbo Voìhm H$ËVbr Wm§~ë`m.

S>M ì`mnmar åhUVmo, "Am_Mm hoa eham~mhoa {edmOrÀ`m N>mdUr n ªV Jobm hmoVm. {edmOrÀ`m

S>moŠ`mda {~Z H$ZmVrMo nmb hmoVo. bmoH$ bwQ> KoD$Z EH$gmaIo Ë`mÀ`mnwT>o AmoVrV hmoVo. gmoZo, ê$no ~mOybm

H$mTy>Z ~mH$sMo Odi C o amhUmè`m§Zm bJoM dmQy>Z Q>mH$V hmoVo.

gwaVoÀ`m bwQ>rMr ~mV_r _moJbm§Zm bmJVmM Ë`m§À`m \$m¡Om doJmZo gwaVoH$S>o oV Agë`mMr ~mV_r

{_imbr V|ìhm 9 OmZodmarg _hmamO gmoZo, Mm§Xr, {hao, _mUHo$, _moVr, aËZo Aer H$moQ>rMr bwQ> Agmdr Vr

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KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>bo d am`JS>mda gwIê$n nmohmoMbo. AemàH$mao gwaVoMr ~ogwaV Ho$br.

2) gwaV bwQ>rMo n[aUm_ :

B C[ÔîQ> nyU© Pmbo :

_m§oJbm§À`m Am{W©H$ CËnÞmMo gmYZ AgUmao gwaV eha _amR>çm§Zr bwQ>bo hr ~mXehmMr ~oA~w«

Pmbr hmoVr. _m|Jbm§À`m ñdamÁ`mdarb AmH«$_Um_wio Oo Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ Pmbo hmoVo. Vo Ë`m§À`mM àXoemVyZ

_amR>çm§Zr {_idUo ho EH$ C{ÔîQ> `m bwQ>r_mZo Agë`mZo Vo nyU© Pmbo hmoVo.

B ~ogwaV gwaV :

_amR>çm§Zr gwaV eha bwQ>ë`mZo Am{W©H$ n[aUm_ Pmbo hmoVo. Am{W©H$ hmZr Pmbr, ì`mnma ~wS>mbm,

nwduMo d¡ d ZîQ> Pmbo hmoVo.

B àM§S> bwQ> {_imbr :

gwaVoÀ`m bw{Q>VyZ _amR>çm§Zm {H$Vr bwQ> {_imbr Agob. `m~Ôb _m{hVr Zgbr Var [a`mgVH$ma

gaXogmB© åhUVmV. ""bwQ> BVH$s àM§S> hmoVr H$s, Ë`m§Zm _moOXmX H$aÊ`mg doi {_imbm Zmhr.'' `m

bwQ>r_wio _mÌ em{hñVoImZmZo Ho$boë`m ZwH$gmZrMr ânmB© Pmbr.

B _amR>oemhrMo ~iH$Q>rH$aU :

`m bwQ>rMm n[aUm_ amO{H$`ÑîQ>çmhr Pmbm. _amR>r amÁ`mbm ~iH$Q>r AmUÊ`mgmR>r `m bwQ>rVrb n¡gm

dmnabm Jobm. am`JS>mdarb Z{dZ ~m§YH$m_o, qgYwXÿJ© {H$ë`mMr ~m§YUr, BVahr {H$ë`mMr S>mJSw>Or VgoM

Ama_ma ~m§YUrbm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo Ë`m_wio _amR>oemhrMo ~iH$Q>rH$aU Pmbo.

B _w§~B©Mm {dH$mg :

gwVaoÀ`m bw{Q>Zo gwaV `m ehamMo nwduMo d¡ d ho ì`mnmar ÑîQ>çm H$_r Pmbo. na{H$` ì`mnmè`m§Zm gwaV

ho eha gwa{jV Zgë`mMo Ü`mZmV Ambo Am{U åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr _w§~B© ho eha ì`mnmar H§o$Ð åhUyZ {ZdS>bo `mMm

n[aUm_ åhUyZ _w§~B©Mm {dH$mg Pmbm.

B _amR>çm§À`m AmË_{dídmg dmT>bm :

gwaVoÀ`m bw{Q>Mm n[aUm_ åhUyZ _hmamO d gd© g¡{ZH$m_Ü o AmË_{dídmg dmT>bm H$maU eoH$S>mo _¡b

AmV Agbobo _m|Jbr gm_«mOmVrb eha bwQ>Uo hr ~m~ Ver J§ ra hmoVr Ë`m_Ü ogwÕm è àmá Pmë`mZo

AmË_{dídmg dmT>bm.

B O`qghmMr ñdmar :

{edmOr _hmamOm§Zr em{hñVoImZmMr Ho$bobr \${OVr d Ë`mZ§Va Ad¿`m 9 _{hÝ`mVM gwaVoMr Ho$bobr

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bwQ> `m~m~r _m|Jbm§À`m ÑîQ>rZo J§ ra hmoË`m Ë`m_wio _m|Jb Xa~mamVrb Á oîR>, AZw dr, _wÎmÔr gaXma

{_Pm©amOo O`qgh `m§Mr Zo_UwH$ _amR>çmda ñdmar H$aÊ`mgmR>r Pmbr.

3) gwaV bwQ>rZ§VaÀ`m _hËdnyU© JmoîQ>r :

B ehmOramOm§Mm _¥Ë y :

{edmOramO|Mo d{S>b ehmOramOo ho {eH$marg Jobo AgVmZm KmoS>çmdê$Z nS>bo d 13 OmZodmar

1664 gmbr _aU nmdbo hr ~mV_r _hamOm§Zm gwaVohyZ naV oVmZm g_Obr.

B ~mOr KmoanS>og R>ma Ho$bo :

~mOr KmoanS>o hm Am{XbemhrMm gaXma hmoVm Ë`mZoM ehmOramOm§Zm H¡$X Ho$bo hmoVo. gwaV bwQ>rZ§Va

_hmamOm§Zr _m|Jbr àXoemV åhUOo Ah_XZJa Vo Am¡a§Jm~mX n ªVMm àXoe bwQ>bm. `mMdoir Am{XbemhrZo

X{jU H$moH$UmVrb Hw$S>mi KoÊ`mgmR>r BIbmgImZ `mg nmR>{dbo Ë`mÀ`m _XVrbm dOra bdmgImZ,

_wYmoiMm ~mOr KmoanS>o d ì §H$moOrbm nmR>{dbo. `m gd© \$m¡Om EH$Ì oÊ`mnyduM _hmamOm§Zr _wYmoida

AmH«$_U H$ê$Z ~mOr KmoanS>og R>ma Ho$bo. d IdmgImZ d ì §H$moOrbm nidyZ bmdbo.

B ~H$ga eha bwQ>bo (14 \o$~«wdmar 1665) :

IdmgImZmg nidyZ bmdë`mZ§Va _hmamOm§Zr H$madma {H$Zmè`mdarb ~oXZwaÀ`m amOmVrb ~H$ga `m

ehamda Ama_mar _mo{h_ H$mT>br d bwQ>bo Ë`m_Ü o _moR>çm à_mUmda g§nÎmr {_imbr.

3.2.2.3 {_Pm©amOm O`qghmMr ñdmar-1665 :

{edmOramOm§À`m _m|Jb {damoYr H$madm`m _yio Am¡a§JOo~mZo X{jU _mo{h_ {ZpíMV Ho$br hmoVr Ë`mMr

KmofUm Ë`mÀ`m dmT>{Xdgm {Xder âboë`m Xa~mamV 30 gßQ>§o~a 1664 amoOr Ho$br d Ë`m _mo{h_oda

{_Pm©amOo O`qgh `m hþema d {ZîUm§V gaXmamMr {Z wŠVr Ho$br.

{_Pm©amOo O`qghmgmo~V {XboImZ, XmD$XImZ Hw$aoer, amOmam`qgh {ggmo{X`m, amOm gwOZ{g§h ~w§Xobm,

O`{g§hnwÌ {H$aV{g§h, Hw$~XmXImZ d BVa C_amdm§Zm {Xbo d gmo~V 14 hOmam§Mr \$m¡Ohr {Xbr {edm` nydu

X{jUoV Agbobr _m|Jbr \$m¡O XoIrb {_iUma hmoVr.

B O`qghmMm nwd}{Vhmg :

O`qgh hm _m|JbmMm Xa~mamV ehmOmZÀ`m H$mim_Ü o gm_rb Pmbm hmoVm. J§ ra àH¥$Vr, àM§S>

AZw dr, namH«$_r, Hw$emJ« ~wÕr, VgoM Vmo {dídmgy godH$ hmoVm. wÕH$bm d amOH$s` H$mañWmZmV àm{dÊ`

Agbobm hmoVm. d`mÀ`m AmR>ì`m dfu _Zg~Xma ~Zbobm O`qgh XwaÑîQ>rMm d {ddoH$s YmoaUmMm gaXma

hmoVm.

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1 O`qghmÀ`m ñdmarMo hoVy :

B O`qghmMr {Z`wŠVrMo amOH$maU :

Am¡a§JOo~mZo Ogd§Vqgh d _wAÁO_ `m XmoKm§H$Sy>Z {edmOrMm ~§Xmo~ñV hmoV Zmhr ho nm{hë`mda Vmo

qMVmVya Pmbm. Am¡a§JOo~ ñdV… X{jUoV Ambm AgVm Va amOH$s` OrdZmbm doJiodiU bmJÊ`mMr

eŠ`Vm hmoVr. H$maU dmagm wÕmV Xa~mamVrb AZoH$ gaXma ho Xmam ewH$moh `m§À`m ~mOwZo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio

Amnë`m AZwnpñWVrV Vo ~§S> H$aVrb `mMr {^Vr Am¡a§JOo~bm Agë`mZo Ë`mZo O`qghm§MrM {ZdS> `m

_mo{h_oda Ho$br.

B {edmOrZo _m|JbmMr ZmMŠH$s Ho$br hmoVr :

{edmOr _hmamOm§Zr _m§§oJbmMr AZoH$ _mo{h_mV ZmMŠH$s Ho$br hmoVr. Ë`m_wio amOH$s` OrdZmV Ë`m§Mr

B «V Jobr hmoVr. {edmOramOm§Zr _m§oJbm {damoYr nwT>rb H$madm`m Ho$ë`m hmoË`m.

1) _m|Jbr àXoemda N>mno KmbUo 2) H$maVb~ImZ d Zm_XmaImZmMm nam^d

3) em{hñVoImZmMr ~moQo N>mQ>br 4) Ogd§Vqgh d _wAO_ `m§Zm Anè

5) gwaVoMr n{hbr bwQ 6) Ah_XZJa, Am¡aJm§~mX bwQ>bo

darb gd© JmoîQ>r_yio _m§oJbmMr ZmMŠH$s Pmbr hmoVr Ë`m_wio {edmOrMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aUo Amdí`H$

hmoVo.

B Am{Xbemhr d Hw$Vw~emhr KoÊ`mMm hoVy :

Am¡a§JOo~mZo O`qghmg Amkm Ho$br H$s, àW_ {edmOrMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$amdm d Z§Va Am{Xbemhr d

Hw$Vw~emhr qOHw$Z ¿`mdr. Ë`mà_mÊmo {edmOramOm§Zm Z_{dë`mZ§Va Ë`mZo {dOmnyamda hëbm Ho$bm nU Anè

Ambo Ë`m_wio Hw$Vw~emhrMr _mo{h_hr ~maJibr.

2) O`qghmÀ`m ñdmarMm d¥§VmV :

B O`qgh nwÊ`mV XmIb :

9 OmZodmar 1665 amoOr O`qghmZo Z_©Xm ZXr Amobm§S>br 19 VmaIobm ~èhmUnyamV Ambm. 30

VmaIon ªV VoWo _wŠH$m_ H$ê$Z 10 \o$~«wdmarg Am¡a§Jm~mXhÿZ oWo Ambm. _wAÁO_ d BVa A{YH$mè`m§Mr oQ>

KoD$Z 13 \o$~«wdmarg Am¡a§Jm~mXhÿZ {ZKmbm d 3 _mM© 1665 amoOr Vmo nwÊ`mV XmIb Pmbm.

B O`qghmMo bîH$ar S>mdnoM :

{edmOramOm§Zr AZoH$ Am{Xbemhr d _wKb gaXmam§Zm nam yV Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`m_yio _amR>r \$m¡Om

_m|Jbmer Q>ŠH$a XoUma ho Ë`mZo OmUbo. {edmOrbm gm_Ï ©{hZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo H$m§hr bîH$ar S>mdnoM

AmIÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br.

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Ë`mZo àW_ {dOmnyaH$am§Zm Am{_f XmI{dbo. {edmOrZo KoVbobm àXoe nwÝhm {_idyZ XoÊ`mMo

AmídmgZ {Xbo _moJbm§Zm Úmdr bmJUmar I§S>Ur H$_r H$aÊ`mMohr AmídmgZ {Xbo. OmdirÀ`m _moè`m§Mo

^mD$~§X, A\$ObImZmMm _wbJm \$mPbImZ H$ë`mUÀ`m CËVaoH$S>rb H$moir dVZXma `mgdmªZm _amR>çm§À`m

~§Xamda hëbo H$aÊ`mgmR>r gm§{JVbo.

Ë`mZ§Va Ë`mZo nÌì`dhmamÛmao `m _mo{h_oV ghmæ` _mJÊ`mMo YmoaU Amdb§{~bo Ë`m_Ü o Jmoì`mMo

nmoVw©{JO, O§Orè`mMo {gÕr, do§Jwë`m©Mo S>M, gwaVoMo B§J«O, H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb Z`H$ `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm. _amR>r

g¡{ZH$m§Zmhr {\$Vya H$aÊ`mMo Ë`mMo YmoaU hmoVo.

O`qghmZo {edmOrÀ`m hmbMmbrÀ`m H§o$ÐmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm Ë`mà_mUo {gh§JS>, amOJS> d nwa§Xa `m

{H$ë`mda bj H|$ÐrV H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmgdS> oWo N>mdUr Ho$br.

B nwa§Xa {H$ë`mg doT>m :

nwÊ`mV AmJ_Z Pmë`mda O`qghmZo Amnbr ì whaMZm Ho$br {edmOrbm ZoñVZm~wV H$aÊ`mgmR>r

ñdamÁ`mVrb IoS>r ~o{MamI H$aUo, _O~wV g¡{ZH$r R>mUr C^maUo d _amR>r \$m¡Om _m|Jbr àXoemV {eê$ Z oV

`mgmR>r _moŠ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr g¡{ZH$s Vi C^maUo ¿`m ~m~r Ho$ë`m O`qgh gmgdSbm> Ambm Ë`mdoir

{XboaImZmZo nwa§Xa {H$ë`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mn ªV YS>H$ _mabr hmoVr. `m MH$_H$sV _amR>çm§Zm _mKma ¿`mdr

bmJbr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio {XboaImZmMm doT>m nya§Xa {H$ë`mg nS>bm.

{XboaImZmZo nya§XaÀ`m {H$ë`mÀ`m XmoÝhr ^mJmÀ`m _Ü o åhUOo nya§Xa d dO«JS> (ê$Ð_mi) `m_Ü o

Amnbm Vi R>moH$bm. Vmo\$m§À`m à^mdr _mè`m_wio dO«JS> hm _m|JbmÀ`m Vmã`mV Jobm. `m Xaå`mZ

{XboaImZ d XmD$XImZ `m§À`m_Ü o ~o~Zmd Pmë`mZo XmD$XImZmg amOJS>mda nmR>{dbo gmo~V 6 hOma \$m¡O

d H$m§hr gaXma {Xbo. Ë`mZo amOJS>, {g§hJS>, amo{hS>m ^mJmV Yw_mHy$i KmVbm. Ë`mbm Amim KmbÊ`mgmR>r

_amR>r g¡Ý`hr amÌr AnamÌr _m|Jbr \$m¡Omda hëbo MT>{dV hmoVo, nU Ë`mMm \$magm n[aUm_ Pmbm Zmhr.

B _wama~mOrMm namH«$_ d hm¡VmËå` (E{àb 1665) :

{XboaImZmMm nya§Xa {H$ë`mbm Q>mH$bobm doT>m hm {Xdgo{Xdg A{YH$ àIa hmoV Jobm. nya§Xa {H$ë`mMm

{H$ëboXma _wama~mOr Xoenm§S>o hm {H$ëbm ZoQ>mZo bT>{dV hmoVm. amÌr AnamÌr doT>çmda hëbm H$aUo, Vmo\$m§Zm

{Iio R>moHy$Z ~mX H$aUo Ago Ë`mMo à`ËZ gwê$ hmoVo. {XboaImZmZo gmVeo g¡Ý`mgh hëbm MT>{dbm Ë`mV

Ë`mMr nmMeo _mUgo _mabr Ho$br `mdê$Z _wama~mOrÀ`m namH«$_mMr à{MVr oVo. Ë`mMm hm namH«$_ nmhÿZ

{XboaImZ WŠH$ Pmbm. ImZmZo Ë`mg _m§oJbr \$m¡OoV gm_rb hmoÊ`mMo Am{_f XmI{dbo nU _wama~mOrZo

{XboaImZmÀ`m ~mUmZo _wama~mOrMo {ea CS{dbo. d hm ewa nwê$fmg hm¡VmËå` àmá Pmbo. _amR>çm§Zr qh_V

gmoS>br Zmhr. {XboaImZmZo nyÝhm ê$Ð_midê$Z nya§Xada AmH«$_U Ho$bo.

B {edmOr-O`qgh dmQ>mKmQ>r :

_wama~mOrÀ`m _¥Ë yZ§Va \$ma H$mi {H$ëbm bT>{dUo eŠ` ZìhVo. JS>mda {e~§Xr Anyar hmoVr. Ë`mV

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{XboImZmÀ`m Vmã`mV nya§Xamdarb nmMhr ~wê$O Jobo hmoVo. Aemdoir nya§Xamda agX nya{dUo eŠ` ZìhVo.

_m|Jbr \$m¡Om H$m§oT>mUm KoÊ`mgmR>r Joë`m hmoË`m Aem AdñWoV O`qghm ~amo~a dmQ>mKmQ>r H$aUo Amdí`H$

hmoVo.

{edmOr amOm§Zr Amnbm d{H$b aKwZmW n§V `mg O`qghmH$S>o nmR>{dbo nU O`{g§hmZo dmQ>mKmQ>rg nwU©

ZH$ma {Xbm. nU {edmOr hm Am{Xbemhr g§YmZ ~m§YV Agë`mMo O`qghmÀ`m bjmV Ambo. Voìhm

Am{Xbemhrer {edmOrMr wVr Pmë`mg AS>MU {Z_m©U hmoUma hmoVr ho O`qghmÀ`m nwÝhm bjmV Amë`mZo

Ë`mZo {edmOrZo {~ZeV© dmQ>mKmQ>rg `mdo `mda O`qgh amOr Pmbm. `mà_mUo 11 OwZ 1665 amoOr nwa§XÀ`m

nm`Ï`mer {edmOrZo O`qghmMr oQ> KoVbr.

O`qghmÀ`m V§~yV {edmOr _hmamO oVmM AJmoXaM R>aë`mà_mÊmo {XboImZ d qH$aV{g§h `m§Zr

nwa§Xamda OmoaXma hëbm MT>{dbm _amR>çm§Mr hmUr _moR>çm n«_mUmda Pmbr Ë`m_wio 91 _mUgo _mabr Jobr.

Ë`m_wio {edOr amOm§Zr nwa§Xa XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` H$ê$Z dmQ>mKmQ>r gyê$ Pmë`m.

B nwa§XaMm Vh :

_m|JbmÀ`m `m àM§S> AmH«$_UmnwT>o _amR>çm§Mm {Z^md bmJV Zmhr. {edm` ñdamÁ`mMo ñdßZ

nyU©ËdmÀ`m _mJm©da AgVmZm VS>OmoS> Ho$bobr ~ar hm {dMma H$ê$Z {edmOr amOm§Zr 14 OyZ 1665 amoOr

nwa§XaMm Vh Ho$bm. Ë`mVrb AQ>r nwT>rb n«_mÊmo-

1) _hmamOm§Zr _m|Jbm§Zm 23 {H$ëbo d 4 bj hmoZmMm _wbwI ¿`mdm.

2) Amnë`mH$S>o Ho$di 12 {H$ëbo d 1 bj hmoZmMm _wwbwI R>odmdm. 12 {H$ëbo nwT>rb à_mUo -

amOJS>, VmoaUm, am`JS>, qbJUJS>, _hmJS> XþJ©, VioJS>, Kmogmbm, {~ImS>r, nmbr, ^moan,

Hw§$dmarJS>, CX` XþJ©.

3) X{jUoVrb wÕmV _m|JbmÀ`m ~mOwZo H$m_{Jar nma nmS>mdr.

4) g§ mOrg 5 hOmamMr _Zg~ {_imdr d g§ mOrZo X{jU gw oXmamÀ`m hmVmImbr MmH$ar

H$amdr.

5) {edmOtZr ViH$moH$UmVrb d {dOmnya ~mbKmQ>mVrb _wbwI Amnë`mH$S>o R>odmdm. Ë`m ~Xë`mV

13 dfm©V 40 bmI hmoZ ~mXehmbm ÚmdoV.

3) nwa§XaÀ`m VhmMo n[aUm_ :

nwa§XamMm Vh åhUOo ñdamÁ`mda Zm_wñH$sMo g§H$Q> hmoVo. _moR>çm namH«$_mZo d H$îQ>mZo {edmOr amOm§Zr

Amnë`m gm{WXmam§À`m _XVrZo ñdamÁ` dmT>{dbo. Vo AmVm _m§oJbm§À`m AmH«$_UmnyT>o _moS>H$irg Amë`mgmaIo

Pmbo hmoVo. V[ahr Ë`m pñWVrV gmdê$Z KoD$Z {edmOr amOm§Zr hr AË §V AdKS> pñWVr hmVmibr.

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`m~m~V goVy _mYdamd nJS>r åhUVmV.

"" Vr _hmZ emoH$m§{VH$m hmoVr, AJ{VH$Vm hmoVr, Ajae… {dfmZo âbobm ß`mbm hmoVm.''

`mhr àg§Jmbm _hmamOm§Zr Vm|S> {Xbo. Ë`m nya§XaÀ`m VhmMo n[aUm_ nwT>rb à_mUo-

1) hm Vh XmoÝhr ~mOyg hdm hmoVm :

O`qgh d {edmOr _hmamO `m XmoÝhr ~mOyg `m VhmMr Amdí`H$Vm dmQ>V hmoVr. {edmOr amOm§À`m

~mOwZo, `m wÕmV _Zwî`hmZr A{YH$ hmoD$ Z o `mgmR>r wÕ Wm§~dmdo Ago dmQ>V hmoVo Va O`qghmg

{edmOr-Am{XbemhrMr qMVm hmoVr.

2) O`qghmMr O_oMr ~mOy :

nwa§XamÀ`m VhmZo 23 {H$ëbo d 4 bj hmoZmMm àXoe Ho$di 3 _{hÝ`mV _m|Jbm§Zm {_imbm hmoVm.

{edm` X{jUoVrb wÕmV {edmOrMo ghæ` {_iUma hmoVo. AZoH$ gaXmam§Zm {edmOr Z_V ZìhmV. Vo

O`{g§hmZo eŠ` H$ê$Z XmI{dbo hr Ë`mÀ`m O_oMr ~mOy hmoVr.

3) _m§oJbm§Zm A{W©H$ àmár :

`m VhmZo H$moH$UmVrb d {dOmnya ~mbKmQ>mVrb àXoemÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV 13 dfm©V 40 bj hmoZ

{_iUma hmoVo.

4) _hmam§Mr O_oMr ~mOy :

_moR>çm _wñVXo{JarZo {edmOr amOm§Zr Amnë`mH$S>o 12 {H$ëbo d 1 bj hmoZmMm àXoe ñdV… H$S>o

R>odÊ`mV è {_i{dbo Ë`mÀ`mM Omoamda nwT>o Jobobo {H$ëbo naV KoVm Ambo.

5) O`qghmMo Anè :

O`qgh hm g§nyÊm© ñdamÁ` ZîQ> H$ê$ eH$bm Zmhr. {edmOrH$S>o Ho$di 12 [H$ëbo d 1 bj hmoZmÀ`m

àXoemda {edmOr H$m§hr H$ê$ eH$Uma Zmhr Ë`mg dmQ>V hmoVo nU Vgo Pmbo Zmhr. åhUOoM hm Vh EH$

VmËnwaVr VSOmoS> hmoVr.

6) _hmamOm§À`m AnèmMr ~mOy :

{edmOr amOm§À`m AnèmMr ~mOy `m VhmV Iwn _moR>r Amho. 23 {H$ëbo d 3/4 àXoe J_dmdm

bmJbm. AZoH$ _mdi‹çm§Mo aŠV gm§S>bo d g§nËVrhr IM© Pmbr. Ë`mMà_mUo hm EH$ nam^d hmoVm AmVm

ñdamÁ` ho _m§oJbmÀ`m A§{H$V ~Zbo hmoVo.

nwa§XamMm Vh hm VmËnyaVr eaUmJVr hmoVr Ë`m_yio {edmOr amÁ`m§Zr hr eaUmJVr ñdrH$mabr d Zì`m

C_oXrZo nyÝhm dmQ>Mmb Ho$br.

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4 nwa§Xa VhmZ§VaÀ`m KQ>Zm :

B O`qghmMr {dOmnyamda ñdmar :

O`{g§hmÀ`m _mo{h_oMo CÔoe åhUOo {edmOtÀ`mamÁ`m~amo~a Am{Xbemhr d Hw$Vw~emhr qOH$Uo ho hmoVo.

{XboaImZmMm {damoY S>mdbyZ Ë`mZo {dOmnyamda ñdmar H$mT>br. _amR>çm§Mr goZm AmVm nya§XamÀ`m Vhmà_mÊmo

_moJbr \$m¡Om§Zm _XV H$[aV hmoVr. ñdV… {edmOr, ZoVmOr nmbH$agh 9 hOma \$m¡O gh^mJr Pmbr hmoVr.

24 {S>g§o~a 1665 amoOr _m§oJb d Am{XbemhrV bT>mB© Pmbr nU {ZU© Pmbm Zmhr. nyÝhm VrZ {Xdgm§Zr

bT>mB© Pmbr Ë`m_Ü o {dOmnyar g¡Ý` nimbo. Am{XbemhrZo Oæ`V V`mar Ho$ë`mMo O`qghm§g _mIZnyarÀ`m

_wŠH$m_mV H$imbo. V|ìhm Amdí`H$ VodT>r \$m¡O d wÕgm_J«r O`{g§hmH$S>o ZìhVr. åhUyZ Ë`mZo _mKma

KoÊ`mMo R>a{dbo. `m Anèmg {XboaImZmZo O`{ghm§g O~m~Xma Yabo d {edmOrbm R>ma _maÊ`m{df`r

O`qghmH$S>o ~moby bmJbm V|ìhm {XboaImZmH$Sy>Z {edmOrg XJm hmoB©b åhUyZ O`qghmZo {edmOrg nÝhmim

KoÊ`mÀ`m H$m_{Jarda nmR>{dbo.

B ZoVmOr nmbH$a :

{edmOr _hmamOm§Zm O`qghmZo nÝhmim _mo{h_oda nmR>{dbo Ë`mZwgma nÝhmiçmda AMmZH$ hëbm

H$aÊ`mMr `moOZm AmIbr Ë`mVrb EH$ _hËdmMr O~m~Xmar ZoVmOr nmbH$amda gmon{dbr hmoVr. nU ZoVmOr

doioV Ambm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio _amR>çm§Mo EH$ hOma g¡{ZH$ `m bT>çmV _mabo Jobo.

`mdoir {edmOramOo ZoVmOramdda g§Vmnbo. d Ë`mg Om~ {dMmabm Ë`mdoir ZoVmOrZo {edmOr amOm§Zm

CÕQ>nUo CËVa {Xbo "AmnU H$gbo amOo Am{U Amåhr H$gbo goZmnVr? ñdV§Ì hmoVm Vmon ªV goZmnVr AmVm

AmnUr _m|Jbm§Mo _Zg~Xma' _hmamOm§Zr ZoVmOrg ~S>V\©$ Ho$bo d Ë`mOmJr àVmnamd JwOa `m§Mr Zo_UwH$

Ho$br ZoVmOr hm amJmZo Am{Xbemhrg OmD$Z {_imbm. à{V{edmOr g_Obm OmUmam ZoVmOr _m|JbmH$S>o

Joë`mZo O`qghmg {M§Vm dmQ>br. O`qghmZo Ë`mg 8 hOma _Zg~Xmar, Ohm{Jar d 50 hOma amoI {Xbo

d _wKbm§H$S>o Ë`mg didyZ KoVbo.

ZoVmOr _wKbm§H$S>o Joë`mZo Vmo AmVm _wKbm§À`m dVrZo X{jUoda ñdmè`m H$ê$ bmJbm. {edmOr

Am_«mVyZ {ZgQ>ë`mda ZoVmOr {ZgQy> Z o. åhUyZ Am¡a§JOo~mZo Ë`mMo Y_mªVa H$ê$Z _h§_X Hw$brImZ Ago

Zm_H$aU Ho$bo

nwT>o n§Om~À`m ñdmarda AgVmZm Ë`mg AmnU Ho$boë`m H¥$Ë`mMm níMmVmn Pmbm Voìhm Ë`m§Zo

nbm`ZmMm à`ËZ H$bm nU Ë`mg nH$Sy>Z \$Q>Š`mMr {ejm {Xbr hmoVr. 1667 _Ü o Vmo {XboaImZm~amo~a

X{jU _mo{h_oda Amë`mda nwZhm Vmo _m|JbemhrVyZ nimbm d {edmOrH$S>o Ambm Ë`mMo ewÕrH$aU H$ê$Z

{h§XyY_m©V naV KoVbo d OmdirMm gw oXma åhUyZ Zo_bo.

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3.2.2.4 N>. {edmOtMr AmJ«m oQ> - 1666

N>ÌnVr {edmOr amOm§À`m OrdZmV AZoH$ Am{U~mUrMo àg§J Ambo. Ë`mVrb hm EH$ _hÎdmMm àg§J

åhUyZ `m AmJ«m oQ>rH$S>o nm{hbo OmVo. "_amR>r gÎmoMm CËH$f©' `m J«§Wm Ý`m`_yVu amZS>|Zr `m àg§JmMo dU©Z

Am{U~mUrMm àg§J Agm C„oI Ho$bm Amho.

Am¡a§JOo~mMr H$m ©nÕVr d Ë`mMm nwd©B{Vhmg {edmOramOm§Zm _m{hV AgyZhr AmJ«m oQ>rg _hmamO H$m

Jobo AgmdoV ? `mMm emoY AZoH$ {dÛmZm§Zr KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.

1) AmJ«m oQ>rMr H$maUo :

B O`qghmbm dmQ>Umam YmoH$m :

O`qghmZo Am¡a§JOo~mbm {b{hboë`m nÌmV Ë`mbm dmQ>Umam YmoH$m ñnï> Ho$bm Amho. "Am{Xbemhr d

Hw$Vw~emhr EH$Ì Pmë`mg {edmOr Ë`m§Zm {_iob Ë`m_wio Ë`mMo haà`ËZo _Z {_idyZ Amnë`m Xe©Zmg

nmR>{dVmo Ago åhQ>bo Amho. {edm` doi oVmM {edmOr CR>md H$[ab Aerhr {^Vr Ë`mg dmQ>V hmoVr.

B X{jUoMr gw oXmar {_i{dUo hm hoVy :

O`qghmZo {edmOramOm§Zm X{jUoMr gw oXmar {_idyZ XoVmo Ago AJmoXaM gm§{JVbo hmoVo. `m~m~V

g^mgX gm§JVmo "_hmamOm§Zr O`qghmg gm§{JVbo, X{jU gw oXmar Úmdr. _r Am{Xbemhr d Hw$Vw~emhr

{_idyZ XoVmo. gmam§eê$nmZo nm{hë`mg _hmamOm§À`m XÿaÑï>rMm hm EH$ Z_wZm hmoVm.

B O§Oram àmßV H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ :

{gÕr hm ñdamÁ`mg _moR>m eÌw hmoVm. O§Oram {H$ëë`mÀ`m gmømZo _amR>r _wbImV Yþ_mHw$i KmbrV

hmoVm. Ë`mMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$am`Mm Agë`mg O§Oram hm {H$ëbm Amnë`m Vmã`mV Agmdm. `mgmR>r {gÕrMm

hm {H$ëbm Am¡a§JOo~mH$Sy>Z {_iUo ghO eŠ` Agë`mZo _hmamO Am½ «mg Jobo.

B ~mXemhr Xa_mamMo {ZarjU :

[a`mgVH$ma gaXogmB© åhUVmV, "~mXehm d Ë`m§Mr amOYmZr `m§Zm oQ>r {Xë`mda _moJb gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m

A§J wV eŠVrMr dmñVd H$ënZm oUma hmoVr. {edm` Ë`m Xa~mamVrb Amnbo eÌw H$moU d H$moU {_Ì hmoD$

eH$Vrb `mMr H$ënZm oUma hmoVr.

B CÎma qhXþñWmZMm _wbyI nhmUo :

_hmamOm§À`m nyd©Om§Zr CÎmaoV amÁ` Ho$bo. Vmo àXoe nhmdm Ago _hmamOm§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. åhUyZ Vo

åhUVmV ""Am_À`m nyd©OmZr CÎmaXoer amÁ` Ho$bo. Ë`m OJmMo Amåhm§g AdbmoH$Z KS>ob d ^mJraWr, `_wZm

AmXr H$ê$Z _hm{VWm©Mo Xe©Z KS>ob' `moJm`moJmZo ho Xe©Zhr KS>Uma hmoVo. VgoM O`qghmZo gd© àH$maÀ`m

gwajoMr h_rhr {Xbr hmoVr.

~r.E. mJ-1/B{Vhmg ....4

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B N>.{edmOr d Am¡a§JOo~ g_oQ> hmoÊ`mgmR>r

N>. {edmOramOm§À`m AmJ«m ôQ>rg O`qgJ Iè`m AWm©Zo O~m~Xma hmoVm. `m~Ôb [a`mgVH$ma

gaXogmB© åhUVmV, ""Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehm d X{jUoMm goZmZr `m§À`m àË`j oQ>rV g_oQ> KSy>Z Ambm Va

X{jUoV {XK©H$mbrZ em§VVm àñWm{nV hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎdmMo nmD$b nS>bo.'' `mgmR>r AmJ«m oQ>

Amdí`H$ hmoVr.

B Am¡a§JOo~mbm R>ma _maÊ`mMm hoVy :

B{VhmgH$ma {d. H$m. amOdmS>o `m§Zr hr oQ> Am¡a§JOo~mbm A\$ObImZmà_mUo R>ma _maÊ`mgmR>r hoVy

R>odyZ Agë`mMo åhQ>bo Amho. nU dmñV{dH$ hr Jmoï> eŠ` ZìhVr. Ë`mMo _V BVa B{VhmgH$mam§Zm _mÝ`

Zmhr.

B AmJ«m oQ> Amdí`H$ :

nwa§XamÀ`m VhmZwgma 1 bmImMm _wbyI _hmamOm§Zm {_iUma hmoVm. Vmo df© amZo _moOUr Pmë`mZ§Va.

Xaå`mZ AmJ«m oQ>rMr {Z_§ÌUo Ambo. B{VhmgH$ma goVy _mYdamd nJS>r åhUVmV.

""_hmamOm§Zr AmJ«çmMo Am_§ÌU ñdrH$maÊ`mn{bH$S>o JË §VaM Cabo ZìhVo. _hmamO ñdV:hÿZ Jobo

ZmhrV Ë`m§Zm `m Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr_wio AmJ«çmg OmUo ^mJ nS>bo d Omdo Va ~mXehmMr J¡a_Ou hmoD$Z

_wbwI àmßV hmoUma Zmhr. Aem {d{MÌ n[apñWVrV hr H$m|S>r \$moS>Ê`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr AmJ«çmbm OmÊ`mMm

YmS>gr {ZU© KoVbm.

2) _hmamOm§Mr AmJ«m oQ> :

nwa§XaÀ`m VhmVrb AQ>rg EH$ àH$maMr H$m`Xoera _mÝ`Vm KoÊ`mgmR>r d O`qghmÀ`m AmJ«hmZo

{edmOramOo CÎmaoV {ZKmbo. `mdoir ñdamÁ`mMr CÎm_ ì`dñVm Ho$br. _mVmolr {OOmD$, _moamon§V qnJio,

{Zimo gmoZXod, _wOw_Xma `m§À`m hmVr H$ma^ma gmon{dbm d CÎmaoV {ZKmbo.

B Am½ «mg à`mU :

{edmOr amOo 5 _mM© 1666 amoOr amOJS>mhÿZ AmJ«çmg {ZKmbo. gmo~V nyÌ g§ mOr, 5 d[að>

A{YH$mar, e§ a ZmoH$a d 200 KmoS>ñdma KoVbo. dmQ>oVrb IMm©gmR>r X{jU I{OÝ`mVyZ O`qghmZo 1 bmI

én o {Xbo hmoVo.

_wKb B{VhmgH$ma {^_goZ gŠgoZm åhUVmo, "{edmOrbm nhmÊ`mgmR>r dmQ>oV ~¿`m§Zr JXu Ho$br hmoVr.

dmQ>oda AgVmZm ehmOmÚmgmaIr _hmamOm§Zr gmo Ho$br hmoVr. Am¡a§Jm~mXMm gw oXma _mÌ ñdmJVmg Ambm

Zmhr. Ë`mg _hmamZrZr IS>o gwZmdbo. 500 _¡bmMm àdmg H$ê$Z 2 _{hÝ`m§Zr åhUOo 11 _o, 1666 bm

_hmamO AmJ«m hÔrV nmohmoMbo.

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B Am½ «mV àdoe :

Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmMo dS>rb ehmOhmZ ho 22 OmZodmar 1666 gmbr dmabo. Ë`mZ§Va Am¡a§JOo~mZo

Amnbm 50 dm dmT>{Xdg _moR>çm CËgmhmZo H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dbo. 12 _o 1666 amoOr dmT>{XdgmMm Xa~ma

âUma hmoVm Am{U 11 _o 1666 bm _hmamO AmJ«çmnmgyZ H$mhr _¡b A§Vamd _m{UM§X gamB© Odi

nmohmoMbo. {VWo ñdmJV H$aÊ`mgmR>r _wÝer {JarYa `mbm nmR>{dÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. Xþgè`m {Xder am_qgJ

hm ñdV: _hmamOm§À`m ñdmJVmbm Jobm. nU MwH$m_wH$ Pmbr. eodQ>r ehamÀ`m _Ü`^mJr XmoKm§Mr oQ>

Pmbr.

B _hmamO ~mXemhr Xa~mamV :

am_qgJ {edmOr _hmamOm§Zm KoD$Z Ambm. Ë`mdoir {XdmZ-B©Am_ Xa~ma g§nbm d {XdmU-B©Img gwê$

Pmbm hmoVm. _hmamO Amë`mMo H$iVmM Am¡a§JOo~mZo AgXImZ `m gaXmamg Ë`m§Zm KoD$Z oÊ`mg gm§{JVbo.

qghmgZmOdi oVmM _hmamOm§Zr 1000 _moham Am{U 2 hOma én o d 500 é {Zgma åhUyZ noe Ho$bm.

g§ mOrZohr ZOamZm noe Ho$bm. nU ~mXehm H$m§hrM ~mobbm Zmhr d _hmamOm§Zm n§MhOmar _Zg~Xm[aÀ`m

am§JoV C o Ho$bo. g§ mOrbmhr Ë`mM am§JoV C o Ho$bo. ~mXehmZo Xa~mamVrb _hÎdmÀ`m ì`ŠVtZm nmoemI

{Xbm nU _hmamOm§Zm {Xbm Zmhr.

`m gd© KQ>Zm_wio _hmamO g§VßV Pmbo. am_qgJmg AmnU H$moUË`m am§JoV C o AmhmoV `mMr {dMmaUm

Ho$br. Ë`mdoir Ë`mZo Iwbmgm Ho$bm. Amnë`mnwT>o Ogd§Vqgh C^m Amho d AmnU Ë`mÀ`m _mJo AmhmoV ho

nmhÿZ _hmamO nwÝhm g§Vmnbo. am_qgJmZo g_OwV H$mT>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. amOñWmZr H$mJXnÌmV `m KQ>ZoMm

C„oI H$aVmZm åhQ>bo Amho.

"godmoOr Jwñgm Im`mo JbJbmgm Am±Im hþ mo'

am_qgJmg _hmamO åhUmbo "_r gmYm _mUyg Zmhr. VwÂ`m ~mnmZo d ~mXehmZo nm{hbo Amho. _r Vw_Mr

_Zg~ gmoS>br.

am_qgJmMm hmV _hmamOm§Zr PQ>H$bm Am{U ~mhoa Ambo. amOñWmZr H$mJXnÌo gm§JVmV

""~¡R>m Wo _amoS> ImB© CR>r Mbmo''

~mXehmZo am_qgJmg {dMmaUm Ho$br Voìhm Ë`mZo S>oè`mda KoD$Z OmÊ`mMr Amkm Ho$br.

Xa~mamVyZ Amë`mda Xþgè`m {Xder am_qgJmZo _hmamOm§Mr oQ> KoVbr d g_OyV H$mT>br. Xþgè`m

{Xder _hmamO Xa~mamV {XgV Zgë`mZo ~mXehmZo {dMmaUm Ho$br. Voìhm am_qgJmZo A§JmV Áda Agë`mZo

Vo oUma Zgë`mMo gm§{JVbo. g§Ü`mH$mir am_qgJ g§ mOrg KoD$Z Xa~mamV Ambm. Ë`mbm nmoemI,

aËZOS>rV H$Ë`ma d _moË`mMr _mi XoD$Z gÝ_mZ Ho$bm.

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B _hmamO H¡$XoV :

_hmamO d amqgJ Xa~mamVyZ Joë`mda H$m§hr C_amdm§Zr _wÔm_ MMm© KS>dyZ AmUbr d _hmamOm§À`m

~oAX~r~Ôb {ejm H$am, O§Jbr OZmda Amho, _m\$ H$ê$ Z o Aer _wŠVm\$io CYibr.

Xþgè`m {Xder Ogd§VqgJ, Om°\$aImZ, ~oJ_OhmZ Amam `m§Zr ~mXehmbm H$m§hr gëbo Xæm`bm

gwê$dmV Ho$br. {edmOrMr J` Ho$ë`mg gd© qhXþ Ë`mMo AZwH$aU H$aVrb Agohr gm§{JVbo.

~oJ_Zo _mÌ em{hñVoImZ àH$aU, gwaV bwQ> B. ~m~V bjmV AmUyZ {Xë`m. {edmOrbm Ë`m_wio

_¥Ë yX§S>M hdm Agm AmJ«h Yabm. `m gd© MM}Mm n[aUm_ åhUyZ ~mXehmZo {gÕr \w$bmX `mg AmXoe

{Xbm H$s, aUA§XmO ImZmÀ`m Kar {edmOrg Ý`mdo. hr Jmoï> am_qgJmg g_OVmM Ë`mZo ~mXehmbm AmnU

{edmOrg OrdrVmMr h_r {Xë`mMo gm§{JVbo. H$maU aUA§XmOmImZmMo Ka åhUOo dYñWmZ hmVoo.

Voìhm ~mXehmZo {edmOr amOm§À`m Mm§Jë`m dmJUwH$sMm Om{_Z _m{JVbm. Voìhm am_qgJmg boIr

Om{_ZH$s Úmdr bmJbr.

Xaå`mZ _hmamOm§Zr dOra Om\$aImZ H$adr gd© _wÔo _m\$ H$amdoV Aer {dZ§Vr ~mXehmg Ho$br.

Ë`mZ§Va 29 _o 1666 bm ~mXehmg EH$ AO© Ho$bm. Ë`mV Ë`m§Zr AmnU KoVbobo {H$ëbo _bm naV Úm,

_r AmnUmg XmoZ H$moQ>r XoVmo _bm X{jUoV OmD$ Úm. _mPm _wbJm g§ mOrg R>odyZ ¿`m Ago åhQ>bo hmoVo.

nU Ë`mMm Cn`moJ Pmbm Zmhr. _hmamOm§À`m {Zdmgmda Mm¡Š`m ~g{dë`m A½ «mMm H$moVdmb \w$bmXImZ

`mMm H$S>H$ nhmam R>odbm.

B AmJ«çmhÿZ gwQ>H$m :

{edmOramOm§Zm nwaVo H$imbo H$s, AmnU ~mXehmÀ`m H¡$XoV AmhmoV. nU {Zame Z hmoVm AZoH$ wŠË`m

bT>dyZ Ë`m§Zr `m _moR>çm g§H$Q>mda _mV Ho$br.

Ë`m§Zr ~mXehmH$S>o ~amo~a Amboë`m bmoH$m§Zm X{jUoV OmÊ`mMr nadmZJr _m{JVbr d _moOHo$M bmoH$

AmnUm~amo~a R>odboV. Ë`mZ§Va am_qgJmg gm§JyZ Amnbr Om{_ZH$s aÔ H$ê$Z KoVbr d Ë`mZ§Va AmOmarnUeMo

gm|J KoVbo. àH¥$Vrbm Amam_ nS>mdm `mgmR>r ~«m÷U, \$H$sa, gmYwg§V, Xa~mar bmoH$, JmoaJar~ `m§Zm

{_R>mB©Mo XmZ gwê$ Ho$bo. {_R>mB©Mo noR>mao XmoZ _mUgo dmhÿZ ZoVrb BVHo$ _moR>o AgV. nhmaoH$ar ~aoM {Xdg

Vo VnmgV. Z§Va VnmgUr ~§X Pmbr. `mMm \$m`Xm KoD$Z 16 Am°JñQ> 1666 bm EH$m noQ>mè`mV _hmamO

Va Xþgè`m noQ>mè`mV g§ mOr ~gbo d H¡$XoVyZ gwQ>bo.

AmJ«çm~mhoa H$m§hr _¡bmda {ZamOr amdOr KmoS>o KoD$Z dmQ> nhmV hmoVm. nydu X{jUoV nmR>{dbobo bmoH$

{Z`moOZmà_mUo {dIwabo. BH$S>o {hamoOr \$O©X _hmamOm§À`m {~N>mÝ`mda Pmonbm d _Xmar _ohÎma nm` MonrV

~gbm hmoVm. nhmaoH$ar AYwZ _YyZ ho nhmV hmoVo.

Xþgè`m {Xder 18 Am°JgQ> 1666 bm gH$mir {hamoOr \$OªX d _Xmar _ohÎma `m§Zr nhmaoH$è`m§Zm

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gyMZm Ho$ë`m. "_hmamO Pmnbo AmhoV CR>dy ZH$m. Amåhr Xdm KoD$Z oVmo Ago gm§JyZ XmoKohr {ZgQ>bo.

~amM H$mi H$gbrhr hmbMmb Zmhr åhUyZ \w$bmXImZ ImÌr H$aÊ`mgmR>r AVm Jobm Voìhm amOo

{ZgQ>ë`mMr ImÌr Pmbr. g^mgX åhUVmo \w$bmXImZmZo ~mXehmg ho dV©_mZ gm§{JVbo. "amOm H$moR>S>rV

hmoVm, daModa OmD$Z nhmV AgVm EH$m EH$s JmB©~ (Jm`~) Omhmbm. nimbm H$s O{_Zr _Ü o Kwgbm

H$s Amñ_mZmV Jobm ho Z H$io. Amåhr OdiM AmhmoV. XoIV Zmhrgm Pmbm, H$m` hþÞa Omhmbm Z H$io'

ho EoH$VmM ~mXehmMm g§Vmn AZmda Pmbm. gd© _mJm©da g¡{ZH$ nmR>dyZ X{jUoMr dmQ> amoYyZ Yabr.

B _hmamOm§Mo ñdamÁ`mV AmJ_Z :

H¡$XoVyZ ~mhoa nS>ë`mda {edmOr amOm§Zr d Ë`m§À`m bmoH$m§Zr doem§Va Ho$bo. gmYw ~¡amJr ~ZwZ _WwaoV

Jobo. _moamon§V qnJio `m§À`m _ohþÊ`mH$S>o g§^mOrg R>odbo. Ë`mZ§Va ~w§XobI§S>, Abmhm~mX, Jm|S>dZ,

JmodiH$m|S>m àXoemVyZ _moJbr Mm¡Š`m MwH$dV 12 gßQ>|~a 1666 amoOr am`JS>mda gwIén nmohmoMbo. nwT>o

H¥$îUmOr {dídmgamd `m {dídmgy godH$m§Zo g§ mOrg 20 gßQ>|~abm amOJmda nmohmoM Ho$bo.

4) AmJ«m oQ>rMo _hÎd :

B H«$m§{VH$mar KQ>Zm :

{edmOramOm§Mr AmJ«m oWrb H¡$XoVyZ gwQ>H$m hr X¡{Xß`_mZ d H«$m§{VH$maH$ KQ>Zm åhUyZ _amR>çm§À`m

B{VhmgmV nm{hbo OmVo. AË §V H$S>oH$moQ> ~§Xmo~ñV, Am¡a§JOo~mMr H$aS>r ZOa, na_wbwI `m gdmªVyZ AË §V

ZmQ>ç_` [aVrZo `wŠË`m-à`wŠË`m bT>dyZ _hmamO naVbo hr H«$m§VrH$mar KQ>Zm Amho.

B Am¡a§JOo~mMm amOH$s` S>md CYibm :

{edmOr _hmamOm§Zm AmJ«m oQ> KS>{dUo hm Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m Hw$Q>{ZVrMm ^mJ hmoVm. ~møA§JmZo ñZoh d

AmVyZ H$nQ> Aer »`mVr Agboë`m Am¡a§JOo~mMm `m gwQ>Ho$Zo S>md CYibm Jobm. `mVyZ {edmOramOo ho

Agm_mÝ` ì`ŠVr_Îd Agë`mMo ~mXehmÀ`m bjmV Ambo.

B _hmamOm§Mm AmË_{dídmg XþUmdbm :

~mXehmÀ`m H¡$XoVyZ ñdV:Mr VgoM Amnë`m gmjrXmam§Mr gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z KoVbr. Ë`m_wio _hmamOm§Mm

AmË_{dídmg AmUIr dmT>bm. Ë`mM ~amo~a VoWrb Xa~mamMo {ZarjU Pmbo d ~mXehmÀ`m gm_Ï`m©~Ôb

EH$ «_ hmoVm Vmo ZmhrMm Pmbm.

B H$m ©j_ H$ma^ma §ÌUoMm AZw d Ambm :

_hmamO AmJ«çmÀ`m H¡$XoV AgVmZm Vo naV oÊ`mMr ImÌr ZìhVr. VgoM _hÎdmMo {H$ëbo _m|JbmÀ`m

Vmã`mV AgVmZm H$moUrhr ñdamÁ`mMm {eboXma eÌw A{^fmbm ~ir nS>bm Zmhr qH$dm amOÐmoh Ho$bm

Zmhr.

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B Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m _Zmda H$m`_Mm R>gm C_Q>bm :

{edmOr amOo AmJ«çmhÿZ gwQ>bo hr _moR>r qH$_V _wKbm§Zm _moOmdr bmJbr. AË §V {dfmXnUo Am¡a§JOo~

{b{hVmo. "EH$m jUmÀ`m {ZîH$miOrnUm_wio Anè d _mZhmZr hmoVo. {edmOrMo nbm`Z ho XoIrb

{ZîH$miOrnUm_wio Pmbo. na§Vw Ë`m_wio _bm _mÌ Am wî`mMm eodQ>Mm H$mi XoIrb AË §V H${R>U _mo{h_mV

Kmbdmdm bmJbm. Ë`m_wio ~mXehmZo Aer MyH$ nwÝhm hmoD$ Z o `mgmR>r g§ mOrMr hË`m Ho$br.

B nwa§XaÀ`m VhmMo ApñVËd g§nbo :

~mXehmZo AmJ«m oQ>rMo {Z_§ÌU XoD$Z {dídmgKmV Ho$bm d _hmamO {ZgQ>bo. Ë`m_wio nwa§XaÀ`m

VhmÀ`m AQ>r \o$Q>miÊ`mg AYrH$ dmd {_imbm. Ë`mZ§Va _hmamOm§Zr amÁ` {dñVmamMo YmoaU Adb§{~bo.

AmJ«m gwQ>Ho$Z§VaÀ`m _hmamOm§À`m hmbMmbr :

B _m|Jbmer gbmoIm :

AmJ«mhÿZ gwQ>H$m Pmë`mda _hmaOm§Zr _m|Jbmer gbmoIm R>odÊ`mMo YmoaU Omhra Ho$bo. `mdoir X{jU

gw oXma _wAÁO_ `m§Zohr _hmamOm§er gbmoIm R>odbm. g§ mOrg {Xbobr _Zg~Xmar Ë`mZo naV {_idyZ {Xbr.

nU hm gbmoIm \$ma H$mi {Q>H$bm Zmhr. Am¡a§JOo~mMm Y_©doS>onUm ho Ë`mMo H$maU hmoVo. Voìhm _hmamOm§Zr

AmH«$_H$ n{dÌm KoD$Z nwa§XaÀ`m VhmZo Jobobo àXoe, {H$ëbo naV KoÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br.

B VmZmOrMm namH«$_ :

nwa§XaÀ`m VhmZo 23 {H$ëbo _moJbm§H$S>o Jobo hmoVo. Ë`mVrb H$m|T>mUm (qghJS>) hm AË §V _hÎdmMm

{H$ëbm hmoVm. nwUo àm§Vmda bj R>odÊ`mgmR>r hm {H$ëbm Vmã`Vm AgUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo.

H$m|T>mUm {H$ëë`mda _wKbm§Mm {H$ëboXma CX`^mZ hm aOnyV gaXma hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m hmVmImbr ~mameo

g¡{ZH$ hmoVo. JS>mdarb gd© ì`dñWm ñdV: CX`^mZ nhmV hmoVm. A oÚ S>m|Jar {H$ëbm Agë`mZo Ë`mg

VQ>~§Xr ZìhVr. Agm {H$ëbm naV KoÊ`mMm {dMma _hmamO H$arV hmoVo. `mMr O~m~Xmar nm`XimMm

goZmnVr VmZmOr _mbwgao d Ë`mMm ^mD$ gw m©Or `m§da Q>mH$br.

4 \o$~«wdmar 1670 amoOr 300 _mdiçm§Zr JS>mda hëbm MT>{dbm. H$ë`mU XadmOm bJVÀ`m

H$S>çmda XmoaI§S>mÀ`m {eS>rMm dmna H$ê$Z JS>mda àdoe Ho$bm. _mdio d CX`^mZ g¡Ý` `m§À`mV Vw§~i

wÕ Pmbo. `m bT>mB©V VmZmOr d CX`^mZ XmoKohr _mabo Jobo. `m~m~V g^mgX åhUVmo,

""XmoKo _moR>o `moÕo _hmewa EH$_oH$mda dma H$arV Mmbbo. VmZmOrÀ`m S>mì`m hmVmMr T>mb VwQ>br.

Xþgar T>mb g_`r Ambr Zmhr. _J VmZmOrZo hmVmMr T>mb H$ê$Z Ë`mdar dma KoD$Z _moR>o wÕ Ho$bo. EH$mMo

hmV EH$ VwH$S>o KoD$Z {\$a§JrÀ`m dmQ>o XmoKo R>ma Ombo.''

gw m©OrZo _amR>çm§Mr qh_V IMy {Xbr Zmhr. ~mameo aOnyV H$mnyZ H$mT>bo d H$ëbm Vmã`mV KoVbm.

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nwd© g§Ho$VmZwgma JS>mda AmJ noQ>{dbr. Ë`mdoir amOJS>mda Agbobo _hmamO d {OOmD$ `m§Zm _mo{h_ èñdr

Pmë`mMo H$ibo. `m wÕmV VmZmOrg hm¡VmËå` Pmë`mMo _hmamOm§Zm g_Obo. Ë`mMo Ë`m§Zm AVrd Xþ:I

Pmbo. gw m©Or d Ë`m§À`m gmWrXmam§Mm gÝ_mZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

`mZ§Va 8 _mM© 1670 amoOr nwa§Xa KoVbm d H$ë`mU-{^d§S>r _mhþbr d CÎma H$moH$UmVrb _wbyI

Vmã`mV KoVbo.

B gwaVoMr Xþgar bwQ> :

_moJbr _wbImV bwQ> H$aÊ`mMr `moOZm 1670 gmbr _hmamOm§Zr AmIbr hmoVr. OmZodmar 1670 _Ü o

dèhmS> àm§VmV 20 bmIm§Mr byQ> {_i{dbr. H$Zm©i d amo{hS>m ho {H$ëbo KoVbo. Am°ŠQ>mo~a _{hÝ`mV 15

hOma KmoS>Xbm{Zer gwaVoda Xþgè`m§Xm hëbm Ho$bm. gbJ {VZ {Xdg eha OmiyZ Q>mH$bo. wamo{n`Z gÎmm§Zm

_mÌ Ìmg {Xbm Zmhr. {Vgè`m {Xder _m|Jbr \$m¡Om Agë`mMr dmVm© Ambr Am{U _hmamOm§Zr gwaV.gmoS>br.

B àVmnamd JwOa :

gwaVoÀ`m Xþgè`m bwQ>rda dèhmS>, ~mJbmU, ImZXoe `m _moJbr _wbImV \$m¡Om nmR>{dë`m Am{U

1673 _Üò nÝhmim {H$ëbm KoVbm d Am{Xbemhrg YŠH$m {Xbm. dOra ImZmZo nR>mUr gaXma

~hbmobImZ `mg g¡Ý`m{Zer nÝhmiçmda nmR>{dbo. Voìhm dmQ> AS>{dÊ`mgmR>r àVmnamd JwOa d AmZ§Xamd

_H$mOr `m§Zm nmR>{dbo. Ë`m§Zr C_amUr oWo ~hbmobImZmg JmT>bo. agX VmoSy>Z Ë`mg H¡$MrV nH$S>bo Voìhm

~hbmobImZmZo eaU oD$Z _m\$s _m{JVbr. àVmnamdm§Zr Ë`mg X`m ~wÕrZo gmoS>bo.

nU ~hmobmob ImZmZo nwÝhm _o{h_ H$mT>br _hmamOm§Zm ho g_OVmM àVmnamdm§Mm amJ Ambm. Vo

amJmdbo d ~hbmob ImZmg ZoñVZm yV H$ê$Z VmoS> XmIdm Aer Amkm Ho$br. àVmnamdm§Zr KoVbobm MwH$sMm

{ZU© Ë`m§À`m _Zmer bmJbm. Ë`m§Zr ImZmda ZOa R>odbr. H$moëhmnyaÀ`m X{jUobm 45 _¡bmda ZogarÀ`m

qIS>rV ~hbmobImZmg JmR>bo. àVmnamd Ho$di 7 g¡{ZH$m§gh Jobo hmoVo. ~hmobImZmH$S>o _mÌ hOmamo g¡Ý`

hmoVo. Ë`mnwT>çmV àVmnamd Amnë`m gmV ghH$mè`mda _mabo Jobo. AemàH$mao `m gmVhr g¡{ZH$m§Zm hm¡VmËå`

àmßV Pmbo.

3.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX d eãXmW© :

1) M§Ðamd : OmdirÀ`m _moao KamÊ`mV Am{Xbemhr H$Sy>Z {_imbobm {H$Vm~.

2) Vdm[aIH$ma : Xa~mamVrb d¥Îmm§V {b{hUmam

3) nmVehm : ~mXehm

4) A§Xoem : e§H$m

5) Imgm : {deof {dídmgmVrb

6) {e~§Xr : g¡{ZH$

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7) {XdmU-B©-Am_ : OZVoMm Xa~ma

8) {XdmU-B©-Img : Img bmoH$m§Mm Xa~ma

9) ZOamUm : H${Zð>m§Zr d[að>mZm Úmd`mÀ`m oQ> dñVw.

10) qhXdr ñdamÁ` : EoVÔo{e` bmoH$m§Mo amÁ`.

3.4 ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ d CÎmao :

B Jmibobo eãX âm.

1) ................ `m {H$ëë`mda M§ÐamdmZo Aml` KoVbm.

2) ................ `m {edmOrÀ`m {damoYH$ Am{Xbemhr gaXmamg M§ÐamdmZo Aml` {Xbm.

3) ................ hm M§Ðamd Omdir g§Kfm©doir gÎmoda hmoVm.

4) ................ hm _hÎdmMm {H$ëbm Omdir {dO`mZo ñdamÁ`mV Ambm.

5) ................ hm A\$ObImZ g§Kfm©V {edmOr amOm§Mm dH$sb hmVom.

6) ................ `m {Xder {edmOr amOm§Zr A\$ObImZmMm dY Ho$bm.

7) A\$ObImZ dYmZ§Va Am{Xemhr Xa~mamZo............ `m gaXmamg nÝhmim KoÊ`mgmR>r nmR>{dbo.

8) ................ amoOr Am¡a§JOo~mZo Amnbm amÁ`m{^foH$ H$ê$Z KoVbm.

9) ................ amoOr em{hñVoImZmZo MmH$UMm {H$ëbm KoVbm.

10) ................ `m gmbr {edmOr amOm§Zr n{hbr gwaV VwQ> Ho$br.

11) ................ `m ehamMm nm`m gwaV bwQ>rZ§Va KmVbm Jobm.

12) ................ _Ü o O`qghmMr X{jUoda ñdmar Ho$br.

13) nwa§Xa hm ................ d ................ {_iyZ OmoS> {H$ëbm Amho.

14) ................ amoOr O`qgh d {edmOr `m§À`mV nwa§XaMm Vh Pmbm.

15) ................ amoOr _hmamOm§Zr AmJ«çmH$S>o à`mU Ho$bo.

16) ................ `mbm Am¡a§JOo~mZo {edmOr~Ôb Om{_Z KoVbo.

17) ................ `m _mo{h_oda nmR>dyZ {edmOr _hmamOm§Zm nmR>dyZ R>ma _maÊ`mMm ~oV Am¡a§JOo~mZo

Ho$bm hmoVm.

18) ................ amoOr _hmamOm§Zr AmJ«çmhÿZ gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z KoVbr.

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CÎmao :

1) amàr 2) ~mOr em_amO 3) èd§Vamd 4) amàr

5) n§VmOr JmonrZmW 6) 10 Zmoìh|~a 1659 7) {gÕr Omoha 8) 5 OwZ 1659

9) 15 Am°JñQ> 1660 10) 1664 11) _w§~B© 12) 1665

13) {XboaImZ 14) nwa§Xa d éÐ_mi (dO«JS>) 15) 14 OwZ 1665

16) 5 _mM© 1666 17) O`qghnwÌ am_qgJ 18) H$m~yb 19) 17 Am°JñQ> 1666

3.5 gmam§e :

qhXdr ñdamÁ` ñWmnZ H$aVmZm N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zm Am{Xbemhr d _m|Jb `m XmoÝhr àñWm{nV

amOH$s` gÎmm§er g§Kf© H$amdm bmJbm. qH$~hÿZm hm g§Kf© Ho$ë`m{edm` ñdamÁ` {Z_uVr hmoUo eŠ` ZìhVo.

`mñVd n{hbm g§Kf© hm Am{Xbemhrer Pmbm. H$maU ñdamÁ`mMr {Z_m©Vr Am{XbemhrÀ`m Vmã`mV

Agboë`m àXoemV Pmbr hmoVr. Am{Xbemhr Xa~mamVrb Jm|Yi d ~o{Xbr `m§Mm `mo½`doir `mo½` \$m`Xm

_hmamOm§Zr KoVbm d ñdamÁ`m§Mm àXoe {dñVma dmT>{dbm. Am{Xbemhr Xa~mamZo Ë`m§À`m ~§Xmo~ñVmgmR>r Oo

à`ËZ Ho$bo Vo gd© à`ËZ _hmamOm§Zr CYibo. `m_wio Am{Xbemhr hV~b Pmbr.

Xwgar àñWm{nV amOH$s` gÎmm åhUOo _wKbgÎmm hmoVr. Am{XbemhrMo ñdamÁ`mbm Vmã`mV AmUÊ`mMo

à`ËZ Ag\$b hmoV hmoVo. hr ~m~ _moKbm§À`m Ñï>rZo KmVH$ hmoVr. H$maU X{jUoVrb gÎmm{dñVmamg {edmOr

hr EH$ _moR>r AS>MU Ë`m§À`mnwT>o hmoVr. Ë`mVyZM g§Kfm©Mo AZoH$ àg§J CX² dbo. em{hñVoImZmMr ñdmar

Ag\$b Pmë`mda {_Pm©amOo O`qghM {dO` {_idy eH$bm. nU AmJ«m oQ>rZo d gwQ>Ho$Zo ~mXehmhr hV~b

Pmbm.

`m XmoÝhr gÎmm§Zm eh XoV ho qhXdr ñdamÁ` N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr C o Ho$bo.

3.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`-

A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr CËVao {bhm.

1) {edmOtZr Omdir qOHw$Z KoÊ`mg H$moUVr n[apñWVr H$maUr^yV R>abr Vo gm§JyZ Omdir

{dO`mMo _hËd ñnîQ> H$am.

2) A\$ObImZ ñdmarMo hoVy gm§JwZ ñdmarMm g{dñVa d¥Vm§V Úm.

3) A\$ObImZmdarb {dO`mMo _hËd ñnîQ> H$am.

4) em{hñVoImZmÀ`m ñdmarMr _m{hVr XoD$Z {dO`mMr H$maUo gm§Jm.

5) gwaVoÀ`m n{hë`m bw{Q>Mr H$maUo gm§JwZ n[aUm_ ñnîQ> H$am.

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6) O`{ghm§À`m ñdmarMo d nwa§XaÀ`m VhmMr _m{hVr Úm.

7) nwa§XaÀ`m VhmMo n[ajU H$am.

8) AmJ«m o{Q>Mm d¥Vm§V gm§JwZ gwQ>Ho$Mm d¥Vm§V Úm.

~) {Q>nm {bhm.

1) OmdirÀ`m _moè`m§Mm nmS>md

2) {gÕr OmohaMm nÝhmim doT>m

3) ~mOr à w Xoenm§S>o

4) gwaVoMr n{hbr ñdmar

5) nwa§XaMm Vh

6) ZoVmOr nmbH$a

7) VmZmOr _mbwgao

8) àVmnamd JwOa

3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$

1) JmoqdX gImam_ gaXogmB©, "_amR>r [a`mgV' I§S> H«$. 1

2) A.am.Hw$bH$Uu, J.h.Iao "g§nm{XV,' "_amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg' I§S> H«$. 1

3) S>m°. O`qgJamd ndma, "N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamO'

4) H¥$îUamd AOw©Z Ho$iwgH$a, "N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamO' (M[aÌ)

5) ~mi gm_§V, "{edH$ë`mU amOm'

6) gXm{ed _hmXod {XdoH$a, g§nm{XV H$qdÐ na_mZ§XH¥$V "lr {ed^maV'

7) S>m°. à^mH$a Xod "_amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg'

8) gXm{edamd AmR>dbo "{edmOr Am{U {ed wJ'.

B B B

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gÌ - 1 : KQ>H$ - 3

{edmOr _hmamOm§Mm amÁ`m{^foH$

Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_

AZwH«$_{UH$m

3.0 C{Ôï>ço

3.1 àñVmdZm

3.2 {df` {ddoMZ

3.2.1 {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm amÁ`m{^foH$

3.2.2 H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_

3.2.3 {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo B§J«O d nmoVw©{JOm§er g§~§Y




3.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$.

3.0 C{Ôï>ço

B {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr amÁ`m{^foH$ H$m H$ê$Z KoVbm `mMo _hÎd g_OmD$Z KoUo.

B amÁ`m{^foH$m_wio _amR>çm§Mo ñdV§Ì Am{U gmd© m¡_ amÁ` {Z_m©U Pmbo Ë`mMo _hÎd H$m` hmoVo `mMr

_m{hVr KoUo.

B amÁ`m{^foH$mZ§Va bJoMM {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_ H$mTy>Z Vr èñdr Ho$br. Ë`m_wio

_amR>çm§À`m amÁ`mMm g§nyU© ^maVmV Xamam {Z_m©U Pmbm. Ë`mMr _m{hVr KoD$Z {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg

H$aUo.

B {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo B§J«O d nmoVw©JrO `m§À`mer Agboë`m g§~§YmMr _{hVr KoUo.

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3.1 {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm amÁ`m{^foH$ :

àmñVm{dH$ :

N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm amÁ`m{^foH$ hr Ho$di {edM[aÌmVrb Zìho Va A{Ib _hmamï´>mÀ`m Joë`m

XmoZ hOma dfmªÀ`m B{VhmgmVrb EH$ AZÝ`gmYmaU Aer KQ>Zm _mZbr OmVo. {edamÁ`m{^foH$mMm hm

àg§J _Ü` wJrZ ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmV gwdU© Ajam§Zr Zm|X{dbm Omdm BVH$m _hÎdmMm Amho. åhUyZM

H¥$îUmOr AZ§V g^mgX hm {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm AmÚ M[aÌH$ma `m KQ>ZoMo AWmW©nUo dU©Z H$aVmZm

åhUVmo, ""...._èhmQ>m nmVehm EdT>m N>ÌnVr Ombm. hr Jmoï> H$mhr gm_mÝ` Ombr Zmhr.'' IamoIaM `m

KQ>ZoZo _hmamï´>mVrb bmoH$ OrdZmV EH$ àH$maMr H«$m§VrM KSy>Z Ambr.

Mm¡Xmì`m eVH$mV B.g. 1317 gmbr {XëbrÀ`m _w~maH$ {IbOr `m gwbVmZmZo Xod{JarÀ`m

`mXdm§Mo _amR>m gm_«mÁ` H$m`_Mo Zï> Ho$ë`mda _hmamï´> gmS>oVrZeo df} Jwbm_{JarÀ`m e¥§Ibm§Zr OIS>bm

Jobm hmoVm. gd©Ì nmaV§Í`mMm, Jwbm_rMm d AdhobZoMm hmhmH$ma _mObm hmoVm. `m `wJmV Ho$di

_wgb_mZM amOo hmoD$ eH$VmV. EVÔoer`m§Zm amOonX {_idVmM oUma Zmhr; `m Ý yZJ§S>mZo gd© qhXdr

g_mO nN>mS>bobm hmoVm. Aem H$mimV `m Ý yZJ§S>mbm d Jwbm_r _mZ{gH$Vobm N>oX XoD$Z _hmamOm§Zr

amÁ`m{^foH$ H$ê$Z `m _¥VdV g_mOmV ZdM¡VÝ` {Z_m©U Ho$bo Am{U EÎmÔoer`m§À`m Apñ_Vobm KQ>ZmË_H$

ñdê$n àmßV H$ê$Z {Xbo. _hmamOm§Mm hm amÁ`m{^foH$ 6 OyZ 1674 amoOr Ë`m§Mr ZwVZ amOYmZr am`JS>

oWo Pmbm. `m A{ÛVr` Aem amÁ`m{^foH$ gmohiçmMr _hmamOm§Zm H$m Amdí`H$Vm ^mgbr; Ë`m_mJo

Ë`m§Mm H$moUVm CÔoe hmoVm, ho g_OyZ KoUo JaOoMo Amho.

3.2.1 amÁ`m{^foH$mMr Amdí`H$Vm :

1) ñdV§Ì d Iè`mIwè`m amOnXmMrJaO :

Xod{JarÀ`m `mXdm§À`m gm_«mÁ`ZmemZ§Va qhXþ g_mOmV amÁ`m{^foH$ Pmbm ZìhVm. {ZOm_emhr d

Am{Xbemhr `m X{jUoVrb emøm VgoM CÎmaoVrb _moJb ~mXemhr Ë`m§À`m nXar AgUmè`m AZoH$ namH«$_r

_amR>m gaXmam§Zm "amOm' hm {H$Vm~ XoV AgV. nU Vo gd© ZmdmMoM "amOo' AgV. Iar gÎmm `m _wñbr_

emøm§MrM MmbV Ago. Omdir nmbdU, e¥§Jmanya, _wYmoi Aem {R>H$mUm§À`m Omh{JaXmam§Zmhr "amOo' Ago

g§~moYbo OmB©. IwÔ _hmamOm§Mo AmOmo~m d dS>rbhr "amOo' ho nX bmdV. nU Varhr Vo _wpñb_ gÎmm{Yem§Mo

MmH$aM hmoVo. IaoIwao ñdV§Ì amOo ZìhVo. _hmamOm§Zm Ago Xþgè`m§Zr ~hmb Ho$bobo amOonX ZH$mo hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm

IaoIwao, ñdV§Ì d gmd©^m¡_ Ago amOonX hdo hmoVo. ho A{YH¥$V amOonX àmßV hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm

amÁ`m{^foH$mMr Amdí`H$Vm dmQ>br.

2) ~§S>Imoa Ohm{JaXma `m à{V_oMm Zme / §J :

_hmamOm§Mo dS>rb Am{XbemhrMo OhmJraXma hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Am{XbemhmÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hmamO åhUOo

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OhmJraXmamMm EH$ ~§S>Imoa nwÌM hmoVo. Am{Xbehm~amo~aM Hw$Vw~ehm, _moJb d nmoVw©JrO, B§J«O `m§À`mgma»`m

naH$s` gÎmm `m§Mmhr _hmamOm§H$S>o nmhÊ`mMm Ñï>rH$moZ VmoM hmoVm. BVHo$M Zìho Va _hmamï´>mVrb {eH}$, _moao,

KmoanS>o, qZ~miH$a `m§À`mgmaIo _amR>o gaXma ñdV:à_mUo _hmamOm§Zmhr Am{XbehmMo MmH$aM g_OV hmoVo.

Ë`m_wio _hmamOm§Zm ho XmIdyZ Úm`Mo hmoVo H$s, Vo Oar Vo _wimV OhmJraXma nwÌ Agbo Var àñWm{nV

_wñbr_ amOdQ>r {déÕ ~§S>Imoar H$aÊ`mMr nmàr Ë`m§Zr Amobm§S>br Amho Am{U AmVm Ë`m§À`m CÔoemMr d

H$m`m©Mr ì`mßVr dmT>br Amho. Ë`m§Mo H$m © åhUOo AmVm Ho$di ~§S>Imoar am{hbr ZgyZ Ë`m§Zr ñdV§Ì _amR>r

amÁ`mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br Amho, Am{U Vo AmVm ñdV§Ì amÁ`H$V} ~Zbo AmhoV.

3) _wñbr_ gÎmm§Zm Bemam :

Am{^{fŠV amOm hmoÊ`m_mJo _hmamOm§Mm AmUIr EH$ CÔoe hmoVm. Vmo åhUOo qhXþñWmZmVrb VËH$mbrZ

Owb_r _wñbr_ gÎmmYrem§Zm Bemam XoUo. `m amÁ`m{^foH$mÀ`m gmohiçmZo _hmamOm§Zm g_ñV _wñbr_

gÎmm{Yem§Zm Bemam Úm`Mm hmoVm H$s, AmVm EÎmÔo{e`m§Zm EH$ A{^{fŠV amOm {_imbm Amho. Ë`m_wio oWwZ

nwT>o qhXþ§daM Zìho Va AÝ` H$moUË`mhr Y_m©À`m àOodarb AÝ`m` d N>i ghZ Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr. Am{U

Vgm Oa AÝ`m` Pmbm Va Ë`m Owb_r gÎmog emgZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m qhXdr ñdamÁ`mMm N>ÌnVr H${Q>~Õ

Agob.

4) H$m`Xoera AS>MUtMo {ZdmaU :

_hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m Ohm{JarMm ~amM {dñVma Ho$bm hmoVm. AZoH$ àXoe qOH$bo AZoH$ JS>H$moQ>

Vmã`mV KoVbo. g¡Ý` dmT>{dbo, Ama_ma C^mabo, ñdV§Ì amÁ`H$ma^ma §ÌUm C^mabr. I{OÝ`mV AJ{UV

g§nÎmr O_m Ho$br. Aer gdm©Wm©Zo Amnë`m amÁ`mMr eŠVr dmT>dbr Agbr Var, H$m`XoeraÑï>çm Vo EH$

gm_mÝ` Ohm{JaXmaM hmoVo. Am{XbehmMo MmH$a hmoVo. EH$ amÁ`H$Vm© åhUyZ Amnë`m àOoda Vo KQ>ZmË_H$

A{YH$ma Mmbdy eH$V ZìhVo. H$m`Xoera[aË`m XoU½`m, d¥ÎmnÌo, BZm_nÌo Vo XoD$ eH$V ZìhVo. Ë`m§Zr

Ho$boë`m H$ama_Xmam§Zm H$m`XoeranUm àmßV hmoD$ eH$V ZìhVm. VgoM H$a dgyb H$aUo, Zdo H$a Omhra

H$aUo, Ý`m`XmZ H$aUo, {ejm H$aUo `m amÁ`H$ma^mamÀ`m ~m~tZmhr _hmamO A{^frŠV amOo Zgë`m_wio

AS>MUr oV hmoË`m. Ë`mH$miÀ`m MmVwd©Ê © nÕVrV Va \$ŠV amOmM ~«m÷Umbm {ejm XoD$ eH$V Ago.

Ë`m_wio _hmamOm§Zm hr àH$aUo Ý`m`XmZmgmR>r ~«m÷UmH$S>o gmondmdr bmJV. `m gd©M H$m`Xoera AS>MUtMo

{ZdmaU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U amÁ`mMm Z¡{VH$ d emór` hŠH$ àmßV H$aÊ`mgmR>r _hmamOm§Zm amÁ`m{^foH$mMr

Amdí`H$Vm ^mgbr.

5) n¥Ïdr {Z:j{Ì` H$ënZoMm Zme :

VËH$mbrZ qhXþ g_mOmVrb Y_©_mVªS>m§Zr g_mOmV Agm g_O ê$T> Ho$bm hmoVm H$s, naewam_mZo 21

doim n¥Ïdr {Z:j{Ì` Ho$br Amho. Ë`m_wio AmVm OJmV H$moUrhr j{Ì` am{hbobm Zmhr. VgoM H$moUr qhXþ

amOm hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. nU Y_©_mVªS>m§Mm hm {gÕm§V AË §V AmË_KmVH$s hmoVm. Oo `m {gÕm§VmMm nwañH$ma

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H$aV hmoVo Ë`m§Zm Am{Xbehm, {gÕr, _moJb ho "amOm' åhUyZ MmbV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm Vo j{Ì`ËdmMm {ZH$f

bmdV ZìhVo. nU Amnë`m Y_m©À`m amOmg _mÌ Vo j{Ì` _mZm`bm V`ma ZìhVo. _hmamOm§Zm `m _yI©

H$ënZoMmM Zme H$am`Mm hmoVm. VgoM OJmV j{Ì` AmhoV, AmnU j{Ì` AmhmoV, Am{U AmnU amOm hmoD$

eH$Vmo, hohr Ë`m§Zm amÁ`m{^foH$mÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo {gÕ H$am`Mo hmoVo.

6) amÁ`m{^foH$ EH$ g§ñH$ma :

amÁ`m{^foH$ hm Ogm EH$ gmd© m¡{_Ëd {gÕ H$aUmam àg§J hmoVm VgoM Vmo EH$ Ym{_©H$ gmohimhr

hmoVm. qhXþ amOZrVr_Yrb hm Ym{_©H$ dmQ>Umam gmohim, EH$ àH$mao amOZ¡{VH$ g§ñH$ma H$aUmam gmohim hmoVm.

Ë`m_wio _hmamOm§À`m amÁ`H$ma^mambm EH$ Y_©emór` ~¡R>H$ {_iUma hmoVr. `m g§ñH$mamMo _hÎd gm§JVmZm

àm. Z. a. \$mQ>H$ åhUVmV. ""H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m A{^foH$m{X g§ñH$mam{edm` Oer qghmMr _¥J|ÐVm

{dH«$_m{O©V åhUyZ ñd §{gÕ AgVo; VgoM _hmamOm§Mo amOñd ñd §{gÕ Agbo Var ImUrVyZ H$mT>boë`m

gmoÝ`mbm Ë`mÀ`m _wi gmoZonUmV H$gbrM CUrd ZgyZhr Ap½Zg§ñH$mamZo Ë`mMm M_H$XmanUm dmT>{dbm

OmVmo, Ë`mM Ý`m`mZo _hmamOm§À`m amÁ`m{^foH$mMm {dMma H$aUo Mm§Jbo.'' AemàH$mao `m g§ñH$mamZo

_hmamOm§Mo amOonU A{YH$M COiUma hmoVo.

7) àOmOZm§da N>mn :

_hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m H$V©~JmarZo Ohm{JarMo énm§Va ñdamÁ`mV Ho$bo hmoVo. àOoMr Jwbm_r d AÝ`m`

`mVyZ _wŠVVm Ho$br hmoVr.AmVm Amnë`m gm_Ï`m©bm d¡ dmMr d g_¥ÕrMr OmoS> XoÊ`mMr doi Ambr hmoVr.

Amnë`m àOmOZm§da N>mn nmS>Ê`mgmR>r Am{U naH$s`m§da Xamam {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ ^ì` {Xì` Aem

gmohiçmMr Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr. AemàH$maÀ`m gmohiçmVyZ d¡ dmMo àXe©Z H$aUo amOZrVrgmR>r JaOoMo

AgVo. _hmamOm§À`m `m àM§S> CÚmoJmMr gm§JVm amÁ`m{^foH$mZoM ìhmdr Am{U hr KQ>Zm OZVoÀ`m

A§V:H$aUmda H$m`_Mr R>gmdr `mgmR>r _hmamOm§Zr amÁ`m{^foH$mMr AmIUr Ho$br hmoVr.

8) ñdV§Ì d gmd© m¡_ amÁ`mMr H$ënZm :

qhXþñWmZmV EÎmXo{e`m§Mo EH$hr gmd© m¡_ amÁ` {eëbH$ am{hbo ZìhVo. gd© namH«$_r qhXþ gaXma

Am{Xbemhr, Hw$Vw~emhr d _moJb ~mXehmMo MmH$a ~Zbo hmoVo. IwÔ Am{Xbemhr d Hw$Vw~emhr `m§Zrhr

_moJbm§Mo _m§S>{bH$Ëd ñdrH$mabo hmoVo. CÎmaoVrb aOnyV amOohr _moJbm§Mo _m§S>{bH$ ~Zbo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr

amÁ ohr gmd© m¡_ amÁ o am{hbr ZìhVr. Aem nmíd© y_rda _hmamOm§Zr ñdV§Ì d gmd© m¡_ amÁ`mMr H$ënZm

_m§S>br Am{U amÁ`m{^foH$mZo Vr àË`jmV CVadbr. `m amÁ`m{^foH$mZo _hmamOm§Zr gd© OJmg XmIdyZ {Xbo

H$s X{jUoV EÎmÔo{e`m§Mr EH$ Zdr gÎmm CX`mg Ambr Amho. Am{U hr gÎmm ñdV§Ì d gmd© m¡_ Amho.

[a`mgVH$ma gaXogmB© `m~Ôb åhUVmV, ""_hmamOm§Mo ho H¥$Ë` åhUOo ZyVZ amÁ`mMr OmUrd CËnÞ

H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bobm ârd d èñdr à`ËZ hmo .''

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3.2.2 _hmamOm§Mm amÁ`m{^foH$ gmohim :

B _hmamOm§À`m j{Ì`ËdmMm àíZ :

AmnU _mJo nm{hë`mà_mUo qhXÿ g_mOmV n¥ÏdrÀ`m {Z:j{Ì`ËdmMr H$ënZm ê$T> hmoVr. AH$~amÀ`m

H$mimVrb Y_©n§{S>V H¥$îU Z¥qgh eof `mZo Amnë`m "ewÐmMma {eamo_Ur' `m J«§WmV hr g§H$ënZm _§S>br

hmoVr. Ë`mMmM à^md g_ñV qhXÿ àOoda nS>bm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio _hmamOm§À`m amÁ`m{^foH$mMm {dMma nwT>o

Amë`mda VËH$mbrZ Y_©n§{S>Vm§Zr XmoZ àíZ CnpñWV Ho$bo. n{hbm, `m OJmV j{Ì` AmhoV H$m` ? Am{U

Xþgam, AgVrb Va _hmamO j{Ì` AmhoV H$m` ? AmVm, hm gm_m{OH$ d Y_©emór` àíZ gÎmoMm YmH$

d ~imMm dmna H$ê$Z _hmamO gmoS>dy eH$bo AgVo. nU Ë`m§Zm `m àíZmÀ`m _wimer OmD$Z "n¥Ïdr

{Z:j{Ì`' `m {gÕm§VmdaM àhma H$am`Mm hmoVm. _hmamO ñdV:bm {ggmo{X`m `m aOnyV d§emVrb _mZV

hmoVo. nU Ë`mg§~§Yr g~i nwamdm {_idÊ`mÀ`m CÔoeeZo Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m nXar AgUmè`m ~mimOr AmdOr,

Ho$ed^Q> nwamo{hV, ^mbM§Ð ^Q> Aem n§{S>Vm§Mo EH$ {eï>_§S>iM CÎmaoVrb CX`nya, A§~a, H$mer BË`mXr

{R>H$mUr nmR>dbo. `m {eï>_§S>imZo CX`nyaÀ`m KamÊ`mVyZ {ggmo{X`m Hw$imMr _hmamO Ë`mM d§emVrb AmhoV

ho gm§JUmar d§emdi àmßV Ho$br. VgoM `m KamÊ`mVrb amÁ`m{^foH$mÀ`m {dYrMr emór` _m{hVrhr

{_idbr. AemàH$mao _hmamOm§Mo j{Ì`Ëd {gÕ H$aUmao nwamdo KoD$Z ho {eï>_§S>i H$merbm Jobo.

2) JmJm^Å>mg nmMmaU :

H$merbm Ambobo _hmamOm§Mo {eï>_§S>i VoWrb qhXÿ OJVmV à{gX²Y Agboë`m JmJm ^Å> `m

_hm_§{S>Vmbm oQ>bo. Am{U Ë`m§Zr Ë`mbm _hmamOm§À`m dVrZo amÁ`m{^foH$mMr AÜd w© Ëd ñdrH$maÊ`mMr

{dZ§Vr Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr Vr _mÝ` Ho$br. JmJm ^Å> hm Iao Va _wiMm _hmamï´>mVrb n¡R>U JmdMm. nU 16 ì`m

eVH$mV AZoH$ {dÛmZ ~«m÷Um§Zr _wñbr_ gÎmmYrem§À`m AË`mMmambm H§$Q>miyZ n¡R>U gmoSy>Z H$merV dmñVì`

Ho$bo. Ë`mV Vo ^Å> KamUo hmoVo. JmJm ^Å> qhXÿ Y_©emó d VÎdkmZmMm àH$m§S> n§{S>V g_Obm OmV hmoVm.

Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm "H$br wJmMm ~«÷XodM' åhQ>bo OmV hmoVo. Vmo Y_©emómÀ`m {ZU© mgmR>r AZoH$Xm _hmamï´>mV

oD$Z Jobm hmoVm. Voìhm Ë`mMm _hmamOm§er n[aM`hr Pmbm hmoVm.

Aem _hmn§{S>Vmbm _hmamOm§Zr amÁ`m{^foH$mgmR>r {Z_§{ÌV Ho$bo. Am{U JmoqdX ^Å> IoS>H$a `mg JmJm

^Å>mbm CÎmaoVyZ AmUÊ`mg nmR>{dbo. JmJm ^Å>mZo Amë`mZ§Va Amnë`m Abm¡{H$H$ ~w{Õ_ÎmoZo d kmZ à yËdmZo

amÁ`m{^foH$mg {damoY H$aUmè`m gd© _§S>itÀ`m e§H$m§Mo {ZagZ Ho$bo Am{U _J amÁ`m{^foH$mMr V`mar gwê$

Pmbr.

3) amÁ`m{^foH$nyd© V`mar d {dYr :

_hmamOm§À`m amÁ`m{^foH$mMr V`mar Ë`m§Zr ZwVZ amOYmZr am`JS> oWo gwê$ Pmbr. amÁ`m{^foH$mbm

Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m amO_§{Xa, _§Ìg^m, Y_©g^m, {MÌg^m, amÁ`mMo _hmb, JOemim, nmH$emim,

H$moR>çm, gaH$maHw$Zm§Mo dmS>o, ~mOmanoR>m BË`mXr B_maVr ~m§YyZ V`ma Ho$ë`m Joë`m. {hamoOr B§XÿbH$aZo

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OJ{hídamMo _§{Xa d amOg^m gmaIr ~m§YH$m_o Ho$br. Am~mOr gmoZdXodmZo _hmamOm§Mo {ZdmgñWmZ ~m§Ybo.

am`JS>mdarb J§JmgmJa, hÎmr Vbmd, hZw_mZ Q>mHo$, ~mam Q>mH$s, Hw$emdV© Vbmd, A{YH$ ZoQ>Ho$ Ho$bo.

~mbo{H$ëë`mÀ`m _Ü`^mJr _hmamOm§À`m qghmgZmMr OmJm {ZdS>Ê`mV Ambr.

am`JS> hr amOYmZr åhUyZ _hmamOm§Zr H$m {ZdS>br ho gm§JVmZm g^mgX åhUVm, "JS> ~hþV MH$moQ>,

Mm¡V\$s© JS>mMo H$S>o Vm{eë`mà_mUo {XS> Jmd C§M, nO©Ý`H$mbr H${S>`mdar JdV CJdV Zmhr. Am{U Ym|S>m

Vmerd EH$M Amho. Ago XoImoZ ~hþV g§Vwï> Pmbo. Am{U ~mo{bbo V»Vmg OmJm hmM JS> H$amdm.''

amOYmZrbm gwgÁO H$aÊ`m~amo~aM _hmamOm§Zr amÁ`m{^foH$mnydu H$mhr {dYr H$ê$Z KoVbo. gwê$dmVrbm

Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m amÁ`mVrb XodXodVm§Mo Xe©Z KoVbo. àVmnJS>mda VwiOm^dmZrÀ`m _yVuMr à{Vð>mnZm H$ê$Z

VoWo _§{Xa ~m§Ybo. XodrMo Xe©Z KoD$Z Vo am`JS>mda naVbo. _J 29 _o, 1674 amoOr JmJm ^Å>mZo ^mogbo

Hw$imV bwßV hmoV Mmbbobm CnZ`Z g§ñH$ma _hmamOm§da j{Ì` nÕVrZo Ho$bm. Ë`mZ§Va _hmamOm§Mm

VwbmXmZ{dYr Pmbm. `mdoir Ë`m§Mr Vwbm H$aÊ`mgmR>r 16000 hmoZ bmJbo Ago `m gmohiçmg CnpñWV

Agboë`m hoÝar Am°pŠP¨S>oZ `m B§J«O dH$sbmZo Z_yX Ho$bo Amho. Ë`mZ§Va _hmamOm§Mo Ë`m§À`m amÊ`mer g_§ÌH$

{ddmh AmXr AZoH$ d¡{XH$ {dYr H$aÊ`mV Ambo. amÁ`m{^foH$mÀ`m {Xdgmn ªV amoO AZoH$ àH$maMo {dYr

d XmZY_© AI§S>nUo Mmby hmoVo.

4) amÁ`m{^foH$ g_ma§ :

_hmamï´>mbm eoH$S>mo dfmªÀ`m Jwbm_{JarVyZ gmoS>dUmam Am{U _amR>r àOoMr Apñ_Vm d ñdm{^_mZ

OmJdUmam {Xdg COmS>bm. Ooð> ewÕ 13, e{Zdma Vm. 6 OyZ, 1674 amoOr am`JS>mda _hmamOm§Zm

amÁ`m{^foH$ Pmbm. Am{U _Ü` wJmVrb qhXþñWmZÀ`m B{Vhmgmbm H$bmQ>Ur {_imbr. `m amÁ`m{^foH$

g_ma§ mMr gwê$dmV 5 OyZÀ`m gm §H$minmgyZM Pmbr hmoVr. ewH«$dmar gm §H$mir gwê$ Pmbobm g_ma§

e{Zdmar gH$mir g§nbm. `m amÁ`m{^foH$mMo dU©Z AZoH$ ~IarV d naH$s`m§À`m H$mJXnÌm§V Ho$bobo

AmT>iVo.

ewH«$dmar gm §H$mir àW_ JUoenyOZ, ñdpñVnyOZ d _mV¥H$mnyOZ Pmbo. _hmamO gmo am~mBªgmo~V

amÁ`m{^foH$ _§S>nmV Amë`mda _§S>nnyOZ Pmbo. _§S>nmÀ`m _hmdoXr^modVr àË oH$ {Xeog Mma Hw§$^ ñWmnZ

Ho$bo. nyd}g gwdU© Hw§$^, X{jUog aOVHw§$^, npíM_og Vm_«Hw§$^ Am{U CÎmaog _¥{ÎmH$mHw§$^ R>odÊ`mV Ambo.

Ë`m àË oH$mV Vwn, XÿY d Ob âbo hmoVo. VgoM AZoH$ n{dÌ ZÚm§À`m d gmJam§À`m Obm§Zrhr âbobo Hw§$^

R>odbo hmoVo. {dYtZm àma§ Pmë`mda _hmdoXrda A½Zr d J«hm§Mr à{Vð>mnZm H$ê$Z doX_§ÌmÀ`m KmofUm

hmo_hdZ Pmbo. `mZ§Va _hmamOm§Zr g_§Ì ñZmZ d n§Mm_¥VñZmZ Ho$bo. ew^« dó n[aYmZ Ho$ë`mda

_hmdoXrdarb Amé§Xrda {dXrnyd©H$ AmamohZ Ho$bo. Z§Va Ap½ZnyOm Ho$ë`mda _hmamO A{^foH$ emioV Jobo.

A{^foH$ d qghmgZmamohZ Ago amÁ`m{^foH$mMo XmoZ à_wI {dYr hmoVo. AmVm A{^foH$ emioV _§ÌKmofmV

A{^foH$mbm gwê$dmV Pmbr.

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B _hmamOm§da A{^foH$ :

A{^foH$ emioV _hmamOm§gmR>r gmoÝ`mMo AmgZ V`ma Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`m AmgZmda _hmamO, nÅ>amUr

gmo am~mB© d wdamO g§ mOramOo {damO_mZ Pmbo. _hmamOm§À`m AmR>hr {Xem§Zm Ë`m§Mo Aï>àYmZ H$be Yê$Z

C o hmoVo. nyd}bm VwnmZo âbobm gmoÝ`mMm H$be KoD$Z _hmamOm§Mo n§VàYmZ _moamon§V qnJio, A½Zo og N>Ì

Yê$Z AmÊUmOrn§V g{Md Va X{jUog goZmnVr h§~raamd _mo{hVo XþYmZo âbobm H$be KoD$Z C o hmoVo.

Z¡F$Ë og Í §~H$n§V gw_§V, npíM_og am_M§Ðn§V A_mË`, dm`ì og XÎmmOrn§V _moM}b KoD$Z Va B©emÝ og

{ZamOrn§V Ago AZoH$ àYmZ A{^foH$mgmR>r gÁO hmoVo. `m{edmÀZoH$ A{YH$mè`m§À`m hmVr n{dÌ ZÚm§À`m

Obm§Zr âbobo H$be hmoVo. `m gdmªZr doX_§ÌmÀ`m KmofmV _hmamO, _hmamUr d wdamOmda A{^foH$ Ho$bm.

Ë`m~amo~a Mmhÿ~mOy§Zr Mm¡KS>o, VwVmè`m {ZZmXÿ bmJë`m. dmÚm§Mm JOa Pmbm. _hmamOm§Zm n§MmaË`m§Zr

AmodmiÊ`mV Ambo.

`mZ§Va _hmamOm§Zm nwÝhm ñZmZ KmbÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m§À`m ñZmZ{dYr Z§Va VwnmZo âboë`m H$mñ`nmÌmV

_hmamOm§Zr Amnbo _wIXe©Z Ho$bo. Zdr dóo n[aYmZ Ho$br. {hao d gmoÝ`mMo Ab§H$ma KmbyZ S>moB©g _§{Xb

~m§Ybm. Ë`m§Zr T>mb-Vbdma, YZwî`~mU d aW `m§Mr nyOm H$ê$Z hr eóo YmaU Ho$br. _J AmB© {OOm~mB©,

dS>rbYmar _§S>ir, JmJm nÅ> d BVa {dÛmZ `m§Zm Z_ñH$ma H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`mgh _hmamO qghmgZmê$T> hmoÊ`mg

amOg oH$S>o {ZKmbo.

B _hmamOm§Mo qghmgZmamohU :

_hmamOm§Mo qghmgZmamohU Á`m amOg oV hmoUma hmoVo. Vr amOg^m AË §V gwemo{^V H$aÊ`mV Ambr

hmoVr. _hmamOm§gmR>r AË §V _m¡ë`dmZ Ago qghmgZ V`ma Ho$bo AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m AmR> {Xem§Zm AmR> aËZOS>rV

ñV§ hmoVo. `m qghmgZmda _hmamO ~gë`mda Ë`m§À`m _ñVH$mda Yam`Mo N>Ì OS>mdmMo d _moË`m§À`m

PmbarMo hmoVo. `m qghmgZmMo dU©Z H$aVmZm g^mgX åhUVmo H$s, ""_hmamOm§Zr 32 _U gmoÝ`mMo ho qghmgZ

V`ma H$ê$Z H$mofmVrb _m¡ë`dmZ aËZo Ë`m_Ü o OS>{dbr hmoVr.'' ga OXþZmW gaH$ma åhUVmV, ""~Îmrg _U

åhUOo Mm¡Xm bj én`m§Mo gmoZo Pmbo. aËZm§Mr qH$_V Ë`m{edm` ho qghmgZ V`ma H$arV AgVm {XëbrMo

_ ya qghmgZ {edmOrÀ`m Ñï>rnwT>o Agmdo.''

_hmamOm§À`m qghmgZmamohUmMo dU©Z AË §V `WmW©nUo hoÝar Am°pŠP¨S>Z `mZo Ho$bo Amho. Vmo åhUVmo,

""qghmgZmÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOybm gwdUmª{H$V ^më`mÀ`m Q>moH$mda AZoH$ A{YH$maXe©H$ d amOgÎmoMr {MÝho

Agë`mMo Amåhr nm{hbo. COì`m hmVmbm XmoZ _moR>çm XmVm§À`m _Ëñ`m§Mr gwdUm©Mr {eao hmoVr. S>mì`m

hmVmbm AZoH$ AídnwÀN>o d EH$m _m¡ë`dmZ ^më`mÀ`m Q>moH$mda g_ nmVirV bm|~Umao gmoÝ`mÀ`m VamOyMr

nmaS>r Ý`m`{MÝh åhUyZ VinV hmoVr.'' `m amOg oÀ`m q^Vrda ew bjUr {MÝho d {MÌo aoImQ>Ê`mV

Ambr hmoVr. N>V _moË`mÀ`m PmbatZr e¥§Jmabo hmoVo. amOg oÀ`m àdoeÛmamda gwdUm©b§H$mam§Zr gwemo{^V Ago

XmoZ hÎmr PwbV hmoVo.

~r.E. mJ-1/B{Vhmg ....5

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AemàH$mao gd©amOg^m amÁ`mamohUmgmR>r gÁO Pmbobr AgVm§Zm _hmamOm§Zr Amnbo Aï>àYmZ,

A{YH$mar, {dÛmZ d _mVmolr `m§À`mgh amOg oV àdoe Ho$bm. qghmgZmOdi oVmM _hmamOm§Zr Ë`mg d§XZ

H$ê$Z Ë`mg nXñne© Z H$aVm, doX_§ÌmMm Kmof Mmby AgVmZm qghmgZmamohU Ho$bo. wdamO, wdamkr,

_mVmolr Am{U gd© A{YH$mar Amnmnë`m ñWmZmda AmgZñW Pmbo. _hmamO qghmgZmda Amê$T> hmoVmM

ZJmaImÝ`mVrb dmÚo Xÿ_Xÿ_y bmJbr. am`Jmdê$Z Vmo\$m XUmUy bmJë`m. Ë`mM ~amo~a ñdamÁ`mVrb gd©M

{H$ëë`m§dê$Z Vmo\$m H$S>mSy> bmJë`m. Ë`m§Zr gd©{Xem§Zm JOy©Z gm§{JVbo H$s, _amR>çm§Mm amOm "N>ÌnVr'

Pmbm. qghmgZmda ~gbm. CnpñVVm§Zr bmøm d gwdU©nwîno CYibr. _hmamOm§À`m OÒ`H$mamZo dmVmdaU

^mê$Z Jobo. n§VàYmZ _moamon§V `m§Zr _hmamOm§Zm _wOam H$ê$Z 8000 hmoZm§Mr CYiU Ë`m§À`m _ñVH$mda

Ho$br. Ë`mZ§Va àË oH$ àYmZmZo _hmamOm§Zm AgmM hmoZm§Mm A{^foH$ Ho$bm. BVa A{YH$mè`m§Zrhr _wOao Ho$bo.

gmoÝ`mÀ`m VmQ>m§VyZ _hmamOm§Zm n§MmaË`m§Zr AmodmiÊ`mV Ambo. Am{U _J JmJm ^Å>m§Zr _moË`m§Mm Vwam da

bmdbobm âOar amO_wHw$Q> ñdhñVo _hmamOm§À`m _ñVH$s R>odbm. Am{U _moË`m§Mr Pmba bmdbobo aËZO{S>V

amON>Ì _hmamOm§À`m _ñVH$mda YmaU H$ê$Z CÀM ñdamV {edmOr _hmamO ho N>ÌqghmgZm{Yída d

g§ñH$ma`wŠV amOo Pmë`mMo Kmo{fV Ho$bo.

B Amerdm©X, ZOamUo d XmZY_© :

_hmamO AmVm A{^{fŠV N>ÌnVr Pmbo. `mZ§Va AmB© {OOm~mB©, JmJm ^Å> BVa dS>rbYmar _§S>itMo

_hmamOm§Zr Amerdm©X KoVbo. _J _hmamOm§Mr ñdmar JS>mdarb XodXodVm§Mo Xe©Z KoÊ`mgmR>r gwdUm©b§H$mamZr

gOboë`m JOamOmda Amê$T> Pmbr. `m JOamOmMo _mhÿV hmoVo IwÔ _hmamOm§Mo goZmnVr h§~raamd _mo{hVo.

A§~marV _hmamOm§À`m _mJo n§VàYmZ _moamon§V qnJio `m§Zr _moM}b Yabo hmoVo. _§Jb dmÚm§À`m JOamV

{_adUwH$sZo _hmamOm§Zr JS>mdarb gd© XodXodVm§Mo Xe©Z KoVbo. _mJm©da Ë`m§À`mda \w$bm§Mr d¥ï>r H$aÊ`mV oV

hmoVr. n§MmaË`m hmoV hmoË`m. XodXe©ZmZ§Va _hmamO nwÝhm amOg oH$S>o Ambo.

`mdoir B§p½be, S>M, nmoVw©JrO `m naH$s` gÎmm§Mo dH$sb CnpñWV hmoVo. `m dH$sbm§Zr _hmamOm§Zm

àUm_ H$ê$Z AZoH$ àH$maMo ZOamUo {Xbo. _hmamOm§Zr `m gmohiçmV Anma XmZY_© Ho$bm. g§V, _h§V,

XrZXþ~io, AZmW, ZQ>, ZV©H$, {dÛmZ n§{S>V Aem gd© Wam§Vrb bmoH$m§Zm XmZ d X{jUm {Xë`m. _hmamOm§Zr

24 hOma hmoZ Ho$di `m XmZ X{jUoda IM© Ho$bo. {X. 7 OyZ 1674 nmgyZ gwê$ Pmbobm XmZY_© nwT>o 12

{Xdg Mmby hmoVm. JmJm ^Å>mg 7 hOma hmoZm§Mr X{jUm XoÊ`mV Ambr. amoO AÞXmZhr _moR>çmà_mUmda hmoV

hmoVo. am`JS>mdê$Z Voìhm H$moUrhr [aŠV hñVo naV Jobm Zmhr. g^mgXm§À`m åhUÊ`mà_mUo `m g_ma§ mg

"EH$ H$amoS> ~oMmirg bmI hmoZ' IM© Ambm.

AemàH$mao _hmamOm§Mm amÁ`m{^foH$ gmohim "Z wVmo Z ^{dî`Vr' Agm gmOam Pmbm. nU _hmamO

gmd© m¡_ amOo Pmbo. nU `m amÁ`m{^foH$mZ§Va bJoMM Xhm-~mam {Xdgm§Zr 18 OyZ 1674 amoOr _hmamOm§À`m

_mVmolr {OOm~mB© _¥Ë y nmdë`m. {edOÝ_mnmgyZ `m _mVoZo `m y_rbm Jwbm_rVyZ _wŠV H$aÊ`mMo d

{edam`mg EÎmÔo{e`m§Mm gmd© m¡_ amOm ~ZdÊ`mMo Oo ñdßZ Camer ~miJbo hmoVo Vo ñdßZ nyU© hmVomM `m

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_mD$brZo Amnbo àmU gmoS>bo. nU Ë`m§Zm Amnbm nwÌ qghmgZm{Yð>rV Pmë`mMo, eH$H$Vm© Pmë`mMo Am{U

_amR>çm§Mo gmd© m¡_ amÁ` {Z_m©U Pmë`mMo nhm`bm {_imbo. ga OXþZmW gaH$mam§Zr {OOm~mBªMr VwbZm Am§Y«

amOm gmVH$Uu `m§À`m Jm¡V_r `m _mVoer Ho$br Amho.

3.2.3 _hmamOm§À`m amÁ`m{^foH$mMo _hÎd :

1) EÎmÔo{e`m§Zm amOm {_imbm :

qhXþñWmZmVrb gd© EÎmÔo{e` àOm AZoH$ eVHo$ _wñbr_ gÎmoÀ`m Owb_r dad§Q>çmImbr âS>br OmV

hmoVr. Ë`m§Zm H$moUrM dmbr ZìhVm. Aemdoir {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr am`JS>mda ñdV:bm amÁ`m{^foH$ H$éZ

KoVbm Am{U AmnU EH$ A{^{fŠV amOo Agë`mMo Omhra Ho$bo. `m amÁ`m{^foH$mZo Vo Ho$di X{jUoVrb

_amR>çm§Mo amOo qH$dm Ho$di qhXÿMo amOo Pmbo ZmhrV, Va g_ñV qhXdm{g`m§Mo amOo Pmbo. gd©M

qhXdm{g`m§Zm, EÎmÔo{e`m§Zm, Amnbm ñdV§Ì A{^{fŠV amOm {_imbm. {dO`ZJaMo gm_«mÁ` Zï> Pmë`mZ§Va

n{hë`m§XmM _hmamOm§Zr Owb_r gÎmm§Zm Z_dyZ y{_nwÌm§Mo à yÎd {gÕ Ho$bo.

2) n¥Ïdr {Z:j{Ì` `m H$ënZoMm Zme :

H¥$îU Z¥qgh eof `m n§{S>VmZo AH$~amÀ`m H$mimV "ewÐmMma {eamo_Ur' ZmdmMm J«§W {b{hbm hmoVm.

Am{U `m_Úo Ë`mZo naewam_mZo n¥Ïdr 21 doim {Z:jÌr` Ho$ë`mMm {gÕm§V _m§S>bm hmoVm. `m {gÕm§VmZwgma

OJmV Oa j{Ì`M Cabo ZgVrb Va _J EÎmÔo{e`m§_Ü o amOm {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr, Agm Ý yZJ§S> gd©

g_mOmV ngabm hmoVm. hm Ý yZJ§S> Am{U g_mOmV ngabobm Ang_O _hmamOm§Zm Zï> H$am`bm hmoVm.

åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr ñdV: j{Ì` AgVm§Zmhr, AmnU j{Ì` Agë`mMo nwamdo emoYyZ H$mTy>Z Amnbo j{Ì`Ëd `m

amÁ`m{^foH$mÀ`m àg§Jr {gÕ Ho$bo. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm VËH$mbrZ Y_©_mVªS>m§er PJS>mdo bmJbo. nU Ë`mV Vo

èñdr Pmbo. Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m amÁ`m{^foH$m_wio ho {gÕ Pmbo H$s, OJmV j{Ì` AmhoV. _hmamO j{Ì`

AmhoV. `m_wio "n¥Ïdr {Z:j{Ì` `m {gÕm§Vmbm _wR>_mVr {_imbr. hr Jmoï> Ho$di qhXþ g_mOmbmM Zìho Va

qhXdmgr`m§Zm {Xbmgm XoUmar hmoVr.

3) _wpñb_ gÎmm§Zm AmìhmZ :

_hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m amÁ`m{^foH$m_wio qhXþñWmZmVrb gd© _wpñb_ gÎmonwT>o EH$ AmìhmZ C o Ho$bo.

{dO`ZJaÀ`m gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m ZmemZ§Va EÎmÔoer` g_mOmg AdH$im àmßV Pmbr hmoVr. M¡VÝ`hrZ ~Zboë`m

`m g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§Mr Jwbm_{JarV {nMbobr _Zo _hmamOm§Zr ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m {dMmamZo nwÝhm {Od§V ~Zdbr.

Am{U amÁ`m{^foH$m_wio Va Ë`mV M¡VÝ` {Z_m©U Pmbo. `m _wñbr_ gÎmm§Zm èñdrnUo AmìhmZ XoUmar

EÎmÔo{e`m§Mr EH$ gm_Ï ©embr gÎmm åhUyZ gd© qhXþñWmZ AmVm _hmamOm§À`m qhXdr ñdamÁ`mH$S>o nmhÿ

bmJbm. Ë`m_wio `m _wpñb_ amÁ`H$Ë`mªÀ`m A{Z §{ÌV gÎmobm hmXam ~gbm. `m~m~V ~IaH$ma _ëhma

am_amd {MQ>UrgmMo CX²Jma ~mobHo$ AmhoV. Vmo åhUVmo ""_hmamOm§Mm amÁ`m{^foH$ hmoD$Z V»V Ho$bo ho H$imoZ

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{dOmnyaH$a ^`^rV hmoD$Z ~«mømËH$mao g§Vmof XmIdyZ dóo, Odmhra, hÎmr, KmoS>o, _hmamOm§g nmR>{dbo.

{Xë>brMo nmVehm ~hþV Inm hmoD$Z {XbJra Ombo.''

4) ñdV§Ì, gmd© m¡_ amÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr :

amÁ`m{^foH$m_wio _hmamï´>mV _hmamOm§Zr EH$m ñdV§Ì d gmd© m¡_ amÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. Á`m H$mimV

Am{Xbemhr d Hw$Vw~emhr gma»`m ~bmT>ç emøm§Zr _moJbm§Mo _m§S>{bH$Ëd pñdH$mabo hmoVo Ë`m H$mimV

_hmamOm§Mo amÁ` ho Hw$UmMohr ñdm{_Ëd _mÝ` Z H$aUmao gmd© m¡_ Ago hmoVo. `m amÁ`m{^foH$mZo _hmamOm§À`m

`m ñdV§Ì amÁ`mg amÁèmór` d Y_©emór` ~¡R>H$ àmßV Pmbr. `m~m~V AmUIrZ EH$ Jmoï> bjmV

KoVbr nm{hOo H$s, _hmamOm§Mo dS>rb ehmOramOm§Zr ñdV§Ì {ZOm_emhr nwZñWm©nZm Ho$br hmoVr. nU ñdV:

amÁ`m{^foH$ H$ê$Z KoVbm Zmhr. _hmamOm§Zr Ë`m§À`m nwT>o EH$ nmD$b Q>mH$bo. ñdV:Mr emhr {Z_m©U H$ê$Z

amÁ`m{^foH$hr Ho$bm. hm Ë`m§À`m H$V©~JmarMm Iam A{dîH$ma hmoVm.

5) Y_©{gÕ amÁ`g§ñWoMr C^maUr :

amÁ`m{^foH$mnyduM _hmamOm§Zr amÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br hmoVr. Ë`m§Mr àemgH$s` d bîH$ar §ÌUm hr

gwñWm{nV hmoVr. KmoS>Xi, nm`Xi, Ama_ma, I{OZm, {H$ëbo, amÁ` §ÌUm Aer amÁ`mMr gd© _hÎdmMr A§Jo

`mnyduM V`ma hmoVr. nU {d{Ynyd©H$ amÁ`m{^foH$m_wio _hmamOm§À`m `m amÁ`mg EH$ Ym{_©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$

A{Yð>mZ àmßV Pmbo. `m gmohiçmZo Ë`m§À`m amÁ` ì`dñWoda H$be MT>dbm Jobm. Y_©{gÕ amÁ`g§ñWoMr

C^maUr hmoD$Z _hmamOm§Zr `m KQ>ZoZo amï´>r` g§ñH¥$VrMo nwZéÁOrdZ Ho$bo.

6) gwamÁ`mMr ½dmhr :

AmnU ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m ñdamÁ`mMo "gwamÁ`' ìhmdo hr _hmamOm§Mr Vi_i hmoVr. Ago gwamÁ` EH$

gmd© m¡_ gÎmoMm amOmM {Z_m©U H$ê$ eH$V hmoVm. Ë`m_wio amÁ`m{^foH$ àg§Jr Ë`m§Zr Ago Omhra AmídmgZ

{Xbo H$s, AmnU Ý`m`mZo d Y_m©Zo amÁ`H$ma^ma H$ê$. `m AmídmgZm~Ôb B{VhmgH$ma àm. am. {d.

AmoVwaH$a åhUVmV, ""`m g_ma§ àg§Jr {edmOrZo Y_m©à_mUo åhUOo H$m`Úmda A{Y{ð>V Aem Ý`m`mZo

amÁ` H$arZ Ago, Xod, Jwé A½Zr `m§Zm gmj R>odyZ dMZ {Xbo Am{U Aem[aVrZo amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`m~amo~aM

OZVog gwamÁ`mMo dMZ {Xbo. hm `m amÁ`m{^foH$ g_ma§ mMm {deof Amho. ho H$aÊ`mg {edmOrg H$moUr

gŠVr Ho$br ZìhVr. Ë`mZo ñdV:M ho H$amd`mMo R>a{dbo.''

7) emgZ~Õ g_mOmMr {Z{_©Vr :

_hmamOm§À`m amÁ`m{^foH$mZo Ho$di Y_©{gÕ amÁ`g§ñWoMrM ñWmnZm Pmbr Ago Zmhr Va emgZ~Õ

g_mOhr {Z_m©U Pmbm. Ë`m_wio amOm§Mm A{YH$ma hm g_mOmVrb gd© Wam§Vrb dJm©da ñWmnZ Pmbm. AmVm

~«m÷U JwÝhoJmamg Y_©emór` Ñï>rZo {ejm hmoD$ eH$V hmoVo. VgoM Y_m©~m~VrVrb noMàg§JmV Vo Ý`m`XmZ

H$ê$ eH$V hmoVo. AemàH$mao gd© H$m`Xoera AS>MUr amÁ`m{^foH$mZo Xÿa Pmë`m. AmVm EH$ amOm åhUyZ

Ë`m§À`m A{YH$ma H$joV ~«m÷Umgh gd© dJ©, OmVr, d O_mVr Amë`m. Ë`m§À`m A{YH$mamg Y_©emór`

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Z¡{VH$ d H$m`Xoera A{Yð>mZ àmßV Pmbo. Am{U gd© g_mO emgZ~Õ Pmbm.

8) amÁ`m{^foH$mMo KQ>ZmË_H$ _mob :

amÁ`m{^foH$m_wio _hmamOm§À`m amÁ`H$ma^mamg KQ>ZmË_H$ _mob àmßV Pmbo. Ë`m§À`m amÁ`mMr ñdV§Ì

d gmd© m¡_ Aer KQ>Zm V`ma Pmbr. Aï>àYmZ _§S>i d Ë`m§Mr H$m } ho `m KQ>ZoMo _w»` A§J hmoVo. H$mhr

Aï>àYmZm§À`m Zo_UwH$m amÁ`m{^foH$mnyduM Pmë`m Agë`m Var `m àg§Jr gd© Aï>àYmZm§Mr H$V©ì o d

A{YH$ma R>adÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m§À`m nXm§Zm g§ñH¥$V Zmdo XodyZ _amR>rdarb \$magr ^mfoMo A{VH«$_U Xÿa Ho$bo.

IwÔ ñdV:gmR>r "{dH«$_m{XË`' Aem àH$maMo àm{MZ qhXþ amOm§Mo nma§nm[aH$ {~ê$X Z KoVm "N>ÌnVr' Ago

Zdo {~ê$X {ZdS>bo. `mVyZ Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m N>ÌmImbr gd© Om{VY_m©À`m àOobm Ý`m`mZo dmJ{dbo OmB©b,

Ë`m§Mo g§ajU Ho$bo OmB©b Ago AmídmgZ {Xbo. `m_wio Ë`m§Mo ho ~ê$X KQ>ZmË_H$Ñï>çm A{YH$ _mobmMo hmoVo.

9) Zì`m ndm©bm gwê$dmV :

_hmamOm§À`m amÁ`m{^foH$mZo _Ü` wJrZ qhXþñVmZmV EH$m Zì`m ndm©bm gwê$dmV Pmbr. `m g_ma§ mMo

_hÎd {MaH$mb {Q>H$mdo `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr amÁ`m{^foH$mnmgyZ "amÁ`m{^foH$ eH$' gwê$ Ho$bm. eH$ gwê$ H$aUo

hr H$mhr gd©gm_mÝ` amOmMr Jmoï> ZìhVr. eH$mMm àma§ H$aUo åhUOo Zì`m wJmMm àma§ H$aUo Ago hmoVo.

`m_wio A{Ib qhXr g_mOmV d amOH$maUmV EH$ Zdo wJ gwê$ Pmbo. VgoM _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m `m ZdrZ,

ñdV§Ì amÁ`mMo ñdV§Ì MbZhr gwê$ Ho$bo. Vm§ã`mMr {edamB© d gmoÝ`mMm hmoZ Aer Zdr ZmUr _hmamOm§Zr

H$m§hr Zdo H$m`Xo H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n _wbH$s, bîH$ar, Y_©{df`H$ d Ý`m`{df`H$ Ago Ho$bo. VgoM

Ë`mH$mimVrb boIZ nÕVrda _wñbr_ YmQ>UrMm à^md hmoVm. Vr ~XbyZ _hmamOm§Zr _amR>r YmaUoMr boIZ

nÕVr {Z_m©U Ho$br. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr ~mimOr AmdOr {MQ>Urg `m Amnë`m hþema {MQ>Urgmg "boIZ

àeñVr' hm J«§W {b{hÊ`mMr Amkm Ho$br d Ë`mM~amo~a _amR>r ^mfodarb \$magr ^mfoMo Pmbobo AmH«$_U

Xÿa H$aÊ`mgmR>r aKwZmW n§S>rV `m {dÛmZ ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z "amÁ`ì`dhmaH$mofm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z KoVbr. Ë`mZwgma

Amnë`m amÁ`H$ma^mamVrb gd© \$magr Zmdm§À`m EodOr g§ñH¥$V ^mfoda AmYmarV Zmdo ê$T> Ho$br. VgoM

amÁ`H$ma^mamMr _amR>r ^mfm A{YH$m{YH$ ewÕ Ho$br.

`mdê$Z Ago {XgyZ oVo H$s, _hmamOm§Zr `m amÁ`m{^foH$m_wio Ho$di amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`mdaM H$ig

MT>dbm Ago Zmhr. Va gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ VgoM gm§ñH¥${VH$ ñVam§dahr ñdV§Ì §ÌUm {Z_m©U H$ê$Z EH$

Zdo wJM gwê$ Ho$bo.

3.2.2 H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_ :

{edmOr _hmamOm§À`m H$ma{H$XuVrb gd© _mo{h_m§V gdm©V èñdr d Ë`m§Mr H$sVu dmT>dUmar _mohr_

åhUOo H$Zm©Q>H$ _mohr_ hmo . gZ 1677 _Ü o Ë`m§Zr H$mT>bobr hr _mohr_ Ë`m§Zm _moR>r \$bXm`r R>abr.

_hmamOm§Zr amÁ`m{^foH$ H$ê$Z Oo N>ÌnVrnX {_idbo Ë`m N>ÌnVrnXmMo _hÎd d loð>Ëd gd© OJmbm `m

H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_o_wioM H$imbo. `m _mo{h_obm {edM[aÌm_Ü o EH$ AmJio ñWmZ Amho.

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amÁ`m{^foH$mZ§Va {edmOr _hmamOm§Zrhr H$Zm©Q>H$Mr _mo{h_ H$mT>br. `m _mo{h_o_wio Ë`m§Mm ñdamÁ`{dñVma

npíM_ gmJar {H$Zmè`mnmgyZ Vo VobJw, Vm_ri d H$mZS>r Aem VrZ A_amR>r àXoem§da Pmbm. am`JS>nmgyZ

eoH$S>mo H$mog Xÿa Agboë`m nyd©-X{jU {H$Zmè`mn ªV _hmamOm§Zr YS>H$ _mê$Z A{ÛVr` è {_idbo.

Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr VwbZm `wamon_Yrb AboŠPm§S>a, grPa `m§À`mer Ho$br OmVo.

B H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_o_mJrb _hmamOm§Mo CÔoe -

1) {dO`ZJaÀ`m gm_«mÁ`mMr nwZñWm©nZm :

Bñbm_r AmH«$_Um_wio {dO`ZJaMo qhXþ gm_«mÁ` Zï> Pmbo hmoVo. Vm{bH$moQ>À`m bT>mB©V Pmbobm

O~aXñV nam^d Am{U Ë`mZ§VaM `m qhXþ gm_«mÁ`mMm Pmbobm Zmi X{jUoVrb qhXþ g_mO {dgabm

ZìhVm. {dO`ZJaMo ho gm_«mÁ` Zï> Pmë`mda H$Zm©Q>H$mV qOOr, V§Omda, ~oXZya, åh¡gya Aer AZoH$

Zm_H$m§Mr amÁò {Z_m©U Pmbr. Ë`m§Zm EImXm à~i ZoVm Z {_imë`m_wio Vo Amnbr eŠVr EH$_oH$m§er

bT>Ê`mV dm`m KmbdV hmoVo. hr gd© qhXÿ amÁ`m§Mr eŠVr EH$dQy>Z Bñbm_r gÎmobm H$Zm©Q>H$mV Q>ŠH$b

XoÊ`mMm {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm {dMma hmoVm. `m~Ôb B{VhmgH$ma eoOdbH$a åhUVmV, ""{edmOrMm hoVy

ñdV:g amÁ`m{^foH$ H$ê$Z KoVë`mnmgyZ Agm hmoVm H$s, nyduÀ`m Zï> Pmboë`m {dO`ZJaÀ`m gm_«mÁ`mMo

nwZê$ÁOrdZ AmnU Ho$bo Amho Agm ^mg X{jUoVrb gd© qhXþV {Z_m©U H$amdm. åhUOo Ë`mMm Cn`moJ

AmnU CÎmaoH$Sy>Z òUmè`m _moJbm§er bT>VmZm Adí` hmoB©b...... lra§JmMr ({dO`ZJaMm eodQ>Mm

dmagXma) AIoaMr amOYmZr Or dobya Vo VoWrb qghmgZmghrV Vmã`mV KoÊ`mg ì §H$mo{Obm {edmOrZo

gwM{dbo hmoVo ho Bï> H$m_ ì §H$moOrZo {eamda KoVbo Zmhr, Voìhm {edmOrZo Vo ñdV: VS>rg ZoÊ`mMo `moOyZ

àñVwV H$Zm©Q>H$ ñdmar H$mT>br.''

2) d{S>bmonmOuV Ohm{JarMm {hñgm :

ehmOr _hmamOm§À`m Ohm{JarMm _moR>m ^mJ H$Zm©Q>H$mV hmoVm. _hmamï´>mVrb nwUo àm§VmV d H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb

~|Jiya àm§VmV Aem Ë`m§À`m XmoZ Ohm{Jè`m hmoË`m. nwÊ`mMr AJXr VrZ-Mma naUJÊ`m§Mr N>moQ>r OhmJra

_hmamOm§H$S>o Ambr hmoVr. _hmamOm§Zr ñdH$V¥©ËdmZo Ë`mV ~arM dmT> Ho$br hmoVr. nU eS>mOr _hmamOm§Zr

Amnë`m _¥Ë yn ªV ~§Jiya àm§VmVrb H$moJma, hmoñH$moQ>, {MŠH$m~minya, XmoÈ>~mimnya, {gam, {MŠH$Zm`H$mÝhmbr

d H$ZH${Jar `m àXoemda _moR>r Ohm{Jar {Z_m©U Ho$br hmoVr. qhXÿ Y_©emómà_mUo `m Ohm{JarMm {Zå_m

{hñgm _hmamOm§Zm {_imd`mg hdm hmoVm. nU ehmOr amOm§À`m _¥Ë yZ§Va AZoH$ df} hmoD$Zhr ì §H$moOr `m

{hññ`mÀ`m _mJUrbm XmX XoV ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio AmVm Amnë`mbm Oa Amnë`m d{S>bmonmOuV Ohm{JarMm

{hñgm {_idm`Mm Agob Va H$Zm©Q>H$Mr _mohr_M H$mT>mdr bmJob ho _hmamOm§Zr OmUbo.

3) H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb _amR>m _wbImÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r :

ehmOr amOm§Zr H$Zm©Q>H$mV Amnë`m H$ma{H$XuV gd© qhXþ amOm§Zr H$Zm©Q>H$mV Amnë`m H$ma{H$XuV gd©

qhXþ amOm§Zm EH$Ì H$ê$Z VoWo _amR>r A§_b ~gdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr Amnbr amOYmZr ~§Jiya

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oWo Ho$br hmoVr. nU Z§Va ì §H$moOrZo Vr ~§JiyahÿZ V§Omdabm hbdbr. Ë`m_wio åh¡gyaÀ`m Zm`H$mbm CÎma

H$Zm©Q>H$m_Ü o Amnbo amÁ` dmT>dÊ`mg _moR>r g§Yr {_imbr. AgmM hiyhiy ì §H$moOrÀ`m hmVyZ CÎma

H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb AZoH$ àXoe {ZgQy> bmJbo Am{U ehmOr amOm§À`m Ohm{JarMm àXoe hiyhiy H$_r hmoV

Mmmbbm. `mda H$mhrVar Cnm``moOZm H$aUo _hmamOm§Zm JaOoMo dmQ>bo. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr H$Zm©Q>H$da ñdmar H$ê$Z

CÎma d _Ü` H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb ehmOramOm§À`m Ohm{JarVrb àXoe qOHy$Z ¿`m`Mo R>adbo.

4) I{OZm ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r :

_hmamOm§À`m AË §V d¡ dembr Aem amÁ`m{^foH$mÀ`m gmohiçm_wio Ë`m§Mm I{OZm [aH$m_m Pmbm

hmoVm. Ë`m§Zm `m gmohiçmg bjmdYr hmoZm§Mm IM© Ambm hmoVm. Ë`m§Zm `m gmohiçmg bjmdYr hmoZm§Mm

IM© Ambm hmoVm. hm IM© _hmamO A{V[aŠV _hgyb dgwbrVyZ qH$dm gŠVrÀ`m H$am§_m\©$V dgyb H$ê$

BpÀN>V ZìhVo. VgoM _hmamOm§Mo amÁ`hr bhmZ hmoVo. _hmamï´>mMm àXoehr åhUmdm Vgm gwnrH$ ZìhVm.

Ë`m_wio ghm{OH$M _hmamOm§Mo bj AË §V gYZ d g_¥Õ AgUmè`m H$Zm©Q>H$À`m {H$Zmè`mH$S>o Jobo. àmMrZ

H$mimnmgyZ AZoH$ AmH«$_H$m§Zr Ë`m àXoemVyZ àM§S> byQ> {_idbr hmoVr. _ÐmgMm H$Zmam Va "gmoÝ`mMm

àXoe' åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmV hmoVm. VoWo gmoÝ`mÀ`m d {hè`mÀ`m ImUrhr hmoË`m. Ë`m àXoemVrb bmoH$m§Zr

VoWo àM§S> g§nÎmr nwéZ R>odbr hmoVr. hr gd© g§nÎmr {edmOr _hmamOm§gma»`m EImÚm eya d YmS>gr

amOmMrM dmQ> nmhmV hmoVr. Ë`m_wio `m àXoemVyZ g§nÎmr àmßV H$ê$Z Amnbm [aH$m_m Pmbobm I{OZm ^ê$Z

H$mT>Uo hm EH$ _hmamOm§Mm `m_mJrb hoVy hmoVm.

5) Zdo amÁ` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r :

_hmamOm§À`m H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_o _mJrb à_wI hoVy Ho$di g§nÎmr {_idUo hmM ZìhVm Va _hmamï´>mÀ`m

~mhoa H$Zm©Q>H$mV ZdoM amÁ` {Z_m©U H$aUo hmhr hmoVm. _hmamï´>mÀ`m CÎma gr_oda _moJb C^m hmoVm. nyd© d

X{jU ~mOyda Am{Xbemhr amÁ` hmoVo. `m XmoÝhrhr gÎmm§Mm OodT>m àXoe qOH$Vm oB©b VodT>m _hmamOm§Zr

gømÐrÀ`m Aml`mZo qOH$bmM hmoVm. Am{U AmUIrZ àXoe{dñVma H$am`Mm åhUOo {dOmnyaM qOHy$Z Ë`m

amÁ`mMm gd© àXoe H$m~rO H$amdm bmJUma hmoVm. nU hr Jmoï> H$mer AdKS> Agë`m_wio _hmamOm§Zr Á`m

y_rda Am{XbemhrMo Zm__mÌ dM©ñd hmoVo Ë`m _ÐmgÀ`m {H$Zmè`mH$S>o Amnbo bj didbo. Am{U VoWoM

Amnë`m ZyVZ amÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$amdr Ago R>adbo. VgoM [a`mgVH$ma gaXogmBªÀ`m åhUÊ`mZwgma,

amÁ`m{^foH$mZ§Va amOmZo "{Xp½dO`mg' ZKmdo Aer nydm©nma na§nam hmoVr. åhUyZ amÁ`m{^foH$mZ§Va _hmamO

X{jU {Xp½dO`mg {ZKmbo.

6) Am{XbemhrMm eh XoÊ`mgmR>r :

_hmamï´>mV _hmamOm§Zm ñdamÁ`mMo ajU d {dñVma H$aVmZm CÎmaoH$Sy>Z _moJb d X{jUoH$Sy>Z Am{Xbemhr

Aem XmoZ AmKmS>çm§da bT>mdo bmJV hmoVo. `mVrb EH$Var AmKmS>r H$_Hw$dV H$aUo Amdí`H$ hmooVo. Ë`m_wio

AmnU Oa H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb Am{XbehmMm àXoe H$m~rO H$ê$Z VoWo Ë`mÀ`m {déÕ Xþgar AmKmS>r CKS>br Va

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Ë`m§Mr ~mOy Xþ~ir H$S>ob Agm _hmamOm§Mm H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_o_mJrb hoVy hmoVm. Ago B{Vhmgg§emoYH$ dm. gr.

~|Ðo åhUVmV. Ë`m§À`m åhUÊ`mZwgma, "{dOmnyaH$am§Zm H$m`_Mm nm`~§X Úmd`mMm Va Ë`m§Zm H$Zm©Q>H$mV

à~i eÌy CËnÞ H$aUo d Aem VèhoZo (_hmamï´>mVrb) AmKmS>rdê$Z _amR>çm§Mo hëbo d {nN>mS>rdê$Z

H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb hëbo Pmë`mg {dOmnyaH$am§Mm H$m|S>_mam hmodyZ Am{XbemhrÀ`m g_mßVrbm \$magm {db§~

bmJUma Zmhr, hr Jmoï> ñnï> {XgV hmoVr.'' `mdê$Z Am{Xbemhrbm eh XoÊ`mgmR>r _hmamOm§Zr hr _mohr_

H$mT>br Ago åhUmdo bmJob.

7) ^{dî`H$mbrZ VaVyX :

H$Zm©Q>H$Mr _mohr_ CKS>Ê`m_mJo _hmamOm§Mo Ðï>onU {XgyZ oVo. H$maU Ë`m§Zm `mMr nyaonya OmUrd hmoVr

H$s, Amnë`m ñdamÁ`mMm Iam eÌy _moJb ~mXehm Amho. nwT>o_mJo Vmo ñdV: _hmamï´>mda Mmb H$ê$Z

òÊ`mMm YmoH$m g§^dVmo. Voìhm ^{dî`mV Oa H$mhr Am{U~mUrMr n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Pmbr Am{U

_hmamï´>mVrb _moJbm§Zr qOHy$Z KoVbo. Va _amR>çm§À`m amOmbm Amnë`m g§ajUmgmR>r _hmamï´>mÀ`m ~mhoa

gwa{jV amhVm `mdo. Amnë`m amÁ`mMo d Or{dVmMo g§ajU H$aVm `mdo. Am{U `mM XÿaÑï>rZo _hmamOm§Zr

_hmamï´>mnmgyZ nmMeo _¡b Xÿa AgUmè`m _Ðmg {H$Zmè`mdarb àXoe qOH$m`Mo R>adbo. _hmamOm§Mr hr XÿaÑï>r

{H$Vr AMyH$ hmoVr ho g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m dYmZ§VaÀ`m _hmamï´>mVrb n[apñWVrZo XmIdyZ {Xbo. Am{U IaM

amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zm _hmamï´> gmoSy>Z H$Zm©Q>H$mV qOOr {H$ëë`mV Aml` ¿`mdmbmJbm. Ë`mMà_mUo AmUIrZ

EH$ ^{dî`mVrb VaVyX _hmamOm§Zm H$am`Mr hmoVr, Vr åhUOo, XmoKm nwÌm§gmR>r XmoZ amÁ`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr.

YmH$Q>m nwÌ amOmam_mbm _hmamï´>mVrb amÁ` Úmdo Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb qOH$bobo amÁ` g§ mOrZo ¿`mdo

AemàH$mao XmoÝhr nwÌm§Mr gmo `mo½`[aË`m ìhmdr Agm _hmamOm§Mm CÔoe hmoVm. Ago g^mgX Amnë`m

~IarV åhUVmo.

3.2.2 H$Zm©Q>H$ _mohr_ :

1) H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb amOH$s` A§YYw§Xr :

{dO`ZJaÀ`m qhXÿ gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m AñVmZ§Va H$Zm©Q>H$mV Ë`m gm_«mÁ`mMr eH$bo nT>br. Ë`mVyZ qhXÿ

Zm`H$m§Mr AZoH$ N>moQ>r amÁ o {Z_m©U hmoD$Z AZoH$ àm§{VH$ gw oXma ñdV§Ì Pmbo. Am{Xbehm d Hw$Vw~ehmbm

XoIrb `m Zm`H$m§da nyU©nUo A{YamÁ` JmOdVm Ambo Zmhr. `memøm§À`m aUXþëbmImZ, _wñV\$mImZ,

ehmOramOo `m§À`m gma»`m goZmZtZZr `m Zm`H$m§Mm ~amMgm àXoe Vmã`mV KoVbm hmoVm. nU AOwZhr

Ë`m§Mm EH$N>Ìr A§_b {Z_m©U Pmbm ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio AZoH$ qhXÿ Zm`H$ H$Zm©Q>H$mV Amnbo ApñVËd {Q>H$dyZ

hmoVo. nU Ë`m§Mr gd© eŠVr AmnmngmV PJS>Ê`mV IMu nS>V hmoVr. `mMdoir Am{Xbemhr Xa~mamV

Ë`m§À`m A§_bXmam§_Ü o d gaXmam§_Ü o `mXdr Mmby Pmbr hmoVr. `mMm \$m`Xm KoD$Z, Am{XbehmMm

H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb _wbyI KoÊ`mMo amOH$maU Hw$Vw~ehm AmIV hmoVm. Iao nmhVm, Am{XbehmMm H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb

àXoe qOHy$Z ¿`mdm `m H$ënZoMm nmR>nwamdm Hw$Vw~emhmMm qhXÿ dOra _mXÊUm H$aV hmoVm. _mXÊUm d Ë`m§Mm

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~§Yy Hw$Vw~ehmMm goZmnVr AmH$ÊUm ho hþema d H$V©~Jma hmoVo. nU Hw$Vw~ehmÀ`mM A§Jr em¡ © d namH«$_

ZìhVm.

2) aKwZmW n§{S>VmMr y{_H$m :

Am{XbehmMm H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb àXoe KoÊ`mMm _Zgw~m Hw$Vw~emhr Xa~mamV Mmby AgVmZmM VoWo

ì §H$moOrMm H$ma^ma aKwZmW n[S>V oD$Z nmohmoMbm. aKwZmW n§{S>V hm Zmamo {Ì_b hU_§Vo `m ehmOr amOm§Mm

godH$mMm nwÌ hmoVm. nwT>o Vmo ì §H$moOr amOmMm _w»` H$ma^mar ~Zbm. nU aKwZmW n§{S>V d ì §H$moOr amOo

`m§Mo nQ>oZmgo Pmë`m_wio aKwZmW n§{S>VmZo ì §H$moOrÀ`m Xa~mamMm Ë`mJ Ho$bm Am{U H$mer`mÌoMo {Z{_ËV

H$mTy>Z Vmo Am{Xbemhr Xa~mamV {dOmnyar Ambm. Am{Xbemhr Xa~mamVrb `mXdr d Jm§oYimMr n[apñWVr

nmhÿZ VoWo Z Wm§~Vm Vmo Hw$Vw~emhmÀ`m Xa~mamV hOa Pmbm. IwÔ Hw$Vw~emh d Ë`mMm dOra _mXÊUm `m§Zr

Ë`m§Mo Mm§Jbo ñdmJV Ho$bo. _J _XÊUmZo Amnbm Am{XbemhrMm H$Zm©Q>H$ qOH$Ê`mMm _Zgw~m aKwZmW

n§{S>Vmg ~mobyZ XmIdbm. Voìhm `m amOH$mamUmV aKwZmW n§{S>Vhr gm_rb Pmbm. nU EH$Va Hw$Vw~ehmÀ`m

A§Jr H$Zm©Q>H$ qOH$Ê`mEodT>r H$V©~Jmar ZìhVr. nU Varhr Oa Hw$Vw~ehmZo ñdV… Aer ñdmar H$mT>br Va

_moJb ~mXehm ñdñW ~gUma Zmhr. Aer ^rVr _mXÊUmZo ~mobyZ XmIdbr. _J _hmamîQ´>mVrb qhXþ§Mm amOm

{edmOr _hmamO `m§À`m H$Sy>ZM ho H$m_ VS>rg OmB©b Aer _mXÊUm d aKwZmW n§{S>Vmbm ImÌr nQ>br.

Hw$Vw~emhr hr `moOZm ng§V nS>br. _J Ago R>abo H$s, {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb Am{Xbemhr

àXoemda _mo{h_ H$mT>mdr, Ë`mg Hw$Vw~ehmZo _XV H$amdr, qOH$bobm àXoe ehmg {_imdm Am{U {_imbobr

bwQ> _hmamOm§Zr ¿`mdr. hr `moOZm _hmamOm§Zm gm§JÊ`mgmR>r aKwZmW n§{S>V Hw$Vw~emhr Xa~mamVwZ _hmamîQ´>mH$S>o

admZm Pmbm.

3) aKwZmW n§{S>VmMm Cn`moJ :

aKwZmW n§{S>V _hmamOm§Mr oQ> KoÊ`mgmR>r _hmamîQ´>mV Ambm V|ìhm _hmamO nÝhmiJS>mda hmoVo. Vo

CH$VoM AmOmanUmVyZ CR>bo hmoVo. nU nÝhmiçmda {dlm§Vr KoV AgVmZmM Ë`m§À`m S>moŠ`mV amÁ`m{^foH$mZ§Va

H$amd`mMm {Xp½dO`r _mo{h_oMo {dMma KmoiV hmoVo. Aemdoir aKwZmW n§{S>V _hmamOm§Zm oQ>bm. hm EH$

Xw½YeH©$am `moJ hmoVm. Amnë`m oQ>rV aKwZmW n§{S>VmZo _hmamOm§Zm H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb EHy$U amOH$s` n[apñWVr,

Hw$Vw~ehmMo amOH$maU, _mXÊUmMo Hw$Vw~emhr Xa~mamVrb ñWmZ Aem AZoH$ _mo{h_og AZwHw$b JmoîQ>tMr

_m{hVr nwa{dbr. VgoM `m _mo{h_oVwZ _hmamOm§Zm gYZ àXoe d àM§S> g§nËVrhr àmá hmoB©b Ago gm§{JVbo.

_hmamOm§Zm hr H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb amOH$maUmV nma§JV AgUmam AgmM EImXm _wËgX²Xr OmUH$ma hdm hmoVm.

Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr AmVm aKwZmW n§{S>VmÀ`m `m AZw dmMm d kmZmMm Mm§Jbm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z ¿`m`Mo R>adbo.

B XoemVrb n[apñWVr _hmamOm§Zm AZwHw$b :

H$Zm©Q>H$mdarb ñdmar gmaIr _hËdmH$m§jr _mo{h_ hmVr KoV AgVmZm _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m à{VñnYu

gËVm§Mm d XoemVrb EH§$Xa amOH$s` n[apñWVrMm A§XmO KoVbm. Ë`mdoir hr n[apñWVr Ë`m§Zm A{Ve`

AZwHy$b hmoVr. _moJb ~mXehm Am¡a§JOo~ {XëbrV Agbm Var Ë`mMo _moR>o g¡Ý` AOyZhr dm`ì` gahÔ

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àm§VmVM Jw§VyZ nS>bo hmoVo. X{jUoMm _moJb gw oXma ~hmXyaImZ hm _hmamOm§er XmoZ df© g§Kf© H$aV hmoVm.

Ë`m_wio AmVm Vmo {h `m g§Kfm©bm Ìmgbm hmoVm. Am{U Ë`mZo Am{Xbemhr {dê$Õ _mhr_ hmVr KoVbr hmoVr.

Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm _hmamOm§er d¡a nËH$aUo nadS>Umao ZìhVoo. VgoM BH$S>o Am{Xbemhr Xa~mamV nR>mU d X{jUr

_wgb_mZ `m§À`mV `mXdr CgH$ir hmoVr. Ë`mV ~hmXwaImZmZo X{jUr _wgb_mZm§Mm nj CMbwZ Yabm hmoVm.

Aemdoir Am{Xbemhr Xa~mambmhr {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo eÌwËd A{YH$M g§H$Q>mV Q>mH$Umao R>abo AgVo.

Aem n[apñWVrV _hmamOm§Zr Oa H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb Am{Xbemhr _wbwI qOH$bm Var Am{Xbemhr Xa~ma Ë`mMm

à{VH$ma à^mdrnUo H$ê$ eH$Uma ZìhVm. `m gd© AmnUmg AZwHy$b Aem n[apñWVrMm A§XmO KoD$ZM

_hmamOm§Zr hr _mohr_ AmIbr. Ë`m§Zr _moJbm§H$S>o `mnyduM amOH$maU bmdbo hmoVo. AmVm Amnë`m {ZamOr

amdOr `m AË §V hþema _§Í`mg ~hmXyaImZmH$S>o nmR>dbo Am{U ImZg _moR>r bmM XoD$Z Ë`mg Amnë`m

~mOyg didyZ KoVbo. Ë`m_wio ñdamÁ`mMr CËVaoH$S>rb AmKmS>r gwa{jV amIÊ`mV _hmamO èñdr Pmbo.

`m èñdr à`moJmZ§Va _hmamOm§Zr àëhmX {ZamOrg Hw$Vw~ehmer dmQ>mKmQ>r H$aÊ`mg nmR>dbo. Ë`mZo

Hw$Vw~ehmer èñdr dmQ>mKmQ>r H$ê$Z ehm _hmamOm§À`m _mo{h_og A{VAZwHy$b Agë`mMo _hmamOm§Zm

H$i{dbo.

B _hmamO - Hw$Vw~ehm oQ> :

_hmamOm§Zr H$Zm©Q>H$À`m _mo{h_oda OmÊ`mnydu Amnë`m Xa~mamV `mdo Ago {Z`§ÌU Hw$Vw~ehmZo

_hmamOm§Zm nmR>dbo. _hmamOm§Zrhr _mo{h_oÀ`m gwê$dmVrg JmodiH$m|S>çmg OmD$Z ehmg oQ>Ê`mMo R>a{dbo. `m

_mo{h_oda {ZKÊ`mnydr© _hmamOm§Zr ñdamÁ`mMm H$ma^ma Amnbo {dídmgy _§Ìr _moamon§V qnJio d AmÊUmOr

XËVmo `m§À`mda gmondbm. Am{U OmZodmar 1677 À`m àma§ r _hmamO 25,000 g¡Ý`mgh Hw$Vw~ehmÀ`m

oQ>rg {ZKmbo. `m ñdmarV H$monbMm {H$ëbm H$m~rO H$ê$Z goZmnVr h§~raamd _mo{hVo Amnë`m g¡Ý`m{Zer

_hmamOm§Zm {_imbm V|ìhm _amR>çm§À`m g¡Ý`mMr g§»`m 50,000 Pmbr. BVH$s àM§S> g§»`m AgyZhr

_hmamOm§À`m bîH$amV BVH$s {eñV hmoVr H$s, JmodiH$m|S>çmMm àXoemV H$mS>rMmhr Ìmg _amR>r bîH$amZo

Hw$Vw~ehmÀ`m àOog {Xbm Zmhr. hr {eñV nmhÿZ IwÔ Hw$Vw~ehmghr AmíM © dmQ>bo.

_hmamO Hw$Vw~ehmMr amOYmZr ^mJmZJa Odi (h¡Ðm~mX) oVmM Hw$Vw~ehm Ë`m§Mo ñdmJVmgmR>r

ZJam~mhoa `m`bm {ZKmbm. nÊm _hmamOm§Zr Ë`mbm {Zamon nmR>{dbm H$s, ""AmnU dS>rb ^mD$, _r YmH$Q>m

^mD$, AmnU nwT>o Z oUo.'' _hmamOm§Mm hm {dZ` nmhÿZ Hw$Vw~ehm ^mamdyZ Jobm. _J Hw$Vw~ehmMm dOra

_mXÊUm `mZo _hmamOm§Mo ñdmJV ZJam~mhoa oD$Z Ho$bo. Am{U _moR>çm gÝ_mZmZo _hmamOm§Zr Hw$Vw~ehmÀ`m

amOYmZrV àdoe Ho$bm.

`m~Ôb g^mgX åhUVmo, ""nmVehmZr Hw$b ZJa e¥§Jmabo. Mm¡\o$ar {~Xrg Hw§$H$_ Ho$eamMo gS>o,

a§J_mim KmVë`m, Jw{S>`m, VmaUo, nVmH$m, {ZemUo ZJamV bm{dbr. ZJa, ZmJarH$ bmoH$ H$moQ>çmZH$moQ>r amO

nhmd`mg C o am{hbo. ZmatZr _§Jb AmaË`m AJ{UV COiyZ am{O`mg² d§{Xbo. gmoZo ê${n`m§Mr \w$bo

am{O`mdar CYibr.''

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Hw$Vw~ehmZo _hmamOm§Zm AqbJZ XoD$Z oA KoVbr. ehm d _hmamO EH$mM AmgZmda ~gbo.

Ë`màg§Jr _hmamOm§Mr ehmg aËZO{S>V Ab§H$mar d dñÌo XoD$Z Ë`m§Mm gÝ_mZ Ho$bm.

`m oQ>r~Ôb A{YH$ _m{hVr XoVmZm g^mgX åhUVmo, ""nmVehmÀ`m pñÌ`m Pamo{H$`mVyZ amOm nmhmVm

~hÿV WŠH$ Pmë`m.'' IwÔ Hw$Vw~ehmZo _hmamOm§À`m Vm|Sy>Z A\$ObImZ dY, em{hñVoImZmdarb N>mnm,

gwaVoMr byQ>, AmJ«m oQ> `m AX² yV àg§JmMo dU©Z EoH$bo, `mdoir _hamOm§~amo~a aKwZmW n§{S>V, Ë`mMm ~§Yy

OZmX©Z n§{S>V, h§~raamd _m{hVo, ogmOr H§$H$, gy m©Or _mbwgao, gmoZmOr ZmB©H$, _mZmOr _moao, àëhmX {ZamOr

Ago AZo _wËgÔr d goZmZr hmoVo. `m gdmªMm gËH$ma ehmZo dñÌmb§H$ma XoD$Z Ho$bm.

`m oQ>rZ§Va _hmamO d Hw$Vw~ehm `m§À`mV H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_og§~§YrÀ`m H$amamÀ`m dmQ>mKmQ>r Pmë`m. `m

H$amamà_mUo Ago R>abo H$s,

B ehmZo _hmamOm§Zm `m _mo{h_oÀ`m IMm©gmR>r amoO 3000 hmoZ ÚmdoV. Am{U 5000 g¡Ý` d Vmo\$ImZm

_hmamOm§gmo~V Úmdm.

B `mÀ`m ~Xë`mV _hmamOm§Zr qOH$bobm àXoe ehmg Xçmdm. \$ŠV ehmOramOm§Mm àXoe _hmamOm§Zr

ñdV…À`m Vmã`mV R>odmdm.

B _moJbm§{dê$Õ bT>Ê`mgmR>r nañnam§Zr gmhmæ` H$amdo.

B ehmZo Xa dfu 1 bmI ê$n o I§S>Ur _hmamOm§Zm Xçmdr. Am{U Ë`mZo _hmamOm§Mm dH$sb Ë`mÀ`m

Xa~mamV RodyZ ¿`mdm.

B H$monbMm {H$ëbm H$m~rO :

_hmamO H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_oda OmVmZm n{hë`m§Xm Hw$Vw~ehmÀ`m ôQ>rg OmV AgVmZm _hmamOm§À`m

goZmZtMr EH$ VwH$S>r H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb H$monbMm {H$ëbm KoÊ`mgmR>r Jobr hmoVr. hm {H$ëbm åhUOo H¥$îUm d

V§wJ^Ðm `m ZXçm§À`m Xaå`mZ AgUmè`m àXoemMr {H$ëbrM hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Vmo {H$ëbm Vmã`mV AgUo

H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb gwa{jVVoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. åhUyZ _hmamOm§Zr goZmnVr h§~raamd _mo{hVo d YZmOr

OmYd `m§Zm hm {H$ëbm KoÊ`mgmR>r nmR>dbo. `m {H$ëë`mMo A§_bXma hþgoZ ImZ {_`mUm d AãXwb a{h_

ImZ ho nR>mU ~§Yy hmoVo. Ë`mn¡H$s AãXwb a{h_ImZmg R>ma _mê$Z d hþgoZ ImZmg H¡$X H$ê$Z _amR>çm§Zr

H$monbMm {H$ëbm OmZodmar 1677 _Ü o BñVJV Ho$bm. Am{U _J _amR>çm§Mr hr VwH$S>r _hmamOm§Zm

JmodiH$m|S>çmH$S>o OmUmè`m _mJm©V oD$Z {_imbr, ho AmnU nm{hboM Amho.

B qOOrMm {H$ëbm H$m~rO :

lre¡ë` _pëëH$mOw©Z d {Vê$nVr `m XmoZ X{jUoVrb à{gÕ VrW©ñWmZm§Mo Xe©Z KoD$Z _hmamO _Ðmg

{H$Zmè`mdarb nmoÈ>mnmob_ oWo Ambo. VoWyZ Ë`m§Zr _ÐmgH$a B§J«Om§er nÌì`dhma Ho$bm. `màg§Jr B§J«Om§Zr

H$mhr dñVy d {df~mYodarb Am¡fYo _hmamOm§Zm oQ> åhUyZ {Xbr. `m nmoÈ>mnmob__YyZM _hmamOm§Zr Amnbr

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5000 KmoS>XimMr \$m¡O qOOr {H$ëbm KoÊ`mgmR>r nmR>dbr. hm {H$ëbm Am{Xbemhr A§_bXma Zmgra

_h§_X ImZ `mÀ`m Vmã`mV hmoVm. {H$ëë`mOdi oVmM _amR>m goZmZtZr Zmgra _h§_Xmg {H$ëbm Amnë`m

hdmbr H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo. IwÔ `m Zmgra _h§_XmMo Am{Xbemhr Xa~mamer {~Zgbo Agë`m_wio {H$ëbm

_amR>çm§À`m Vmã`mV XoÊ`mg Vmo bJoM V`ma Pmbm. _J _amR>çm§Zr Ë`mbm H$mhr amoI aŠH$_ d nÞmg

hOmam§Mr Ohm{Ja {Xbr. 13 _o 1677 `m {Xder _amR>çm§Zr hm AË §V _hËËdnyU© {H$ëbm Vmã`mV KoVbm.

qOOrMm {H$ëbm Vmã`mV Amë`mMr ~mV_r H$iVmM _hmamO ËdaoZo qOOrg Ambo. bJoMM Ë`m§Zr

VoWrb gd© ì`dñWm OmVrZo bmdyZ {Xbr. {H$ëë`mda H$mhr Zdr VQ>mMr ~m§YH$m_o gwê$ Ho$br. Zì`m B_maVr

~m§Yë`m Am{U {H$ëë`mbm Mm§JbrM ~iH$Q>r AmUbr. hm {H$ëb VrZ {H$ëë`m§Mm {_iyZ ~Zbobm AgyZ

ho VrZhr {H$ëbo EH$m _O~yV VQ>~§XrZo EH$_oH$m§g OmoS>bobo AmhoV. `m {H$ëë`m§Mo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ d amOH$s`

_hËËd BVHo$ hmoVo H$s Á`mÀ`m Vmã`mV hm {H$ëb Ë`mÀ`m Vmã`mV _Ðmg {H$Zmè`mdarb àXoe Ago

g_rH$aU ~Zbo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio hm {H$ëbm KoVë`mda _Ðmg {H$ZmanÅ>rdarb àXoe Vmã`mV KoÊ`mg _amR>çm§Zm

doi bmJbm Zmhr. _hmamOm§Zr am`mOr ZbJo `mMr qOOrMm {H$ëboXma åhUyZ Va {dÇ>b {niXod AÌo `m§Mr

qOOr àm§VmMm gw oXma åhUyZ Zo_UwH$ Ho$br. Am{U AemàH$mao H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb qOOr oWo _amR>çm§Mm H$ma^ma

gwê$ Pmbm.

B dobmoaMm {H$ëbm Vmã`mV :

qOOrà_mUoM dobmoaMm {H$ëbmhr _Ðmg H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb _hËdmMm {H$ëbm hmoVm. hm {H$ëbm Vmã`mV

KoÊ`mgmR>r _hmamO ñdV… gg¡Ý` Jobo. Am{Xbemhr A§_bXma AãXþbImZ `mÀ`m Vmã`mV hm hmoVm.

_hmamOm§À`m ho bjmV Ambo H$s, hm {H$ëbm ghOmghOr {_iÊ`mgmaIm Zmhr. VgoM `m {H$ëë`mda hëbm

H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar wÕgm_wJ«r _hmamOm§Zr ~amo~a AmUbr ZìhVr. åhUyZ {H$ëë`mbm doT>m

Kmbm`Mo _hmamOm§Zr R>adbo. `mà_mUo Zahma ê$Ð `m A{YH$mè`mg _hamOm§Zr 2000 KmoS>Xi d 5000

nm`Xi XoD$Z doT>m Mmby R>odÊ`mg gm§{JVbo. Am{U AmnU ñdV… eoaImZ `m Am{Xbemhr gaXmamer

bT>Ê`mgmR>r {ZKyZ Jobo. {H$ëboXma AãXþbmImZ `mZo gVV 14 _{hZo hm {H$ëbm bT>dbm. eodQ>r

Cnmg_marZr d amoJamB©Zo Ë`mMo g¡{ZH$ _aV bmJbo. Am[U eodQ>r O|ìhm Ë`mÀ`m 2300 g¡{ZH$m§n¡H$s \$ŠV

300 g¡{ZH$M {Od§V Cabo Voìhm Vmo ZmB©bmOmZo _amR>çm§Zm eaU Ambm Am{U Ë`mZo {H$ëbm _amR>çm§Zm XoD$Z

Q>mH$bm. _J _hmamOm§Zr Ë`mg ~jrg åhUyZ EH$ N>moQ>r OhmJra d 30,000 hmoZ ~jrg åhUyZ {Xbo.

B eoaImZ bmoXr nam yV :

qOOr àm§VmÀ`m X{jUoH$S>rb àXoemda eoaImZ bmoXrMr gËVm hmoVr. nm§XoMarMo \o«§$M Ë`mbm gmhmæ`

H$aV AgV. eoaImZÀ`m nmqR>ã`m _wioM \|«$Mm§Zr nm§XoMarg Amnbr dIma H$mT>br hmoVr. hm eoaImZ 3000

KmoS>Xi d 4000 nm`Xi Odi ~miJyZ hmoVm. Va _hmamOm§Odi 12,000 KmoS>Xi d {H$Ë oH$ hOma

nm`Xi hmoVo. Varhr eoaImZ _hmamOm§Zm nam yV H$aÊ`mMr AmH$m§jm ~miJyZ hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m g¡Ý`mMo _mÌ

_hmamOm§À`m AmJ_ZmZo Zr{VY¡ © IMbo hmoVo. nU gëbmJmam§À`m åhUÊ`mg ârg nSy>Z Vmo _hmamOm§er wÕ

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H$aÊ`mg àd¥ËV Pmbm. Ë`m_wio eodQ>r {Vê$dmS>r Odi eoaImZ bmoXr d _hmamO `m§À`mV bT>mB© Pmbr.

`mg eoaImZmÀ`m g¡Ý`mMm nyU© nam^d hmoD$Z eoaImZ Amnë`m g¡Ý`mgh niyZ Jobm. ImZmMr eoH$S>mo KmoS>r

d gm_mZ _amR>çm§À`m Vmã`mV Ambo. eodQ>r _amR>çm§Zm Vmo eaU Ambm. Ë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m Vmã`mVrb gd© àXoe

d R>mUr _hmamOm§Zm {Xbr. VgoM 20 hOma hmoZmMm X§S> XoÊ`mMohr H$~yb Ho$bo. Aem VèhoZo eoaImZ bmoXrMm

àXoehr _hmamOm§À`m amÁ`mV g_m{dîQ> Pmbm.

B _hmamO - Hw$Vw~ehm H$amamMm §J :

H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_oda {ZKVmZm _hmamO d Hw$Vw~ehm `m§À`mV H$ama Pmbm hmoVm. `m H$amamZwgma

_hmamOm§Zr qOH$bobo {H$ëbo d àXoe Hw$Vw~ehmbm XoUo JaOoMo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio _amR>çm§Zr qOOrMm {H$ëbm

qOH$VmM Hw$Vw~ehmÀ`m A{YH$mè`m§Zr Vmo Amnë`m Vmã`mV XoÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr _hmamOm§Zm Ho$br. nU

H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb EdT>m _hËËdmMm {H$ëbm Hw$Vw~ehmÀ`m Vmã`mV XoUo _hmamOm§Zm YmoH$mXm`H$ dmQ>bo. Ë`m_wio

Ë`m§Zr hm {H$ëbm XþÊ`mg ZH$ma {Xbm. Aem àH$mao _hmamO d Hw$Vw~ehm `m§À`mVrb H$amamMm _hmamOm§Zr

§J Ho$bm. Ë`m_wio Hw$Vw~ehmZo _hmamOm§Zm Úmd`mMo 3000 hmoZm§Mo ghmæ` ~§X Ho$bo. _J _hmamOm§Zr

Amnë`m \$m¡OoMm IM©, _Ðmg {H$Zmè`mdarb lr_§V bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z bjmdYr hmoZm§Mr dgwbr H$ê$Z VgoM

H$mdoarÀ`m X{jUobm Agboë`m _hþaoÀ`m Zm`H$mH$Sy>Z 25 bmIm§Mr I§S>Ur KoD$Z ^ê$Z H$mT>bm.

B _hmamO d ì §H$moOr amOo :

H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb àXoe Vmã`mV KoV AgVmZmM _hmamOm§Mo ~§Yy ì §H$moOr amOo `m§À`mer nÌì`dhma Mmby

hmoVm. ì §H$moOr amOm§Zr Ohm{JarMm dmX gm_monMmamZo {_Q>dmdm Ago _hmamOm§Mo åhUUo hmoVo. `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm

oQ>rg oÊ`mMo {Z_§ÌUhr {Xbo. ñdV…À`m gwajVVoMr h_r {_imë`mda ì §H$moOramOo Amnë`m 2000

KmoS>Xim {Zer _hmamOm§Zm oQ>m`bm Ambo. _hmamOm§Zr ì §H$moOramOm§Mo ñdmJV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m

N>mdUrV AmUbo. C^`Vm§À`m oQ>r Pmë`mda _hmamOm§Zr Ohm{JarÀ`m dmQ>UrMm àíZ H$mT>bm. Am{U

ehmOramOm§À`m _¥Ë`yÀ`mdoir Ë`m§À`m Odi OodT>m _wbyI d I{OZm hmoVm. Ë`mVrb {Zå_r dmQ>Ur

_m{JVbr. `mbm CËVa åhÊmyZ ì §H$moOramOm§Zohr _hmamOm§À`m _hmamîQ´>mVrb amÁ`mMr AYu dmQ>Ur _m{JVbr.

V|ìhm _hmamOm§Zr Ë`mg g_Omdbo H$s nwÊ`mMr 40 hOma hmoZm§Mr d{S>bm{O©V OhmJra gmoS>ë`mg ~mH$sMo

gd© amÁ` Ë`m§Zr ñdV… {_i{dbo Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`mVrb dmQ>Ur ì §H$moOramOm§g _mJVm oUma Zmhr. nU

ì`§H$moOramOo dmQ>UrMm àíZ H$mhr gm_monMmamZo gmoS>dm`bm V`ma hmoB©ZmV. _J _hmamOm§Zr Ë`m§À`m

hmbMmbrda WmoS>r ZOa R>odbr. `m_wio ì §H$moOramOm§Zm Ago dmQy> bmJbo H$s _hmamO AmnUmg H¡$X

H$aÊ`mMm {dMma H$aV AmhoV. `m ^rVrZo Ë`m§Zr _hmamOm§À`m N>mdUrVyZ nbm`Z Ho$bo. _hmaOm§Zm ho

g_OVmM Ë`m§Zm `m KQ>ZoMo A{Ve` Xw…I Pmbo. "A{V YmH$Q>o Vo YmH$Q>o, ~wÕrhr YmH$Q>onUm `mo½` Ho$br.'

Ago Ë`m§Zr CX²Jma H$mT>bo. H$maU _hmamOm§Zr H$ZmQ>©H$mVrb H$moboê$Z ZXrÀ`m CËVaoMm Odinmg gd© àXoe

Vmã`mV KoVbm Agbm Var `m ZXrÀ`m X{jUoH$S>Mm ì §H$moOramOm§Mm àXoe {O§H$Ê`mMm Ë`m§Mm BamXm

ZìhVm.

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B ì §H$moOramOo d _amR>o g§Kf© :

_hmamOm§À`m N>mdUrVyZ {ZgQ>ë`mda ì §H$moOramOm§Zr _Xwam d åh¡gwa oWrb Zm`H$m§Mo gmhmæ` KoD$Z

_hmamOm§À`m {damoYmV g§K ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. nU Ë`mV Ë`m§Zm è Ambo Zmhr. _hmamO

H$Zm©Q>H$mVyZ _hmamîQ´>mV `md`mg {ZKmbo hmoVo. `m Xaå`mZ _Ðmg-H$Zm©Q>H$mV Agboë`m _amR>r g¡Ý`mZo

H$moboê$Z ZXr nma H$ê$Z X{jUoH$S>rb ì §H$moOramOm§À`m àXoemda ñdmar Ho$br. ì §H$moOramOohr à{VH$mamg

gÁO Pmbo. _amR>çm§Mo g¡Ý` 12 hOma hmoVo, Va ì §H$moOramOm§Mo g¡Ý` 14 hOma hmoVo. _amR>r g¡Ý`mMo ZoV¥Ëd

g§VmOr ^mogbo hm goZmZr H$aV hmoVm Am{U Amnë`m g¡Ý`mMo ZoV¥Ëd IwÔ ì §H$moOramOo H$aV hmoVo. 16

Zmoìh§o~a 1677 amoOr C^`njm§Mr bT>mB© Pmbr. {XdgâmÀ`m ^ §H$a g§Kfm©Z§Va _amR>o habo d niyZ Jobo.

nU ì §H$moOramOm§Zr Ë`m§Mm nmR>bmJ Ho$bm Zmhr. nU {XdgâmÀ`m g§Kfm©_wio X_yZ ì §H$moOramOm§Mo g¡Ý`

O|ìhm amÌr {dlm§Vr KoV hmoVo V|ìhm _amR>çm§Zr AMmZH$ Ë`m§À`mda hëbm Ho$bm Am{U ì §H$moOramOm§À`m

g¡Ý`mMm nyU© nam^d Ho$bm. Ë`m§Mo eoH$S>mo g¡{ZH$ H$mnbo Jobo. VrZ goZmZr, 1000 KmoS>r, V§~y Am{U

gmYZgm_wJ«r _amR>çm§À`m hmVr gmnS>br. ì §H$moOramOo H$go~go H$moboê$Z ZXr Amobm§Sy>Z Amnë`m amÁ`mV

Jobo.

`mMm àg§Jm~Ôb gm§JVmZm g^mgX åhUVmo H$s, {edmOr _hmamOm§Zm hr dmVm© g_OVmM Ë`m§Zr

H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb aKwZmW n§{S>V d h§~raamd _mo{hVo `m§Zm {Zamon nmR>dbm. ""ì §H$moOramOo Amnbo YmH$Q>o ~§Yy

AmhoV. _yb~wÕr Ho$br. Vmohr Amnbm ^mD$, Ë`mg ajUo, Ë`mMo amÁ` ~wS>dy ZH$m.'' _hmamOm§Mm hm AmXoe

Amë`mda _amR>m goZmZtZr ì §H$moOramOm§er Vh Ho$bm. `m VhmZwgma Ago R>abo H$s, H$moboê$Z ZXrÀ`m

X{jUoH$S>Mo amÁ` Am{U Ë`m ZXrÀ`m CËVaoH$Crb H$mhr {H$ëbo _hmamOm§Zr ì §H$moOramOm§Zm ÚmdoV. VgoM

Ë`m§Zm 6 bmIm§Mr I§S>Ur _hmamOm§Zm Xçmdr. Va qOOr àm§V d åh¡gya àm§VmVrb ehmOr amOm§À`m

Ohm{JarVrb _hmamOm§Zr qOH$bobm àXoe _hmamOm§H$S>oM amhmdm.

B _hmamO naVrÀ`m _mJm©da :

_hmamOm§Mm BamXm ì §H$moOramOm§Mm H$moboê$Z ZXrÀ`m X{jUoH$CMm àXoe KoÊ`mMm Zgë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr `m

ZXrÀ`m Vramdê$ZM Amnbm naVrMm àdmg gwê$ Ho$bm. `m naVrÀ`m _mJm©da AgVmZm. V§Xw_Vu `m {R>H$mUr

_hmamOm§Mm _wŠH$m_ AgVmZm WodUmnÅ>U_ oWrb S>M dImarMm dH$sb Ë`m§Zm oQ>Ê`mg Ambm Am{U Ë`mZo

AZoH$ _m¡ë`dmZ dñVw Ë`m§Zm oQ> åhUyZ {Xë`m. nwT>o d{ZH$m_dmS>r oWo _hmamOm§Mr N>mdUr AgVmZm Ë`m§Zr

B§J«Om§H$S>o Ë`m§Mo ñWmnË`{dema d V§Ìk _m{JVbo. nU AmnU ì`mnmar AgyZ EËVXoer`m§À`m amOH$maUmV

nS>V Zmhr. ho H$maU gm§JyZ B§J«Om§Zr _hmamOm§Mr _mJUr nyU© Ho$br Zmhr. `mZ§Va _hmamOm§Zr _Ðmg

{H$Zmè`mdarb X{jU AH$m©Q> d CËËa AH$m©Q> ho àXoe qOH$bo Am{U VoWo _amR>r A§_b gwê$ Ho$bm. `mM

Xaå`mZ _hmamOm§À`m H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_oMr d Hw$Vw~hmZo Ë`m§Zm Ho$boë`m ghmæ`mMr ~mV_r _moJb ~mXehm

Am¡a§JOo~mn ªV nmohmoMbr. {edmOrgma»`m ~§S>Imoamg Hw$Vw~ehmZo _XV Ho$bobr nmhÿZ Am¡a§JOo~mZo amJmZo

Hw$Vw~ehm {dê$Õ _mohr_ CKS>br. AmVm _moJbr \$m¡Om _hmamîQ´>mVhr ñdñW ~gUma ZmhrV, ho OmUyZ

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_hmamOm§Zr Zmoìh|~aÀ`m gwê$dmVrgM _Ðmg {H$Zmam gmoS>bm Am{U Vo åh¡gwaÀ`m àXoemV Ambo. VoWrb

H$mobma, hmoñH$moQ>, ~§oJbmoa, ~mimnya, {gam Aer ehmOramOm§À`m Ohm{JarVrb AZoH$ R>mUr _hmamOm§Zr `m

naVrÀ`m àdmgmV nwÝhm qOHy$Z KoVbr. _J Ë`m§Zr YmImS> àm§VmV àdoe H$ê$Z VoWrb bú_Uoída, ~§H$mnya

BË`mXr {R>H$mUo H$m~rO Ho$br Am{U Vo ~oiJmd naJÊ`mV Ambo. _J ~oiJmddê$Z _hmamO WoQ> E{àb

1678 À`m gwê$dmVrg ñdamÁ`mV nÝhmiJS>mda oD$Z XmIb Pmbo.

B H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_oMo _hÎd :

_hmamOm§À`m `m H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_oMo _hËËd åhUOo _hmamîQ´>mV {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m amÁ`mgmaIo _moR>o amÁ`

Ë`m§Zr `m _mo{h_oV H$Zm©Q>H$ àm§VmV Ad¿`m 2-9 _{hÝ`m§V ñWmnZ Ho$bo. `m_wio qhXdr ñdamÁ`mMr nmio_wio

WoQ> H$mdoarÀ`m Imoè`mV X{jU {H$Zmè`mn ªV nŠH$s ê$Obr.

`m _mo{h_o_wio _hmamOm§Mo amOH$maU nXwËd, _wËgÔo{Jar, wÕ H$m¡eb`, AÜ`m{Ë_H$ ÑpîQ>H$moZ Ago

AZoH$ JwU{dfoe COiyZ {ZKmbo. `m _mo{h_oV _hmamOm§Zr 20 bmI hmoZ CËnÞmMm _wbyI Am{U `m

_wbyImVrb 100 bhmZ-_moR>o {H$ëbo qOHy$Z, ñdamÁ`mV gm_rb H$ê$Z KoVbo. _Ðmg {H$Zmè`mdarb gwnrH$

àXoemda d åh¡gyaÀ`m àXoemda _amR>r A§_b dgdbm Am{U {dO`ZJaÀ`m gm_«mÁ`mMo EH$ àH$mao

nwZê$ÁOrdZ Ho$bo.

`m _mo{h_oV {_idboë`m àM§S> g§nËVrÀ`m Omoamda _hmamOm§Zr _moR>_moR>çm \$m¡Om C^maë`m H$Zm©Q>H$mV

AZoH$ Zdo {H$ëbo ~m§Ybo, OwÝ`m {H$ëë`m§Mr S>mJSw>Or Ho$br Am{U `m OmoamdaM nwT>o _moJbm§er Q>ŠH$a {Xbr.

H$Zm©Q>H$mV Zì`mZo qOH$boë`m `m àXoemÀ`m _wbH$s àemgZmgmR>r AZoH$ _amR>r Hw$Qy>§~o `m ^mJmV Ambr.

Am{U H$m`_Mr VoWoM dgbr. Ë`m_wio ~¥hÝ_hmamîQ´>mÀ`m g§H$ënZoMm {dñVma Pmbm. AemàH$mao hr H$Zm©Q>H$

_mohr_ åhUOo _hmamOm§À`m amOH$s` OrdZmVrb EH$ VoOñdr nd©M Amho.

3.2.3 N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo B§J«O d nmoVw©JrOm§er g§~§Y :

nmoVw©JrO hr qhXþñWmZÀ`m {H$Zmè`mda nmD$bo R>odUmar n{hbr naH$s` gÎmm hmoVr. Ë`m_wio qhXþñWmZer

hmoUmè`m ì`mnmamV àW_ VoM AmKmS>rda hmoVo. ì`mnmam~amo~aM Ë`m§Zr `m XoemVrb amOH$maUmV d

Y_©H$maUmV bj Kmbm`bm gwê$dmV Ho$br. nmoVw©JrOm§Zr gZ 1510 gmbrM Am{XbehmH$Sy>Z Jmodo ~§Xa

H$m~rO H$ê$Z Amnë`m gÎmoMr _whÿV©_oT> amodbr. `mZ§Va gmï>r d ~maXoe ho àXoe Am{XbehmH$Sy>Z Va dgB©

àm§V JwOamVÀ`m gwbVmZmH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zr {_idbm. Am{U bdH$aM Ë`m§Mo Xrd-X_Uda VgoM CÎma H$moH$UmVrb

Mm¡bnmgyZ Vo X_Un ªVÀ`m {H$ZmanÅ>rda amÁ` {Z_m©U Pmbo. Amnë`m gÎmoMm {dñVma H$aVmZm nmoVw©JrOm§Zm

BVa wamonr`Z d EÎmÔoer` gÎmm§er g§Kf© H$ê$Z _moR>çm H$m¡eë`mZo Amnbm àXoe {Q>H$dmdm bmJbm. `m

gÎmmg§Kfm©V Ë`m§Mm _amR>çm§Mm amOm, N>. {edmOr _hmamO `m§À`m gÎmoerhr g§~§Y Ambm.

B _hmamOm§À`m Ama_mamMr nmoVw©JrOm§Zm YmñVr :

_hmamï´>mÀ`m npíM_ {H$Zmè`mÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r _hmamOm§Zr Ama_ma C^maUrMm g§H$ën Ho$bm. Am{U

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gZ 1658-59 À`m gw_mamg H$ë`mU-{^d§S>rÀ`m ~§XamV Ë`m§Zr _amR>m Ama_mamMr ~m§YUr gwê$ Ho$br.

VgoM n{hbr H$mhr OhmOo ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m nXar nmoVw©JrO H$mamJra R>odyZ KoVbo. `mMr XIb

nmoVw©JrOm§Zr KoD$Z `m nmoVw©JrO H$mam{Jam§Zm Amnë`mH$S>o naV ~mobmdyZ KoVbo. nU _hmamOm§Zr Amnbr Ama_ma

~m§YUr nwT>o MmbyM R>odbr. _hmamOm§Zr H$mhr bT>mD$ Jb~Vo {^d§S>r, H$ë`mU, nZdob oWrb ~§XamV

~m§Ybr. OgOgo _hmamOm§Mo Ama_ma {Xdgo{Xdg dmT>V Jobo VgVgo nmoVw©JrO A{YH$ gmdY hmVo Jobo.

_hmamOm§Mr Jb~Vo ~§XamVyZ ~mhoa oD$M Z oV `mgmR>r Vo à`ËZ H$ê$ bmJbo. _amR>çm§Mo ho Ama_ma Zï>

ìhmdo Aer Ë`m§Mr _ZmnmgyZ BÀN>m hmoVr. `mg§X^m©V Jmoì`mMm ìhmB©gam° gZ gZ 1667 gmbr Amnë`m

nmoVw©JmbÀ`m amOmbm {b{hVmo, ""{edmOrMo Zm¡Xbhr _bm {^VrXm`H$ dmQ>Vo. H$maU Ë`mÀ`m{déÕ Amåhr

gwê$dmVrgM H$madmB© Z Ho$ë`m_wio Ë`mZo {H$Zmè`mda {H$ëbo ~m§Ybo Am{U AmO Ë`mOdi nwîH$i Vmado

AmhoV.''

B nmoVw©JrOm§er Ama_mar g§Kf© :

_hmamOm§Zr gZ 1665 _Ü o H$madmaÀ`m {H$Zmè`mdarb amÁ`mMo ~gZya ho eha Ama_mar _mohr_ H$mTy>Z

bwQ>bo. `m _mo{h_odê$Z naVV AgVmZm _hmamOm§À`m Ama_mamMm nmoVw©JrOm§À`m Ama_mamer g§Kf© Pmbm.

Jmoì`mH$S>o AÞYmÝ`mMr agX KoD$Z OmUmar nmoVw©JrO OhmOo _amR>çm§Zr AmS>dë`m_wioM hm g§Kf© CX² dbm

hmoVm. `mdoir nmoVw©JrO Ama_mamMo A{YnË` Jmoì`mÀ`m ìhmBgam° Mm nwÌ {XZrO hm H$aV hmoVm. _waJmdOdi

C^`njm§Mr gmJar bT>mB© hmoD$Z nmoVw©JrOm§Zr _amR>çm§Mr 13 Vmado nH$S>br. _J nwT>o _hmamO d nmoVw©JrO

`m§Mm nÌì`dhma hmoD$Z nmoVw©JrOm§Zr hr Vmado _hmamOm§Zm naV Ho$br.

B _hmamOm§{déÕ nmoVw©JrO-{gÔr wVr :

{gÔrZo gZ 1659 _Ü o _hmamOm§À`m àXoemda bîH$ar _mo{h_ H$mT>br. Ë`mdoir nmoVw©JrOm§Zr {gÔrbm

AÞYmÝ`mMr agX nwadyZ gmhmæ` Ho$bo. _amR>çm{déÕ {gÔrg JwßVnUo ghmæ` XoÊ`mMo nmoVw©JrO ìhmB©gam° Zo

R>adbo hmoVo. AemàH$mao _amR>çm§{déÕ nmoVw©JrO d {gÕr `m§Mr wVr KSy>Z Ambr. nwT>o 1667 _Ü o Va

{gÔrZo nmoVw©JrOm§Mo _m§S>{bH$Ëd CKS>nUo ñdrH$mabo. Z§Va 1670 gmbr nmoVw©JrOm§Zr _hmamOm§erhr _¡ÌrMm Vh

Ho$bm. nU _hmamO d {gÔr `m XmoZ nañnam§er eÌwËd AgUmè`m gÎmm§er _¡ÌrMo g§~§Y R>odUo nmoVw©JrOm§Zm

AdKS> Pmbo. _J Ooìhm _hmamOm§Zr 1671 _Ü o {gÔrMm qOOram KoÊ`mMm {ZíM` H$ê$Z O§{Oè`mg doT>m

{Xbm. Voìhm O§{Oam _hmamOm§À`m Vmã`mV Jobm. Va Amnë`m Mm¡b àm§Vmg _moR>m YmoH$m CËnÞ hmoB©b Ago

dmQy>Z nmoVw©JrOm§Zr {gÔrg Xmê$Jmoim nwadbm. AemàH$mao _amR>çm§er _¡ÌrMm H$ama H$ê$Z gwÕm _amR>çm§Mm

eÌy {gÔr `mbm nmoVw©JrO A§V:ñW _XV H$aV hmoVo. BVHo$M Zìho Va, _hmamOm§Zr Ooìhm Im§Xoar ~oQ>mda

VQ>~§Xr ~m§YÊ`mMo H$m_ hmVr KoVbo Voìhm B§J«Om§à_mUo nmoVw©JrOm§Zmhr Ë`mMr ^rVr dmQy> bmJbr Am{U

_hmamOm§À`m `m H$m_bm {damoY H$aUmè`m B§J«Om§Zm Ë`m§Zr YmÝ` d BVa gm_wJ«rMr agX nwadbr. H$maU

Im§Xoarda _amR>çm§Mr VQ>~§Xr Pmë`mg Ë`m§À`m dgB© àm§Vmg YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoUma hmoVm.

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B Xogm`m§Zm nmoVw©JrOm§Mr \y$g :

_hmamOm§Zr X{jU H$moH$UMm àXoe qOH$ë`mda VoWrb Xogm`m§Zr _hmamOm§er ghH$m`© Z H$aVm

Jmoì`mMm Aml` KoVbm. Am{U Vo _hmamOm§À`m àXoemV dma§dma X§Jo H$ê$ bmJbo. gZ 1664 gmbr

_hmamOm§Zr Ooìhm Am{Xbemhr gaXma IdmgImZmer g§Kf© H$ê$Z Ë`mMm nam^d Ho$bm Voìhm `m g§Kfm©V

Hw$S>miMm bI_ gmd§V, noS>Ê`mMm Ho$ed ZmB©H$, Ho$ed à y, {S>MmobrMm Iiy eoUdr BË`mXr XogmB©

ImZmÀ`m ~mOyZo bT>bo. Am{U eodQ>r nam yV Pmë`mda nmoVw©JrOm§À`m Aml`mbm Jobo. _hmamOm§À`m àXoemV

X§Jo Ymono d Xm§S>JmB© H$aÊ`mg Xogm`m§Zm nmoVw©JrO A{YH$mè`m§MrM \y$g Amho. åhUyZ nwT>o _hmamOm§Zr `m

Xogm`m§Zm {ejm XoÊ`mgmR>rM Jmoì`mda ñdmar Ho$br.

B _hmamOm§Mr nmoVw©JrOm§da ñdmar :

nmoVw©JrO nmÐçm§Zr Jmoì`mOdiÀ`m ~maXoe àm§VmV _moR>çm à_mUmda gŠVrMo Y_mªVa Mmb{dbo hmoVo.

EH$m dfm©V Ë`m§Zr ~maXoe_Yrb Mma hOma qhXÿ§Zm ~mQ>{dbo. `mMdoir nmoVw©JrO ìhmBgam° Zo hþHy$_Zm_m H$mTy>Z

gd© qhXÿ§Zm XmoZ _{hÝ`m§À`m AmV {ZKyZ OmÊ`mg gm§{JVbo. `m Ym{_©H$ AË`mMmamg Amim KmbÊ`mMm

_hmamOm§Zm {dMma hmVom. VgoM nmoVw©JrOm§À`m Aml`mg AgUmè`m Zma~m gmd§V `m Xogm`mZo _hmamOm§À`m

àXoemV KwgyZ d|Jwë`m©g X§JmYmonm Ho$bm hmoVm. Voìhm `m gmd§Vmg Am{U Ë`mÀ`m Aml`XmË`m nmoVw©JrOm§Zm

{ejm H$aÊ`mgmR>r _hmamOm§Zr ~maXoeàm§Vmda ghm hOma g¡Ý`mgh ñdmar Ho$br. _hmamOm§À`m g¡Ý`mZo VrZ

{Xdg ~maXoe_Yrb Jmdo bwQ>br. VrZ AÝ`m`r nmÐ`mg d H$mhr {¼ñVm§Zm H§$R>ñZmZ KmVbo. Jmoì`mÀ`m

ìhmBgam° bm d Ë`mÀ`m Ama_mambm Z Ow_mZVm _amR>çm§Zr Voameo H¡$Xr ~amo~a Zobo. Zma~m gmd§V _mÌ

nmoVw©JrOm§À`m g§ajUm_wio ~Mmdbm.

B nmoVw©JrOm§Mo _hmamOm§er Vh :

nmoVw©JrOm§Zr _hmamOm§~amo~a 1667 _Ü o d 1670 _Ü o Ago XmoZ Vh Ho$bo. _hmamOm§Zr nmoVw©JrOm§À`m

J¡aH¥$Ë`m~Ôb ~maXoeda ñdmar H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm AÔb KS>{dbr. AmVm Ë`m§Zm nmoVw©JrOm§er {dZmH$maU eÌwËd

ZH$mo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio 15 {S>g|~a 1667 amoOr C^`njm_Ü o Vh Pmbm. `m VhmZwgma Ago R>abo H$s,

_hmamOm§Zr ~maXoeÀ`m ñdmar_Ü o Zobobo wÕH¡$Xr d Jwao wÕ I§S>Ur Z KoVm nmoVw©JrOm§Zm naV H$amdrV. VgoM

~mbKmQ>mhÿZ Jmodm ~oQ>mV, ~maXoe d gmï>r _hmbm§V Omo _mb d Jwao oVrb Vr AS>dbr OmD$ Z oV d

Ë`m§À`mda H$a bmXbm OmD$ Z o. hmM {Z`_ Jmoì`mVyZ ~mbKmQ>bm OmUmè`m _mbm~m~V bmJy Agob.

C^`njr g_wÐmda d O{_Zrda Mm§Jbr _¡Ìr Agmdr. A[U Oa {edmOr _hmamOm§Zm nmoVw©JrO ìhmBgam° er

EImXm _hÎdmMm gm¡Xm H$am`Mm Agob Va Ë`m§Zr Vmo {dídmgy ì`ŠVr _m\©$V H$amdm.

`m VhmZ§Va 1668 _Ü o EH$Xm _hmamOm§Zr Jmoì`mMo amÁ` qOH$Ê`mMr `moOZm AmIbr hmoVr. nU

AZwHy$b n[apñWVr Z {_imë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr nmoVw©JrOm§er _¡Ìr MmbyM R>odbr. Am{U gZ 1670 _Ü o nwÝhm

EH$Xm _hmamO d nmoVw©JrO `m§À`mV _¡ÌrMm Vh Pmbm. `m VhmMr H$b_o nwT>rbà_mUo hmoVr.

~r.E. mJ-1/B{Vhmg ....6

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1) nmoVw©JrOm§H$S>o AgUmar _amR>r OhmOo d _amR>çm§H$S>o AgUmar nmoVw©JrO OhmOo EH$_oH$m§g naV

H$amdrV.

2) g_wÐmda nmoVw©JrO ho _moJbr OhmOm§Zm Oem gdbVr XoVmV, Vem gdbVr _amR>m OhmOm§Zm

{Xë`m Omì`mV. _amR>m OhmOm§Zm nmoVw©JrO nadmÝ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm amhUma Zmhr.

3) KmQ>mdaMm àXoe d Jmodm `m Xaå`mZ hmoUmè`m ì`mnmamg _amR>m A{YH$mar AS>Wim H$aUma

ZmhrV.

4) nmoVw©JrO hÔreoOmar _amR>o {H$ëbo ~m§YUma ZmhrV.

5) Jmoì`mMm ìhmBgam° _amR>m d {gÔr `m§À`mV _Ü`ñWr H$ê$Z em§VVm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ

H$aob.

B nmoVw©JrOm§H$Sy>Z Mm¡WmB©Mr _mJUr :

am_ZJaÀ`m H$moir amOmZo X_UÀ`m àXoemV bwQ>mbwQ> H$ê$ Z o åhUyZ nmoVw©JrO `m amOmg Mm¡WmB© XoV.

hr EH$ àH$maMr I§S>UrM hmoVr. nwT>o 1676 _Ü o Ooìhm _hmamOm§Zr am_ZJaMo amÁ` qOHy$Z KoVbo Voìhm `mM

Mm¡WmB©Mr _mJUr Ë`m§Zr nmoVw©JrOm§H$S>o Ho$br. nU nmoVw©JrO hr Mm¡WmB© _hmamOm§Zm Úm`bm V`ma ZìhVo.

_hmamOm§Zr Amnbo XmoZ dH$sb Mm¡WmB©À`m {heo~mgmR>r Jmoì`mV nmR>{dbo. nU nmoVw©JrOm§Zr XmX {Xbr Zmhr.

AmVm nmoVw©JrOm§{déÕ ~imMm dmna Ho$ë`m{edm` Vo dR>Urda oUma ZmhrV `m {dMmamZoM _hmamOm§Zr

Jmoì`mdarb ñdmarMm {dMma Ho$bm hmoVm. nU EdT>çmV XþX£dmZo _¥Ë yZo _hmamOm§Zm JmR>bo Am{U nmoVw©JrO

dmMbo.

AemàH$mao {edmOr _hmamO d nmoVw©JrO g§~§Ym§Mm AmT>mdm KoVmZm B{Vhmg g§emoYH$ S>m°. {ngwb}H$am§Mo

_V _hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo. Amnë`m "nmoVw©JrO-_amR>m g§§~Y' `m à{gÕ J«§WmV S>m°. {ngwb}H$a åhUVmV,

""{edmOrMm S>moim eodQ>r eodQ>r nmoVw©JrOm§da hmoVmM. \$m|S>o KoVë`mda Jmodo KoUo {edmOrbm \$mago H$R>rU

ZìhVo.... EH$mMdoir _moJbm§er d nmoVw©JrOm§er wÕ H$aÊ`mV _wËgÔrnUm ZìhVm. `m H$maUm_wio {edmOrZo

nmoVw©JrOm§er wÕ Q>mibo. nmoVw©JrOm§Mm Vmo Ûof H$ar Ago d|Jwbm© oWrb S>Mm§Zr {b{hbo Amho.''

VgoM _hmamOm§~Ôb Jmoì`mMm VËH$mbrZ nmoVw©JrO JìhZ©a åhUVmo H$s, {edmOrÀ`m _¥Ë y_wio ho amÁ`

AmVm H$miOrVyZ _wŠV Pmbo ! wÕH$mimnojm em§VVoÀ`m àg§Jr Vmo A{YH$ {^VrXm`H$ hmoVm.'' `mdê$Z

{edmOr _hmamOm§Mr nmoVw©JrOm§darb XheV {XgyZ oVo.

B N>. {edmOr _hmamO d B§J«O g§~§Y :

N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zm Amnë`m H$ma{H$XuV Am{Xbemhr d _wKmb~mXemhr gma»`m Bñbm_r

gÎmm§{déÕ g§Kf© H$amdm bmJbm. VgoM ñdamÁ`mMm {dñVma hmoV AgVmZm AZoH$ naH$s` gÎmm§erhr Ë`m§Mm

g§~§Y Ambm. B§J«O, \«|$M, nmoVw©JrO d {gÔr `m naH$s` gÎmm§er _hmamOm§Zr H$Yr gbmoIm H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr _XV

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KoVbr. Va H$Yr Ë`m§Mr {eaOmoar _moSy>Z H$mT>V Ë`m§À`mda dMH$ {Z_m©U Ho$bm. `mVrb B§J«O d nmoVw©JrO

`m§À`mer Amboë`m g§~§YmVyZ _hmamOm§Mo amOH$maUMmVw ©, XþaÑï>r d _wËgÔo{Jar {XgyZ Ambr. Ë`m_wio

_amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmV `m {edmOr _hmamO d B§J«O VgoM _hmamO d nmoVw©JrO Aem g§~§Ym§Zm {deof _hÎd

Amho.

B _hmamO B§J«O àma§ rMm gm_Zm :

_hmamO d B§J«O `m§Mm n{hbm gm_Zm gZ 1660 gmbr Pmbm. amOmnyamVrb Am{Xbemhr gaXma añVw_

O_mZ d amOmnyaMm EH$ Xbmb {V_mOr `m§À`m H$O©àH$aUm_Ü o B§J«Om§Mm amOmnyaMm dImaà_wI aopìh¨½Q>Z

`mZo hñVjon Ho$bm; Am{U añVw_ O_mZMm A{YH$mar AãXþb H$ar_ `mÀ`m Vmã`Vmrb _mbmMr OhmOo

Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVbr. `mdoir amOmnwamda _amR>çm§Mr gÎmm hmoVr. Ë`m_wio _amR>çm§Zr hr OhmOo _mbmgh

Amnë`m Vmã`mV ÚmdrV Ago B§J«Om§Zm gwZmdbo. nU aopìh¨½Q>ZZo Ë`mg ZH$ma {Xë`m_wio _amR>çm§Zr B§J«Om§À`m

amOmnwamVrb ~mbmOr `m Xbmbmbm d Jo\$S>© `m B§J«O A{YH$mè`mbm H¡$X Ho$bo. _J `m XmoKm§Mr gwQ>H$m

H$amdr åhUyZ aopìh¨½Q>ZZo {edmOr _hmamOm§Zm {dZ§VrnÌ {b{hbo. Am{U AmídmgZ {Xbo H$s, {gÔrMo

X§S>amOmnwar KoÊ`mgmR>r AmnU _hmamOm§Zm gmhmæ` H$ê$. Voìhm _hmamOm§Mr nwT>rb amOH$maUmda ZOa R>odyZ

`m XmoÝhr H¡$Úm§À`m gwQ>Ho$Mm hþHy$_ {Xbm. B§J«Om§À`m `m AZmdí`H$ AmJirH$s_wioM _hmamOm§er Ë`m§Mm

n{hbm gm_Zm Pmbm.

`mZ§Va bJoMM nwT>rb dfu åhUOo 1661 _Ü o _hmamOm§Mm B§J«Om§er Xþgam IQ>H$m CS>mbm. _hmamO

nÝhmiçmda {gÔr OmohmaÀ`m doT>çmV AS>H$bo AgVmZm `m doT>çmV amOmnyaÀ`m B§J«O dImë`m§Zr {gÔr

Omohmamg Xmê$Jmoim nwadbm. EdT>oM Zìho Va Am{Xbemhr \$m¡OoV gm_rb hmoD$Z Am{U Amnbo {ZemU

C^mê$Z Ë`m§Zr nÝhmiJS>mda Vmo\$m§Mr _mam{Jar Ho$br. B§J«Om§À`m `m JwÝhçm~Ôb Ë`m§Zm {ejm XoÊ`mgmR>r

_hmamOm§Zr _mM© 1661 _Ü o amOmnyaMr B§J«Om§Mr dIma bwQ>br. Am{U Mma B§J«O A{YH$mè`m§Zm H¡$X Ho$bo.

`m A{YH$mè`m§À`m gwQ>Ho$gmR>r I§S>Ur XoÊ`mg ZH$ma {Xë`m_wio _hmamOm§Zr `m A{YH$mè`m§Zm dmgmoQ>m,

gmoZJS> Am{U _J am`JS>mda H¡$XoV R>odbo. nwT>o Ë`m§Zr `m A{YH$mè`m§Zm _wŠV Ho$bo.Var amOmnyaÀ`m dImarMr

ZwH$gmZ ânmB© B§J«Om§Zm {Xbr Zmhr. B§J«Om§Zmhr Amnë`m bîH$ar eŠVrÀ`m _`m©Xm§Mr nyU© OmUrd

Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Zrhr _hmamOm§{déÕ H$mhr hmbMmb Ho$br Zmhr.

B gwaVoÀ`m bwQ>r d B§J«O :

_hmamOm§Zr gwaVoda XmoZ doim ñdmar Ho$br. Ë`mVrb n{hbr ñdmar 1664 _Ü o Ho$br Am{U ho AË §V

gYZ eha bwQ>bo. nU `m ehamV AgUmè`m wamo{n`Z dImatZm Ìmg Úm`Mm Zmhr Ago _hmamOm§Zr R>adbo

hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr B§J«O dImarg hmV bmdbm Zmhr. nU hmOr gæ`X ~oJ `m lr_§V ì`mnmè`mMm dmS>m

_amR>çm§Zr bwQ>bm Am{U Ë`mbm AmJ bmdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`mdoir B§J«Om§Zr dImar~mhoa oD$Z hmOr

~oJÀ`mdmS>çmMm Vm~m KoVbm. Ë`m_wioeodQ>r _amR>m d B§J«O `m§À`mV MH$_H$ KSy>Z Ambr. nU _hmamOm§Zm

{ZîH$maU Aem g§Kfm©V Jw§VyZ doi IM© H$am`Mm ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr B§J«Om§À`m `m H¥$Ë`mH$S>o Xþb©j

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Ho$bo. nwT>o gZ 1670 _Ü o _hmamOm§Zr gwaVoda Xþgar ñdmar Ho$br; Voìhmhr B§J«O dImImë`m§er _amR>m

g¡{ZH$m§Mm g§Kf© Pmbm. nU _amR>çm§Zr àH$aU \$ma Z dmT>{dVm B§J«Om§À`m dImarnwT>o _mKma KoVbr.

B _hmamOm§Mr B§J«Om§H$S>o Xmê$JmoiçmMr _mJUr :

gwaV bwQ>rÀ`m XmoÝhr àg§Jr _hmamO B§J«Om§er gm_monMmamZo dmJbo, H$maU Ë`m§Zm B§J«Om§H$Sy>Z Xmê$Jmoim

d Vmo\$m hì`m hmoË`m. {gÔrMm qOOram KoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm `m gm_wJ«rMr Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr

gßQ>|~a 1671 _Ü o Amnbm dH$sb _w§~B©H$a B§J«Om§H$S>o nmR>dbm. nU B§J«O _hmamOm§Zm Xmê$Jmoim XoÊ`mg

V`ma Pmbo ZmhrV. VgoM _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m H$ma{H$XuV AZoH$doim B§J«Om§H$S>o Vmo\$m§Mr _mJUr Ho$br.

1674 _Ü o Ë`m§Zr Amnbm dH$sb _w§~B©g nmR>dyZ 40 Vo 50 Vmo\$m _m{JVë`m. nU Am¡a§JOo~mMm amof

AmoT>dÊ`mÀ`m {^VrZo B§J«Om§Zr `m _mJUrghr ZH$ma {Xbm.

B ZwH$gmZ ânmB©À`m dmQ>mKmQ>r :

_hmamOm§À`m g¡Ý`mZo 1662 _Ü o B§J«Om§Mr amOmnyaMr dIma bwQ>br hmoVr. Ë`m§Mr ZwH$gmZ ânmB© B§J«O

_hmamOm§H$S>o _mJV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr Amnbm dH$sb ñQ>r\$Z CëQ>rH$ `mbm _hmamOm§H$S>o nmR>dbo. Ë`mZo

_hmamOm§er dmQ>mKmQ>r H$ê$Z Vh Ho$bm. `mZ§Va _amR>çm§Zr B§J«Om§Mr hþ~ir oWrb dIma bwQ>br. AÚmnr

amOmnyaMr ZwH$gmZ ânmB©hr _hmamOm§Zr {Xbr ZìhVr. Ë`m_wio _w§~B©H$a B§J«Om§Zr Wm°_g {ZH$mobg `mg

dH$sb åhUyZ _hmamOm§H$S>o nmR>dbo. hm {ZH$mobghr Amnë`m H$m_{JarV \$magm èñdr Pmbm Zmhr.

_hmamOm§Zr Amnbm dH$sb _w§~B©g oB©b, Ago gm§JyZ Ë`mbm _w§~B©g naV nmR>dbo. {ZH$mobgÀ`m nmR>monmR>M

_hmamOm§Mm dH$sb _w§~B©g Jobm. Ë`mZ KmgmKrg H$ê$Z 9 hOma hmoZm§n ªV ZwH$gmZ ânmB© _mÝ` Ho$br.

Am{U C^`njr Vh ìhmdm Ago R>abo. nU Xaå`mZ am`JS>mda amÁ`m{^foH$mMr V`mar gwê$ Pmbr. Voìhm

B§J«Om§Zr `m g_ma§ mMo Am¡{MË` gmYyZ hoÝar Am°pŠP¨S>oZ `mg dH$sb åhUyZ am`JS>mda nmR>dm`Mo R>adbo.

Varhr eodQ>n ªV amOmnyaÀ`m `m ZwH$gmZ ânmB©Mo àH$aU nyU©nUo {ZH$mbmV {ZKmbo Zmhr. _hmamOm§Zr

`m~Ôb \$maer AmñWm XmI{dbr Zmhr. B§J«O _hmamOm§Zm Xmê$Jmoiçm~Ôb Ogo PwbdV am{hbo VgoM

_hmamOm§Zrhr Ë`m§Zm `m ZwH$gmZ ânmB©~Ôb PwbdV R>odbo.

B _hmamO d B§J«O Vh :

B§J«O dH$sb hoÝar Am°pŠPS>oZ 22 _o 1674 amoOr am`JS>mda Jobm. amÁ`m{^foH$ Pmë`mda _hmamOm§~amo~a

Ë`mZo 12 OyZ 1674 amoOr Vh H$bm. VhmVrb H$mhr H$b_o nwT>rbà_mUo -

1) gd© eÌwËd Zï> ìhmdo Am{U C^`njr H$moR>ë`mhr ^mJmV byQ> H$aUo, N>mno KmbUo BË`mXr

ZwH$gmZ H$ê$ Z o.

2) {edmOrÀ`m amÁ`mV B§J«Om§Zm g§Mma, a{hdmg d ì`mnmam~m~VrV nyU© ñdmV§Í` Agmdo. B§J«Om§Zr

{ZË`mMr OH$mV XoD$Z _hmamOm§À`m gaH$maer AmkmYmaH$nUo dmJmdo.

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3) _moJbm§À`m qH$dm AÝ` _wbwImVrb B§J«Om§À`m dImar ñdmarÀ`m doir {edmOrÀ`m bmoH$m§Zr bwQy>

Z oV. bwQ> Pmë`mg {edmOrZo Ë`m§Mr ZwH$gmZ ânmB© Úmdr.

4) nañnam§Zr nañnam§Mm g_wÐmda nH$S>bobm _mb _mbH$sMm nwamdm {Xë`mg gmoSy>Z Úmdm.

5) Am`mV-{Z`m©V _mbmda eoH$S>m 2&& Q>ŠHo$ OH$mV B§J«Om§Zr Úmdr.

6) B§J«Om§Zm IaoXr-{dH«$sMo nyU© ñdmV§Í` Agmdo.

7) B§J«Om§Mr S>M, \«|$M, nmoVw©JrO BË`mXter bT>mB© Ow§në`mg Ë`m§Zm {edmOrZo _XV H$ê$ Z o.

8) {edmOr B§J«Om§À`m _w§~B©À`m àOobm Á`m gdbVr XoB©b Ë`mM gdbVr B§J«Om§Zr {edmOrÀ`m gd©

àOobm Úmì`mV.

B _hmamO - B§J«O Ama_mar g§Kf© :

_hmamOm§À`m H$ma{H$XuÀ`m eodQ>À`m ndm©V Ë`m§Mm B§J«Om§er Ama_mar g§Kf© KSy>Z Ambm. Ë`mMm d¥Îmm§V

Agm H$s, {gÔrÀ`m O§{Oè`mda dMH$ R>odÊ`mgmR>r _hmamOm§Zr O§{Oè`mÀ`m CÎmaog Im§Xoar ~oQ>mda {H$ëbm

~m§Ym`bm KoVbm. `mbm B§J«Om§Zr haH$V KoVbr. Im§Xoarda _amR>çm§Mm {H$ëbm C^m am{hbm Va _w§~B©g YmoH$m

CËnÝZ hmoB©b Ago B§J«Om§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. Ë`m_wio ho ~oQ> _amR>çm§À`m Vmã`mV OmD$ Z o åhUyZ B§J«Om§Zr

Im§Xoarda 18 gßQ>|~a 1679 amoOr hëbm MT>dbm. _amR>çm§Zr Vmo gmdYnUo _moSy>Z H$mT>bm. B§J«Om§Zr naV

Xþgar _mo{h_ H$mT>br. `mV B§J«Or Ama_mamZo Im§Xoarg doT>m KmVbm. hm doT>m CR>dÊ`mgmR>r _hmamOm§Mr

Xm¡bVImZmg Ama_ma KoD$Z nmR>dbo. `mVM {gÔrMo Ama_ma B§J«Om§À`m _XVrg Ambo. Varhr _amR>m

Ama_mamMm ~§Xmo~ñV {gÔr d B§J«O `m§Zm H$aVm Ambm Zmhr. `m wÕmV {Xdg|{Xdg B§J«Om§Mo _Zwî`~i IM©

hmoD$ bmJbo. wÕmMm IM© dmT>bm. _J B§J«Om§Zr _hmamOm§er Vh H$aÊ`mMm {ZíM` Ho$bm. Ë`mà_mUo 1680

_Ü o B§J«O-_amR>m Vh KSy>Z Ambm. `m VhmZwgma Ago R>abo H$s, Im§oXarMr _mbH$s _amR>çm§H$S>o amhrb.

B§J«Om§Zr Amnbo Ama_ma naV ~mobdmdo Am{U Im§Xoar KoÊ`mgmR>r {gÔrg H$moUË`mhr àH$mao _XV H$ê$ Z o.

B§J«Om§er Pmboë`m `m wÕmV eodQ>r _hmamOm§MmM {dO` Pmbm.

_hmamOm§Mo B§J«Om§er Agboë`m `m g§~§Ymdê$Z Ago {XgyZ oVo H$s, _hmamOm§Zm B§J«Om§er CKS>CKS>

eÌwËd H$am`Mo ZìhVo. B§J«Om§À`m AmYw{ZH$ eómómMm, Xmê$JmoiçmMm d V§Ìkm§Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z ¿`m`Mm

hmoVm. nU Ë`m§À`m amOH$maUmVrb AmJirH$sbm _hmamO _m\$ Z H$aVm MmoI CÎma XoV hmoVo.EHy$UM

_hmamOm§Zr B§J«Om§Zm AË §V _wËgÔo{JarZo hmVmibobo {XgVo.

3.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :

1) nwZñWm©nZm - nwÝhm ñWm{nV H$aUo.

2) {X{½dO` - gd© {Xem§da {dO`.

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3) EÎmÔoer` - `m XoemVrb.

4) gmd© m¡_V - gd©loð> A{YH$ma

5) _mS>{bH$Ëd - gd©loð> gÎmoÀ`m A§{H$V AgUmao ñWmZ.

3.4 ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZ.

[aH$må`m OmJm âm.

1) {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_ ........... gmbr H$mT>br.

2) H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb qhXw amOm§Zm ................ åhUVmV.

3) ì §H$moOramOm§Zr Amnbr amOYmZr ~|JbmoahÿZ ............. bm hmb{dbr.

4) H$Zm©Q>H$Mm àXoe ........... emhrÀ`m A§_bmImbr hmoVm.

5) Hw$Vw~ehmÀ`m d{OamMo Zmd .............. hmoVo.

6) {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm amÁ`m{^foH$ ............. `m {Xder Pmbm.

7) ""_èhmQ>m nmVehm EdT>m N>ÌnVr Ombm. hr Jmoï> gm_mÝ` Pmbr Zmhr.'' Ago ............ `mZo

åhQ>bo Amho.

8) H${b wJmV j{Ì`M ZmhrV Agm {gÕm§V .............. `mZo _m§S>bm.

9) JmJm ^Å>mMo _yi KamUo _hmamï´>mVrb ............... `m JmdMo hmoVo.

10) _hmamOm§À`m amÁ`m{^foH$mg ................ hm B§J«O dH$sb CnpñWV hmoVm.


EH$m dmŠ`mV CËVao Úm.

1) ì §H$moOrÀ`m H$ma^mè`mMo Zmd H$m` hmoVo?

2) H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_oXaå`mZ {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr H$moUmer H$ama Ho$bm?

3) H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb _hmamOm§Zr KoVbobm n{hbm {H$ëbm H$moUVm?

4) _hmamOm§Zr qOOrMm {H$ëboXma åhUyZ H$moUmMr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br?

5) {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm amÁ`m{^foH$ H$moUË`m {H$ëë`mda Pmbm ?

6) g^mgX ~IarMm H$Vm© H$moU ?

7) n¥ÏdrÀ`m {Z:j{Ì`ËdmMm {gÕm§V H$moUË`m J«§WmV n{hë`m§Xm _m§S>bm Jobm ?

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8) {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m amÁ`m{^foH$màg§Jr Ë`m§Mm n§VàYmZ H$moU hmoVm ?

9) amÁ`m{^foH$màg§Jr _hmamOm§Mo qghmgZ {H$Vr _U gmoÝ`mMo hmoVo ?

{XKm}ËVar àíZ :

1) {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_o_mJrb hoVy ñnîQ> H$am.

2) H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_oXaå`mZÀ`m _hmamOm§À`m hmbMmbr d KS>m_moS>tMo g{dñVa dU©Z H$am.

3) H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_oMo _hËËd gm§JyZ _hmamOm§À`m H$m_{JarMo _yë`_mnZ H$am.

4) {edmOr_hmamO d ì §H$moOramOo `m§À`m g§Kfm©da g{dñVa {Q>nUr H$am.

5) {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo B§J«O d nmoVw©JrO `m§À`mer H$go g§~§Y hmoVo ? MMm© H$am.


1) {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m amÁ`m{^foH$m_mJrb H$maUo ñnï> H$ê$Z, Vmo g_ma§ H$gm gmOam Pmbm Vo

gm§Jm.

2) {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m amÁ`m{^foH$ g_ma§ mMo g{dñVa dU©Z H$am.

3) {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m amÁ`m{^foH$mMo _hÎd {dfX H$am.

3.6 g§X © J«§W :

1) lr N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamO (CËVamY©) - dm. gr. ~|Ðo

2) g^mgX ~Ia - g§nmXH$ - e. Zm. Omoer

3) eH$H$V} {edam` - {dO` Xoe_wI

4) _amR>r gËVoMm CX` - S>m°. O`qgJamd ndma

5) Shivaji and his times - Sir. Jadunath Sarkar.

B B B

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gÌ - 1 : KQ>H$ - 4

_amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í` wÕ (1681-1707)

AZwH«$_{UH$m

4.0 C{ÔîQ>ço

4.1 àmñVm{dH$

4.2 {df` {ddoMZ

4.2.1 A) N>. g§ mOr _hmamO - 1681-89

4.2.2 ~) N>. amOmam_ _hmamO - 1689-1700

4.2.3 H$) _hmamUr Vmam~mB© - 1700-1707

4.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX Am{U eãXmW©

4.4 ñd §: AÜ``Z àíZ d CËVao

4.5 gmam§e


4.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X © nwñVHo$.

4.0 C{ÔîQ>ço :

KQ> H«$_m§H$ 4 À`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Vwåhm§g :-

B N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m H$ma{H$XuMr AmoiI H$ê$Z KoVm oB©b.

B N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m H$mimVrb _m|Jb _amR>o g§Kf© bjmV oB©b.

B g§ mOr _hmamO d naH$s` g§~§YmMr _m{hVr hmoB©b.

B N>. amOmam_ H$mbrZ _m|Jb-_amR>o g§Kf© _m{hV hmoB©b.

B ñdamÁ`mMo AñVrËd H$moUË`m n[apñWVrV {Q>H${dbo Jobo VgoM qOOr g§Kf© _m{hV hmoB©b.

B goZmnVr g§VmOr KmoanS>o d YZmOr OmYd `m§Mo `moJXmZ g_Oob.

B _hmamUr Vmam~mB© H$mbrZ _amR>m ñdmV§Í` wÕmMr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoVm oB©b.

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4.1 àmñVm{dH$ :

B.g. 1681-1707 hm H$mbI§S> _amR>m B{VhmgmV "ñdmV§Í` wÕmMm H$mbI§S>' åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo.

Owb_r AË`mMmar amOdQ>r {damoYmV àW_ ~§S> H$aÊ`mMo YmS>g N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr ñdamÁ`mMr

_whÿV©_oT> amodbr. ñdamÁ` {OdmnmS> Onbo, a`V gm§ mibr, bmoH$H$ë`mUH$mar emgZ Ho$bo. nwT>o ñdamÁ`mMo ajU

H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar N>. g§^mOr _hmamOm§da òD$Z nS>br. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m eŠVr{Zer hr O~m~Xmar nobbr.

Ë`m àoaUmeŠVr_wio ñdamÁ` Zï> H$aÊ`mMo ñdßZ Camer ~miJyZ Amboë`m Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmbm _hmamï´>mÀ`m

^y_rV A§{V_ {dlm§Vr ¿`mdr bmJbr. N>. g§^mOr, N>. amOmam_ Am{U _hmamUr Vmam~mB© `m§Zr Ho$boë`m

namH«$_m_wio ñdamÁ` d Ë`mMo AñVrËd H$m`_ amhrbo. N>. g§ mOrÀ`m ~{bXmZmZ§Va _amR>r goZoZo {Xgob Ë`m

d {_iob Ë`m eóm§Zo _moR>m à{VH$ma Ho$bm. N>. amOmam_, _hmamUr Vmam~mB© `m§À`m H$mimV _m|Jb g¡Ý`mg gimo

H$s nimo Pmbo. N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m ~{bXmZm_wio gd© _amR>m g_mOmV g§VmnmMr bmQ> Cgibr d Ë`m

bmQ>o_Ü o _m|Jb gm_«mÁ` {dZmemÀ`m MH«$m_Ü o {\$ê$ bmJbo d nwT>o Ë`m§Mr eH$bo CS>mbr. `m§Mo lo N>. g§ mOr

_hmamOm§Mm namH«$_ d ~{bXmZmg Amho. B.g. 1681 Vo B.g. 1689 `m 9 dfm©À`m H$m ©H$mimV N>. g§ mOr

_hmamOm§Zr namH«$_, ñdamÁ` ajU, ñdY_©ào_, ñdm^r_mZ, OmJ¥V R>odÊ`mMo _hÎdnyU© H$m © Ho$bo.

`m da ^mî` H$aVmZm dm. gr. ~|Ðo åhUVmV, "EH$Q>çm N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr A{Ib qhXþñWmZmVrb

eŠVr gm_Ï`mªer qhXdr ñdamÁ`mgmR>r gwg§K{Q>VnUo {XK©H$mi {Xë`m Joboë`m PJS>çmMm {dMma H$aVm

_hmamï´>mMr A{Ib qhXþñWmZmV d naXoemV JmObobr Iar H$V©~Jmar, CÁÁdb g§ñH¥$Vr d VoOñdr amï´>r` g§KQ>Z

`m§À`m Iè`m H$gmoQ>rMm AmXe© N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m H$ma{H$XuV {XgyZ oVmo. Var amOmam_ d Vmam~mB© `m§Mo

H$m © VodT>oM _hÎdmMo Amho.

KQ>H$ H«$. 4 _Ü o AmnUmg N>. g§ mOr _hmamO Vo _hmamUr Vmam~mB© H$ma{H$XuVrb AZoH$ KQ>Zm§Mm

Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Amho.

4.2 {df` {ddoMZ :

4.2.1 N>. g§ mOr _hmamO - 1681 Vo 1689

B ~mbnU Am{U {ejU :

N>. g§ mOr _hmamO ho {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo Á oð> {Ma§Ord AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ Á oð> ew. 12 eHo$ 1579

åhUOo Jwédma {X. 14 _o, 1657 bm nwa§Xa {H$ëë`mda Pmbm. N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m AmB© gB©~mB© `m hmoË`m.

g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m OÝ_mZ§Va XmoZM dfm©_Ü o Ë`m§Mm _¥Ë y Pmbm. AmB©À`m AMmZH$ _¥Ë y_wio nmoaH$m Pmboë`m

g§ mOr _hmamOm§Mr nmbZnmofUmMr O~m~Xmar amO_mVm {OOm~mB© `m§Zr nma nmS>br. AmB©Mr C{Ud Ë`m§Zm ^mgy

{Xbr Zmhr.

Ho$ed ^mQ> Am{U C_mOr n§{S>V `m§Zr g§ mOr amOm§Zm {d{dY {df`m§Mo {ejU {Xbo. amOH$maU, wÕ{Z{VMo

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YS>o Ë`m§Zm ñdV: N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Úmd`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. Vr gZ 1666 nmgyZ {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr

AmJ«m oQ>rgmR>r g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zm ~amo~a ZoBbo hmoVo. {ZamOr amdOr, àVmnamd JwOa d N>. g§ mOr _hmamO

`m§Zr _m|Jb Xa~mamV _amR>çm§Mo à{V{ZYrËd AZoH$ doim Ho$ë`mMo XmIbo {_iVmV.

gZ 1671 nmgyZ N>. g§ mOr _hmamO amÁ`H$ma^ma {df`H$ H$m_o H$arV AgV. {edamÁ`m{^foH$mdoir

g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zm " wdamOnX' XoÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. naH$s` ì`mnmar _§S>irÀ`m ~amo~a MMm© hmoV AgVmZm

Ë`m_Ü o g§ mOr _hmamO gh^mJr hmoV AgV. gwaVoÀ`m B§J«O ì`mnmar bmoH$m§Mo A{^àm` Vgo {XgVmV.

B {ddmh g_ma§ :

N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Mm n{hbm {ddmh gZ 1661 gmbr {eH}$-Xoe_wI KamÊ`mVrb ogy~mB© {eH}$

`m§Moer Pmbm hmoVm. Va Xþgam {ddmh XþJm©~mB© `m§Moer Pmbm hmoVm. nU `m Xþgè`m {ddmh g_ma§ mMr

\$maer _m{hVr CnbãY hmoV Zmhr. N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zm amUr ogy~mB© nmgyZ ^dmZr~mB© d {edmOr Aer

XmoZ AnË o Pmbr. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Mo nwÌ {edmOr hoM nwT>o emhÿ `m ZmdmZo à{gÕ nmdbo.

B amOH$s` n[apñWVr Am{U J¥hH$bh :

N>. {edmOr _hmamO `m§Zr amÁ`m{^foH$ g_ma§ Pmë`mZ§Va H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_ hmVr KoVbr. Voìhm g§ mOr

_hmamO Ë`m§À`m ~amo~a hmoVo. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Ë`m§Zm "e¥§Jmanya' `m {R>H$mUr oD$Z Vo nwT>o ñdmarda {ZKyZ

Jobo. e¥§Jmanya oWrb dmñVì`mV g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr "~wY yfU' hm g§ñH¥$V J§«W {b{hbm. Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m nwT>rb

H$mimV N>. {edmOr _hmamO, gmo am~mB© d N>. g§ mOr _hmamO `m§À`m _Ü o nañna J¡ag_O {Z_m©U Pmbo.

Ë`mVyZ N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zm nÝhmiJS>mda R>odbo. Ë`mVyZ nwT>o N>. g§ mOr _hmamO

_m|JbmH$S>o Jobo. Ë`m§Zr {XboaImZ `m _m|Jb goZmnVrgh ynmbJS>, _§JidoT>o, Omb{Jar {VH$moQ>o, hmoZdmS>

`m {R>H$mUr _mo{h_m Ho$ë`m.

_m|Jb gaXma {XboaImZ ~amo~a g§ mOr _hmamO H$m_ H$arV hmoVo. na§Vw Ë`m§Mo ñdamÁ`m~ÔbMo YmoaU

g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m bjmV oVmM Vo nwÝhm ñdJ¥hr naVbo. nÝhmiJS>mda N>. {edmOr _hmamO d N>.

g§ mOr _hmamO `m§Mr oQ> Pmbr. N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Iwë`m _ZmZo N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Mr g_OyV

KmVbr. H$_b JmoIbo åhUVmV "dmVmdaU gwYmaV AgVmZm e{Zdma {X. 3 E{àb, 1680 amoOr N>.

{edmOr _hmamOm§Mo {ZYZ Pmbo. n[aUm_r gd© dmVmdaU ~XbÊ`mg gwê$dmV Pmbr.'

B A§VJ©V g§Kf© :

N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m {ZYZmZ§Va A§VJ©V g§Kf© gwê$ Pmbm. gmo am~mB© d N>. g§ mOr _hmamO `m

XmoKm§_Ü o hm g§Kf© Pmë`mMo g§X © {_iVmV. gmo am~mB© `m _hÎdH$m§jr hmoË`m. ñdamÁ` ho Amnbm _wbJm

amOmam_ _hmamO `m§Zm {_imdo `mgmR>r àYmZ _§S>imVrb gXñ`m§Zm hmVmer Yê$Z hmbMmbr Ho$ë`m

Ë`m_Üò-

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N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§Mr {ZYZmMr ~mV_r N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zm g_Oy {Xbr Zmhr. g§ mOr _hmamO

Ë`m g_`r nÝhmiJS>mda hmoVo.

_moamon§V qnJio, AÊUmOr XÎmmo `m§Zr amOmam_ _hmamO dmag ahmdoV `mgmR>r gmo am~mB©Zm gmW {Xbr.

n[aUm_r J¡ag_O dmT>bo. Ë`mV N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zm ZOaH¡$X H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmbm. N>. g§ mOr

_hmamOm§À`m hmbMmbrda bj R>odÊ`mgmR>r JwßVhoa nmR>{dÊ`Vm Ambo. Aem dmVmdaUm_Ü o 21 E{àb,

1680 amoOr AmßnmOr XÎmmo `m§Zr amOmam_ ñdamÁ`mMm dmagXma åhUyZ JmXrda ~g{dbo.

B N>. g§ mOr _hmamO `m§Mo amÁ`mamohZ :

A§VJ©V gÎmm g§Kf© gai gwê$ Pmbm. VËH$mbrZ àOm Am{U g¡Ý` N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m nm{R>_mJo

C o am{hbo. N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr àW_ JwßVhoam§Zm nH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Mm AÊUmOr XÎmmo d _moamon§V qnJio `m§Moer

AgUmam g§nH©$ VmoSy>Z Q>mH$bm. n[aUm_r N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zm H¡$X H$aÊ`mgmR>r _moamon§V d AÊUmOr XÎmmo

{ZKmbo. nU goZmnVr h§~raamd _mo{hVo `m§À`m _XVr_wio N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr Ë`m XmoKm§Zmhr H¡$X H$ê$Z

Q>mH$bo. nwT>o 18 OyZ, 1680 amoOr N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr am`JS>Mm Vm~m KoVbm. Amnë`m {damoYmV

Agboë`m bmoH$m§Zm Ë`m§Zr CXma A§VaH$aUmZo _m\$s Ho$ë`m. `mZ§Va Ë`m§Zr ñdV:g {dYr wŠV amÁ`mamohZ

g_ma§ _mK ew. 7 eHo$ 1602 åhUOo OmZodmar, 1681 amoOr H$ê$Z KoVbm. Ë`mZ§Va B.g. 1681 Vo B.g.

1689 Aer namH«$_mMr Abm¡{H$H$ H$ma{H$X© KS>{dbr.

B N>. g§ mOr _hmamO - _wKb g§Kf© :

N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m _¥Ë yZ§Va _amR>o-_wKb g§Kf© N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m H$mimV AmUIr Vrd«

Pmbm. _wKb \$m¡Om aOnyV g§Kfm©_Ü o _½Z AmhoV ho bjmV oVmM N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr _amR>r \$m¡Om _wKa

àXoemV nmR>{dë`m.

B ~wèhmUnyaMr byQ> :

N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m _¥Ë yZ§Va _amR>o-_wKb g§Kf© N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m H$mimV AmUIr Vrd«

Pmbm. _wKb \$m¡Om aOnyV g§Kfm©_Ü o _½Z AmhoV. ho bjmV oVmM N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr _amR>r \$m¡Om

_wKb àXoemV nmR>{dë`m.

B ~wèhmUnyaMr byQ> :

N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr nmdgmim g§nVmM _amR>r \$m¡Om _wKb àXoemV nmR>{dë`m. Ë`mn¡H$s EH$

ImZXoe _Ü o d Xþgar ~wèhmUnyaÀ`m àXoemV MmbyZ Joë`m. `m _amR>r g¡Ý`mMo ZoV¥Ëd goZmnVr h§~raamd

_mo{hVo `m§Zr Ho$bo. ~wèhmUnya n[aga VrZ {Xdg bwQ>Ê`mV Ambm. `m_Ü o _amR>r g¡{ZH$m§Zm _moR>r bwQ>

{_imbr hr bwQ> gmëhoaÀ`m {H$ëë`m_Ü o ì`dñWrV R>odÊ`mV Ambr.

B Am¡a§Jmm~X n[agamV _amR>o g¡{ZH$m§À`m hmbMmbr

_amR>o g¡{ZH$ `mZ§Va nwÝhm Am¡a§Jm~mX n[agamV Ambo. Ë`m§Zr `m àXoemV Yþ_mHy$i KmVbm. {^_goZ

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gŠgoZm hm B{VhmgH$ma åhUVmo, Ah_XZJa, Zm{eH$ Vo JmodiH$m|S>m gr_m ^mJmn ªV d Z§Va dèhmS>-

ImZXoe `m _wKb àXoemV Yw_mHy$i KmbrV hmoVo. `m_io ImZXoe-dèhmS> àXoemda VgoM Am¡a§Jm~mX _Ü o

_amR>r XheV {Z_m©U Pmbr.

B amOnwÌ AH$~a X{jUoH$S>o :

aOnyV amOm Ogd§Vqgh (OmoYnya) B.g. 1679 _Ü o _aU nmdë`mda aOnyVmZmMm àXoe qOH$Ê`mgmR>r

_wKb \$m¡O oWo nmR>{dbr. aOnyVm§Zr _moR>çm qh_VrZo _wKb \$m¡OoMm gm_Zm Ho$bm. {ZUm© H$ {dO`

H$moUmbmhr {_imbm Zmhr. wÕ {XK© H$mi a|JmiV Jobo. Ë`m_wio amOnyÌ AH$~a `m§Zo Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmbm

gëbm {Xbm H$s, "amOnyVm§Zm qOH$Uo gmono Zmhr. aOnwVm~amo~a gm_monMma d g{hîUy YmoaU ñdrH$maÊ`mV

`mdo.'

amOnyÌ AH$~amMm hm gëbm Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmbm _mZdbm Zmhr. XmoKm§V _V oX Pmbo. nwT>o Ë`mMo

énm§Va AH$~amÀ`m ~§S>mV Pmbo. AH$~a aOnyVm§Zm OmD$Z {_imbm. X{jUoV OmD$Z _amR>m amOm N>. g§ mOr

_hmamO `m§Mo ghH$m © KoD$Z Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehm {damoYmV bT>mdo. Aer _hÎdH$m§jm _ZmV R>oD$Z aOnyV

goZmZr XþJm©Xmg amR>moS> gh AH$~a X{jUoV Ambm.

gZ 1681 nmygZ amOnyV AH$~a `m§Mo dmñVì` nmbr, bm§Om, gmIanm, {demiJS> d _bH$mnya

BË`mXr {R>H$mUr hmoVo. N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m Vi H$moH$UmVrb _mo{h_m_Ü o Vmo gh^mJr Pmbm hmoVm.

Amnbm _wbJm AH$~a hm _amR>m amOm N>. g§ mOr _hmamO `m§Mo Aml`mg Jobm. `m Jmoï>rMm ~mXehmbm

\$ma amJ Ambm hmoVm. Ë`m_wioM ~mXehm gd© eŠVr{Zer X{jUoV Ambm.

N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr amOnyVm§Zm AZoH$ nÌo nmR>dyZ AH$~amg _XV H$amdr. `m g§X^m©Zo Vr ~mXehm

gd© eŠVr{Zer X{jUoV Amë`m_wio N>. g§ mOr amOm§Zm AH$~amÀ`m g_ñ oH$S>o \$ma bj XoVm Ambo Zmhr.

B{VhmgH$ma dm. gr. ~|Ðo `m§À`m _VmZwgma "N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr YZmOr OmYd Am{U XþJm©Xmg amR>moS>

`m§Zm g¡Ý` XoD$Z CÎmaoH$S>o nmR>{dbo hmoVo.

B.g. 1683 Z§Va amOnyV AH$~a àW_ nmoVw©{JOm§H$S>o Jobm. _wKb g¡Ý` nmR>bmJmda Agë`mZo Ë`mMr

\$ma X_N>mH$ Pmbr. AmnU AmVm CÎmaoH$S>o OmD$ eH$V Zmhr. `m_wio Vmo {Zame Pmbm. 1685 Z§Va

g_wÐm_mJ} Vmo Aa~ñWmZmVrb _ñH$V `m {R>H$mUr Jobm. nwT>o _aon ªV Ë`m§Mo dmñVì` "BamU' _Ü o am{hbo.

B.g. 1704 _Ü o Ë`m§Mo {ZYZ Pmbo.

B Am¡a§JOo~mMr X{jU ñdmar :

_wKbm§Mo eÌy _amR>o `m§ZmM amOynÌ AH$~a OmD$Z {_imë`m_wio, _amR>o d AH$~a `m§Mm {~_moS> H$aUo

`m à_yI hoVyZr ~mXehm X{jU ñdmarda {ZKmbm. Zmoìh|~a 1681 Vo 1707 n ªV Vmo X{jUoV hmoVm. `m

H$mbI§S>mV _moJb-_amR>o g§Kfm©Mm Omo ñ\$moQ> Pmbm. Ë`mbm "_amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í` wÕ' Ago åhUVmV.

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B H$moH$UmVrb g§Kf© :

_wKb g¡Ý` X{jUoV oVmM Vo _amR>r àXoemda VwQy>Z nS>bo. _wAmÁO_, ~hmXÿaImZ, {MZ{H$brOImZ,

hgZImZ B. goZmnVr ñdamÁ`mda Mmar {Xem§Zr VwQy>Z nS>bo. Ë`mV â åhUyZ {gÕr gÎmm§Zr H$moH$UmVrb

_amR>m R>mÊ`mda hëbo Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr {gÕrda _mo{h_ H$mT>br. è {_imbo Zmhr. H$maU

CÎma H$moH$UmV hgZImZ g¡Ý` KoD$Z Ambm. Ë`mZo H$ë`mU-{^d§S>r qOH$br. ~hmXÿaImZmZo "{edmnya' bwQ>bo.

XmXmOr aKwZmW `m§MoH$S>o {gÕr ñdmarMr gyÌo KoD$Z g§ mOr _hmamO VmVS>rZo am`JS>r naVbo. (1682).

B am_goO {H$ëbm g§Kf© :

Zm{eH$ Odi hm {H$ëbm hmoVm. Vmo qOH$Ê`mgmR>r Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmZo àW_ ehm~wÔrZ, Z§Va.~hmXwaImZ

nwÝhm H$mgr_ImZ `m VrZ Aìdb goZmnVrZm nmR>{dbo. na§Vy am_goO {H$ëbm qOH$Vm Ambm Zmhr. ê$nmOr

^mogbo Am{U _mZmOr _moao `m§Zr _moR>m namH«$_ H$ê$Z _wKb {VÝht goZmZtZm nidyZ bmdbo. (1682)

B H$ë`mU - {^d§S>r g§Kf© :

H$ë`mU - {^d§S>r hr R>mUr BgZImZ `m§Zo qOH$bobr hmoVr. na§Vy Vr R>mUr Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o OmñV H$mi

am{hbr ZmhrV. åhUyZ ~mXehm Am¡a§JOo~ `m§Zo àW_ aU_ñV ImZ Z§Va ê$hþëbmImZ `m§Zm nmR>{dbo. nU

è {_imbo Zmhr. E{àb 1683 À`m AIoarg _wKb g¡Ý`m§Zo `m àXoemVyZ _mKma KoVbr. ê$nmOr ^mogbo

Am{U _moao {Zioída `m§Zr _amR>m g¡Ý`mH$Sy>Z _moR>m namH«$_ Ho$bm.

B B.g. 1681 Vo 1684 H$mimVrb g§Kf© :

`m H$mimV _m|Jb-_amR>m g§Kf© hm {^_m ZXr n[aga, gmobmnya (Q>| yUu), ZiXyJ©, Ymê$a, CX²Jra,

gm§aJnya, gmoZJm§d, Ah_XZJa, OmbUm, noS>Jm§d d nmQ>moXm `m {R>H$mUr _m|Jb-_amR>o `m§À`mV V§w~i wÕo

Pmbr. h§~raamd _mo{hVo, {dR>moOr MìhmU, ñdV… N>. g§ mOr _hmamO, YZmOr OmYd, {V_mOr ndma `m§Zr

_moR>m namH«$_ Ho$bm. Mm¡ mB© dgyb Ho$br. _mUH$mo ~ëbmi `m§Zr _moR>r byQ> {_i{dbr. darb {R>H$mUr Á`m

bT>m`m Pmë`m. Ë`m_Ü o H$Yr _m|JbmZm Va H$Yr _amR>çm§Zm {dO` {_imbo.

`mZ§Va 1685 _Ü o MmH$U, bmoBJS>, {dOmnya, H$moëhmnya, gmVmam, {_aO `m ^mJmV _amR>o-_wKb

`m§À`mV _moR>m g§Kf© Pmbm. H$moUË`mhr njmg _moR>o è {_imbo Zmhr. d H$moUrhr _mKma KoVbr Zmhr.

1684-85 _Ü o _m_yXImZ Am{U ehm~wÔrZImZ `m§Zr gwno, ~mam_Vr, B§Xmnya n[agamV _moR>çm hmbMmbr

Ho$ë`m. `m n[agamV _amR>r g¡Ý`mZo OmoaXma à{VH$ma _wKb g¡{ZH$m§Zm Ho$bm. EH$mM doir _amR>o-_wKb AZoH$

{R>H$mUr bT>m`m gwê$ Pmë`m. Ë`m_wio gd© AmKmS>çmda N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zm bj XoVm Ambo Zmhr.

B amOnyÌ _wAmÁO_Mr X{jU H$moH$UmVrb ñdmar - 1683-84 :

AmVm n ªVÀ`m g§Kfm©_Ü o _wKbm§Zm _moR>o è {_imbo Zmhr. `m§Mr Om{Ud Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmbm Pmbr

hmoVr. {ZUm© H$ è {_i{dUo `mgmR>r Vmo ñdV: Am¡a§Jm~mXhÿZ Ah_XZJa `m {R>H$mUr Ambm. g¡Ý` g§MbZ

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ñdV:H$S>o KoVbo. ñdamÁ`mÀ`m àXoemV Mma ~mOyH$Sy>Z _wKb g¡Ý` Kwg{dÊ`mMr `moOZm V`ma Ho$br. `m

`moOZoZwgma -

AmP_ehm Am{U ~oXa~»V - Zm{eH$ {d^mJmH$Sy>Z

ga~wb§XdmZ - ~hmXÿaJS> _mJ}

ê$hþëbmImZ - {Zam ZXrH$Sy>Z

~am_§XImZ - Amï>rÀ`m àXoemVyZ

_m_yXImZ - ~mam_Vr, B§XmnyaH$Sy>Z

ehm~wÔrZImZ - nwUo ~mOyH$Sy>Z

_wAmÁO_ - ~oiJm§d ~mOyH$Sy>Z ñdamÁ`mMm àXoe qOH$V EH$Ì `mdo. N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Mr H$m|S>r

H$amdr. _wAmÁO_ _moR>o g¡Ý` KoD$Z H$moH$UmV CVabm. _amR>r g¡Ý`mZo J{Z_r H$mdm wÕ nÕVrMm Adb§~

H$ê$Z AZoH$ {R>H$mUÀ`m agXr _maë`m. _mbdU, d|Jwb}, Hw$S>mi, gmd§VdmS>r nargamV AZoH$ MH$_H$s

Pmë`m. AZoH$ {R>H$mUr _m|Jbr g¡Ý` _mabo Jobo. ñdV: g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr H$moH$UmVrb namH«$_r _amR>m

gaXmam§Zm _XVrbm KoD$Z _moR>m namH«$_ Ho$bm. g_wÐ_mJ} Amboë`m agXm VmoS>ë`m. BVa {R>H$mUr gwÕm _m|Jb

g¡Ý`mg {dO` {_imbo ZmhrV. "_wAmÁO_Mo H$moH$UmV _moR>o hmb Pmbo. J{Z_rH$mdm, Cnmg_ma, amoJamB©

`m_wio _m|Jbr g¡Ý`mMm ^ §H$a g§hma Pmbm. 1/3 g¡{ZH$ `mbm ~ir nS>bo. hÎmr, KmoS>o, C§Q>, IoMao

amoJamB©bm ~ir nS>br. Ago dU©Z Im\$saImZmÀ`m B{Vhmgm_Ü o gmnS>Vo.

_moR>o g¡Ý`, Vmo\$ImZm, g§nÎmr, `m{Zer X. H$moH$UmV CVabobm amOnyÌ _wAmÁO_ Anè KoD$Z _o,

1684 _Ü o Am¡a§Jm~mXoV naVbm.

B Am{XbemhrMm eodQ> :

B.g. 1681 Vo 84 n ªV _amR>m ñdamÁ` Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmbm qOH$Vm Ambo Zmhr. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zo

Amnbo bj Am{XbemhrH$S>o di{dbo. ñdV: ~mXehm Ah_XZJahÿZ gmobmnya `m {R>H$mUr Ambm. VoWyZ

Ë`m§Zo ~hmXÿaImZ d ê$hþëbmImZ `m§Zm _moR>r \$m¡O XoD$Z {dOmnyaH$S>o nmR>{dbo. Ë`m§Zr E{àb 1685 _Ü o

{dOmnyaÀ`m yB©H$moQ> {H$ëë`mg doT>m KmVbm. N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr {dOmnyaH$am§À`m _XVrbm EH$ _amR>m

g¡{ZH$m§Mr VwH$S>r nmR>{dbr d {dOmnyaH$am§Zm Yra XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. ~mXehm ñdV: 14 OyZ, 1685

amoOr {dOmnyabm Ambm. Ë`m_wio {dOmnyaH$am§Mm Yra g§nbm. 12 gßQ>|~a 1686 amoOr {dOmnyaMm yB©H$moQ>

{H$ëbm _m|Jbm§Zr qOH$bm. Am{Xbehm eaU Ambm. ~hm_Zr gÎmoÀ`m {dKQ>ZmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobr

X{jUoH$S>rb EH$ gÎmm H$m`_Mr g§nbr {VMm eodQ> Pmbm.

B Hw$Vy~emhrMm eodQ> :

gZ 1685 _Ü o {dOmnyaMm doT>m Mmby AgVmZm Jm|diH$m|S>m `m Hw$Vy~emhrÀ`m àXoemda AmH«$_U

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H$aÊ`mV Ambo. {dOmnyaMr Am{XbemhrMr gÎmm Zï> Ho$ë`mda ~mXehmZo Hw$Vy~emhrda Amnbo bj H|$ÐrV

Ho$bo.

Hw$Vy~emhrZo _moR>çm {YamZo _m|Jbm§Mm gm_Zm Ho$bm. nU \w$Q>rad¥Îmr_wio Ë`m§Mo AZoH$ gaXma _m|Jbm§Zm

{_imbo. n[aUm_r Ë`m§Mr ~mOy Xþ~ir ~Zbr. Vr _m|Jbr AmH«$_Umbm ~ir nS>br. Hw$Vy~ehmMm nam^d

Pmbm. _m|Jb g¡Ý`mZo Hw$Vy~ehmg H¡$X Ho$bo. 21 gßQ>|~a 1687 amoOr Hw$Vy~emhr Zï> Pmbr. Aem nÕVrZo

Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmZo X{jUoH$S>rb _wñbr_emøm Zï> Ho$ë`m.

`mM Xaå`mZ gmVmam-dmB©-H$amS> àXoeeV _m|Jb-_amR>o Vw§~i wÕ Mmby hmoVo. dmB©Odi _m|Jb

gaXma emaOmImZm~amo~a bT>V AgVmZm _amR>m goZmnVr h§~raamd _mo{hVo Ymam{VWu nS>bo. Ë`m_wio N>.

g§ mOr _hmamO d ñdamÁ` nwT>rb H$mimV AS>MUrV Ambo.

B N>. g§ mOr _hmamO Am{U naH$s` g§~§Y :

nmoVw©JrO g§~§Y :

ñdamÁ`mÀ`m gr_m Jmoì`mn ªV Agë`mZo g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m H$mimV g§Kf© Pmbobo {XgVmV. Ë`mMr

H$maUo `mà_mUo -

B nmoVw©{JO A{YH$mè`m§Zr _wKb Y{O©Uo YmoaU ñdrH$mabo.

B _amR>m gw oXma _moamo~m XmXmOr `m§Mo {df`r Amboë`m VH«$mar

B {S>Mmobr àXoemV nmoVw©{JOm§Zr Ho$bobr KwgImoar

B H$moH$UMm àXoe Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmZo ¿`mdm d Vmo _XVrÀ`m ~Xë`mV nmoVw©JrOmZm {_imdm Aer

{dZ§VrnÌo nmoVw©{JOm§Zr Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmH$S>o nmR>{dbr hmoVr.

B nmoVw©JrOm§Zr "\$mo§S>m {H$ëbm' {_i{dÊ`mMm Ho$bobm à`ËZ.

darb H$maUm_wio g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m H$mimV g§Kf© Pmbm. ho g§Kf© A§OXrn ~oQ> 1682, Mm¡b-

\$m|S>m, Jmodm `m {R>H$mUr Pmbo. (1686 Vo 1984) `m g§Kfm©_Ü o {ZUm© H$ {dO` H$moUmghr {_imbo

ZmhrV.

B.g. 1684 _amR>o-nmoVw©{JO H$ama Pmbm. amOnyÌ AH$~a, H${d H$bf `m§Zr ^mJ KoVbm. àXoe,

OhmOo, H¡$Xr, X_UMr Mm¡WmB© `m ~m~V H$ama Pmbm.

gZ 1687 Vo 89 `m H$mimV _amR>o-nmoVw©{JO g§~§Y nwÝhm {~KS>bo. gmIir {S>Mmobr, noS>Uo, \$m|S>o,

H$madma B. àXoemV XogmB© gaXmam§À`m _XVrZo nmoVw©{JOm§Zr nwÝhm Jm|Yi KmVbm. Io_ gmd§V, bI_ XogmB©,

am_ Xidr, Xþb~m ZmB©H$ `m XogmB© gaXmam§Zr nmoVw©{JO-_m|Jb _XVrda H$moH$UÀ`m àXoemV Yw_mHy$i

KmVbm. N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m H$ma{H$Xu_Ü o _amR>o-nmoVw©{JO g§~§Y H$Yrhr _¡ÌrnyU© am{hbo ZmhrV.

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B {gÔr g§~§Y :

{gÔr gÎmo ~amo~a g§Kf© N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m H$mimnmgyZ MmbV Ambo hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr à_yI H$maUo

`mà_mUo -

B gmJar nadmZm BVa gÎmm§Zr nmoVw©{JOm§H$Sy>Z ¿`mdm. `mgmR>r {gÔr gÎmm à`ËZ H$arV.

B H$moH$UmVrb ~§S>Imoa gaXmam§Zm nmoVw©{JO _XV H$arV AgV. Ë`mg {gÔrgÎmm nmqR>~m XoV AgV.

B ñdamÁ`mda BVa gÎmm§À`m ñdmè`m hmoVmM, H$moH$UÀ`m àXoemV {gÔr Jm|Yi H$arV.

B ñdamÁ`mVrb àXoemVyZ {gÔr gÎmm gŠVrZo Mm¡W dgyb H$arV AgV.

B Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehm X{jUoV Amë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zo \$a_mZ nmR>dyZ {gÔr gaXmam§Zm _amR>m N>. g§ mOr

_hmamO `m§Mo {damoYmV AmH«$_U H$aÊ`mÀ`m gyMZm {Xë`m - `m à_wI H$maUm§_wio g§^mOr

_hmamOm§À`m H$mimV _amR>o-{gÔr g§Kf© Pmbm.

{gÔr gÎmo ~amo~a B.g. 1680 Vo 1687 n ªV g§Kf© Pmbm. Ë`m_Ü o Am°JñQ> 1680 _Ü o C§Xoar

~oQ>mdarb {gÔr gaXmam§Zr _amR>m àXoemV byQ>mbyQ> Ho$br. åhUyZ N>. _hmamOm§Zr C§Xoar _mo{h_ H$mT>br. Vr

Owb¡ 1681 n ªV Mmby hmoVr. {ZUm© H$ {dO` H$moUmghr {_imbm Zmhr.

{S>g|~a 1681 _Ü o g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr _moR>r \$m¡O KoD$Z {gÔrMo à_wI bîH$ar R>mUo "O§{Oam' `m

{R>H$mUmda OmoaXma hëbm Ho$bm. X§S> amOmnyar ho R>mUo _amR>çm§Zr qOH$bo. na§Vw O§{Oam qOH$Vm Ambm Zmhr.

`m _mo{h_oV amOnyÌ AH$~a, XmXmOr aKwZmW ho g§ mOr _hmamOm§~amo~a hmoVo. Xaå`mZ hgZ ImZ CÎma

H$moH$UmV Amë`m_wio hr _mo{h_ AY©dQ> am{hbr.

gZ 1682 _Ü o {gÕr gaXmam§Zr XmImoi, ZmJmoR>mUo oWrb _amR>m Ama_ma Xbmda hëbm Ho$bm.

Ë`m_Ü o _amR>m Ama_maXbmg _mKma ¿`mdr bmJbr. Va gZ 1687 _Ü o {gÔr gaXma H$m{g_ `m§Zo H$mobdm

àXoemV Yw_mHy$i KmVbm. Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m _mo{h_o_wio g§ mOr amOm§Zm {gÔr gmXam§H$S>o bj XoV Ambo Zmhr.

{gÔrÀ`m ~m~VrV _amR>o \$mago èñdr R>ê$ eH$bo ZmhrV. {gÔr gaXmam§À`m O§{Oam, X§S> amOmnyar, C§Xoar

`m {R>H$mUm§da N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m H$mbI§S>mV hëbo H$aÊ`mV Ambo, nU Ë`m_Ü o _amR>çm§Zm è

{_imbo Zmhr. {gÔr gÎmm _amR>çm§Zm eodQ>n ªV àM§S> ÌmgXm`H$ R>aë`m.

B B§J«O g§~§Y :

^maVmÀ`m amOH$s` B{Vhmgm_Ü o B§J«O ñWm{ZH$ gÎmm§À`m g§X^m©V AË §V YyV©nUo dmJbo. Ë`m§Zr H$Yr

_amR>o, H$Yr nmoVw©{JO Va H$Yr {gÔr gÎmm§Mm dmna Amnë`m amOH$s` ñdmWm©gmR>r Ho$ë`mMm {XgVmo.

B§J«Om§Zr _amR>m N>ÌnVtÀ`m ~m~VrV XþQ>ßnr YmoaUmMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm hmoVm. _amR>çm§Mo H$Å>a eÌy _wKb

d {gÔr `m§Zm A§VJ©V _XV d Aml` XoÊ`mMo YmoaU Ë`m§Zr ñdrH$mabobo hmoVo.

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N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m H$mimV B§J«Om§Zr {gÔrbm _XV H$ê$ Z o. _w§~B©À`m Z¡g{J©H$ ~§XamV {gÔtÀ`m

OhmOm§Zm àdoe XoD$ Z o. Ago nÌ nmR>dyZ B§J«Om§Zm H$i{dÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. Var gwÕm _wÔm_ B§J«O `m

gÎmm§Zm Aml` d _XV H$arV AgV. Ë`m_wio g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr Amnbo dH$sb AmdOr n§{S>V, Z§Va {ZamOr

`m§Zm B§J«Om§er MMm© H$aÊ`mgmR>r nmR>{dbo hmoVo. Pmboë`m MM}VyZ {ZînÞ H$mhrM Pmbo Zmhr.

nwT>rb H$mimV gZ 1683 _Ü o _amR>çm§Zr _w§~B© OdiMm àXoe qOHy$Z KoVbm. B§J«Om_Ü o {^Vr

{Z_m©U Pmbr. Ë`mVyZM _o, 1684 _Ü o B§J«O-_amR>o H$ama Pmbm. `m H$amamZwgma -

B Y_©àgma H$aVm oUma Zmhr.

B Jwbm_ IaoXr-{dH«$s H$aVm oUma Zmhr.

B _amR>m àXoemV B§J«Om§Zr Ho$di ì`mnma H$amdm.

B _amR>m N>ÌnVtMr nadmZJr KoD$Z dImar ñWmnZ H$amì`mV.

B B§J«O Omo _mb Am`mV H$aVrb Ë`mda 2.5% OH$mV _amR>çm§Zm Úmdr.

B {Z`m©V _mbmda OH$mV KoVbr OmUma Zmhr.

B EH$_oH$m§H$S>o Agbobm _mb, OhmOo, dñVy AWdm gm{hË` Á`mMo Ë`mbm naV H$amdo.

`m H$amam_wio N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m H$mimV B§J«O-_amR>o g§~§Y _¡ÌrMo am{hbo. Vo N>. g§ mOr

_hmamOm§À`m AIoan ªV hmoVo.

B N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Mo ~{bXmZ :

B.g. 1685 Vo 1689 hm H$mbI§S> _amR>m N>ÌnVtÀ`m Ñï>rZo AË §V H$R>moa narjm KoUmam H$mbI§S>

R>abm. `mMdoir _amR>m gaXmam§À`mV AmnAmngmV J¡ag_O, PJS>o gwê$ Pmbo. N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr AZoH$

gaXmam§Zm nÌo nmR>dyZ Ë`m§Zm em§V H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. amï´>H$m`m©Mo _hÎd nQ>dyZ gm§{JVbo. Aem {~H$Q>

n[apñWVrV N>. g§^mOr _hmamO _wKbm§Zm Vm|S> XoV hmoVo. Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmZo AZoH$ goZmnVrÀ`m

ZoV¥ËdmImbr Amnë`m \$m¡Om _amR>r àXoemV nmR>{dë`m. "_mVã~aImZ' Zm{eH$, ~mJbmU àXoemV _amR>r

àXoe d {H$ëbo qOH$V hmoVo. _wAmÁO_ MmH$Udê$Z H$moH$UMm àXoe qOH$V nwT>o oV hmoVm. am`JS> àXoemda

{\$amoOO§J, Pwë\$sH$maImZ MmbyZ oÊ`mÀ`m `moOZm H$arV hmoVo. Va "eoI {ZOm_ (_wH$a©~ImZ) hm H$adra,

nÝhmim àXoemV nmohMbm hmoVm. Aem pñWVrV _amR>o gaXma ñdamÁ`mbm {dgê$Z _wKbm§Zm OmD$Z {_iy

bmJbo. N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m H$mimV gZ 1688 À`m CÎmamYm©V XmoZ dmB©Q> KQ>Zm nSy>Z Amë`m. n{hbr

KQ>Zm {eH}$ gaXmam§Mo ~§S>, Xþgar KQ>Zm am`JS>mda àëhmXn§V d BVamH$Sy>Z Pmbobr \§$X{\$Vyar. `mVyZ _mJ©

H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r gm_monMmamVyZ H$dr H$bf `m§Zo à`ËZ Ho$bo. J¡ag_O, _V oX `m_wio {eH}$ d H$dr H$bf

`m§À`mV {dVwï> Ambo. am`JS>mdarb àëhmn§V {ZamOr d BVa _§S>itMo ~§X _moSy>Z N>. g§ mOr _hmamO

nÝhmim, {demiJS>, g§J_oída n[agamVrb Xoe_wI, Xoenm§S>o dVZXma _§S>irÀ`m AS>MUr gmoS>{dÊ`mV X§J

~r.E. mJ-1/B{Vhmg ....7

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am{hbo. {eH}$ gaXmam§Zm g_Om{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. nU è Ambo Zmhr. VoWyZ Vo am`JS>mH$S>o OmZodmar

1689 _Ü o {ZKmbo. g§J_oída _wŠH$m_r AgVmZm "eoI {ZOm_' `mZo g§ mOr _hmamO, H$dr H$bf `m§Zm

nH$S>bo. oWo YmoQ>r MH$_H$ Pmbr. g§ mOr _hmamO, H$dr H$bf d BVa H$m§hr _§S>ir `m§Zm eoI {ZOm_

`m§Zo ObXJVrZo ñdamÁ`mÀ`m àXoem~mhoa H$mT>bo. `m doir Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehm ~hmXÿaJS>mda N>mdUr Q>mHy$Z

hmoVm. nwT>o g§ mOr _hmamO d H$dr H$bf `m§À`mda AÝdtV AË`mMma H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Bñbm_Mm ñdrH$ma,

ñdamÁ`mMm I{OZm {R>H$mU gm§Jmdo, ñdamÁ`mMo {H$ëbo Vmã`mV ÚmdoV. `mgmR>r _amR>m N>ÌnVtMm N>i

H$aÊ`mV Ambm. N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr H$moUË`mhr àíZm§Mo CÎma {Xbo Zmhr. CbQ> Am¡a§JOo~mMr qZXm Ho$br.

g§Vmnboë`m ~mXehmZo _amR>m N>ÌnVrÀ`m earamMo VwH$S>o VwH$S>o Ho$bo. (11 _mM© 1689). H$dr H$bf

`mMrhr AemàH$mao hË`m Ho$br. `m KQ>ZoZo ñdamÁ`mda emoH$H$im ngabr. EH$m namH«$_r, YmS>gr, VoOñdr

_amR>m N>ÌnVrMm eodQ> AË §V dmB©Q> nÕVrZo Pmbm.

N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr _moR>çm em¡ m©Zo _m|Jbr AmH«$_Umer 9 df} bT>m {Xbm. gmYZ gm_wJ«r H$_r

AgVmZm, bîH$ar eŠVr H$_r nS>V AgVmZm gH«$s`m§Zr \§$X{\$Vwar Ho$br AgVmZm Omo VoOñdr bT>m {Xbm.

Ë`mg _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmV VmoS> Zmhr.

B N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Mr `mo½`Vm :

N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Mr H$maH$sX© 1681 Vo 1689 Aer Pmbr. BVa _amR>m N>ÌnVtÀ`m H$maH$sXunojm

AË §V YmdnirMr, gd© wÕ AmKmS>çmdaMr, Ym_Yy_rMr Amho. ñdamÁàjU, ñdH$s` eÌyMm ~§Xmo~ñV

H$aUo, _wbH$s d bîH$ar H$ma^ma gm§ miUo. wÕ g§MbZ H$aUo, amOnyÌ AH$~amg Aml` XoD$Z Ë`mÀ`m

àíZm§H$S>o bj XoUo, na{H$` gÎmm nmoVw©{JO, {gÔr d B§J«O `m§À`m H$madm`m _moSy>Z H$mT>Uo, X{jUoH$S>rb

ñdH$s`gÎmm§Zm _XV H$aUo. _m|Jb g¡Ý`mbm gd© wÕ AmKmS>çmda Vm|S> XoUo B. ~m~r gm_mÝ` ZìhË`m. N>.

g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr AË §V à{VHy$b n[apñWVrV ñdamÁ` d ñdY_© ajU H$m © Ho$bo. Ë`mgmR>r amOm§Zr

Amnë`m àmUm§Mr AmhþVr {Xbr. `mnojm loð> H$m © H$moUVo. Amnë`m hm¡VmËå`mZo Ë`m§Zr ñdmV§Í` XodVoMo

hmo_Hw§$S> àÁd{bV Ho$bo. gd© ñdamÁ` qOH$Ê`mÀ`m _hÎdH$m§joZo Ë`m§Zr ñdmV§Í` XodVoMo hmo_Hw§$S> àÁd{bV

Ho$bo. gd© ñdamÁ` qOH$Ê`mÀ`m _hÎdH$m§joZo Amboë`m Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmbmhr Amnbr H$~a _hmamï´>mVM

R>odmdr bmJbr. `mbmM "{Z`Vr' Ago åhUVmV.

N>. g§ mOr _hmamO VoOñdr, ewa, namH«$_r d gmhgr hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m ì`ŠVr_ÎdmMo ho Img n¡by AmhoV.

Am¡a§JOo~ nwÌ AH$~a `mbm amOml` XoD$Z Amnë`m XÿaÑï>rMm n[aM` {Xbm. _m|Jbr gÎmm {Ii{Iir H$aUo hm

Ë`m_mJrb hoVy hmoVm. Am¡a§JOo~ X{jUoV Amë`mda {edmOr _hmamOmà_mUo g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr Am{Xbemhr,

Hw$Vw~emhr `m§Zm ghH$m © Ho$bo. Ama_ma XbmH$S>o OmVrZo bj {Xbo. N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr Ogo wÕ y_rda H$m ©

Ho$bo. VgoM gm{hË` joÌmV XoIrb H$m © Ho$bobo {XgyZ oVo. Ë`m§Zr ~wY yfU, Zm`rH$m oX, gmVgVH$ B. J«§W

{b{hbo. Ë`m§Zr Ag§»` _amR>çm§Zm amï´>, ñdamÁ`, ñdY_© {hVmgmR>r Amnë`m àmUm§Mr AmhþVr XoÊ`mg àoarV

Ho$bobo {XgyZ oVo.

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B N>. amOmam_ _hmamO - 1689 Vo 1700 :

N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr ñdamÁ` ajUmgmR>r hm¡VmËå` nËH$abo. Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXS>mZo _amR>m N>ÌnVrMr

{ZK©¥UnUo hË`m Ho$br. ñdamÁ`mda emoH$H$im ngabr. Á`m nÕVrZo N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zm R>ma _mabo.

Ë`m_wio ñdamÁ`mVrb _amR>o noQy>Z CR>bo. g§ mOr amOm§À`m _¥Ë y_wio ñdamÁ` Zï> hmoUma ! Agm g_O

Am¡a§JOo~mMm hmoD$Z Ë`m§Zo ñdamÁ`mMm àXoe d {H$ëbo KoÊ`mMm gnmQ>m bmdbm.

Am¡a§JOo~mZo _amR>çm§Mm EH$ ZoVm _mabm. nU Ë`m ZoË`mÀ`m hm¡VmËå`mVyZ AZoH$ _amR>m gaXma {Z_m©U

Pmbo. Ë`m§Zr _m|Jbr gÎmo{déÕ OrdZ-_aUmMm bT>m Mmby Ho$bm. Amnbo ñdmV§Í`, Y_©, g§ñH¥$Vr

{Q>H${dÊ`mMm {ZíM` Ho$bm d Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Zr _moJbr gÎmog _moR>o YŠHo$ {Xbo. `m YŠ`m_wio _m|Jbr gÎmm

_moS>H$irg Ambr. `m H$mimV _amR>m gaXmam§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z ZìhVo. n¡gm, eóo, _Zwî`~i ZìhVo. J{Z_r

H$mdm wÕ{ZVr_wio _amR>çm§Zm Amnbo ñdmV§Í` {XK©H$mi {Q>H${dVm Ambo. åhUyZM _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmV

`m ñdmV§Í` g§J«m_mbm AË §V _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. gZ 1681 Vo 1707 n ªV hm à{XK© bT>m Mmbbm.

`m H$mbI§S>mV _amR>çm§Mo ZoV¥Îd N>. amOmam_, _hmamUr Vmam~mB© `m§Zr Ho$bo.

B N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Mo ~mbnU :

N>. amOmam_ _hmamO ho N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo H${Zð> {Ma§Ord. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ 24 \o$~«wdmar 1670

amoOr am`JS>mda Pmbm. _hmamUr gmo am~mB© hr amOmam_ _hmamOm§Mr _mVm. goZmnVr h§~raamd _mo{hVo `m§À`m

_mJ©Xe©ZmImbr amOH$s` d bîH$ar {ejU nyU© Pmbo. goZmnVr àVmnamd JwOa `m§Mr H$Ý`m "OmZH$s~mB©'

`m§Moer Ë`m§Mm {ddmh 15 _mM©, 1680 _Ü o Pmbm hmoVm. N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr dmagm àíZm§dê$Z

amOmam_m§Zm H¡$XoV R>odbo hmoVo.

B amÁ`mamohZ :

N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zm nH$S>ë`mMr ~mV_r am`JS>da OmVmM. OwZm OmUH$ma _wËgÔr " ogmOrH§$H$'

`m§Zr amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zm ZOa H¡$XoVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>bo d 9 \o$~«wdmar 1689 amoOr gdmªÀ`m {dMmamA§Vr

ñdamÁ`mÀ`m JmXrda ~g{dbo. Ë`mdoir am`JS>mda _hmamUr ogy~mB©, amOnyÌ emhÿ, g§VmOr KmoanS>o, I§S>mo

~ëbmi, _mZmOr _moao, Mm§JmoOr H$mQ>H$a d àëhmXn§V {ZamOr B. _§S>ir hmoVr. `m gd© bmoH$m§Zr N>. amOmam_

_hmamOm§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr bT>Ê`mMm {ZYm©a ì`ŠV Ho$bm.

`m doir ñdV: amUr ogy~mB©Zr AË §V {ZñdmWu y{_H$m KoD$Z, XþaXeunUo emhÿ EodOr amOmam_mbm

ñdamÁ`mÀ`m JmXrda ~gdyZ g§ mì` Jm|Yi, Xþhr Q>mH$br. {VÀ`m YmS>grnUm_wioM Aer `moOZm ZpíMV

Ho$br. Vr `moOZm `m à_mUo hmoVr.

B ñdV: amUr ogy~mB©Zr am`JS>mda amhÿZ amOYmZrMo ajU H$amdo.

B N>. amOmam_mZo amOYmZr~mhoa nSy>Z wÕ H$m ©joÌ dmT>dmdo.

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B _amR>o g¡{ZH$m§Zr J{Z_r H$mì`mZo _m|Jb \$m¡Om§~amo~a bT>mdo.

B amOmam_mZo àg§Jr H$Zm©Q>H$À`m àXoemV Omdo. VoWyZ _m|Jbm§er Xþgar AmKmS>r gwê$ H$amdr.

amUr ogy~mB©Mm gëbm `moOZm hr bîH$ar Hw$Q>{ZVrMr hmoVr. `m_wio _amR>o gaXma EH$Ì Ambo. `m

g§X^m©V Jmo. g. gaXogmB© åhUVmV "N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zm Oo H$m` {Od§VnUr O_bo Zmhr. Vo Ë`m§À`m

_¥Ë yZo KS>dyZ AmUbo.' _amR>m gaXmam_Yrb ñdamÁ` ^ŠVr nwÝhm EH$Xm {Z_m©U Pmbr.

B am`JS> _amR>m amOYmZr _m|JbmH$S>o :

N>. g§^mOr _hmamOm§Zm H«w$anUo _maë`mda Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmZo _amR>m amOYmZr {H$ëbo am`JS>

qOH$Ê`mgmR>r Amnbm _mdg ^mD$ PwënrH$maImZ `mg àM§S> \$m¡Oo{Zer nmR>{dbo. amUr ògy~mB©À`m

`moOZoZwgma 5 E{àb, 1689 amoOr amOmam_ _hamOm§Zr am`JS>mdê$Z àVmnJS>mH$S>o à`mU Ho$bo. _m|Jb g¡Ý`mZo

_amR>çm§Mo AZoH$ {H$ëbo `m H$mimV qOH$bo hmoVo. PwënrH$maImZ `m§Zo am`JS>mg doT>m KmVbm. ogy~mB©Zr

am`JS> {ZYm©amZo bT>{dbm. nU nwT>o AmnU hm {H$ëbm \$ma H$mi bT>dy eH$Uma Zmhr. `mMr Om{Ud Ë`m§Zm

Pmbr hmoVr. amOn[adma, _§Ìrn[afXoVrb gX²ñ` `m§À`m {df`rÀ`m MM}VyZ gyk{dMma H$ê$Z {dnarV hmZr

hmoÊ`mnojm am`JS> eÌyH$S>o XoUo A{YH$ ~ao Agm {dMma H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr am`JS> _amR>m amOYmZr _m|JbmH$S>o

{Xbr.

PwënrH$maImZmZo am`JS>mMm Vm~m KoVbm. amUr ogy~mB©, amOnyÌ emhÿ, amOn[admamVrb gXñ`, _§ÌrJU

`m§Zm H¡$X Ho$bo. 3 Zmoìh|~a 1689 amoOr ñdamÁ`mMr amOYmZr _m|Jbm§Zr Vmã`mV KoVbr.

B N>. amOmam_ _hmamO qOOrH$S>o :

5 E{àb, 1689 amoOr amOmam_ _hmamO am`JS>mdê$Z àVmnJS>mH$S>o {ZKmbo. _m|Jbm§Zr Ë`m§Mm nmR>bmJ

Ho$bm. àVmnJS>mOdi _moJb-_amR>o `m§À`mV bT>mB© Pmbr. _m|Jbm§Zr àVmnJS> KoVbm. nU amOmam_ _hmamO

nwT>o {ZKyZ Jobo. gmVmam, nairdê$Z Vo nÝhmiJS>mda Ambo. VmoM ê$hþëbmImZmZo nÝhmiJS>mg doT>m KmVbm.

AmnU {Od§V Agbmo Var ñdamÁ`mgmR>r H$m§hrVar H$aVm oB©b. Ord dmM{dUo _hÎdmMo Agë`mZo doi Z

KmbdVm. amOmam_ _hmamO nÝhmiJS>mdê$Z H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb qOOrH$S>o {ZKmbo. añË`m_Yrb AZoH$ _m|Jb

R>mUr MwH$dV, àg§Jr dofm§Va H$ê$Z ~oXZya, {e_moJm, ~moao, ASw>dbr H$ig, A§~ya oWo Jobo. VoWo _amR>m

gaXma ~mOramd H$mH$S>o `m§Zr Ë`m§Zm àW_ do„moa d Z§Va qOOr {H$ëë`mda 2 Zmoìh|~a, 1689 amoOr gwIê$n

ZoD$Z nmohmoM{dbo.

qOOrMm {H$ëbm N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§gmR>r gwa{jV {R>H$mU hmoVo. VoWyZM Ë`m§Zr _amR>çm§À`m

ñdmV§Í` wÕmMo ZoV¥Ëd Ho$bo.

B àemgZ ì`dñWoMr nwZa©MZm :

N>. amOmam_ _hmamO qOOr_Ü o Joë`mZ§Va ñdamÁ`mVrb {eëbH$ àXoemMo àemgZ gwb^ ìhmdo.

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`mgmR>r àemgZmMr nwZa©MZm Ho$br. Amnë`m _§Ìr_§S>imMr \o$a~m§YUr Ho$br. Amnbo Aï>àYmZ _§S>i {Z wŠV

Ho$bo. Vo `mà_mUo hmoVo.

B {Zimo _moaoída - àedm B _hmXOr JXmœa - gw§_V

B OZmX©Zn§V hU_§Vo - A_mË` B ~mimOr gw§Xa - Ý`m`_yVu

B e§H$amOr _ëhma - g{Md B I§S>mo ~ëbmi - {MQ>Urg

B am_M§Ðn§V Í §~H$ - _§Ìr B àëhmX {ZamOr - à{V{ZYr

`mZ§Va nwT>o H$m§hr àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§À`m Zo_UyH$m amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zr Ho$ë`m Ë`m Aem -

B nagmoOr ^mogbo (goZmgmho~ gw m) - JmoS>dZ Vo dYm©àXoe.

B qgYmoOr qZ~miH$a (gabîH$a) - JmoXmdar ZXr àXoe.

B I§S>oamd Xm^mS>o (goZm Ywa§Ya) - JwOamV Vo ~mJbmU àXoe

{V_mOr qnJio (qOOr gw oXma) {Z wŠV Ho$bo. N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§À`m `m àemgZ nwZa©MZm H$m`m©_wio

ñdamÁ`mV d H$Zm©Q>H$mV CËgmhr dmVmdaU {Z_m©U Pmbo. ñdamÁ` AOyZhr {eëbH$ Amho. `m§Mm bmoH$m§Zm

_moR>m {Xbmgm {_imbm. Va _hmamï´>r`Z OZVobm Zdg§OrdZr {_imbr.

B Pwë\$sH$maImZmMm qOOrg doT>m (1690-92) :

gZ 1690 _Ü o Pwë\$sH$maImZmZo qOOrg doT>m KmVbm. N>. amOmam_ qOOr_Ü o Agë`mZo Am¡a§JOo~

~mXehmZo Amnbr N>mZZr {dOmnya n[agamV Zohbr d VoWyZ Ë`m§Zo wÕ ZoV¥Ëd Ho$bo. Pwë\$sH$maImZmg VoWyZM

Ë`mZo _mJ©Xe©Z Ho$bo. na§Vw qOOr qOH$Vm Ambr Zmhr. `mH$mimV _h§_X gm{XH$, `mMßnm ZmB©H$ d bú_r

Zm`H$ B. _m¡JbmH$S>rb gaXma, {Zimo _moaoída `m§À`m à`ËZmVyZ N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§H$S>o Ambo. V§OmdaMo

amOo ehmOr Xþgao `m§Zr amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zm _XV Ho$br.

Pwë\$sH$maImZ `mg è {_iV Zgë`mMo nmhÿZ Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmZo AgXImZ d amOnyÌ H$m_~j

`m§Zm qOOrH$S>o nmR>{dbo. nmdgmim Amë`mZo `m VrZ _m|Jb goZmZtZm è {_imbo Zmhr. Ë`mV ñdamÁ`mVyZ

g§VmOr KmoanS>o, YZmOr OmYd `m§Zr doT>m KmbyZ ~gboë`m _m|Jb g¡Ý`mda Nw>no hëbo Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr

Bñ_mB©bImZ d A{b_Xm©ZImZ `m§Zm nam yV H$ê$Z H|$Ð Ho$bo. `m_wio _m|Jb g¡Ý`mV AñdñVVm ngê$

bmJbr. goZmnVr _Ü o J¡ag_O, ^m§S>Uo hmoD$ bmJbr.

dOra AgXImZ d amOnyÌ H$m_~j `m§À`mV dmX gwê$ Pmbm. ZOra Ah_XImZ `m§Zo H$m_~j `mg

H¡$X Ho$bo d Ë`mÀ`m H$madm`m Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmbm H$i{dë`m. g§VmOr-YZmOrÀ`m J{Z_m H$mì`mÀ`m

{ZVr_wio _m|Jb g¡{ZH$ hV~b R>abo. _m|JbmZr qOOrMm doT>m CR>{dbm. dm±Xrdmg n ªV _mKmarMr nadmZJr

N>. amOmam_mZo _m|Jbm {Xbr. ^mdrH$mimVrb amOH$maUmda Ñï>r R>oD$Z amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zr hr nadmZJr

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{Xbr. `m~Xë`mV gmoZo d OS>Odmhra _amR>çm§Zm XoÊ`mV Ambo. AemàH$mao Pwë\$sH$maImZ, AgXImZ `m§Zm

qOOrÀ`m doT>çm_Ü o Anè Ambo.

B qOOrda Xþgar ñdmar :

dm±Xrdmg òWo òD$Z goZmnVr Pwë\$sH$maImZmZo N>mdZr Q>mH$br, _m|Jbr agX {_imbr. dOra

AgXImZ H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb "gJa' àm§VmV {ZKyZ Jobm. `m_wio _amR>r g¡Ý`mg H$Zm©Q>H$mV _moH$irH$ {_imbr.

Ë`m§Zr _m|Jbr àXoemVyZ I§S>Ur dgyb Ho$br.

gZ 1694 À`m eodQ>r Pwë\$sH$maImZmZo qOOrg nwÝhm doT>m KmVbm. "nU Vmo Ho$di XoImdm hmoVm.'

Ago VËH$mbrZ H$mJXnÌmdê$Z g_OVo. qOOrVrb _m|Jb \$m¡OoZo `m H$mimV H$moUVrhr _hÎdmMr H$m_{Jar

Ho$br Zmhr. Pwë\$sH$maImZ d Ë`mÀ`m \$m¡OoZo V§Omda, _Ðmg {d^mJmV H$m§hr {H$aH$moi MH$_H$s Ho$ë`m.

Pwë\$sH$maImZ `m§Zo "AH$m©Q>' `m {R>H$mUr Amnbm _wŠH$m_ hb{dbm. Ë`m§Mm \$m`Xm KoD$Z g§VmOr d YZmOr

`m§Zr gw oXma H$mgr_ ImZ `m§Mm nam^d Ho$bm. qOOrÀ`m Xþgè`m ñdmarV _m|Jbm§Zm Anè Ambo.

B qOOrda {Vgar ñdmar Am{U N>. amOmam_ _hmamï´>mH$S>o naV :

`m H$mimV _amR>m goZmnVr g§VmOr KmoanS>o Am{U YZmOr OmYd `m XmoKmV _V oX Pmbo. N>. amOmam_

Am{U Pwë\$sH$maImZ `m§À`mVrb A§VñW g§§~YmÀ`m ~mVå`m Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m H$mZmda Joë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m§Zo

AmVmn ªV Ho$di doiH$mTy> YmoaU Adb§{~bo hmoVo. Am¡a§JOo~mZo Pwë\$sH$maImZmMr \$a_mZ nmR>dyZ H$mZ

CKS>Ur Ho$br. "{H$ëbm Vmã`mV ¿`m, ZmhrVa ! n[aUm_mg V`ma ahm. Voìhm qOOr {H$ëbm AmVm Vmã`mV

KoVë`mIoarO Amnbr gwQ>H$m Zmhr. ho Pwë\$sH$maImZmÀ`m bjmV Ambo. Ë`m_wio N>. amOmam_ `m§Mo ~amo~a

~mobUr H$ê$Z, qOOr gmoSy>Z Omdo. `mMo g§Ho$V Ë`m§Zo _hmamOm§Zm {Xbo. Ë`mà_mUo 30 {S>g|~a, 1697 amoOr

Amnë`m gd© ghH$mè`mgh N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zr qOOr gmoS>br.

amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zr qOOr gmoS>ë`mZ§Va Pwë\$sH$maImZ `m§Zo qOOr qOH$br. (2 OmZodmar 1698), N>.

amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zm nH$S>Uo d ñdamÁ` Zï> H$aÊ`mMo Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmMo ñdßZ §J nmdbo. doëbmoa _mJ}

N>. amOmam_ _hmamO _mM©, 1698 _Ü o _hmamï´>mV naVbo. Am¡a§JOo~bm 8 df} n[al_ H$ê$Z H$m§hrM nXamV

nS>bo Zmhr.

B _amR>m ñdmV§Í` wÕmVrb g§VmOr KmoanS>o `m§Mo `moJXmZ :

N>. amOmam_ _hmamO qOOrH$S>o Joë`mZ§Va ñdamÁ`mMr gwÌo am_M§Ðn§V d e§H$amOr ZmamÙ `m XmoKmH$S>o

hmoVr. Ë`m§À`m hmVmImbr g§VmOr d YZmOr ho XmoZ goZmnVr {Xbo hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr `m H$mimV _moR>m namH«$_

Ho$bm. `m XmoKm§Mo `moJXmZ `m à_mUo -

B nmQ>U Vo {demiJS> n ªVMm àXoe H$m~rO H$ê$Z nwÝhm Vmo _amR>m N>ÌnVrÀ`m A§_bmImbr

AmUbm.

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B eoI{ZOm_ (_wH©$a~ImZ) `mMm nam^d H$ê$Z Ë`mg nidyZ bmdbo.

B ~oXZwa oWrb amUrZo N>. amOmam_mZm qOOr àdmgmV _XV Ho$br. Ë`mMm ~Xb KoÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo

~mXehmZo _Vb~ImZ, OmZ{Zñgma ImZ d Vhã~yaImZ `m§Zm ~oXZwaH$S>o admZm Ho$bo hmoVo.

goZmnVr g§VmOrZo `m {VKm§Mm _moR>m nam^d Ho$bm.

B gZ 1690 n ªV YZmOr d g§VmOr `m§Zr dmB©, _hmS>, àVmnJS> hm àXoe _m|JbmH$Sy>Z naV

qOHy$Z KoVbm. B©ñ_mB©bImZ d A{b_Xm©Z `m§Zm H¡$X Ho$bo.

B gmVmam `m {R>H$mUr N>mdUr Q>mHy$Z ~gboë`m gOm©ImZmg Hw$Qw>§~mgh Ë`m§Zr nH$S>bo. gmVmam-

IQ>md oWrb _m|Jbm§Mm A§_b _amR>çm§Zr CS>dyZ bmdbm.

B gZ 1695 _Ü o H$Zm©Q>H$mV OmD$Z doT>m XoD$Z ~gboë`m Pwë\$sH$maImZmÀ`m g¡Ý`mda ~mhoê$Z

OmoaXma hëbo Ho$bo.

B H$mgrZ ImZmMm _moR>m nam^d Ë`m§Zr Ho$bm d XmoÈ>oarMm àXoe {_i{dbm. nwT>o gZ 1696 _Ü o

qh_VImZmg ~gdnÅ>U oWo R>ma Ho$bo. AZoH$ {R>H$mUr _m|Jb g¡Ý`mer Ë`m§Zr _wH$m~bm Ho$bm.

Ë`m§Zm nam yV Ho$bo. darbn¡H$s AZoH$OU _mabo Jobo. g§VmOr-YZmOr Odi Ambo AmhoV Ago

g_OVmM Zm_m§{H$V _m|Jb C_amdm§Mo AdgmZ JiyZ OmB©. Ë`m§Mr ~mo~S>r dio, {^VrZo H$mnao

âo. g§VmOr-YZmOr `m _amR>m goZmnVtZr àM§S> {^Vr, YmñVr, _m|Jb g¡{ZH$m§À`mV {Z_m©U

Ho$br hmoVr.

`m goZmnVr_Ü o nwT>rb H$mimV _V oX Pmbo. Ë`m§Mo n`m©dgmZ g§VmOr KmoanS>o `m§À`m IyZm _Ü o Pmbo.

g§VmOr gma»`m namH«$_r, eya, YmS>gr goZmnVrMm AmngmVrb g§Kfm©V IyZ ìhmdm. hr KQ>Zm _amR>m

B{Vhmgm_Ü o _Zmbm MQ>H$m bmdUmar Amho. nwT>rb H$mimV YZmOr OmYd `m§MoH$S>o goZmnVr nXmMr gyÌo

Ambr. Ë`m§Zr nwT>o _hmamUr Vmam~mB©À`m H$mimV _moR>m namH«$_ Ho$bm.

B N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Mm _¥Ë y :

_amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í` wÕ Mmby R>odÊ`m_Ü o N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Mo `moJXmZ hmoVo. _m|Jb ~mXehmg

Ë`m§Zr 11 df} Mm§Jbr Pw§O {Xbr. H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb qOOr `m àXoem§VyZ d ñdamÁ`mÀ`m àXoemVyZ Aem XmoZ

wÕ AmKmS>çm ñWmnZ H$ê$Z ~mXehmbm Mm§Jbo gV{dbo. Ooarg AmUbo gZ 1699 _Ü o _hamï´>mV naV

Amë`mda Ë`m§Zr _m|Jb \$m¡Oo{déÕ _mo{h_ gwê$ Ho$ë`m.

N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m _Z{_imD$ ñd^mdmZo AZoH$ _amR>m gaXmam§Zm EH$Ì AmUbo d

ñdamÁ` dmM{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVbm. VËH$mbrZ amOH$s` n[apñWVr nhmVm. hr Jmoï>

_hÎdmMr g_Obr nm{hOo. OwÝ`m OmUH$ma bmoH$m§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr Ë`m§Zr ñdamÁ`mMo ZoV¥Îd Ho$bo. na§Vw

gVV àdmg, nmR>bmJ, XJXJ `m_wio Ë`m§Mr Vã~oV {~KS>br. {dlm§VrgmR>r qghJS>mda Ambo AgVmZmM

2 _mM© 1700 amoOr Ë`m§Mm AH$mbr _¥Ë y Pmbm. Ë`mdoir Ë`m§Mo d` 30 dfm©Mo hmoVo.

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B N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Mr `mo½`Vm :

AË §V à{VHy$b n[apñWVrV ñdamÁ`mMo ZoV¥Ëd gZ 1889 Vo 1700 `m H$mimV Ho$bo. àëhmXn§V

{ZamOr, I§S>mo ~ëbmi, _mZmOr _moao, {Zimo _moaoída, OZmX©Z hU_§Vo, e§H$amOr, {V_mOr qnJio, {dR>mo~m

MìhmU, ~{hOu d _mbmoOr KmoanS>o, goZmnVr g§VmOr KmoanS>o d YZmOr OmYd B. _amR>m gmXmam§À`m _XVrZo

ñdamÁ`mMo ajU Ho$bo. AZoH$ _amR>m gaXmam§Zm {H$Vm~, _mZgÝ_mZ XoD$Z Ë`m§Zm bT>Ê`mMr àoaUm {Xbr.

N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zr "dVZXmar nÕVr' naV gwê$ Ho$br. dVZ d Ohm{JargmR>r AZoH$ _amR>m

gaXmam§Zr Amnbr ñdV:Mr goZm C^mê$Z _m|Jb ~mXehm {déÕ àIa bT>m Mmby Ho$bm. dVZXmar nÕVr_wio

ñdmV§Í` bT>çmV Zdm CËgmh, Omo_ g§Mmabm. Á`m n[apñWVrV amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zr hr nÕV Mmby Ho$br

Vr {dMmamV KoVë`mg Ë`m§Zr KoVbobm {ZU© `mo½` R>aVmo. N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr ~§X Ho$bobr hr nÕV

An[ahm © åhUyZ Vr ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambr. _amR>m gaXmam§V CËgmh, Omo_, {OÔ d Bfm© {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm

_m|Jbm§{déÕ bT>Ê`mg àd¥Îm H$aUogmR>rM hr nÕV ZmB©bmOmñVd Ë`m§Zr ñdrH$mabr.

N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Odi _moR>m namH«$_ ZìhVm. H$maU Ë`m§Zm Ë`m nÕVrMo {ejU {_imbo ZìhVo.

Ë`m§Mr àH¥$Vr _wimV ZmOyH$ hmoVr. AMmZH$nUo ñdamÁ`mMo ZoV¥Ëd Ë`m§Zm H$amdo bmJbo. ñdamÁ`mV _m|Jbm§Mm

Yw_mHy$i Mmby AgVmZm qOOr ZdrZ _amR>m amOYmZr ñWmnZ Ho$br. ñdamÁ`mMm H$ma^ma Ë`m§Zr qOOrhÿZ

Mmb{dbm. Ë`m_wio eÌyZo qOH$bobm àXoe d {H$ëbo naV qOH$Vm Ambo. åhUyZ _amR>m ñdmVÍ` wÕmVrb

N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Mm H$mbI§S> _hÎdmMm Amho.

4.2.3 _hmamUr Vmam~mB© - 1700 Vo 1707 :

_hmamUr Vmam~mB© `m N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§À`m AYmª{JZr hmoV. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ gZ 1675 _Ü o Pmbm.

Va amOmam_ _hmamOm§~amo~a {ddmh gZ 1683 _Ü o Pmbm. amOmam_ _hmamOm§À`m ñdamÁ`mVrb d qOOr

oWrb dmñVì`mV Ë`m ~amo~a hmoË`m. _amR>m goZmnVr h§~raamd _mo{hVo `m§À`m Ë`m H$Ý`m, dS>rbm§Mo gd© JwU

VmamamUr _Ü o hmoVo. amOH$maUmVrb S>mdnoM `m§Mo àË`j AZw d Ë`m§Zr KoVbo hmoVo.

N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§À`m _¥Ë yZ§Va AË §V I§~ranUo _amR>çm§À`m ZoV¥ËdmMr O~m~Xmar ñdrH$mabr..Amnbm

nwÌ {edmOr (Xþgam) `m§g JmXrda ~gdyZ Ë`mg "_amR>m N>ÌnVr' Kmo{fV Ho$bo d _m|Jb ~mXehm Am¡a§JOo~

`m§Mo ~amo~a A§{V_ bT>m gwê$ Ho$bm. hm {Vgam H$mbI§S> _amR>m B{VhmgmVrb VoOñdr nd© _mZbo OmVo.

Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmMo AmH«$_H$ YmoaU :

B dg§VJS> {H$ëbm qOH$bm :

goZmnVr h§~raamd _mo{hVo `m§Mo ho _O~yV R>mUo hmoVo. goZmnVr h§~raamZ§Va gwÕm Ë`m§À`m {Zð>mdmZ

g¡{ZH$m§Zr Vo VodT>oM A oÚ R>odbo hmoVo. H$èhmS>, nmQ>U n[agamda `m {H$ëë`m_wio bj R>odVm oV hmoVo.

VgoM npíM_ KmQ>_mJm©da bj R>odUmao {R>H$mU hmoVo. `m_wio `m {H$ëë`m§Mo _hÎd ~mXehm OmUyZ hmoVm.

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25 Zmoìh|~a 1699 amoOr _m|Jb g¡{ZH$m§Zr dg§VJS> qOH$bm.

B AqOŠ`Vmam {H$ëbm Vmã`mV KoVbm :

_amR>çm§Mo {H$ëbo ghO O§Hy$ Agm AmË_{dídmg ~mXehmbm dg§VJS> qOH$ë`m_wio dmQy> bmJbm.

Ë`m§Zo A{OŠ`Vmè`mg doT>m KmVbm. hm doT>m {XK©H$mi Mmbbm. dmQ>mKmQ>rÀ`m _mÚ_mVyZ {H$ëbm _amR>o

g¡{ZH$m§Zr ~mXehmÀ`m Vmã`mV 21 E{àb 1700 _Ü o {Xbm.

B gÁOZJS> Vmã`mV KoVbm.

AqOŠ`Vmam Vmã`mV oVmM gÁOZJS> {H$ëbm Vmã`mV KoÊ`mgmR>r ñdV: 30 E{àb 1700 amoOr

Ambm. 4 OyZ 1700 n ©V§ _amR>çm§Zr hm {H$ëbm bT>{dbm. {H$ëbm Vmã`mV oV Zmhr Ago {XgVmM

dmQ>mKmQ>rÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ 9 OyZ 1700 _Ü o gÁOZJS> _m|Jbm§Zr Vmã`mV KoVbm. nwT>o nmdgmim Amë`mZo

Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehm yfUJS>mH$S>o Jobm. gÁOZJS> Vo yfUJS> `m àdmgmV _m|Jb g¡Ý`mMo àM§S> hmb Pmbo.

gmVmam, H$èhmS>, IQ>md àXoemV J{Z_r H$mdm wÕ nÕVrZo _amR>m g¡Ý`mZo _m|Jbm§Mo _moR>o ZwH$gmZ Ho$bo.

B nÝhmiJS>mMm doT>m :

_m|Jb g¡Ý`mZo _mM© 1701 _Ü o nÝhmiJS>mg doT>m {Xbm hmoVm. ~oXma~H$IV d Pwë\$sH$maImZ

nÝhmiJS> qOH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$arV hmoVo. nU Ë`m§Zm è oV ZìhVo. åhUyZ ñdV: ~mXehm nÝhmim

n[agamV Ambm. Voìhm YZmOr OmYd, amUmoOr KmoanS>o Am{U hU_§Vamd qZ~miH$a ho AmîQ>m, {eamim d

Bñbm_nya n[agamVrb _m|Jb N>mdÊ`mda àIa hëbo H$arV hmoVo. nÝhmiJS> àË`j qOH$Uo AeŠ` Amho.

Ago {XgVmM dmQ>mKmQ>r gwê$ hmoD$Z Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmH$Sy>Z amoI aŠH$_ KoD$Z nÝhmiJS> _amR>o g¡{ZH$m§Zr

Ë`m§À`m ñdmYrZ Ho$bm. 28 _o, 1701 nmgyZM _m|Jb-_amR>o `m§À`mV nmR>{edUrMm Ioi gwê$ Pmbm.

B {demiJS>Mm g§Kf© :

Am¡a§JOo~mZo `mZ§Va {demiJmg doT>m KmVbm. Vmo ñdV: \$ÎmoCëbmImZmg _mJ©Xe©Z H$ê$ bmJbm. Mma

_{hZo doT>m gwê$ hmoD$Z Pmbo Var _mo§Jbm§À`m hmVr H$m§hrM Ambo Zmhr. nwT>o amoI aŠH$_ KoD$Z _amR>çm§Zr

{demiJS> {H$ëbm _m|Jbm§H$S>o {Xbm. `mZ§Va _m|Jb ~mXehm nÝhmiJS>mhÿZ ~hmXþaJS>mH$S>o {ZKyZ Jobm.

nmD$g, àM§S>dmam, AÞQ>§MmB© Am{U amoJamB© `m{edm` _amR>m g¡{ZH$m§Mo Nw>no hëbo `m§Zr _wKb g¡Ý`m§bm gimo

H$s nimo H$ê$Z gmoS>bo.

B _m|Jb {damoYmV _hmamUr Vmam~mBªMo AmH«$_H$ YmoaU (1702) :

_hmamUr Vmam~mBªZr `m H$mimV _m|Jbm {damoYmV AË §V AmH«$_H$ YmoaU ñdrH$mabo. _amR>o gaXma

_m|Jbm§À`m X{jUoH$S>rb H$Zm©Q>H$, Am§Y«àXoe, Vm{_iZmSy> d CÎmaoH$S>rb _midm, JwOamV `m àXoemV

Yw_mHy$i Kmby bmJbo. n[aUm_r VoWo _m|Jb àemgZ H$mob_S>bo. Aem§VVm-AamOHo$ {Z_m©U Pmbr. ì`mnma-

dm{UÁ`, H$a ~wS>mbo. CÎmaoH$S>rb àXoemMo H$go ajU H$amdo hm `j àíZ ~mXehmnwT>o C^m am{hbm. Va

X{jU àXoe Ë`mg Agwa{jV dmQy> bmJbm.

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EH$, EH$ {H$ëbm 8 Vo 9 _{hZo bT>{dUo. nmdgmim oVmM _m|JbmH$Sy>Z _moR>r amoI aŠH$_ KoD$Z Vmo

{H$ëbm Vmã`mV XoÊ`mMo YmoaU _amR>m gaXma d Vmam~mBªZr ñdrH$mabo hmoVoo. dfm©VyZ EH$M {H$ëbm _m|Jbm§Zm

AemàH$mao {_iV Ago. nmdgmim g§nVmM Vmo {H$ëbm _amR>o naV qOHy$Z KoV AgV. gZ 1702 Vo 1704

n ªV qghJS>, amOJS> Am{U VmoaUm ho {H$ëbo AemM àH$mao _m|Jbm§Zr KoVbo. _amR>m \$m¡Om `mdoir _mdim,

~wèhmUnya, JwOamV, ~mJbmU, dèhmS> oWo Yw_mHy$i KmbrV hmoË`m. h¡Ðm~mX, JmodiH$m|S>m `m àXoemMr bwQ>

_amR>m gaXmam§Zr `mdoir Ho$br. H$Zm©Q>H$mVyZ I§S>Ur _amR>çm§Zr dgyb Ho$br. _m|Jb ~mXehm Jm|YiyZ Jobm.

B Am¡a§JOo~mMr dm{H$UIoS>m _mo{h_ :

gZ 1704 _Ü o H¥$îUm Am{U ^r_m ZXrÀ`m XþAm~mVrb ~oaS>m§Zr _m|Jbm{damoYmV _moR>o ~§S> Ho$bo.

_hmamUr Vmam~mB© d _mamR>o g¡Ý` Ë`m§À`m _XVrbm Ymdbo. _moR>o aUH§$X Pmbo. 28 E{àb 1705 _Ü o

Am¡a§JOo~mZo dm{H$UIoS>m {H$ëbm qOH$bm.

_hmamUr Vmam~mBªZr `m H$mimV bmohJS>, qghJS>, amO_mMr ho {H$ëbo naV qOHy$Z KoVbo. Am¡a§JOo~

Ah_XZJa `m {R>H$mUr naVbm hmoVm. Ë`m{R>H$mUr Vmo AmOmar nS>bm.

B ñdmV§Í` wÕ eodQ>Mm H$mbI§S> (B.g. 1706 Vo 1707)

dm{H$UIoS>m _mo{h_ Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmMr AIoaMr R>abr. Ah_XZJa oWo AgVmZm Vmo AmOmar

nS>bm. Var gwÕm Ë`mZo _amR>çm§~amo~a g§Kf© Mmby R>odbm hmoVm. _amR>o g¡Ý` `m H$mimV CÎmaoV d X{jUoV

_m{h_m§H$arVm hmoVo. ~mXehm Jm|YiyZ Jobm hmoVm. ~mXehmÀ`m gm_«mÁ`mV gd© {Xem§Zm _amR>o g¡Ý` g§Mma

H$arV hmoVo. _mdim, {Xëbr-AmJ«m, ~§Jmb-S>mŠH$m, JwOamV-gwaV d {VMr CnZJao, ~S>moXm-Z_©XmZXrn[aga

Ago _moR>o è _amR>m bîH$amg {_imbo. Am¡a§JOo~nwÌ _wAmÁO_, AmP_ehm Am{U H$m_~j `m§À`mV `m

H$mimV _V oX Pmbo. gÎmm {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr AmnAmnë`m n[aZo hmbMmbr gwê$ Ho$ë`m hmoË`m.

B Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmMm _¥Ë y :

Amnë`m _wbm§_Ü o gÎmogmR>r g§Kf© hmoB©b. `mMr qMVm Ë`mg bmJbr hmoVr. åhUyZ Ë`mZo _wAmÁO_

`mg CÎmaoV, H$m_~j`mg {dOmnwamg Am{U AmP_ehm `m§g _mdiçm§H$S>o nmR>{dbo. Z§Va Vmo {dlm§Vr

KoÊ`mMm {dMma H$arV AgVmZm naV AmOmar nS>bm. Ë`m_Ü o Ë`m§Mo 20 \o$~«wdmar 1707 amoOr Ah_XZJa

oWo {ZYZ Pmbo. `m H$mimV _amR>çm§Zr amo{hS>m, dg§VJS>, nÝhmim, nair, gmVmam B. {H$ëbo naV qOHy$Z

KoVbo. ~mXehm ñdV: _amR>çm§~amo~a 25 df} bT>V am{hë`mZo CÎmaoH$S>o Ë`m§M Xþb©j Pmbo. OmQ>, ~w§Xobo,

aOnyV, erI gÎmm§Zr CR>md Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr ñdV§Ì gÎmm ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m. Ë`m§À`m gw oXmam§Zr H$m§hr {R>H$mUr

ñdV:Mr amÁ o ñWmnZ Ho$br. _m|Jbr gm_«mÁ`mMr dmVmhmV Pmbr. _amR>o X{jUoH$S>o {dO`r Pmbo. _amR>m

ñdamÁ` ~wS>{dÊ`mgmR>r AmIbobr _hÎdH$m§jr _mo{h_ Aem VèhoZo Anèr R>abr. _amR>çm§Zr ñdmV§Í`m§gmR>r

~bmT>ç _m|JbgÎmobm nam yV Ho$bo. àXrK© H$mi Mmbbobo _amR>m ñdmV§Í` wÕ g_mßV Pmbo.

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B ñdmV§Í` wÕmVrb goZmnVr YZmOr OmYd `m§Mo `moJXmZ :

goZmnVr YZmOramd OmYd `m§À`m H$m`m©Mr gwê$dmV N>. amOmam_ _hmamO `m§À`m H$mimV Pmbr.

g§VmOr KmoanS>o d YZmOramd OmYd `m§Zr N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§À`m H$mimV _moR>m namH«$_ Ho$bm. g§VmOr

KmoanS>o `m§À`m IyZmZ§Va goZmnVrnXr YZmOramd OmYd `m§MoH$S>o Ambo. N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§À`m _¥Ë yZ§Va

_hmamUr Vmam~mB© `m§À`m H$mimV YZmOramd OmYd `m§Zr _moR>m namH«$_ Ho$bm. YZmOramd OmYd `m§Zr

ewë\$sH$maImZ `m gma»`m _m|Jb goZmnVrMm nam^d Ho$bm. Ë`m§Mr nyU© X_N>mH$ Ho$br. gmVmam, nair,

H$èhmS>, IQ>md, _mÙr, Amï>m, dmidm, {eamoi, nÝhmiJS>, {demiJS> oWrb g§Kfm©V A{ÛVr` namH«$_

XmI{dbm. _m|Jbr g¡Ý`mMr AZoH$ {R>H$mUr H$Îmb Ho$br. agX VmoS>br, I{OZm ni{dbm. J{Z_r H$mdm

wÕ V§Ì ñdrH$mê$Z _m|Jbm§Zm nidyZ bmdbo. YZmOramd OmYd `m§Zr AZoH$ _amR>m gaXma {Z_m©U Ho$bo.

Ë`mMm Cn`moJ nwT>rb H$mimV N>. emhÿ `m§Zm Pmbm.

H$Zm©Q>H$ àXoemda AmH«$_U H$ê$Z {VWyZ I§S>Ur dgyb Ho$br. JwOamV, _midm, `m{R>H$mUr _moR>r

XheV {Z_m©U Ho$br. Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m _¥Ë yZ§Va 2 _{hÝ`mV gd© {H$ëbo qOHy$Z _amR>m ñdamÁ` ApñVËd

H$m`_ {Q>H${dbo. åhUyZ goZmnVr YZmOramd OmYd `m§Mo ñdmV§Í` wÕmVrb `moJXmZmg _moR>o _hÎd Amho.

B _hmamUr Vmam~mBªMr `mo½`Vm :

N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§À`m {ZYZmZ§Va _hmamUr Vmam~mBªZr ñdamÁ`mMo I§~ra ZoV¥Ëd Ho$bo. Vmam~mB© `m

VoOñdr, VS>\$Xma hmoË`m. d¡Yì`mMo Xþ:I Xÿa gmê$Z amOgyÌo d Vbdma hmVr KoD$Z Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehm

{damoYmV Ë`m§Zr gZ 1700 Vo 1707 `m H$mimV bT>m C^mabm. J{Z_r H$mdm wÕ {ZVr ñdrH$mê$Z

_m|Jbm§Zm Ë`m§Zr AJ{VH$ H$ê$Z Q>mH$bo. ñdamÁ` qOH$Ê`mgmR>r Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehm CÎmaoH$Sy>Z X{jUoH$S>o.Ambm.

Ë`mg _hmamï´>mÀ`m y{_V {VZo A§{V_ {dlm§Vr ¿`md`mg ^mJ nmS>bo. Am¡a§JOo~ d Ë`m§À`m _m|Jb \$m¡Ooer

Ë`m ËdofmZo bT>ë`m. EH$ EH$ {H$ëbm nmdgmiçmn ªV bT>{dUo d Z§Va _moR>r aŠH$_ KoD$Z Vmo {H$ëbm

eÌyÀ`m ñdmYrZ H$aÊ`mMm ho gyÌ Ë`m§Zr dmnabo. _m|Jb g¡Ý`mMo Ë`m {H$ëë`mH$S>o Xþb©j hmoVmM Vmo {H$ëbm

naV qOHy$Z ¿`md`mMm Agm nmR>{edUrMm Ioi IoiyZ _m|Jbm§Zm Ë`m§Zr h¡amU Ho$bo. Ë`m~amo~aM Ë`m§Zr `m

H$mimV _m|Jb gwä`mV, _midm Am{U dèhmS> B. gwä`mVyZ I§S>Ur, bwQ> AmUbr. _amR>r _wbImVyZ _mKma

KoUo gwÕm _m|Jbm§Zm `m H$mimV eŠ` Pmbo Zmhr. _hmamUr Vmam~mBªZr ñdrH$maboë`m `m YmoaUm_wio Am¡a§JOo~

~mXehm {Zame Pmbm. ñdamÁ`mMr Apñ_Vm d ñdmV§Ì Vmam~mBªÀ`m ê$nmZo àH$Q> Pmbo. XodXÎm hm VËH$mbrZ

H$dr {bhVmo. "{XëbrÀ`m _m|Jb qghmgZmMr bmO Jobr. ~mXehmMr Aà{Vð>m Pmbr. _m|Jbm§da _amR>çm§À`m

ê$nmZo EH$ àb`H$mi AdVrU© Pmbm. Ë`m àb`H$mimV _m|Jb gm_«mÁ`mMr dmVmhmV Pmbr.'

Vmam~mBª `m hþema, AmH«$_H$ d Mni hmoË`m. Ë`m_wio AZoH$m§Zr Ë`m§Zm ^ÐH$mbr, aUam{JUr,

gm¡Xm{_Zr Aer {déXo bmdbobr AmhoV. Vmam~mBªÀ`m {R>H$mUr goZmnVrnXmMo gd© JwU hmoVo. _hmamUr

Vmam~mBªZm Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmÀ`m VmH$XrMr nyU© H$ënZm hmoVr. _amR>m _mdiçm§H$S>o AgUmao JwU, J{Z_r

H$mdm, ObX hmbMmbtMr j_Vm, yJmobmMo kmZ `m ~m~tMm Ë`m§Zr H$m¡eë`mZo dmna Ho$bm. Am{U

_amR>çm§Zm {dO` {_idyZ {Xbm.

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4.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX Am{U eãXmW© :

1) ~§S> - CR>md H$aUo

2) VŠV - qghmgZ

3) à{VH$ma - {damoY H$aUo.

4) ñdamÁ` - ñdV:Mo amÁ`

5) \§$X{\$Vwar - eÌy njmg OmD$Z {_iUo.

6) Xþhr - \$mQ>m\y$Q> hmoUo.

7) XþAm~ - XmoZ ZÚm _Yrb àXoe.

8) {eŠH$m_mo~V©~ - amO_wÐm CR>{dUo.

9) Jb~V - OhmO.

4.4 ñd § AÜ``Z àíZ d CÎmao.

`mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m.

A) 1) _m|Jb d _amR>o `m§À`mV B.g. 1681 Vo 1707 `m H$mimV Pmboë`m wÕmbm ...........

åhUVmV.

A) `mXdr wÕ ~) dmagm wÕ H$) erV wÕ S>) ñdmV§Í` wÕ

2) ............... `m§Zr ñdamÁ`mMr _whÿV©_oT> amodbr.

A) {edmOr _hmamO ~) g§ mOr _hmamO H$) amOmam_ _hmamO S>) _hmamUr Vmam~mB©

3) ............. `m N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m AmB© hmoV.

A) gmo am~mB© ~) ogy~mB© H$) gB©~mB© S>) gJwUm~mB©

4) N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr ............. hm g§ñH¥$V J«§W {b{hbm.

A) ~wY yfU ~) amOVa§{JUr H$) amYm_mYd {dbmgM§ny S>) AUynwamU

5) .............. `m§Zo N>. amOmam_mg ñdamÁ`mMm dmagXma åhUyZ JmXrda ~g{dbo.

A) {ZamOr amdOr ~) AÊUmOr XÎmmo H$) Ho$ed ^Å> S>) C_mOr n§{S>V

~) 1) ............ `m§Zo N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zm H¡$XoVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>bo.

A) ogmOr H§$H$ ~) VmZmOr _mbwgao H$) {dR>moOr MìhmU S>) H$m_~j

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3) nmQ>U Vo {demiJS>n ªVMm àXoe ............ `m _amR>r goZmnVrZo qOH$bm.

A) àVmnamd JwOa ~) h§~raamd _mo{hVo H$) g§VmOr KmoanS>o S>) {Zimo _moaoída.

4) ............ `m§Zr "dVZXmar nÕV' nwÝhm gwê$ Ho$br.

A) N>. g§ mOr _hmamO ~) N>. amOmam_ _hmamO

H$) _hmamUr Vma~mB© S>) YZmOr OmYd

5) ............ amoOr N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Mm _¥Ë y qghJS>mda Pmbm.

A) 1 _mM© 1700 ~) 2 _mM© 1700 H$) 3 _mM© 1700 S>) 4 _mM© 1700

H$) 1) .............. hm {H$ëbm goZmnVr h§~raamd _mo{hVo `m§Mo _O~yV R>mUo hmoVo.

A) gXm{edJS> ~) dg§VJS> H$) yfUJS> S>) _pÀN>¨ÐJS>

2) .......... hr _mo{h_ Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmMr AIoaMr R>abr.

A) gmVmam ~) nair H$) nÝhmim S>) dm{H$UIoS>m

3) ............. amoOr Ah_XZJa `m {R>H$mUr Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmMo {ZYZ Pmbo.

A) 20 \o$~«wdmar, 1707 ~) 21 \o$~«wdmar, 1707

H$) 22 \o$~«wdmar, 1707 S>) 23 \o$~«wdmar 1707

4) H$dr XodXÎm `mZo ............. `m _amR>m amUrMo dU©Z "^ÐH$mbr' Ago Ho$bo Amho.

A) _hmamUr ogy~mB© ~) _hmamUr Vmam~mB©

H$) _hmamUr gmo am~mB© S>) _hmamUr amOg~mB©

5) .............. ho {R>H$mU nwT>rb H$mimV _amR>m amOYmZr åhUyZ CX`mg Ambo.

A) {demiJS> ~) nÝhmiJS> H$) nair S>) gÁOZJS>

B ñd § AÜ``Z CÎmao (n`m© )

A) 1) - S> 2) - A 3) - H$ 4) - A 5) - ~

~) 1) - A 2) - ~ 3) - H$ 4) - ~ 5) - ~

H$) 1) - ~, 2) - S> 3) - A 4) - ~ 5) - ~

4.5 gmam§e :

_amR>m B{Vhmgm_Ü o N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m _¥Ë ynmgyZ Vo ~mXehm Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m _¥Ë yn ªVÀ`m

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H$mimg "_amR>çm§Mm ñdmV§Í` wÕ H$mbI§S>' Ago Zm_H$aU Ho$bobo Amho. N>. g§ mOr _hmamO, N>. amOmam_

_hmamO Am{U _hmamUr Vmam~mB© `m§À`m _hÎdmÀ`m H$ma{H$Xu hmoD$Z Joë`m. amOnyÌ AH$~amMo X{jUoH$S>o

AmJ_Z Pmë`mda nwT>rb H$mimV Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehm ñdV: X{jUoV àM§S> goZm KoD$Z Ambm. Ë`m§Zo àW_

N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§~amo~a _moR>m g§Kf© Ho$bm. N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Mr H«w$a hË`m Ho$ë`mZ§Va ñdamÁ` AmVm

AmnU qOH$bo Aem ñdßZmV dmdaUmè`m Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmMr Yw§Xr N>. amOmam_ _hmamO d Z§Va _hmamUr

Vmam~mB© `m§Zr CVa{dbr. `m XmoKm§Odi AZw d ZìhVm. Var aUjoÌ Am{U _wËgÔo{JarV Vo ~mXehmnojm loð>

R>abo. AZoH$ gd© gm_mÝ` _amR>r bmoH$m§À`m H$Sy>Z Agm_mÝ` Aer H$m_{Jar nma nmSy>Z KoVbr. 25 df}

Mmbboë`m `m g§Kfm©Zo H$V©~Jma, namH«$_r _amR>m {nT>r {Z_m©U Ho$br. _amR>m ñdmV§Í` wÕ åhUOo ñdmV§Í` d

Jwbm_{Jar _Yrb g§Kf© hmoVm. Ë`mV ñdmV§Í`mMo nmR>ramIo _amR>o {dO`r R>abo.


A) {XKm}Îmar àíZ.

1) N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§À`m H$maH$sXuVrb _m|Jb-_amR>m g§Kfm©Mo dU©Z H$am.

2) N>. g§ mOr _hmamO Am{U nmoVw©JrO g§~§YmMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.

3) N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m _¥Ë yZ§Va N>. g§ mOr _hmamOm§Zr Ho$boë`m H$m_{JarMo _wë`_mnZ H$am.

4) N>. amOmam_ H$mbrZ _m|Jb-_amR>o g§Kfm©Mr _m{hVr Úm.

5) gZ 1689 Vo 1707 `m H$mimVrb _amR>m ñdmV§Í` wÕmMr gQ>rH$ _m{hVr {bhm.

6) goZmnVr g§VmOr KmoanS>o d YZmOr OmYd `m§Mr ñdmV§Í` wÕmVrb H$m_{JarMo dU©Z H$am.

~) {Q>nm {bhm.

1) qOOrMm doT>m (1690-92)

2) ñdamÁ` ajUmVrb N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Mo H$m ©

3) goZmnVr g§VmOr KmoanS>o d YZmOr OmYd

4) _hmamUr Vmam~mB©

5) _wAmÁO_Mr X{jU H$moH$UmVrb ñdmar (1683-84)


1) qhXdr ñdamÁ` Am{U _m|Jb - boIH$ : goVy_mYd nJS>r

2) {ednwÌ g§ mOr - boIH$ : H$_b JmoIbo

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3) _amR>o d B§J«O - boIH$ - Z. {M. Ho$iH$a

4) N>. g§ mOr _hmamO `m§Mo M[aÌ - boIH$ : dm. gr. ~|Ðo

5) nmoVw©JrO-_amR>o g§~§Y - boIH$ - nm§. g. {ngwb}H$a

6) N>. g§ mOr ñ_maH$ J«§W - boIH$ : S>m°. O`qgJamd ndma

7) N>. amOmam_ _hmamO - boIH$ : dm. gr. ~|Ðo

8) _hmamUr Vmam~mB©H$mbrZ H$mJXnÌo (I§S>) - g§nmXH$ : S>m°. Amßnmgmho~ ndma

9) Shivaji and his times (Author ; Jadunath Sarkar)

10) Maratha-Mughal Relations, 1680-1707 (Author - Setu Madhavrao Pagadi)

11) Tarabai and her Times (Author - Brij Kishore)

12) New History of the Maratha's - Vol - I (Author - G. S. Sardesai)

B B B

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gÌ - 2 : KQ>H$ - 1

amOZr{V

AZwH«$_{UH$m

1.0 C{Ôï>ço

1.1 àñVmdZm

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

1.2.1 amOZr{V

B N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo ñdamÁ`{df`H$ {dMma.

B ñdamÁ` ñWmnZo_mJrb CÔoe

1.2.2 Aï>àYmZ

B Aï>àYmZ _§S>i nXm§Mr d àYmZm§Mr Zm§do, Ë`m§Mr H$m } Am{U H$V©ì o

B Aï>àYmZ _§S>i nÕVrMr à_wI d¡{eï>ço.

1.2.3 {H$ëë`m§Mr àemgZ ì`dñWm Am{U ZmdrH$ YmoaU

1.2.3.1 {H$ëë`m§Mr àemgZ ì`dñWm

B {H$ëë`m§Mo _hÎd, {H$ëë`m§Mr Zm§do d g§»`m

B {H$ëë`m§Mo ~m§YH$m_ Am{U XþéñVr

B {edH$mbrZ {H$ëë`m§Mr àemgZ ì`dñWm.

B {H$ëë`m§darb A{YH$mè`m§Mr H$m ©nÕV

B {H$ëë`m§darb {e~§Xr d nJma ì`dñWm.

B {H$ëë`m§darb A{YH$mè`m§À`mgmR>rMo {Z`_

B \§$X{\$Vwar H$aUmè`mg emgZ

1.2.3.2 {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo Ama_ma {df`H$ YmoaU

B Ama_ma C^maÊ`m_mJrb à_wI CÔoe

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B {edmOr N>ÌnVrMr Ama_mamMr ì`dñWm, OhmOm§Mo àH$ma d OhmOm§Mr g§»`m

B Ama_ma Xbm§Mr aMZm.

B Ama_ma ~m§YUr Am{U gmJar {H$ëbo

B ì`mnmar Ama_ma

B {edN>ÌnVrMo Ama_mar YmoaU

B _hmamOm§À`m ZmdrH$ XbmMr H$m_{Jar



1.5 gmam§e


1.7 g§X © J«§W

1.0 C{Ôï>ço

øm KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mbm :

B {edN>ÌnVtÀ`m amOZr{VMr H$ënZm oD$Z Ë`m§Mo ñdamÁ`{df`H$ {dMma g_OVrb.

B {edN>ÌnVtMo ñdamÁ` ^ŠH$_ Aem àemgZ ì`dñWoda AmYmabobo hmoVo Vo H$iy eHo$b.

B ñdamÁ` ñWmnZo_mJrb CÔoem§Mr _m{hVr hmoB©b.

B Aï>n«YmZ _§S>imÀ`m {Z{_©VrMm B{Vhmg, Ë`m§Mr nXo d Zm§do Am{U àYmZm§À`m H$m`m©Mr H$V©ì`m§Mr

_m{hVr hmoB©b.

B Aï>àYmZ _§S>imÀ`m {d{dY d¡{eï>çm§Mr H$ënZm oB©b.

B {edH$mimV {H$ëë`m§Zm AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd H$go àmßV Pmbo `mMr _m{hVr hmoB©b.

B {H$ëë`m§Zm Zm§do H$er XoV d {H$ëë`m§À`m g§» o~m~VMr VÁkm§Mr _Vo g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b.

B {H$ëë`m§À`m ~m§YH$m_ Am{U XþéñVr~m~VMo {edam`m§Mo YmoaU g_Oob.

B {H$ëë`m§Mr àemgZì`dñWm, A{YH$mè`m§À`m H$m © nÕVrMm, g¡Ý`mMr aMZm, nJma, {Z`_m§Mr Am{U

\§$X {\$Vwar H$aUmè`mg H$moUË`m {ejm XoV B. _m{hVr hmoB©b.

B Ama_ma ñWmnZo_mJrb {edam`m§Mo CÔoe g_OVrb.

~r.E. mJ-1/B{Vhmg ....8

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B {edN>ÌnVrÀ`mAma_ma ì`dñWoMr, Ama_mamÀ`m aMZoMr Am{U gmJar {H$ëë`m§Mr Ama_mamg hmoUmè`m

_XVrMm ^mJ g_Oy eHo$b.

B Ama_mam§Mo _hÎd Am{U {edam`m§À`m Ama_ma YmoaUmMr H$ënZm oB©b.

B N>ÌnVrÀ`m ZmdrH$ XbmZo Ho$boë`m H$m_{JarMm ^mJ bjmV oB©b.

1.1 àmñVm{dH$ :

gVamì`m eVH$mV N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m _amR>r a`Vobm ñdamÁ` ñWmnZoMm H$mZ_§Ì

XoD$Z ñdamÁ`ê$nr ZyVZ g¥ï>rM {Z_m©U Ho$br. Ë`mMdoir _hmamOm§Zr ñdamÁ` H$go {Q>Ho$b Am{U Vo EH$

AmXe© amÁ` H$go ~Zob `mMm {ZpíMV {dMma Ë`m§À`m amOZrVrVyZ ñnï> hmoVmo. a`VoÀ`m H$ë`mUmMm {dMma

{XgyZ oVmo. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr CÎm_ àH$maMr àemgZ ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$ê$Z àOm{hVXj amÁ`H$ma^ma H$ê$Z

AmXe© amÁ`m§Mr H$ënZm gmH$mabr. Ë`mgmR>r _hmamOm§Zr Aï>àYmZ _§S>i {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z

_wbH$s Am{U bîH$ar godm H$ê$Z KoVbrM. nU Omon ªV àYmZ gMmoQ>rZo Am{U H$m ©j_ H$ma^ma H$aÊ`mg

bm`H$ Amho Vmon §ªVM Ë`mg àYmZnXmda R>odbo. H$moUmhr àYmZmg AWdm A{YH$mè`mg d§ena§naoZo nX

qH$dm OhmJra, dVZ {Xbo Zmhr. Ý`m`mYre Am{U n§{S>Vamd `m XmoZ àYmZmIoarO BVa àYmZm§Zm bîH$ar

_mo{h_oda Omdo bmJV Ago. XÿaÑï>rZo _hmamOm§Zr amÁ`H$ma^ma H$aVmZm g§`wŠV O~m~XmarMo VÎd ñdrH$mabo.

{edam`m§Zr {H$ëë`m§À`m _XVrZo ñdamÁ` ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Amnë`m _wbImMo, a`VoMo OrdmMo, A~«wMo

Am{U _mb_ÎmoMo ajU Ho$bo. {edH$mimV {H$ëbm hoM _wbH$s Am{U bîH$ar àemgZmMo _w»` H|$Ð ~Zbo.

{H$ëë`m§À`m ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r Am{U XþéñVrgmR>r Img amIrd {ZYrMr VOdrO Ho$bobr hmoVr. Am{U Vmo

{ZYr \$ŠV Am{U~mUrÀ`m àg§JrM dmnaÊ`mV `mdm Aer gŠV gyMZm {Xbr hmoVr. JS>H$moQ>mÀ`m

g§ajUmMo H$m_ \$maM ZmOyH$ Agë`mZo MmoI Aer àemgZ ì`dñWm {edam`m§Zr KmbyZ {Xbr hmoVr.

\§$X{\$Vyar H$aUmè`mg O~a {ejm R>moR>mdbr OmV Ago. {H$ëë`mdarb A{YH$mè`m§À`m Zo_UyH$m ñdV:

N>ÌnVr H$aV. {H$ë`mdarb H$m_H$mO CÎm_ àH$mao Mmbmdo åhUyZ H$mQ>oH$moa {Z`_ Ho$bo hmoVo.

H$moH$U {H$Zmè`mdarb àOoÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r, ñdamÁ`mVrb ì`mnmamg g§ajU XoÊ`mgmR>r {edam`m§Zr

_moR>çm XÿaÑï>rZo _amR>m Ama_mamMr C^maUr Ho$br. nmÊ`mgmaIm n¡gm IM© H$ê$Z Ama_mamg H$R>rU àg§Jr

Aml` KoVm `mdm åhUyZ ObXþJm©Mr C^maUr Ho$br. OhmO ~m§YUrgmR>r H$maImZo gwê$ H$ê$Z a`Vobm

amoOJma CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbm. naH$s` gmJar gÎmm§À`mda Amnë`m Ama_mamMm dMH$ {Z_m©U Ho$bm. N>ÌnVr

{edmOr _hmamOm§Zm "^maVr` Ama_mamMm OZH$' åhUyZ g§~moYbo OmVo.

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ :

1.2.1 amOZr{V :

N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamO ho Iè`m AWm©Zo _hmamï´>mMo AmÚ OZH$ hmoV. Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m amÁ`ì`dñWoVyZ

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åhUOoM Ë`m§À`m EHy$U àemgZmÀ`m H$m_{JarVyZ Ë`m§Mr Wmoadr ñnï> hmoVoM. _wpñb_ amOH$Ë`mªÀ`m ^ §H$a

Owby_m_wio _oQ>mHw$Q>rg Amboë`m _amR>r a`Vobm "ñdamOmMm' H$mZ_§Ì XoD$Z Ë`m§Zm g§K{Q>V H$ê$Z ñdamÁ`

{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm {edam`m§Zr {Xbr. am_M§Ðn§V A_mË` Ago åhUVmV H$s, {edN>ÌnVrZr "ZyVZ

g¥ï>rM {Z_m©U Ho$br.' ñdamÁ`mMr C^maUr Ho$ë`mda Vo H$go {Q>Ho$b Am{U Vo AmXe© amÁ` H$go ~Zob

`mg§~§YrMo Ë`m§Mo {dMma "AkmnÌ' `m J«§WmV ñnï>nUo {XgyZ oVmV.

{edmOr amOm§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m "ñdV§Ì _amR>r amÁ`mg' ñdamÁ` `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmVo. Ë`m§À`m

ñdamÁ`m§V {ZpíMV Agm ^yàXoe òVmo. `m ñdamÁ`m§Mo Img d¡{eï>ç åhUOo Vo EH$m ^ŠH$_ àemgZ

ì`dñWoda AmYmabobo hmoVo. _hmamï´>mÀ`m 1674 _Yrb amÁ`m{^foH$mÀ`m doir ñdamÁ`m§Mm H$ma^ma

dmñVdVm Am{U dMZnyVug nmohMbm hmoVm. ñdamÁ`m§À`m H$ma^mamMm {dMma H$aVm àOoÀ`m H$ë`mUmMm

{dMma Ë`m§Mo àOoer Agboë`m g§~§Ymdê$Z ñnï> hmoVmo. Ë`m§À`m àOoÀ`m H$ë`mUmMm hoVy Ë`m§À`m nwT>rb

amO_wÐoVyZ à{Vq~~rV hmoVmo.

à{VnÀM§ÐboIod d{Y©îUw{dídd§{XVm&

emhgyZmo: {edñ ofm _wÐm ^Ðm` amOVo&&

`mMm AW© ""ehmOrMm nwÌ Omo {edmOr, Ë`mMr hr _wÐm Amho (ewÕnjmVrb) à{VnXoÀ`m

M§ÐboIoà_mUo ({Xdg|{Xdg) dmT>V OmUmar d {dídmVrb gdmªZm _mÝ` hmoUmar hr _wÐm, gdmªÀ`m

H$ë`mUmgmR>r emo^V Amho.'' `m amO_wÐoVyZ gdmªMo H$ë`mU gmYZo ho {edmOr amOm§Mo Üò` ñnï>nUo ì`ŠV

hmoVmZm {XgVo. ho amÁ` gdmªÀ`m AmZ§XmgmR>r Am{U H$ë`mUmgmR>r Amho. amOm§À`m amO_wÐoVyZ ñdamÁ`ñWmnZoMo,

Ü o dmXmMo Am{U Ë`m§À`m M[aÌmMo gma ñnï>nUo àVrq~~rV hmoVmZm {XgVo.

B ñdamÁ` ñWmnZo_mJrb CÔoe :

{edam`m§Mr _w»` H$m_{Jar åhUOo ñdamÁ` ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr a`VoV ñdmV§Í`mMr àIa ^mdZm

{Z_m©U Ho$br. Amnë`m bmoH$m§Zm g§K{Q>V H$ê$Z ñdV§Ì amÁ` {Z_m©U H$ê$Z bmoH$m§Mm amOm ~ZyZ H$m © Ho$bo.

ñdamÁ` ñWmnZo_mJrb à_wI CÔoí` nwT>rbà_mUo

1) ñdV§Ì amÁ` ñWmnZoMr H$ënZm :

_wgb_mZm§À`m gÎmm§À`m ñdmÏ`mªZr X{jUoVrb `mXd amOm§Mr amOdQ> Zï> Ho$br. {dO`ZJaMo gm_«mÁ`

~wS>{dbo. _wñbr_ gÎmoZo Amnbo amO{H$` àñW ñWmnZ Ho$bo. n[aUm_r _hmamï´>mV {ZOm_ehm Am{U

Am{Xbehm `m§Mo dM©ñd {Z_m©U Pmbo. _amR>m gaXma _wgb_mZr godm-MmH$ar H$ê$Z OhmJra, dVZo

{_idÊ`mV YÝ`Vm _mZy bmJbo. Aem n[apñWVrV Amnë`m yàXoemdarb Bñbm_r gÎmoMo dM©ñd PwJmê$Z

XoD$Z Amnë`m bmoH$m§Mo ñdV§Ì ñdamÁ` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm {dMma Ho$bm d ñdV§Ì amÁ`mMr ñWmnZm

_hmamOm§Zr Ho$br.

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2) Y_© ajUmgmR>r ñdamÁ`mMr JaO :

_hmamï´>mVrb àOm gmoerH$ d¥ÎmrMr hmoVr. Xod \$moS>Umè`m `dZm§Zr _amR>çm§Zm gVmdyZ gmoS>bo hmoVo. Y_©

«ï> H$aUmè`m, JmB© _maUmè`m Am{U ~«m÷Um§Mm N>i H$aUmè`m `dZr gÎmo~m~V àOoÀ`m _ZmV Ûof^mdZm

dmT>V hmoVr. `dZm§Mm Zme H$aUo EdT>mM {edam`m§Mm CÔoe ZìhVm. Y_© ajUmgmR>r ñdamÁ` ñWmnZ

H$aÊ`mMm _hÎdmMm CÔoe hmVom.

3) _amR>çm§À`m EH$sH$aU d ZoV¥ËdmMr H$ënZm :

ñdamÁ` ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r _hmamOm§Zm _amR>çm§Mo EH$sH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo nwT>manU ñdrH$maÊ`mMr

JaO dmQy> bmJbr. B{VhmgmMm © {d. H$m. amOdmS>o åhUVmV, ""~hÿV bmoH$ _oidyZ EH$ EH$ {dMmao

âbmM'' {edm` ñdamÁ`ñWmnZoMr V`mar hmoV Zmhr d EdT>oM H$ê$Z ^mJV Zmhr; Va EH$ {dMmam§Zo

^maboë`m bmoH$m§Mo nwT>manU nËH$aÊ`mg d Vo nËH$ê$Z VS>rg ZoÊ`mgmR>r _hmnwéfm§Zr {gÕ ìhmdo bmJVo.

4) a`VoÀ`m H$ë`mUmMm Ñï>rH$moZ :

{edam`m§À`m ñdamÁ`mÀ`m H$ma^mamMo d¡{eï>ç åhUOo Vo EH$m ^ŠH$_ àemgZ ì`dñWoda AmYmarV

hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m amÁ`m{^foH$g_`r ñdamÁ`mMm H$ma^ma dmñVdVm Am{U dMZnyVug nmohMbm hmoVm. amÁ`H$ma^ma

H$aVmZm àOoÀ`m H$ë`mUmMm {dMma Ë`m§À`m _Zr hmoVm. Vo Zh_r Amnbm H$ma^ma hm àOoÀ`m {hVmgmR>r

Agmdm åhUyZ Xj AgV. {edmOr amOm§Zr Amnë`m A{YH$mè`mMo àOo~m~VMo J¡adV©Z Ho$ìhmhr ghZ Ho$bo

Zmhr.

5) bmoH$m{^_wI amÁ`H$ma^ma :

_wKb Am{U Am{Xbemhr amOdQ>rV _hmamï´>mMr n[apñWVr Mm§Jbr ZìhVr åhUyZ {edmOr amOm§Zr

ñdamÁ` ñWmnZ H$ê$Z bmoH$m{^_wI amÁ`H$ma^mamMo gyÌ A§{JH$mabo. ho VËH$mbrZ gÎmm§À`m dmL²>_`mVyZ

{XgyZ oVo. `m~m~V g_W© am_Xmg ñdm_r åhUV.

{H$Ë oH$ AZmMmar nrS>rbr& {H$Ë oH$ `{V «ï> Pmbr &

{H$Ë oH$ Amb_Xbr & _wbo ~mio&&

darb am_Xmg `m§À`m {dMmam§dê$Z ñdamÁ` ñWmnZo_mJrb {edam`m§Mo CÔoe ñnï> hmoVo.

6) a`VoMo Am{U Ë`m§À`m g§nÎmrÀ`m ajUmMm hoVy :

{edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m g¡{ZH$m§Zm {Xboë`m gŠV gwMZodê$Z Ë`m§À`mR>m`r "àOoÀ`m g§nÎmrMo ajU

H$aÊ`mMm hoVy {XgyZ oVmo. "a`VoÀ`m ^mOrÀ`m XoR>mbmhr hmV bmdy Z o, Ago Ho$ë`mg bmoH$m§Zm dmQ>ob

_amR>çm§nojm _wKb ~ao.'

darb H$mhr CÔoe bjmV KoD$Z _hmamOm§Zr _amR>çm§À`m ñdV§Ì amÁ`mMr åhUOoM ñdamÁ`mMr ñWmnZm

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Ho$br. _mdi Imoè`mVrb _mdiçm§Zm EH${ÌV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo ZoV¥Ëd Ho$bo. Ë`mR>m`r EH$Vm, ñdm{^_mZ OmJ¥V

H$ê$Z àOm{hVXj H$ma^ma gwê$ Ho$bm. {edN>ÌnVrZr ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m `m ñdamÁ` H$ënZoMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg

AmOÀ`m amÁ`H$ma^mamMr AmnUmg H$ënZm oD$ eH$Vo.

B ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ -1

A) Imbrb CnàíZmV {Xboë`m n`m© mn¡H$s AMyH$ n`m© {ZdSy>Z [aH$må`m OmJm nyU©

H$am.

1) _hmamï´>mMo AmÚ OZH$ åhUyZ ................ ho AmoiIbo OmVmV.

A) N>ÌnVr ehmOr amOo ~) N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamO

H$) N>ÌnVr g§ mOr amOo S>) N>ÌnVr amOmam_ _hmamO.

2) "AmkmnÌ' `m J«§WmV {edN>ÌnVtZr "ZyVZ g¥ï>rM {Z_m©U Ho$br' Ago ............. åhUVmV.

A) am_M§Ðn§V A_mË` ~) _moamon§V Í §~H$

H$) Zmamo {ZiH§$R> S>) AmÊUmOr XÎmmo

3) {edmOr N>ÌnVr Amnë`m amO_wÐoVyZ ................. gmYÊ`mMo à_wI Ü o hmoVo.

A) gÎmm ~) bmoH$ H$ë`mU H$) g_Vm d Ý`m` S>) àOoMm {dídmg.

4) {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Amnbm amÁ`H$ma^ma ............... Mo {hV bjmV KoD$Z Ho$bm.

A) Aï>àYmZm§ ~) A{YH$mè`m§ H$) ñdV: a`Vo

5) {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr ñdamÁ`mMm H$ma^ma H$aVmZm ................ `m gwÌmMm Adb§~ Ho$bm.

A) bmoH$m{^_wI ~) godm H|$ÐrH$aU H$) gÎmm-{dH|$ÐrH$aU S>) ñd-H|$ÐrV

1.2.2 Aï>àYmZ :

{edmOr _hmamOm§À`m amÁ` H$ma^mamMo Img d¡{eï>ç åhUOo Ë`m§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$bobo Aï>àYmZ _§S>i

hmo . Aï>àYmZ _§S>imÀ`m {Z{_©VrMm B{Vhmg gZ 1640 n ªV _mJo OmVmo. ehmOr amOm§Zr ~§JbmoahÿZ

{edmOr amOo Am{U {OOmD$Mr nwÊ`mÀ`m Ohm{JarMm H$ma^ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r admZJr H$aVodoir noedm åhUyZ

em_amd {ZiH§$R>, S>~ra åhUyZ gmoZmon§V, _wOw_Xma åhUyZ ~miH¥$îU hU_§Vo `m§Mr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br. Ë`mMdoir

XmXmoOr H$m|S>Xod `m§Zm _w»` H$ma^mar åhUyZ nmR>{dbo. nwT>o XmXmoOr H$m|S>Xod `m§À`m _¥Ë yZ§Va VwH$moOr Mmoa

`m§Zm goZmnVrnX {Xbo. nwT>o _hmamOm§À`m amÁ`m{^foH$ g_`r Aï>àYmZ _§S>i nyU©Ëdmg Jobo.

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B Aï>àYmZ _§S>i Am{U Ë`m§Mr Zm§do :

nXmMo Zm§d àYmZmMo Zm§d

1) _w»` àYmZ (noedm) _moamo qÌ~H$ (_moamon§V)

2) A_mË` (_wOw_Xma) Zmamo {ZiH§$R> d am_M§Ð {ZiH§$R>

3) goZmnVr (gabîH$a) h§~raamd _mo{hVo

4) g{Md (gwaZrg) AmÊUmOr XËVmo

5) _§Ìr (dmH$Zrg) XËVmOr qÌ~H$

6) n§{S>Vamd aKyZmWn§V

7) gw_§V (S>~ra) am_M§Ð qÌ~H$

8) Ý`m`m{Ye {ZamOr amdOr

(nXmÀ`m Zm§dmnwT>o H§$gmV {Xbobr Zm§do \$magr ^mfoVrb AmhoV.)

B AîQ>àYmZ _§S>imVrb àYmZm§Mr H$m } Am{U H$V©ì o :

B{Vhmgg§emoYH$ H$m.Zm. gmZo `m§Zr "gZXmnÌo' `m nwñVH$mV à{gÕ Ho$boë`m H$mJXmdê$Z Am{U _ëhma

am_amd {MQ>Urg ~IarV AîQ>àYmZm§Mr H$m } Am{U H$V©ì o {Xbr AmhoV.

1) _w»` àYmZ (noedm) :

_w»` àYmZmZo amÁ`mMm H$ma^ma H$amdm. amOH$maUmMm ^mJ gm§ mimdm. wÕ_mo{h_oV ^mJ ¿`mdm.

gVV àXoe {dMma H$amdm. N>ÌnVrZr Zo_yZ {Xboë`m àXoemMm H$ma^ma H$amdm. amOm§À`m amOnÌmda _wÐm

CR>dmdr. BVa àYmZm§À`m ~amo~a Ý`m` ~wÕrZo dmJmdo. amOm§Mr godm H$moUË`mhr ñdmWm©bm ~ir Z nS>Vm

{Zanojd¥ËVrZo H$amdr.

2) A_mË` (_wOw_Xma) :

amÁ`mÀ`m O_mIM© nmhÿZ Vmo VnmgyZ amOmg_moa R>odmdm. amOm§À`m AmkmnÌmda, amÁ` Am{U

_hmbm§À`m O_mIMm©da Amnbr _wÐm CR>dmdr. Ë`mMà_mUo NÌnVtZr Zo_yZ {Xboë`m ~m~rMm H$ma^ma

H$amdm.

3) goZmnVr (gabîH$a) :

Amnë`m bîH$amVrb g¡{ZH$m§Mm nJma doioda H$amdm. wÕ_mo{h_mV ~hmXwar JmOdUmè`m§Mm N>ÌnVrÀ`mH$Sy>Z

Jm¡ad H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm `Wmo{MV _mZgÝ_mZ, ~{jgo ÚmdrV. \$m¡OoÀ`m AS>rAS>MUr yàXoemMo ajU H$amdo.

wÕ_mo{h_oV {_imbobë`m byQ>rMm {hemo~ ¿`mdm. gd© bîH$ar A{YH$mè`m§Zr goZmnVrÀ`m Amkm _mÝ`mì`mV.

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4) g{Md (gwaZrg) :

NÌnVr§Mm gd© nÌì`dhma ñdV… nhmdm. Aem nÌmda "g§_V' Ago {bhmdo. wÕ_mo{h_mV gh^mJr

ìhmdo. Zì`mZo qOH$boë`m _wbyImMm H$ma^ma nhmdm. {hemo~ R>odmdm. Ë`mda "g§_V' {bhmdo.

5) _§Ìr (dmH$Zrg) :

amÁ`mÀ`m amOH$s` Am{U amOZ¡{VH$ ~m~r nhmì`mV. hoaImË`mda ~maH$mB©Zo bj R>odmdo. N>ÌnVrÀ`m

Xa~mamV oUmè`m nmhþÊ`m§Mr ì`dñWm H$amdr. amOmÀ`m H$m_{JarMm d¥Vm§V R>odmdm. _hmamOm§À`m ^moOZmVrb

AÞnXmWm©Mr VnmgUr H$amdr. wÕ _mo{h_oda àg§J nS>ë`mg Omdo. Zo_yZ {Xboë`m àXoemMm H$ma^ma H$amdm.

6) n§{S>Vamd :

n§{S>Vamdm§Mm A{YH$ma Ym{_©H$ ~m~rda Mmbmdm. Ë`m§À`mH$S>o Ym{_©H$ H$ÁOm§Mm Y_©-AY_© nmhÿZ

{ZH$mb Úmdm. AnamÜ`mg `moJ` {ejm H$amdr. gm_m{OH$ ê$T>r-na§nam, àm`píMV `mg§~§YrÀ`m amOnÌmda

g§_VrXe©H$ _wÐm CR>dmdr. Ooìhm Ooìhm `k-`mJ, e§mVr, AZwîR>mZo H$aÊ`mMr JaO dmQ>ë`mg amOmÀ`m

AZw_VrZo Vr nma nmS>mdrV.

7) gw_§V (S>~ra) :

gw_§V `mZo naamîQ´>r` YmoaU nhmdo. na{H$` amOH$maUmda bj R>odmdo. na{H$` dH$rb Xa~mamV

Amë`mda Ë`m§Mo `Wm`mo½` ñdmJV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr CËV_ ì`dñWm R>odmdr. naamÁ`mVrb Mmby amOH$maU

amOmÀ`m {ZX©eZmg AmUmdo. amOmÀ`m g§_VrZo _wËgXo{JarZo YmoaU AmImdo. àg§Jr wÕ_mo{h_m H$amì`mV.

amOnÌmda "g§_VrMo' {MÝh CR>dmdo.

8) Ý`m`m{Ye :

gd© àH$maÀ`m IQ>ë`mda Ý`m`m{YemMm A{YH$ma Mmbo. {Z…njnmVrnUmZo Ý`m` Úmdm. ~«÷g oÀ`m

Ý`m`XmZmda bj R>odmdo. à_wI IQ>ë`m§À`m {ZH$mbnÌmda "g§_V' Ago {MÝh H$amdo.

B AîQ>àYmZ _§S>i nÕVrMr à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço :

1) AîQ>àYmZm§Vrb nXo d§ena§namJV ZgV :

_hmamOm§Zr H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV AîQ>àYmZ _§S>imVrb H$moUmghr d§ena§naoZr nX {Xbo Zmhr. Omon ªV

àYmZ hm JwUdmZ, H$m ©j_ Am{U gMmoQ>rZo wŠV Agob Vmon ªV Ë`mg nXmda R>odV. n[aUm_r Aem

àYmZmH$Sy>Z _moR>o H$m © hmoV Ago. Ë`mMo CËV_ CXmhaU åhUOo goZmnVr àVmnamd JwOamMo hmo . ñdamÁ`mÀ`m

ajUmgmR>r àVmnamdm§Zr aUm§JUmda Xoh R>odbm. _hamOm§À`m _Zm§V Ë`m~Ôb ào_ hmoVo Varhr goZmnVrnX

Ë`m§À`m _wbmg Z XoVm Vo h§~raamd _mo{hVo `m§Zm {Xbo.

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2) dVZ, OhmJra Z XoVm amoI nJmamMo YmoaU :

{edmam`m§Zr H$moUË`mhr àYmZmg dVZ AWdm OhmJra XoD$ Ho$br Zmhr. H$maU OhmJra XoÊ`mZo

H|$ÐgÎmm Xw~ir ~ZyZ Vr Zm{her hmoVo. ho Ë`m§Zr AmoiIbo hmoVo. Ë`mVyZM EImXm OhmJraXma ~bdmZ hmoD$Z

ñdV§Ì amÁ` {Z_m©U H$aVmo. Ë`m_wio Amnë`m amÁ`mg YmoH$m hmoB©b åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm _hmamOm§Zr amoI nJma

XoÊ`mMr ì`dñWm Ho$br. nwT>o emhÿ N>ÌnVrÀ`m H$mimV Ohm{Jar XoÊ`mMo VËd ñdrH$mabo. {edam`m§À`m

amOdQ>rV EH$mhràYmZmbm Amnë`m KamÊ`mMr ñWmnZm H$aVm Ambr Zmhr.

3) AH$m ©j_ _§Í`mZm H$m`_ nX Z XoÊ`mMo YmoaU :

{edN>ÌnVtZr H$V©~Jma, H$m ©j_ _§Í`mÀ`m nXmg hmV bmdbm Zmhr nU Ë`m§Zm AH$m ©j_ dmQ>boë`m

_§Í`mZm nXmdê$Z Xya H$aÊ`mg _mJonwT>o nm{hbo Zmhr. VwH$moOr Mmoa Am{U _mUH$moOr XhmVm|S>o `m§Zm goZmnVr

nXmda \$ma H$mi amhÿ {Xbo Zmhr. goZmnVr ZoVmOr nmbH$a CÕQ>nUo _hamOm§er dmJë`mZo Ë`m§Zr Ë`mg

_§ÌrnXmdê$Z Xÿa Ho$bo. VrM n[apñWVr BVa àYmZm§Mr.

4) àYmZm§À`mH$S>o bîH$ar godm :

Aï>àYmZ _§S>imV ñdV§Ì goZmnVr nX AgyZ Ë`mZo g¡Ý`mMr C^maUr H$aUo d g¡Ý`mMo ZoV¥Ëd

H$amd`mMo hmoVo. Ago AgyZhr n§{S>Vamd Am{U Ý`m`mYre ho XmoZ _§Ìr gmoSy>Z Caboë`m gd© àYmZm§Zr bîH$ar

_mo{h_m§Mo ZoV¥Ëd H$aUo gŠVrMo hmoVo. Ë`mM~amo~a Amnë`m ImË`mH$S>rb N>ÌnVtZr {Xbobr BVa H$m_o

H$amdr bmJV.

5) àYmZ_§S>imMm gëbm N>ÌnVrda ~§YZH$maH$ Zgo :

Aï>àYmZ _§S>imVrb àYmZ N>ÌnVrZm gëbm XoV. na§Vw hm gëbm amOmZo _m{JVë`mda Úmd`mMm

hmoVm. Vmo gëbm _hmamOm§Zr _mÝ` Ho$bm nm{hOo Ago ~§YZ ZìhVo. amOm§À`m AmkoZwgma àYmZm§Zr

AmnAmnë`m ImË`mMm H$ma^ma nhmd`mMm hmoVm. àYmZm§Zm Zo_Ê`mMm d nXmdê$Z Xÿa H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma

N>ÌnVtZm hmoVm. gmam§e amÁ`m§Mr gd© gÎmm N>ÌnVrÀ`m hmVr EH$dQ>br hmoVr. Ago AgyZ N>ÌnVrZr

bmoH$H$ë`mUmMm {dMma H$ê$ZM H$ma^ma Ho$bm.

6) àYmZm§À`m _wbwImMm H$ma^ma :

Aï>àYmZ _§S>imVrb àYmZm§Zm _wbwIm§Mm H$ma^ma N>ÌnVr gm§JV AgV. amÁ`H$ma^mamÀ`m gmo rgmR>r

N>ÌnVrZr Amnë`m amÁ`mMo Mma {d^mJ nmS>bo hmoVo. CÎma H$moH$UmVrb _wbyI Vo gmëhoa nmgyZ

nwÊ`mn ªVÀ`m _wbwImMm H$ma^ma _moamon§V noedo Va X{jU H$moH$U Vo H$madma n ªVÀ`m {H$ZmanÅ>rMm

H$ma^ma AÊUmOr XÎmmo Am{U Xoe Am{U YmadmS>-H$moßnb n ªVÀ`m _wbwImMm H$ma^ma XÎmmOrn§V dmH$Zrg

`m§À`mH$S>o gmon{dbm hmoVm. _mÌ N>ÌnVrZr Vm_riZmSy> {H$Zmè`mdarb _wbyImÀ`m amÁ`H$ma^mamMr O~m~Xmar

haOr _hm{S>H$ `m Aï>àYmZ _§S>imV Zgboë`m gw oXmamda gmon{dbr hmoVr.

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7) àYmZm§À`mH$S>rb A{YH$mè`m§Mr {ZdS> N>ÌnVr H$aV :

àYmZm§Zm Amnë`m ImË`mMm H$ma^ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r A{YH$mè`m§Mr {ZdS> _hmamO ñdV: H$aV.

A{YH$mè`m§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mMm H$moUVmhr A{YH$ma àYmZm§Zm ZìhVm. dfm©Vrb H$mhrH$mi àYmZ bîH$ar

_mo{h_oda AWdm _wbwImÀ`m Xm¡è`mda AgV Voìhm àYmZmH$S>o AgUmè`m àXoemMm H$ma^ma _wVm{bH$ nhmV

Ago. `m _wVm{bH$mMr Zo_UyH$ N>ÌnVrM H$aV AgV.

8) àYmZm§Mr g§»`m :

N>ÌnVrÀ`m Aï>àYmZ _§S>imMr g§»`m AmR> AerM ZìhVr. _hmamOm§À`m amÁ`m{^foH$ g_`r

àYmZm§Mr g§»`m ZD$ hmoVr. H$maU A_mË` nXmda Zmamo {ZiH§$R> d am_M§Ð {ZiH§$R> `m ~§Yy§Mr Zo_UyH$

Ho$br hmoVr. g§^mOr amOm§À`m H$ma{H$Xr©V H$dr H$be n§{S>Vamd åhUyZ H$m_ nhmV hmoVm. nU Vmo

noeì`mnojm A{YH$ A{YH$mè`mMm d gm_Ï`m©Mm ~Zbm. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zr AmUIr EH$ "à{V{ZYr' `m

àYmZm§Mo nX {Z_m©U Ho$bo. `mdê$Z Aï>àYmZ åhUOo AmR>M àYmZ Ago Zgë`mMo {XgVo.

9) amÁ`H$ma^mamMr g§`wŠV O~m~Xmar àYmZm§À`mda :

amÁ`mÀ`m _w»` d _hÎdmÀ`m H$mJXnÌmda {deofVm Vh, H$ama, {ZH$mbnÌ B. da àYmZ, A_mË`,

g{Md, _§Ìr, gw_§V `m§À`m _wÐm AgV. `mnmR>r_mJo _hÎdmMo {ZU© mV MyH$ hmoD$ Z o, Agm {ZU© gdmªÀ`m

ZOaoImbyZ Omdm. WmoS>Š`mV Ë`m§À`mV O~m~Xmar dmQ>mdr Am{U H$ma^ma H$m ©j_ ìhmdm Ago {XgVo.

10) àYmZm§Mo nJma :

_hmamOm§Zr H$moUmghr dVZ qH$dm Ohm§Jra {Xbr Zmhr. àYmZm§Zmhr amoI nJma XoÊ`mMo VÎd Ë`m§Zr

ñdrH$mabo. àYmZm§g (noeì`mg) 15 hOma hmoZ, A_mË`mg 12 hOma hmoZ Va BVa àYmZm§Zm àË oH$s 1000

hmoZ BVH$m dfm©Mm nJma {Xbm OmB©. hmoZ ho gmoÝ`mMo ZmUo AgyZ Ë`mMo dOZ gw_mao VrZ J«°_ BVHo$ hmoVo.

åhUOoM {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m A{YH$mè`m§Zm AË §V g_mYmZH$maH$ doVZ {Xbo OmV hmoVo. amï´>r`d¥ÎmrZo ào[aV

Pmboë`m `m A{YH$mè`m§Zr H$Yrhr «ï>mMma Ho$ë`mMo CXmhaU AmT>iV Zmhr.

11) Aï>àYmZ _§S>imV ~«m÷U-_amR>m à_mU :

{edmOr amOm§À`m Aï>àXmZ _§S>imV gmV àYmZ ~«m÷U Va EH$ àYmZ _amR>m OmVrVrb hmoVm.

goZmnVr hm _amR>m OmVrVrb Ago. H$maU j{Ì`mbm emo Umao H$m © Ë`mÀ`m hmVyZ hmoB©b Aer Anojm.

~«m÷U OmVrH$S>o Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV {ejUmMr _ŠVoXmar hmoVr. ~«m÷Um§Zm {dÚm oV Agë`mZo Ë`mMo

à_mU A{YH$ {XgVo. àË oH$ OmVrVrb Mm§Jë`mMm dmna _hmamOm§Zr amÁ` d¥ÕrgmR>r H$ê$Z KoVbm.

S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§À`m_Vo Aï>àYmZ _§S>imMr VwbZm A_o[aHo$À`m AÜ`j Am{U Ë`m§À`m g{Mdm§er

H$aVm oB©b. N>ÌnVr {edmOr amOm§À`m à_mUo AÜ`jm§g g{Mdm§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mMm qH$dm H$mTy>Z

Q>mH$Ê`mMm A{YH$ma hmo .

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B ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 2

A) Imbrb CnàíZmV {Xboë`m n`m© m§n¡H$s AMyH$ n`m© {ZdSy>Z [aH$må`m OmJm nyU©.H$am.

1) {edH$mbrZ Aï>àYmZ _§S>imÀ`m {Z{_©VrMm B{Vhmg ............. gmbmn ªV _mJo OmVmo.

A) 1659 ~) 1640 H$) 1665 S>) 1674

2) {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m amÁ`m{^foH$mdoir ............. `m§Zm noedonXr Zo_bo.

A) _moamo qÌ~H$ (_moamon§V) ~) am_M§Ð qÌ~H$

H$) Zmam| qÌ~H$ S>) Zmamo {ZiH§$R>

3) Aï>àYmZ _§S>imV ............ BVHo$ àYmZ ~«m÷U OmVrVrb AgV.

A) AmR> ~) gmV H$) ZD$ S>) AH$am

4) {edH$mimV Aï>àYmZ _§S>imVrb ............. BVŠ`m àYmZm§Zm wÕ_mo{h_mda Omdo bmJo.

A) AmR> ~) gmV H$) ghm S>) ZD$

5) Aï>àYmZ _§S>imVrb àYmZm§Zm .............. ñdê$nmV nJma {Xbm OmV Ago.

A) Ohm{JarÀ`m ~) dVZmÀ`m H$) amoI S>) ga§Om_mÀ`m

6) .............. hm goZmnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§er CÕQ>nUo dmJë`mZo Ë`mg VS>H$m\$S>H$s nXmdê$Z

Xÿa Ho$bo.

A) àVmnamd JwOa ~) ZoVmOr nmbH$a H$) VwH$S>moOr Mmoa S>) _mUH$moOr XhmVm|S>o

7) {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Vm_riZmSy> {H$Zmè`mdarb _wbyImMm H$ma^ma ............ `m§À`mda gmon{dbm.

A) _moamon§V ~) AmÊUmOr XÎmmo H$) XÎmmOrn§V dmHo$ZrgS>) haOr _hm{S>H$

8) N>ÌnVr g§ mOr amOm§À`m H$ma{H$XuV .............. `m§Zr n§{S>Vamd åhUyZ H$m © Ho$bo.

A) aKwZmWn§V ~) _moamon§V H$) H$dr H$be S>) XÎmmon§V

9) {edH$mimV noeì`mg ............. hmoZ BVH$m dm{f©H$ nJma {Xbm OmB©b.

A) 12,000 ~) 15,000 H$) 1000 S>) 5000

10) Aï>àXmZ _§S>imVrb ............. ho nX _amR>m OmVrgmR>r hmoVo.

A) noedm ~) Ý`m`mYre H$) A_mË` S>) goZmnVr

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1.2.3 H$) {H$ëë`m§Mr àemgZ ì`dñWm Am{U ZmdrH$ YmoaU :

1.2.3.1 (1) {H$ëë`m§Mo àemgZ :

B àmñVm{dH$ :

àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ g§ajUmÀ`m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ {H$ëë`m§Zm _hÎd àmßV Pmë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. "eÌynmgyZ

g§ajU H$aÊ`mg gwb^ Omdo Am{U g^modVmbÀ`m àXoemMr Q>ohmiUr H$aVm `mdr, Ë`mda {Z §ÌU R>odVm

`mdo åhUyZ ~m§Yboë`m dmñVyg {H$ëbm åhUV.'

{edam`m§À`m H$mimV {H$ëë`m§Zm _hÎd àmßV Pmbo. Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV S>m|Jar {H$ëbo, wB©H$moQ>

{H$ëbo Am{U O§Oram qH$dm ObXþJ© Ago VrZ àH$ma hmVoo.

B {H$ëë`m§Mo _hÎd :

{edmOr _hmamOm§Zr {H$ëë`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo ñdamÁ`mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. _amR>çm§À`m gÎmoda Amboë`m

g§H$Q>mMo {ZdmaU {H$ëë`m_wioM Pmbo. [a`mgVH$ma Jmo. g. gaXogmB© Ago åhUVmV H$s, ""àË oH$ {H$ëbm

d VÝ_`m©Xmn[a{dï> àXoe hm {edmOrÀ`m amÁ` _m{bHo$Vrb EH$ KQ>H$mdb` hmo . `m ~hþ_mob XþJ©_m{bHo$_wio

{edmOrZo Amnbo amÁ` ~§{XñV Ho$bo. {edmOrMr ~hþVoH$ AmMmQ> H¥$Ë o øm {H$ëë`m§À`m `moJmZo VS>rg Jobr.

AZoH$ AmUr~mUrMo àg§J {edmOrda Ambo AgVm, Ë`mVyZ {Z^mdyZ OmÊ`mg hoM {H$ëbo Ë`m§g Cn`moJr

nS>bo. {H$Ë oH$ {H$ëbo ñdg§ajUmÀ`m gmo rMo, {H$Ë oH$ AMmZH$ eÌyda N>mnm KmbyZ Ë`mMm nmS>md

H$aÊ`m§À`m gmo`rMo, {H$ËòH$ AMmZH$ eÌyda N>mnm KmbyZ Ë`m§Mm nmS>md H$aÊ`m§À`m gmo`rMo, Ago

Zm§dmObobo AgyZ Ë`m§À`m `moJmZ| _amR>çm§À`m VËH$mbrZ namH«$_mg EH$ àH$maMr {dbjU agmiVm CËnÞ

Pmbr Amho.''

"{H$ëbo ~hþV Pmbo, {dZmH$maU n¡gm IM© hmoVmo Amho' Agm AO© OdiÀ`m _§S>irZr {edmOr

_hmamOm§À`mH$S>o Ho$bm AgVm _hmamO åhUmbo, ""O¡gm Hw$U~r eoVmg _mim KmbyZ eoV am{IVmo, Vgo {H$ëbo

amÁ`mg ajU AmhoV. Vmadm§g {Iio _mê$Z ~iH$Q> H$[aVmV, Ver amÁ`mg ~iH$Q>r {H$ëë`m§Mr Amho.

{H$ëë`m§À`m `moJmZo Am¡a§Jehm gma»`mMr C_a JwOê$Z OmB©b.' AmnUmg Y_©ñWmnZm d amÁ`g§nmXZ H$aUo.

gdm©g AÞ bmdyZ eÌyàXoe Z hmo , Vo {H$ëë`m_wio hmoVo. gdmªMm {Zdm©h {XëbrÐmgmaIm eÌy Camda Amho.

Vmo Ambm Var Zdo OwZo VrZe|gmR> {H$ëbo hOaVrg AmhoV. EH$ {H$ëbm EH$ df© bT>bm, Var VrZeogmR>

df} nm{hOoV.''

Ooåg S>½bg `m§Zo {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m {H$ëë`mMo _hÎd gm§JVmZm Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ""Ë`mMo

gd© gm_Ï © {H$ëë`m§da Adb§~yZ hmoVo. Vmo IamIwam XþJ©ñdm_r hmoVm. Ë`mMm OÝ_ XþJm©V Pmbm. Ë`mbm

XþJm©_wio d¡ d àmßV Pmbo. Ë`mMo {H$ëbo Ë`mÀ`m ^maVmVrb eÌyZm YmH$ hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m amï´>mMr Vr gd§Y©Z

y_r hmoVr. Ë`mÀ`m {dO`mMm Vmo nm`m hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m dmT>Ë`m _hÎdmH$m§joMm Vmo {OZm hmVom. XþJ© hoM Ë`mMo

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{ZdmgñWmZ d VoM Ë`m§À`m AmZ§XmMo {ZYmZ hmoVo. {H$Ë oH$ {H$ëbo Ë`m§Zo ~m§Ybo, Oo AmYr ~m§Ybo hmoVo Ë`m

gdmªZm Ë`mZo ~iH$Q>r AmUbr.''

goVy _mYdamd nJS>r {H$ëë`m§Mo _hÎd gm§JVmZm åhUVmV H$s, ""npíM_ _hmamï´>mVrb gømÐrÀ`m

am§Jm, Aê§$X Xè`m, XiU-diUmMr VwQ>ny§Or gmYZo `m_wio àXoemÀ`m g§ajUmg Z¡g{J©H$ ~iH$Q>r àmßV

Pmbr. S>m|Ja_mÏ`mda ~m§Yboë`m {H$ëë`m§_wio Ë`m ^mJmÀ`m g§ajUmg ~iH$Q>r àmßV Pmbr. Aé§X qIS>r_wio

eÌybm oÊ`mOmÊ`mg AdKS> d _amR>çm§Zm gmo rMr nmíd© y_r bm^br. Ë`m_wio n«M§S> d ~bmT>ç eÌyMm

gwÕm _amR>o nam^d H$ê$ eH$bo.''

am_M§Ðn§V A_mË` Amnë`m "AmkmnÌ' `m J«§WmV JS>H$moQ>mMo _hÎd {deX H$aVm§Zm åhUVmV H$s,

""g§nyU© amÁ`mMo gma Vo XþJ©. XþJ© ZgVm§ _moH$im Xoe naMH«$ oVm§M {Zam « , àOm^½Z hmoD$Z Xoe CÜdñV

Pmë`mda amÁ` Ago H$moUmg åhUmdo ? `mH$arVm§ nydu Oo Oo amOo Pmbo Ë`m§Zr AmYr Xoem_Ü | XþJ© ~m§YyZ

Vmo Vmo Xoe emídV H$ê$Z KoVbm, Am{U Ambo naMH«$g§H$Q> XþJm©l`r n[ahma Ho$bo. JS>H$moQ>m§Mm Aml` ZgVm

\$m¡OoÀ`mZo na_wbIr {Q>H$md YadyZ amhdV Zmhr. \$m¡Oo {dahrV na_wbIr àdoe hmoU|M Zmhr. BVŠ`mMo H$maU

Vo JS>H$moQ> {dahrV amÁ` O| amÁ` Ë`m amÁ`m§Mr pñWVr åhUOo A «nQ>b Ý`m` Amho. `mH$[aVm§ Á`m§g amÁ`

nm{hOo, Ë`m§Zr JS>H$moQ> hoM amÁ`, JS>H$moQ> åhUOo amÁ`mMo _yi, JS>H$moQ> åhUOo I{OZm, JS>H$moQ> åhUOo

g¡Ý`mMo ~i, JS>H$moQ> åhUOo amÁ`bú_r JS>H$moQ> åhUOo dg{VñWio, JS>H$moQ> åhUOo gwI{ZÐmJma, qH$~hÿZm

JS>H$moQ> åhUOo Amnbo àmUg§ajU, Ago nyU© {MÎmm§V AmUyZ H$moUm§Mo âdem§da Z amhVm Amho Ë`mMo ajU

H$aU|, d ZyVZ ~m§YÊ`mMm hì`mg ñdV:M H$amdm, H$moUm§Mm {dídmg _mZy Z o.''

WmoS>Š`m§V {H$ëë`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo amOmbm Amnë`m _wbwImMo g§ajU H$aVm oB©b. eÌyMo AmH«$_U

Pmë`mg àOog {H$ëë`m§Mm Aml` KoVm oV Ago. Ë`m§À`m A~«yMo ajU hmoB©. OdinmgÀ`m àXoemMr

Q>ohiUr H$aVm oB©b. {edH$mimV {H$ëbm hm bîH$ar Am{U _wbH$s àemgZmMo _w»` H|$Ð ~Zbo hmVoo.

B {H$ëë`m§Mr Zm§do Am{U g§»`m :

{edmOr _hmamOm§Zr {H$ëë`m§Zm g§ñH¥$V Zm§do {Xbr. {H$ëë`m§da KS>boë`m KQ>Zmdê$Z AWdm eoOmaÀ`m

Jm§dmdê$Z {H$ëë`m§Zm Zm§do {Xbr. S>m°. ~miH¥$îU Amnë`m 'Shivaji The Great' `m J«§WmV {edH$mimVrb

{H$ëë`m§À`m g_W©H$ Zm§dmdê$Z Ë`m Ë`m {H$ëë`m§Mo d¡{eîQ>ço XmIdyZ XoVmV. CXm. qghJS> (Lion Den),

2) am`JS> (Royal Fort), 3) àVmnJS> (Valour Fort), 4) {dO`XþJ© (Victory Fort), 5) H$_bJS>

(Lotus Fort) B. darb {H$ëë`m§À`m Zm§dm_wio ñ\w$Vu {Z_m©U hmoVo.

{edH$mbrZ {H$ëë`m§Mr g§»`m doJdoJir {Xbr Amho. H¥$îUmOr AZ§V g^mgX `m§Zr g^mgX ~IarV

240 BVH$s {H$ë`m§Mr g§»`m {Xbr Amho. _ëhma am_amd {MQ>Urg `m§Zr {MQ>Urg ~IarV {H$ë`m§Mr g§»`m

317 EdT>r {Xbr Amho. {MÌJwá ~IarV {H$ë`m§Mr g§»`m 361 {Xbr Amho. Jmo.g.gaXogmB© `m§Zr {H$ë`m§Mr

g§»`m 300 {Xbr Amho. àm.{X.dr.H$mio `m§Zr {edH$mbrZ {H$ë`m§Mr g§»`m 496 EdT>r {Xbr Amho.

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àm.S>m°.A.am.Hw$bH$Uu `m~m~V åhUVmV H$s, ~IarV AmT>iUmè`m nU Á`m {H$ë`m§Mo {ZpíMV

{R>H$mU gm§JVm oV Zmhr Aem {H$ë`m§Mr Zm|X àm. {X.dr.H$mio `m§Zr Ho$br Amho. Ë`mV N>mdÊ`m Am{U

JT>çm§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m_wio {H$ëë`m§À`m g§» oMm AmH$S>m \w$Jbm Amho. S>m°. A.am.Hw$bH$Uu

`m§À`m _Vo {edH$mbrZ {H$ë`m§Mr g§»`m 300 Vo 350 BVH$s Agmdr.

B {H$ëë`m§Mo ~m§YH$m_ Am{U Xþê$ñVr :

{edH$mbrZ {H$ë`m§Mo ~m§YH$m_, {H$ëë`m§darb B_maVr Am{U Ë`m§Mr Xþê$ñVr `m ~m~r _hÎdmÀ`m

hmoV. XËVmOrn§V dmHo$Zrg `m§Zr 91 H$b_r ~IarV åhQ>bo Amho H$s, {edmOrZo àË oH$ A oÚ Am{U gw§Xa

{R>H$mUr {H$ëbm ~m§Ybm Vmo Amnë`m eya Am{U {dídmgy godH$m§H$S>o gmon{dbm.

{edmOr _hmamOm§Mo gZ 1671-72 _Yrb {H$ëë`m§À`m ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r Am{U Xþê$ñVrgmR>r Ho$bobo

A§XmOnÌH$ CnbãY Pmbobo Amho. Ë`mV am`JS>gmR>r 50,000 hmoZ, qghJS>, qgYwXþJ©, {dO`XþJ©, gwdU©JS>,

{demiJS>, àVmnJS>, nwa§Xa d amOJS> {H$ëë`m§gmR>r àË oH$s 10,000 hmoZ, àM§S>JS>, gwYmJS>, bmohJS>

B. gmR>r 5000 hmoZmMr VaVyX {H$aH$moi Xþê$ñVr Am{U ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r H$ê$Z R>odbr hmoVr. {edmOr

N>ÌnVtZr 1,75,000 hmoZ ~mOybm R>odyZ Vo \$ŠV Am{U~mUrÀ`m àg§Jr IM© H$amdoV Am{U JS>H$moQ>mVrb

gmYZgm_J«rgmR>r 1,25,000 hmoZm§Mr VaVyX Ho$br hmoVr.

{edmOramOm§Zr gZ 1672 gmbr Amnë`m _wbImV _moR>r ~m§YH$m_o gwê$ H$ê$Z ñdamÁ`Vrb bmoH$m§Zm

dmT>rd doVZ XoD$Z H$m_ {Xbo. amOo ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r CËV_, H$g~r H$mam{Ja emoYV AgV. {H$ë`m§À`m

~m§YH$m_mgmR>r _hmamOm§Zr Xoer, {dXoer VÌkm§Mr _XV KoVbr. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr qOOr {H$ë`m§À`m

VQ>~§XrÀ`m ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r _ÐmgH$a B§J«OmH$S>o wam{n`Z B§{O{ZAg©Mr _mJUr Ho$br hmoVr. ñdV… {edmOr

_hmamOm§Mo {H$ë`m§À`m ~m§YH$m_ Am{U Xþê$ñVr H$m_mVrb kmZ EH$mÚm {ZîUm§V B§{O{ZAanojm OmñV hmoVo

Ago nmíMmË` g§emoYH$ åhUVmV.

B {edH$mbrZ {H$ëë`m§Mr àemgZ ì`dñWm :

{edH$mbrZ {H$ë`m§À`m àemgZ ì`dñWoVrb _hËËdmÀ`m ~m~r åhUOo _hmamOm§Zm dmQ>Umao {H$ë`m§Mo

ào_ Am{U ñd…AZw dmVyZ Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobo {H$ë`m§À`m àemgZm§Vrb ~Xb hmoV. Ë`m§Zr {H$ë`m§darb VrZ {^Þ

OmVrVrb åhUOoM _amR>m, ~«m÷U Am[U à y OmVrVrb A{YH$mè`m§Mr Zo_UyH$ hmo . H$maU `m VrZ OmVrMo

EH$_oH$m§er Agbobo d¡_mZñ` hmo .

N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m {H$ëbo{df`H$ YmoaU {deX H$aVmZm am_M§Ðn§V A_mË` "AmkmnÌ' `m

J«§WmV Ago åhUVmV H$s, ""JS>H$moQ> g§ajUmMo H$m © na_ ZmOyH$ Amho. ñWimg _m_boXmam{X Oo bmoH$ R>odmdo

Ë`m§Zr EImXm oX Ho${b`m_wio AWdm eÌy MmbmoZ AgVm§ Zm_Xu Ho$ë`m_wio AWdm Ë`m§Mo Jm\$br_wio

ñWimg XJm Pmbm Var ñWig{hV {VVH|$ amîQ´> hmVrMo Jobo. Caë`m ñWimg d amîQ´>mg CngJ© bmJbm

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à~i hmoD$Z nmdbm AgVm Omo Jobm {H$ëbm Ë`m {H$ëboXmamMr gdo BVa {H$ëboXmam§g bmJmoZ Vohr ñWimg

Anm` `moOVmV. åhUOo oHo$g amÁ`mgM YŠH$m ~gVmo.''

darb YmoaUmMm {dMma H$ê$Z _hmamOm§Zr {H$ëb`m§da A{YH$mar Zo_Vm§Zm nwT>rb XjVm KoVbr..{H$ë`m§da

A{YH$mar Zo_VmZm Ë`m§Mr d¡ pŠVH$ narjm ñdV… _hmamO H$aV. Aem godH$mH$Sy>Z Mm§Jë`m dV©UyH$sMr

h_r KoVbr OmV Ago. Aem godH$mg Xa~mamVrb EImXr ì`ŠVr Om_rZ ahmV Ago. Ë`mM~amo~a.{H$ë`m§darb

àemgZmMr O~m~Xmar EH$mM A{YH$mè`m§da Z Q>mH$Vm VrZ g_mZ XOm©Mo A{YH$mar Zo_bo OmV hmoVo.

S>m°.A.am.Hw$bH$Uu Amnë`m "{edH$mbrZ _hmamîQ´>' `m J«§WmV Ago åhUVmV H$s, ""àË oH$ {H$ëë`m§da

gm_mÝ`Vm VrZ A{YmH$ar hmoVo. hdmbXma, gaZmo~V Am{U g~Zrg `m gdm©§Mm XOm© EH$M AgyZ Vo

EH$_oH$m§À`m gëë`mZo H$ma^ma H$arV. {VKoOU EH$mM àVrMo. Omo H$ma^ma H$aUo Vmo {VKm§Zr EH$mM àH$maMm

H$amdm. `m IoarO à w OmVrMm EH$ H$maImZrg {H$ëë`m§darb H$moR>rMr ì`dñWm nmhÊ`mgmR>r Zo_bm

hmoVm.''

S>m°.Eg².EZ².goZ `m§À`m _Vo, ""àË oH$ {H$ëë`m§da g_mZ XOm©Mo VrZ A{YH$mar AgV. Vo Ago

hdmbXma, g~Zrg d H$maImZrg. hdmbXma hm {H$ëë`m§Vrb {e~§XrMm à_wI Ago. g~ZrgH$S>o {H$ëë`m§Mm

{hemo~ d g¡{ZH$m§mÀ`m hOoarMr H$m_o AgV. Va H$maImZrgH$S>o {d{dY H$maImÝ`m§Mr H$m_o AgV.''

S>m°.~miH¥$îU `m~m~V Ago åhUVmV H$s, ""VrZ A{YH$mè`mMr hr nÕVr _hmamOm§Zr Ho$ìhm gwê$ Ho$br

ho {ZpíMV gm§JVm oV Zmhr. VWmnr 1665 gmbr amOJS>mda hdmbXma, g~Zrg, gaZmo~V, Zm`H$dS>r ho

A{YH$mar hmoVo. Ë`m_wio gmYmaUV… 1665 À`m nwT>o hr nÕV ApñVËdmV Ambr Agmdr.''

B hdmbXma :

hdmbXma åhUOo {H$ëboXma qH$dm JS>H$ar hmo . am_M§Ðn§V A_mË` "AmkmnÌmV' åhUVmV H$s,

""{H$ëë`m§Mm Ord Vmo hdmbXma'' hdmbXma hm Hw$irZ _amR>m, {Zñn¥h d¥ËVrMm, {dídmgy, {ZñdmWu, gVV

OmJéH$nUo godm H$aUmam, ñdm_r{ZîR>, àg§Jr àmUmMr ndm© Z H$aUmam Agmdm. Ë`m§À`mda {H$ëë`m§À`m

g§ajUmMr O~m~Xmar Ago. YÝ`mZo bmdyZ {Xboë`m _`m©XoV amhÿZ {Xdgm-amÌr {H$ëë`m§Mo ajU H$amdo. Ë`mZo

ñdV… gy`© _mdiVmM {H$ëë`m§Mo XadmOo ~§X H$amdoV. gw`m}X`m~amo~a {H$ëë`m§Mo XadmOo CKS>mdoV.

H$moUË`mhr n[a{ñWVrV {H$ëë`m§Mo XadmOo amÌrÀ`mdoir CKSy> Z oV Aer {edmOr _hmamOm§Mr gŠV VmH$sX

hmoVr. hdmbXma hm {H$ëë`m§darb {e~§XrMm à_wI Ago.

B g~Zrg :

g~Zrg hm ~«m÷U OmVrMm Ago. Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o {H$ëë`m§Mm O_mIM© R>odÊ`mMo Am{U {H$ëë`m§darb

bmoH$m§Mr hOoar R>odÊ`mMo H$m_ Ago. g~Zrg hm hdmbXmamà_mUoM JwUmMm Ago.

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B H$maImZrg :

H$maImZrg hm à^w OmVrMm Ago. {H$ëë`m§darb AR>am H$maImÝ`mÀ`m àemgZmMr O~m~Xmar

Ë`m§À`mda Ago. Ë`m§Mà_mUo AmÞYmÝ` Am{U Xmê$Jmoim `m§Mm ZrQ> gmR>m H$ê$Z Ë`mMm nwadR>m H$aÊ`mMr

O~m~Xmar Ago.

`m{edm` VQ>gaZmo~V `m A{YH$mè`mMr Zo_UyH$ H$aV. {H$ëë`m§À`m àË oH$ VQ>mda EH$ VQ>gaZmo~V

Zo_V. VQ>gaZmo~Vm§Mr g§»`m JaOoZygma Ago. hm A{YH$mar N>ÌnVtÀ`m Img {dídmgmVrb Ago.

B {H$ëë`m§darb A{YH$mè`m§Mr H$m ©nÕV :

g~ZrgmZo n¡gm Am{U O_mIMm©{df`rMm gd© nÌì`dhma H$amdm. nU Aem nÌì`dhmamda hdmbXma

Am{U H$maImZrg `m§Zr Amnbo g§_VrXe©H$ {eŠHo$ CR>dmVo. g~Zrg {H$ëë`m§darb bmoH$m§Mr hOoar R>odV

Ago. nU hOoarnÌH$ VnmgÊ`mMo H$m_ H$amImZrg H$aV Ago.

{H$ëë`m§dê$Z hmoUmam nÌì`dhma g~Zrg H$ao nU Ë`mda H$maImZrgmMm {eŠH$m Agmdm bmJo. Aem

nÌì`dhmamMr Xáam§V Zm§oX H$ê$Z Vr {H$ëë`m~mhoa nmR>{dÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar H$maImZrgmda Ago. g~ZrgmZo

R>odboë`m {hemo~mda hdmbXma Am{U H$maImZrg `m§Zr {eŠH$m_moV©~ H$aUo JaOoMo hmoVo.

H$maImZrg Ooìhm YmÝ` Am{U Xmê$ JmoiçmMo dmQ>n H$aV Ago Voìhm g~ZrgmMm H$maHy$Z hOa AgUo

~§YZH$maH$ hmoVo. wÕmV nH$S>bobr _mUgo, OZmdao Am{U gm{hË` H$maImZrgm§À`m Vmã`m§V Agmdo _mÌ

Ë`mda g~ZrgmMr XoIaoI Agmdr. {H$ëë`m§Mo ~m§YH$m_ H$maImZrgmZo H$amdo nU nmhUr H$aÊ`mMm

A{YH$ma g~Zrgmbm {Xbm hmoVm.

J«°Q> S>\$ hm B{VH$mgH$ma {edH$mbrZ {H$ëë`m§À`m ì`dñWo~m~V Ago åhUVmo H$s, ""{H$ëë`m§VyZ AmV

~mhoa H$moUr H|$ìhm OmUo, JñV {\$aU|, nhmao, Mm¡Š`m gm§ miUo d Ë`mOda XoIaoI R>odUo, nmUr, YmÝ`gm_wJ«r

BË`mXr V`ma R>odUo. `m JmoîQ>r{df`r gŠVrMo Am{U gwú_ {Z`_ {edmOrZo V`ma Ho$bobo AgyZ àË oH$

emIodarb _w»` A{YH$mè`m§Mr ~marH$ ~marH$ H$m_| gwÕm R>a{dbobr hmoVr. Am{U Vo {Z`_ _moS>Ê`mg

{Viâ OmJm ZìhVr. BVHo$ AgyZhr Ë`mMm øm gd© ~m~rMm IM© \$maM H$mQ>H$garZo ~m§{Ybobm hmoVm.''

B {H$ëë`m§darb {e~§Xr :

{H$ëë`m§darb {e~§XrMm åhUOoM g¡{ZH$m§Mm hdmbXma à_wI Ago. {H$ëë`m§darb g¡Ý` aMZm

nwT>rbà_mUo-

9 g¡{ZH$ = 1 ZmB©H$

3 ZmB©H$ = 1 O_mXma

gd© O_mXma = 1 hdmbXma

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`m{edm` VQ>m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV R>odÊ`mgmR>r VQ>gaZmo~V AgoV. Ë`m§Zm VQ>mÀ`m ajUmgmR>r amÌr nhmam

R>odmdm bmJo. {H$ëë`m§À`m nm`Ï`mer AgUmè`m dmQ>m§da am_moer, nQ>dmar, _hma, _m§J, ~oaS> dJ¡ao bmoH$m§À`m

Mm¡Š`m AgV. Ë`m§Zr haàH$maMr ~mV_r {_idyZ Vr VmËH$mi hdmbXmamg XoD$Z gmdY H$amdo. H$maU

{H$ëë`mÀ`m g§ajUmMr A§{V_ O~m~Xmar hdmbXmamMr Ago.

B nJmamMr ì`dñWm :

{H$ëë`m§À`m hdmbXmamg dm{f©H$ 125 hmoZ, g~Zrgmg dm{f©H$ 125 hmoZ Am{U H$maImZrgmg 125

hmoZ BVŠ`m nJma Ago. Va gaZmo~V `m A{YH$mè`mg dm{f©H$ 100 hmoZ nJma Ago. {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m

Agm H$Q>mj hmoVm H$s {H$ëë`m§darb bmoH$m§g AS>goar, ZJXr dJ¡ao doVZ doiÀ`mdoir àmá ìhmdo. Ë`m§Mr

H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV ZmamOr hmoD$ Z o åhUyZ XjVm KoVbr hmoVr.

B {H$ëë`m§darb A{YH$mè`m§À`mgmR>rMo {Z`_ :

{H$ëë`m§darb hdmbXmamMr ~Xbr VrZ dfm©Zr H$amdr. gaZmo~VmMr ~Xbr Mma dfm©Zr Va g~Zrg

Am{U H$maImZrg `m§Mr ~Xbr Va nmM dfm©Zr H$amdr. Ë`mMà_mUo VQ>gaZmo~V, ~maJra ho gwÕm Zdo-OwZo

Ago H$amdo. H$moUVmhr A{YH$mar _aU nmdë`mg Ë`mMr OmJm Ë`mÀ`m _wbmg AWdm ^mD$~§Xmg XoD$ Z o.

{H$ëë`m§darb A{YH$mar Ë`m§À`m amhË`m KamnmgyZ XÿaÀ`m {H$ëë`m§da Zo_mdm. H$maU Ka Odi Amho åhUyZ

Vmo dma§dma Kamg OmB©b. Ë`m_wio {H$ëbm eÌyÀ`m hmVr OmB©b Aer {^Vr Ago.

`m{edm` {H$ëë`m§Mo XadmOo ñdV… hdmbXmamZo CKS>mdoV d ~§X H$amdoV. {H$ëë`m§V PmS>o bmdmdrV.

H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV {H$ëë`m§V C§Xra Kwer hmoUma ZmhrV åhUyZ H$miOr ¿`mdr. VgoM {H$ëë`m§darb

A{YH$mè`m§Zr AmnAmnë`m ~m`H$m_wbmgh ahmdo. Xmofr AmT>ië`mg A{YH$mè`mg H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV

ZmoH$ar da R>oD$ Z o.

B \§$X{\$Vyar H$aUmè`mg emgZ :

am_M§Ðn§V A_mË` "AmkmnÌ' `m J§«WmV åhUVmV H$s, {H$ëë`mdarb EImXm A{YH$mar qH$dm

Bg_m_wio XJm hmoÊ`mMr ~mV_r {_iVmM doi Z XdS>Vm d Ë`mg gmdY Z hmoD$ XoVm nH$Sy>Z AmUmdo.

Ë`mZ§Va Oa Vmo Xmofr AmT>ibm Va "VmËH$mi ~o_wbm{hOm Ë`mMm {eaÀN>oX H$amdm Am{U Vo _ñVH$ JS>moJS>r

{\$admdo ¡g| Omo H$arb Ë`mg hm ZVrOm åhUmoZ Ym§S>moam {nQ>dmdm.' Am{U Oa Vmo {ZaAnamYr R>abm Va

Ë`mM {R>H$mUr Ë`mMr Zo_UyH$ H$ê$ Z o.

AmkmnÌmV Agohr åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ""H$moUr _m_boXma ñWimg g§H$Q> Pmbo åhUmoZ ñWi J{Z_mg

XoD$Z Amnbm Ord dmMdyZ Vmo J{Z_mH$S>o Jobm Va Ë`mMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$amdm. VgoM am_M§Ð A_mË` Ago

åhUVmV H$s, ""{H$ëë`m§Mr godm na_ H$R>rU Am{U emgZ na_ CJ«. {^S>oZo {^S> dmT>Vo. Ho$br _`m©Xm Vo

§JVoM VoM amÁ` ZmemMo H$maU `mH$[aVm _`m©Xm §J ghgm hmoD$ Z Úmdm.''

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1.2.3. (1) {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo Amam_ma{df`H$ YmoaU-

B àmñVm{dH$ -

NÌnVr {edmOramOm§Zr XyaX¥îQ>rZo _amR>m Ama_mamMr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z gmJamda Amnbo dM©ñd {Z_m©U

Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm "^maVr` Ama_mamMm OZH$' (Father of The Indian Navy) åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.

gZ 1658 _Ü o {edmOr amOm§Zr H$ë`mU-{^d§S>rMm àXoe H$m~rO Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§À`m bjmV Ama_maMo

_hËËd Am{U Ë`mMr JaO Ü`mZr Ambr. nwT>rb H$mhr dfm©VM H$moH$UmVrb ~amMgm _wbwI Ë`m§Zr H$m~rO

Ho$bm. Ë`mM doir Ë`m§Zr H$moH$UmVrb Amnë`m a`VoMo ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ama_ma C^maÊ`mV ÑT>{ZíM`

Ho$bm.

B Ama_ma C^maÊ`m_mJrb à_wI CÔoe :

{edmOr _hmamOm§Zr nwT>rb CÔoemgmR>r ñdV§Ì Am{U gm_Ï ©embr Ama_ma {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU

ñdrH$mabo.

1) {_R>mMm ì`mnma :

{edmOr _hmamOm§À`mH$S>o {_R>mÀ`m ì`mnmamgmR>r nwaoer _mooR>r Jb~Vo ZìhVr. `m ì`mnmamgmR>r Ë`m§Zm

B§J«Om§À`mH$Sy>Z OhmOo ^mS>çmZo ¿`mdr bmJV. na§Vy Aer OhmOo ^mS>çmZo Vo ZmamOrZo XoV H$maU {_R>mÀ`m

JmoÊ`m_wio bmH$S>mg {N>Ðo nS>V Ë`m_wio bmHy$S> Iam~ hmoV Ago. Voìhm Amnbr ñdV§Ì Jb~Vo AgmdrV Ago

amOm§Zm dmQy> bmJbo.

2) ì`mnmamg g§ajU :

{edH$mimV _ñH$V, _moMm `m {R>H$mUr {edam`m§Mr ì`mnmar OhmOo AgV. {edmOr amOm§Mo

ì`mnmadmT>rMo YmoaU hmoVo. Ë`m_wio gmJamdarb Amnë`m ì`mnmè`m§Mo g§ajU ìhmdo åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr bT>mD$

OmhOo ~m§YyZ Ë`mg Ama_maMo ~i XoÊ`mMo R>a{dbo Am{U MmMoJarnmgyZ ì`mnmamMo g§ajU Ho$bo.

3) bîH$ar dM©ñd {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r :

_hmamOm§Mo nm`Xb Am{U AídXb gm_Ï ©embr hmoVoM. nU gmJamda Amnbo gm_Ï © {Z_m©U ìhmdo

åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr Ama_ma C^mabo. Ë`m_wio ñdamÁ`mÀ`m {H$Zmè`mdarb _wbImMo ga§jU H$aVm Ambo.

4) eÌynmgyZ àOoÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r :

O§OramMo {gÔr ho _amR>çm§Mo H$Å>a eÌy hmoVo. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z dma§dma H$moH$U {H$Zmè`mdarb _wbyImg

_moR>mM CnÐd hmoV Ago. Vo H$moH$U {H$Zmè`mdarb Jm§do Am{U eoVo bwQy>Z \$ñV H$aV. ~è`mMXm {ZanamY

àOobm doR>rg YaV. bmoH$m§À`m H$Îmbr H$aV. Ë`mM~amo~a AZoH$m§Zm Jwbm_ åhUyZ nH$Sy>Z ZoV. H$moH$UmVrb

Amnë`m àOoMm Ìmg H$_r H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m OrdrVm§Mo d {dÎmmMo ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r _hmamOm§Zr Ama_mar

~r.E. mJ-1/B{Vhmg ....9

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gËVoMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dbo.

5) {ZgJm©Mr AZwHy$bVm :

H$moH$UMr {H$ZmanÅ>r _amR>m Ama_mamÀ`m C^maUrgmR>r AZwH$b hmoVr. H$ë`mU-{^d§S>r oWo OhmOo

~m§YÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmZo gmJdmZ bmHy$S> _moR>çm à_mUmV CnbãY hmoVo. {H$Zmè`mdarb Z¡g{J©H$ ImS>çm Am{U

~§XamMr AZwHy$bVm Cn`moJr R>abr. H$moir Am{U §S>mar `m {nT>çmZ{nT>çm amhUmè`m X`m©dXr bmoH$m§Mo gmhmæ`

{_iUma hmoVo.

6) nmoVw©JrO H$mam{Jam§Mr _XV :

Ama_ma-~m§YUrgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao Hw$eb H$mamJra _hmamOm§À`m Odi ZìhVo. nU Ama_ma C^maÊmrgmR>r

Ë`m§Zr Hw$eb nmoVw©JrO H$mam{Jam§Mr `m H$m_r _XV KoVbr. H$ë`mU d {^d§S>r oWrb Ama_ma ~m§YUr H$maImÝ`mV

300 nmoVw©JrO H$mamJra H$m_ H$ê$ bmJbo. Ë`m§Zr _amR>m Ama_mamVrb n{hbr drg bT>mD$ OhmOo ~m§YyZ {Xbr.

am_M§Ðn§V A_mË` "AmkmnÌ' `m J§«WmV {edmOramOm§Mo Ama_ma {gÕVoMo YmoaU {deX H$aVm§Zm Ago

åhUVmV H$s, ""Ama_ma åhUOo ñdV§Ì amÁ`m§JM hmo . O¡go Á`mg Aíd~i Ë`mMr n¥Ïdr àOm Amho. VÕdM

Á`mÀ`mOdi Ama_ma Ë`mMm g_wÐ. `m H$[aVm Ama_ma Amdí`_od H$aUo.''

B {edmOr N>ÌnVtÀ`m Ama_mamMr ì`dñWm :

1) OhmOm§Mm AmH$ma :

N>ÌnVr {edmOr amOm§À`m Ama_mamVrb OhmOm§Mm AmH$ma Zm \$ma _moR>m Zm \$ma bhmZ Z R>odVm Vr

_Ü`_ AmH$mamMr AgV. `m~m~V am_M§Ðn§V A_mË` "AmkmnÌ' J«§WmV åhUVmV H$s, ""MmbrÀ`m Jwam~m

~hþV Wmoa Zm ~hþZ bhmZ Eoem _Ü`_ arVrZo gOmì`m V¡grM Jb~Vo H$amdr Wmoa ~ago naJmV dmè`m{dUo

à`moOZmMoM ZìhoV.'' `mMmM AW© _moR>çm AmH$mamMr Jb~Vo hr dmè`m{dZm {Zê$n`moJr R>aV.

àm. O`qgJamd ndma `m§À`m _Vo _moR>r bT>mD$ OhmOo ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmao V§ÌkmZ _amR>çm§À`mnmer

ZìhVo. Ago V§ÌkmZ XoÊ`mg wamo{n`Z bmoH$ \$mago amOr ZìhVo. Ë`mVM _hmamOm§Mo Ama_ma {Z{_©Vr _mJrb _w»`

Ü o eÌynmgyZ àOoMo ajU H$aÊ`mMoM hmoVo.

2) OhmOmMo àH$ma :

{edH$mimVrb ZmdrH$ H$m_{JarMr Am{U ~m§Yboë`m bT>mD$ OhmOm§À`m àH$mam§Mr ~Ia dmS>;_`mV

AJXrM ÌmoQ>H$ ñdê$nmV _m{hVr {Xbr Amho. H¥$îUmOr AZ§V g^mgX _hmamOm§À`m ZmdrH$ XbmVrb

OhmOm§Mr Zmdo Jwam~, Vam§S>r, Vmê$, {e~mS>, nJma Am{U BVa Aer XoVmo. _ëhmX am_amd {MQ>Urg hm

~IaH$ma darb `mXrV H$mMdm, ~Wmoa Am{U nmb `m Zm§dmMm g_mdoe H$aVmo. `mIoarO _amR>çm§À`m

B{VhmgmÀ`m Añgb gmYZmn¡H$s "{gboŠeZ \$m_© X noedm Xáa,' B{Vhmg g§J«h' Am{U _amR>çm§À`m

B{VhmgmMr gmYZo `mVyZ _amR>çm§À`m Ama_mamg§~§Yr {dñV¥ËV _m{hVr {_iVo.

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3) OhmOm§Mr g§»`m :

g^mgX ~IarV _hmamOm§À`m Ama_mamVrb OhmOm§Mr g§»`m 700 BVH$s, {MQ>Urg ~IarV 400 Vo

500 BVH$s Va {M_Jwá ~IarV 640 BVH$s {Xbr Amho. {edmOr amOm§À`m H$ë`mU {^d§S>r oWrb OhmOo

~m§YÊ`mÀ`m H$maImÝ`mV B.g. 1659 n ªV 20 Jb~VmMm VmS>m V`ma hmoVm. Vmo nwT>o 1664 n ªV 70

Ama_mar OhmOm§Mm VmS>m ~Zbm. ~IarV {Xbobr g§»`m J¡ag_O {Z_m©U H$aUmar Amho. VËH$mbrZ B§J«O

Am{U nmoVw©JrO gmYZmdê$Z Ago {XgVo H$s _amR>m Ama_mamV 150 À`m Amgnmg OhmOo AgmdrV.

4) Ama_ma Xbm§Mr aMZm :

{edN>ÌnVrÀ`m Ama_ma XbmÀ`m aMZo~m~V am_M§Ðn§V A_mË` "AmkmnÌ' `m J§«WmV åhUVmV H$s,

""àË oH$ àË`H$ gw o H$amdo Xa gw o mg nm§M Jwam~m n§Yam Jb~Vo H$ê$ ¿`mdr. BVŠ`m§g EH$ gagw m

H$amdm.'' åhUOoM àË oH$ Ama_mar gwä`mV ({d^mJmV) 5 Jwam~m Am{U 15 Jb~Vo AgmdrV. Ë`mbm EH$

gw m Ago åhUmdo. AemàH$maMo AZoH$ Amam_mar gw o AgV. àË oH$ Ama_mar Xbmda EH$m Ama_mar

A{YH$mè`m§Mr Zo_UwH$ Ho$br OmB©. {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m Ama_mamV _`mZmB©H$ Am{U X`m©gma§J hr à_wI nXo

hmoVr. _hmamO _m`ZmB©H$ `m nXmda §S>mar OmVrVrb Va X`m©gma§J nXmda _wgb_mZ OmVrVrb A{YH$mè`m§Mr

Zo_UyH$ H$aV. {edam`m§Zr Amnë`m Ama_mamda X`m©gma§J åhUyZ Xm¡bVImZ `m§Mr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br.

{edmOr _hmamOm§Zr H$moH$U {H$Zmè`mdarb H$moir, ^§S>mar, _b~mar B. OmVrO_mVrb bmoH$m§Mr

Ibmer åhUyZ Zo_UyH$ Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr darb OmVrVrb bmoH$m§À`m gmJar AZw dmMm, YmS>grd¥ËVrMm \$m`Xm

Ama_mamÀ`m C^maUrgmR>r H$ê$Z KoVbm. Ama_mamV H$moir, §S>mar, Jm{~V, ^moB©, nmi§Xr BË`mXtMm âUm

Ago.

5) Ama_ma ~m§YUr Am{U gmJar {H$ëbo :

H$moH$UmVrb H$ë`mU-{^d§S>r {edmOrZo H$m~rO Ho$ë`mda Ama_ma ~m§YUrMm CÚmoJ gwê$ Ho$bm. dgB©g

OhmO ~m§YÊ`mV Hw$eb Aem H$mam{Jam§À`m _XVrZo Amnë`m bT>mD$ OhmO ~m§YÊ`mMm CÚmoJ gwê$ Ho$bm. OhmO

~m§YUrÀ`m CÚmoJmV VrZeoMmirg nmoVw©JrO H$mamJra d BVa bmoH$ H$m_ H$aV. OhmO ~m§YUrgmR>r Cn wŠV

~§Xao, gmJdmZ Am{U ñWm{ZH$ H$mamJra CnbãY Pmë`mZo OhmO ~m§YUr Am{U Xwê$ñVr H$m_mZo doJ KoVbm

hmoVm.

Amnë`m Ama_mamMo ajU hmoÊ`mgmR>r Am{U H$moH$U {H$ZmanÅ>rVrb a`VoÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r {dO`XwJ©,

gwd©UXwJ©, qgYwXwJ© BË`mXr gmJar {H$ëbo ~m§Ybo. qgYwXwJ© {H$ëë`m§À`m ~m§YH$m_mda _hmamOm§Zr nmÊ`mgmaIm

n¡gm IM© Ho$bm. _amR>m Ama_mam_wio nmoVw©JrO, B§J«O d {gÔrgma»`m eÌyda YmH$ {Z_m©U Pmbm. gZ 1667

_Ü o {edmOr§À`m gm_Ï`m©~m~V {dOaB© H$m|Xr X gm§pìhg|Vr Amnë`m nÌmV Z_yX H$aVmo H$s, ""{edmOrMo

Zm¡Xbhr _bm ^rVrXm`H$ dmQ>Vo. H$maU Ë`m§À`m{dê$Õ Amåhr gwadmVrVM H$madmB© Z Ho$ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr

{H$Zmè`mda {H$ëbo ~m§{Ybo Am{U AmO Ë`m§OOdi nwîH$i Vmado AmhoV. nU hr Vmado _moR>r ZmhrV.''

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6) ì`mnmar Ama_ma :

H$moH$U {H$Zmè`mdarb Mm¡b, Hw$bm~m, R>mUo, amOmnya `mgmaIr ì`mnmar ~§Xao _hmamOm§À`mH$S>o hmoVr.

`m ì`mnmar ~§XmaVyZ Aa~ Xoemer ì`mnma Mmbo, Aa~r Am{U wamo{n`Z ì`mnmar OhmOo H$moH$UmVrb

ì`mnmè`m§er XodKod H$aV AgV. na{H$` ì`mnmè`m§Zm bmHy$S>, nmUr, ZmaimMo ehmio, AÞYmÝ` AmXr

{OÞg {dH$V ÚmdoV. EdT>oM Zìho Va na{H$` ì`mnmar OhmOmMo g§ajU H$amdo `m~m~V AmkmnÌmV

_hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m A{YH$mè`m§Zm gyMZm {Xë`m AmhoV. na§Vw eÌyMr OhmOo Oá Ho$br OmV AgV.

B {ed NÌnVrMo Ama_mar YmoaU :

am_M§Ðn§V A_mË` `m§À`m AmkmnÌmVyZ _hmamOm§Mo Ama_ma {df`H$ YmoaU {deX H$aVm oVo. Ë`mVrb

à_wI ~m~r nwT>rbà_mUo-

1) Ama_mamda _X© bmoH$m§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$amdr. Vmo\$m, ~§XþH$m Am{U Xmê$Jmoim R>odmdm. hmoH$m §Ìo

AgmdrV.

2) àË oH$ gwä`mV AWdm {d^mJmV 5 Jwam~m Am{U 15 Jb~Vo AgmdrV.

3) Ama_mamVrb godH$m§Mm, A{YH$mè`m§Mm nJma hm _wbwImÀ`m CËnÞmVyZ ^mJdmdm. Vmo noXmñVrVyZ

åhUOoM ~§XamVrb ì`mnmar _mbmdarb OH$mV AWdm CËnÞmVyZ XoD$ Z o. H$maU Ë`m_wio ì`mnmè`m§Zm CnÐd hmoVmo.

n[aUm_r Ë`m§Mm ì`mnmamda d ì`mnmar ~§Xamda Xwîn[aUm_ hmoVmo.

4) Ogo gmo rMo hmoB©b Vgo Ama_ma {Z_m©U H$amdo. Ama_mamVrb bmoH$m§Zr gVV gmJamda JñV KmbyZ

eÌyMo n[anË` H$amdo.

5) gmJar {H$ëë`m§da daModa Xmê$Jmoim Am{U gm_mZ nmR>dmdo. gXmgd©H$mi gmJamdarb X`m©dXu

eÌyMr ~mV_r H$mTy>Z eÌyMm _wbyI bwQ>mdm.

6) Á`m ì`mnmè`m§Zm nadmZm AWdm A^` {Xbo Agob Ë`m§À`m OhmOm§Zm Á`m o H$aÊ`mg _w m

¿`mdr. nadmZmYmaH$ ì`mnmè`m§Zm H$moUVmhr CnÐd XoD$ Z o.

7) {dZmnadmZmYmaH$ na{H$` ì`mnmar OhmOo Amgë`mg Ë`m§Zm bmJUmao gm{hË` ¿`mdo. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z

WmoS>r~hÿV OH$mV KoD$Z Ë`m§Zm OmD$ Úmdo.

wÕàg§Jmdoir gdm©Zr {eH$ñV H$ê$Z EH$Ì O_mdo. eÌybm X_dyZ Ë`m§À`mer bT>mdo. dmè`m_wio eÌy

Z X_bm d AmnUM X_bmo Voìhm Amnbr Jb~Vo dmè`m_wio MmbV ZgVrb Voìhm Ambo ~i H$gohr Agmo

eÌyMr \$ir \$moS>V \$moS>V {H$ëë`m§Mm Aml` ¿`mdm. Vm§S>m d Amnë`m bmoH$m§g XJm hmoB©b Ago H$ê$ Z o.

eÌy X_yZ Ooarg Ambm åhUyZ EH$X_ Ë`mÀ`mda VwQy>Z nSy> Z o. eÌyg bm§~yZ Xyê$Z Koê$Z Vmo\$m§Mm _mam

H$amdm. eÌy XJm~mO Agë`mg Ë`mOda {dídmg Z R>odVm Ë`m§Mo OhmO \$moSy>Z Q>mH$mdo.

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Ama_mamMo Vi Xadfu doJiçm {R>H$mUr R>odÊ`m~Ôb gyMZm Ho$bobr {XgVo. gmJamV dmXi hmoÊ`mnydr©

Ama_ma N>mdUr H$amdr. Vr Xadfu EH$mM gmJar {H$ëë`mOdi AWdm CKS>çmda H$ê$ Z o. H$maU eÌy

hm {dídmg R>odÊ`mg `mo½` ZgVmo.

Amnë`m Ama_mamg bmJUmao VŠVo, gmoQ>, S>mobH$mR>çm `mgmaIo bmHy$S> hþOya nadmZJrZo amÁ`mÀ`m

O§JbmVyZ VmoSy>Z Ý`mdo. `m{edm` bmJUmao bmHy$S> {dH$V ¿`mdo.

Am§~m, \$Ug ho d¥j hr Ama_mamÀ`m Cn`moJr Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mo OVZ H$amdo. Ago d¥j dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r

bmoH$m§Zm Iyn H$îQ> ¿`mdo bmJVmV. JaO dmQ>ë`mg _mbH$mbm `mo½` qH$_V XodyZ amOrIwímr IaoXr H$amdr.

darb {ddoMZmdê$Z {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo Ama_ma~m~V AgUmè`m YmoaUm§Mr AmnUmg H$ënZm oVo.

Amnë`m Ama_mambm H$moÊmË`mhr {ñWVrV XJm\$Q>H$m hmoD$ Z o. ì`mnma d¥ÕtJV ìhmdm. eoVH$è`mg Vmoerf

bmJy Z o. gmJar {H$ëë`mda bmJUmam Xmê$Jmoim, gm{hË` H$_r nSy> Z o åhUyZ _hmamO Xj hmoVo.

B _hmamOm§À`m ZmdrH$ XbmMr H$m_{Jar :

1) {edmOramOm§Zr _moR>çm XyaÑîQ>rZo \$mago amO{H$` gm_Ï © ZgVmZm _amR>çm§Mo Ama_ma ñWmnZ

H$ê$Z Vo _amR>m Ama_mamMo OZH$ ~Zbo hr ~m~ IamoIaM A{^_mZmñnX hmo .

2) {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Ama_ma ñWmnZ H$ê$Z H$moH$UmVrb àOoMo {gÔr, nmoVw©JrO Aem eÌy§À`m

AmH«$_UmnmgyZ ajU Ho$bo.

3) Ama_mam_wio MmbÊ`mè`m ì`mnmamg d qhXr ì`mnmar OhmOm§Zm gajU àmá Pmbo.

4) Ama_ma C^maUr_wio _amR>çm§Mr gmJamda gËVm {Z_m©U Pmbr. gmJamV \w$Qy>Z {H$Zmè`mda

bmJboë`m OhmOmda d _mbmda _amR>çm§Zm Amnbm hŠH$ gm§JVm òD$ bmJbm.

5) nmoVw©JrO nadmÝ`m{edm` _amR>çm§Mr OhmOo, g_wÐmda g§Mma H$ê$ bmJbr.

6) ObXþJm©m_wio _amR>çm§Zm ZmdrH$ XbmMo Vi {Z_m©U H$aVm Ambo. n[aUm_r _amR>m ZmdrH$

XbmÀ`m gm_Ï`m©V â nS>br Am{U Ë`m_wio {gÔr, nmoVw©JrO, B§J«O Ama_mamda YmH$ {Z_m©U Pmbm.

7) Ama_mam_wio `wÕ_mo{h_mdoir _amR>m bîH$amg _XV H$aUo gmono Pmbo. Ë`m§Zm AÞYmÝ`,

Xmê$Jmoim AmXrMr agX nmohM{dVm Ambr.

8) Ama_ma ñWmnZo_ywio H${R>Ug_`r Aml` KoÊ`mgmR>rMo AmUIr EH$ gwa§{jV {R>H$mU _hmamOm§Zm

{_imbo.

9) ObXwJ© Am{U OhmO~m§YUrMm CÚmoJ gwê$ Ho$ë`mZo AZoH$m§Zm amoOJma qH$dm ZmoH$è`m {_imë`m.

Ë`m§À`m X`m©dXunUmV dmT> Pmbr.

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10) H$ë`mU-{^d§S>r, R>mUo, nZdob, d|Jwbm©, _mbdU BË`mXr {R>H$mUr OhmO {Z{_©VrMo CÚmoJ gwê$

Pmbo. VoWo {d{dY àH$maMr OhmOo ~Zy bmJbr. n[aUm_r _amR>çm§À`m OhmO~m§YUr V§ÌkmZmV Am{U

H$m¡eë`mV dmT> Pmbr. _amR>çm§Zm X`m©dXunUmMo à{ejU {_imbo.

11) qhXy Y_m©V g_wÐn ©Q>Z-{Z{fÕ _mZbo OmB©. {edam`m§Zr `m «m_H$ g_OwVrMo {Z_yb©Z H$ê$Z

ñdV§Ì Aem Ama_mamMr ñWmnZm Ho$br.

B ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 3 :

A) Imbrb CnàíZmV {Xboë`m n`m© mn¡H$s AMyH$ n`m© {ZdSy>Z [aH$må`m OmJm nyU©.H$am.

1) S>m°.A.am.Hw$bH$Ur© `m§À`m_Vo {edH$mbrZ {H$ëë`m§Mr g§»`m ................ EdT>r Agmdr.

A) 300 Vo 350 ~) 350 Vo 400 H$) 240 Vo 300 S>) 391 Vo 496

2) {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr \$ŠV Am{U~mUrÀ`m àg§Jr IM© H$aÊ`mgmR>r ............ BVŠ`m hmoZm§Mr

VaVyX Ho$br hmoVr.

A) 1,75,000 ~) 1,25,000 H$) 1,50,000 S>) 1,80,000

3) {edH$mimV {H$ëë`m§da ........ , ......... d ............. `m à_wI A{YH$mè`m§Mr Zo_UyH$

H$aV.

A) hdmbXma, VQ>gaZmo~V, ZmB©H$dS>r ~) hdmbXma, g~Zrg, H$maImZrg

H$) Jmob§XmO, nQ>dmar, ~maJra S>) goZmnVr, _m_boXma, {eboXma

4) {H$ëë`m§darb hdmbXma ........... OmVrMm, g~Zrg ......... OmVrMm, d H$maImZrg

......... OmVrMm Zo_V AgV.

A) am_moer, nmaYr, S>dar ~) ~oa§S>, _m§J, _hma

H$) _amR>m, ~«måhU, à y S>) H$moir, §S>mar, _b~mar.

5) {H$ëë`m§darb {e~§XrMm à_wI åhUyZ .............. `m A{YH$mè`mMr Zo_UyH$ H$aV.

A) g~Zrg ~) H$maImZmZrg H$) gaZmo~V S>) hdmbXma

6) ^maVr` Ama_mamMm OZH$ åhUyZ .............. `m§Zm AmoiIbo OmVo.

A) ehmOramOo ~) {edmOr_hmamO H$) g§ mOramOo S>) amOmam_ _hmamO.

7) {edmOr amOm§À`m Ama_mamVrb OhmOm§Mr g§»`m g^mgXmZo .............. BVH$s {Xbr Amho.

A) 700 ~) 500 H$) 600 S>) 400

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8) am_M§Ðn§V A_mË`m§Zr Ama_mamVrb àË oH$ gwä`mV ........ Jwam~ d ........ Jb~Vo AgmdrV

Ago åhQ>bo Amho.

A) 5,15 ~) 7,14 H$) 9,18 S>) 5,10

9) B§J«O bmoH$ {edmOramOm§g {_R>mÀ`m dhmVyH$sg OhmOo ^mS>çmZo XoÊ`mg .............. _wio amOr

ZgV.

A) bmH$S>mg qN>Ðo nSy>Z bmHy$S> Iam~ hmoV Agë`m_wio

~) amOo doioda ^mS>o XV Zgë`m_wio H$) H$_r XamZo ^mS>o XoV Agë`m_wio

S>) ^mS>o dgwbrg Ìmg hmoV Agë`m_wio.

10) {edam`m§À`m H$ë`mU-{^d§S>r oWrb OhmO ~m§YUr H$maImÝ`mV ............ BVHo$ nmoVw©JrO

H$mamJra H$m_ H$aV.

A) 300 ~) 350 H$) 250 S>) 325

1.3 nm[a^mfrH$ eãX, eãXmW© :

ñdamÁ` - ñdV§Ì amÁ` / ñdV:Mo amÁ`

g§_V - _mÝ` qH$dm gå_VrXe©H$

_wVm{bH$ - Zm`~, à{V{ZYr, Xwæ`_ A{YH$mar

hmoZ - {edamB© gmoÝ`mMo ZmUo, MbZ

Q>ohiUr - nmhUr H$aUo, eÌyÀ`m hmbMmbrda ZOa R>odUo.

VÝ_`m©n[a{dîQ> - g^modVmbMm

Vmadmg - OhmOmg

Am¡aJ§ehm - Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehm

C_a - Am wî`

gma - Jm^m, _w»`, _hÎdmMr JmoîQ>

{ZamlrV - Aml` Zgbobm

CÕg - Zme hmoUo.

n[ahma - {Z^mdyZ, {ZdmaU.

XwJ© ZgVm _moH$im Xoe - Á`m XoemV {H$ëbm Zmhr Vmo dmQ>ob Ë`mbm _moH$im, Ë`mMo g§ajU hmoUo

H$R>rU.

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na_wbIr - naŠ`m XoemV.

A «nQ>b Ý`m` - AmH$memV T>J oVmV d bJoM Zm{hgo hmoVmV Vgo j{UH$.

gwI{ZÐmJma - gwImZo Pmon KoÊ`mMr OmJm.

{MËV - _Z

oX - H$Q>H$mañWmZ

Zm_Xu - ä`mS>nUm.

Jm\$sb - ~ogmdY

hdmbXma - {H$ëboXma, JS>H$ar, {H$ëbm§Mm àemgH$, goZm{YH$mar

{e~§Xr - g¡Ý`, bîH$a

g~Zrg - {H$ë`m§darb O_mIM©, hOoar R>odUmam A{YH$mar.

Zm`H$dS>r - nm`XimVrb Xhm qH$dm drg {enm`m§darb A{YH$mar

VQ>gaZmo~V - VQ>mMo ajU H$aUmam A{YH$mar.

JñV {\$aUo - {\$aVm nhmaoH$ar, XoIaoIrgmR>r {\$aUo.

~o_wbm{hOm - ~oeH$

ZVrOm - n[aUm_.

Ym§S>moam {nQ>dUo - X§dS>r XoUo.

~Q>H$s - Xmgr, _mobH$arU

_`m©Xm §J - {Z`_mMo Cëb§KZ

Ama_ma - ZmdrH$ Xb

Jb~V - OhmO

MmbrMm Jwam~m - Cn`moJmMr AWdm ì`mnmar OhmOo.

amÁ`m§JM - amÁ`mMm ^mJ, KQ>H$.

VŠVm - \$ir

àË`H$ - àË oH$s.

gw o mg - gwä`mg, {d^mJmg.

Ibmer - OhmO hm§H$Umam, ZmdmS>r

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noXmñVr - ~§XamÀ`m ì`mnmar _mbmdarb OH$mV, CËnÞ

hþOya - amOm, Imem

dmè`m{dUo - dam Zgob Va Z MmbUmao.

gmhþH$ma - _moR>m ì`mnmar.

gmoQ> - C§M gai OmS> bmHy$S>

1.4 ñd § AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CËVao :

1) 1) ~ - N>ÌnVr {edmOr. 2) A- am_M§Ðn§V A_mË`.

3) ~ - H$ë`mU 4) S> - a`VoMo

5) A - bmoH$m{^_wI

2) 1) ~ - 1640 2) A- _moamoqÌ~H$ (_moamon§V)

3) ~ - gmV 4) H$ - ghm

5) H$ - amoI 6) ~ - ZoVmOr nmbH$a

7) S> - haOr _hm{S>H$ 8) A - H$dr H$be

9) ~ - 15,000 10) S> - goZmnVr

3) 1) A - 300 Vo 350 2) A- 1,75,000

3) ~ - hdmbXma, g~Zrg d H$maImZrg 4) H$> - _amR>m, ~«måhU, à y

5) S> - hdmbXma 6) ~ - {edmOr _hmamO

7) A> - 700 8) A - 5 d 15

9) A - bmH$S>mg {N>§Ðo nSy>Z bmHy$S> Iam~ hmoV Agë`m_wio

10) A - 300

1.5 gmam§e :

N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m amOZrVrMr H$ënZm am_M§Ðn§V A_mË` `m§Zr {bhboë`m "AmkmnÌ' `m

amOZr{Vdarb J§«Wmdê$Z oVo. _hmamOm§À`m àemgZ aMZm, nÕV Am{U H$m_{JarVyZ amOZrVrMo `Wm`mo½` Xe©Z

KS>Vo. Ë`m§Zr ñdamÁ`m§Mr C^maUr H$ê$Z _amR>çm§Mo ñdV§Ì amÁ` ñWmnZ Ho$bo. ñdamÁ`m_wio àOoMo ajU

Am{U H$ë`mU ìhmdo åhUyZ {edam`m§Zr Amnë`m amOH$s` gËVoMm dmna _moR>çm H$m¡eë`mZo Ho$bm.

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{edmOr _hmamOm§Zr AîQ>àYmZ _§S>imMr Zo_UyH$ H$m ©j_ Am{U àOm{hVXj Aer amÁ`H$ma^mamMr

KS>r ~gdbr. dVZ, Ohm{Jar Z XoVm amoI nJma XoD$Z AîQ>àYmZ _§S>imda g§ wŠV O~m~XmarZo H$ma^mamMr

ì`dñWm {Z_m©U Ho$br.

{edmOramOm§Zr S>m§oJar {H$ëë`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo ñdamÁ` ñWmnZ Ho$bo. S>m°. A.am.Hw$bH$UuÀ`m _Vo

{edH$mimV 300 Vo 350 {H$ëbo hmoVo. {H$ëë`m§À`m àemgZmgmR>r Ë`m§Zr hdmbXma _amR>m, g~Zrg ~«måhU

Va H$maImZrg ho A{YH$mar Zo_bo. H$maU darb OmVrMo EH$_oH$m§er nQ>V Zgë`mZo EImXr \§$X{\$VyarMr

~mV_r _Ü`dVr© VmËH$mi {_imë`mZo ~§Xmo~ñV H$aVm oB©. Aem \§$X{\$Vyar H$aUmè`mg H$moUVr {ejm H$amdr

ho ñnîQ>nUo AmkmnÌmV gm§{JVbo Amho. {H$ëë`m§darb A{YH$mar {ZdS>, ~XbrMo {Z`_, H$m_H$mOmMr

{d^mJUr, H$m ©nÕVr, g¡Ý`mMr aMZm, nJma ì`dñWm `mg§~§YrMo {Z`_ H$mQ>oH$moa hmoVo.

H$moH$U {H$ZmanÅ>rdarb Amnë`m àOoMo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r, ì`mnma d¥ÕrJV ìhmdm åhUyZ Am{U

gmJamda dM©ñd {Z_m©U H$ê$Z eÌy§Zm YmH$mV R>odÊ`mÀ`m CÔ¡í`mZo Ama_mamMr C^maUr Ho$br. Ë`m~amo~a

OhmO ~m§YUr CÚmoJmV ñdamÁ`mVrb bmoH$m§Zm amoOJma {_imbm. amOm§À`m Ama_mam_wio {H$Zmè`mdarb

OZVoÀ`m OrdrVm§Mo, g§nËVrMo Am{U {ebmMo ajU H$ê$Z àOoÀ`m H$ë`mUmV â nSy>Z em§VVm d gwì`dñWm

{Z_m©U Pmbr. åhUyZ {edmOr _hmamO _amR>m Ama_mamMo OZH$ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV.


A) Imbrb àíZmMr g{dñVa CËVao {bhm.

1) {edmOr _hmamOm§Mr amOZrVr {deX H$am.

2) N>ÌnVr {edmOramOm§Mo ñdamÁ` ñWmnZonmR>r_mJrb CÔoe ñnîQ> H$am.

3) {edH$mbrZ {H$ëë`m§Mo _hËËd ñnîQ> H$am.

4) {edH$mbrZ {H$ëë`m§À`m àemgZ ì`dñWoMr d¡{eîQ>ço {deX H$am.

5) {edam`m§Mo Ama_ma {df`H$ YmoaU {deX H$am.

~) {Q>nm {bhm.

1) {edmOr _hmamOm§Mr amOZrVr.

2) ñdamÁ` ñWmnÊ`mMo CÔoe

3) AîQ>àYmZ _§S>i

4) AîQ>àYmZ _§S>imMr d¡{eîQ>ço

5) {H$ëë`m§Mo _hËËd.

6) {edH$mbrZ {H$ëë`m§darb A{YH$mar.

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7) Ama_ma C^maÊmr~m~VMo {edam`m§Mo CÔoe.

8) {edH$mbrZ OhmO ~m§YUr CÚmoJ.

1.7 g§X © J«§W :

1) Kamble B. R. (Ed.), (1982), Studies In Shivaji and His Times, Kolhapur : Shivaji

University.

2) Kulkarni A. R. (2008), Maharashtra in the Age of Shivaji, Pune : Diamond

Publications.

3) Rao V .D. (Ed.) (1968), Studies In Indian History, Dr. A. G. Pawar Felicitation

Volume, Kolhapur

4) Sarkar Jadunath (1973), Shivaji And His Times, Bombay : Orient Lonqman Ltd.

5) AmÌo qÌ~H$ ZmamÙ (1989), Jm§dJmS>m, nwUo … daXm ~wŠg daXm.

6) ^Q> ~r. ìhr. (1941), {edmOrMr amOZrVr, Ywio … amOdmS>o g§emoYZ _§S>i.

7) Hw$bH$Uu A.am. (1997), {edH$mbrZ _hmamîQ´>, nwUo … amOh§g àH$meZ.

8) Hw$bH$Uu A.am. (g§nm) (2007), AmkmnÌ, nwUo … S>m`_§S> n«H$meZ

9) Hw$bH$Ur© A.am. (2000), Aer hmoVr {edemhr, nwUo … amOh§g àH$meZ

10) Hw$bH$Ur© A.am. Am{U Iao J.h. (g§nm) (2006), _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg, (I§S> 1), nwUo …

H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ

11) {nÌo H$m.J. (2004), _amR>çm§Mm wÕo{Vhmg, nwÊmo … H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ

12) Omoer bú_UemñÌrÊ (g§nm.) (1992), amOdmS>o boIg§J«h {Xëbr … gm{hË` AH$mX_r.

13) ndma O`qgJamd ^m. (1988), _amR>r gËVoMm CX`, _w§~B© … gr. O_ZmXmg Am{U H§$nZr.

14) WmoamV, ^mogbo Am{U OmYd, (2009), B{Vhmg boIZ n[aM`, H$moëhmnya … {edmOr {dÚmnrR>.

15) Apte B. K. (1973), A History of The Maratha Navy And Merchantshis, Bombay :

Stat Board For Literature And Culture.

B B B

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gÌ - 2 : KQ>H$ - 2

_amR>mH$mbrZ AW©ì`dñWm

AZwH«$_{UH$m

2.0 C{Ôï>ço

2.1 àñVmdZm

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ

2.2.1 eoVH$ar Am{U eoVr CËnmXZ

2.2.2 ì`mnma

2.2.3 CÚmoJ



2.5 gmam§e



2.0 C{Ôï>ço


B {edH$mbrZ eoVH$ar ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

B {edH$mbrZ H¥$fr V§ÌmMr _m{hVr XoVm oB©b.

B _amR>mH$mbrZ eoVO{_ZrMo àH$ma gm§JVm oVrb.

B _amR>mH$mbrZ H¥$fr CËnmXZmMr _m{hVr XoVm oB©b.

B {edH$mbrZ O{_Z _hgyb nÕVrMr _m{hVr XoVm oB©b.

B {edH$mbrZ a`VoMr _m{hVr XoVm oB©b.

B {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr a`VoÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r Ho$boë`m Cnm``moOZm gm§JVm oVrb.

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B {edH$msbZ JmdJmS>çmVrb ì`dgm` ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

B {edH$mbrZ CÚmoJm§Mr _m{hVr XoVm oB©b.

B {edH$msbZ ~mOmanoR>m d à_wI ì`mnmar H|$Ðm§Mr _m{hVr XoVm oB©b.

B {edH$mbrZ XiUdiUmMr d dmhVwH$sMr gmYZo gm§JVm oVrb.

B {edH$mbrZ MbU ì`dñWoMr _m{hVr XoVm oB©b.

B {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo ì`mnmadmT>rMo YmoaU ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

2.1 àmñVm{dH$ :

_amR>m gÎmoMm B{Vhmg OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r {edH$mbrZ AW©ì`dñWm OmUyZ KoUo AË §V _hÎdmMo Amho.eoVrgmR>r `mo½` Aem {R>H$mUr JmdmMr dgmhV {Z_m©U Pmbr. bmoH$ dñVr H$ê$Z amhmV Ë`m ^mJmbm"nm§T>ar' Va àË`j eoVr Ho$br OmB© Ë`mg "H$mir AmB©' Ago g§~moYbo OmB©b. eoVr ho CXa{Zdm©hmMo à_wIgmYZ Agë`mZo eoVH$ar ho JmdMo a{hdmer AgV. eoVH$è`m§À`m H¥$fr V§ÌmÀ`m Ñï>rZo _Zwî`~i,~¡bOmoS>r, eoVrMr AdOmao, ~r-{~`mUo, IVo BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Zm AË §V _hÎdmMo ñWmZ hmoVo. eoVH$è`m§Zm{d{dY àH$maMo gmø XoUmao H$mamJra bmoH$ JmdmV AgV Ë`m§Zm ~bwVoXma d AbwVoXma Ago åhQ>bo OmB©.

{edH$mbrZ H¥$fr ì`dñWm hm {edH$mbrZ JmdJmS>çmMm EH$ A{d^mÁ` ^mJ hmo . eoVO{_ZrMo XmoZàH$ma AgyZ Ë`mV bmJdS>rImbrb O_rZ d dm§OQ> O_rZ `m§Mm gh^mJ hmoVmo. bmJdS>rImbrbO{_Zr~m~V Aìdb, Xþ_, gr_ ho àH$ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. {edH$mimV eoVr {ZgJm©da Adb§~yZ hmoVr.eoVrg nmUr nwadR>çmMr gmYZo AË §V _`m©{XV hmoVr. nmUr nwadR>çmZwgma eoVrMo ~mJm`V d {Oam`V AgoXmoZ àH$ma hmoVo. eoVH$è`m§Zm Añ_mZr d gwbVmZr Aem XmoÝhr g§H$Q>m§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJV hmoVo. N>.{edmOr _hmamOm§Zr a`V gwIr hmoÊ`mgmR>r H¥$fr CËnÞmV dmT> hmoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo. O{_ZrMr àVdmarH$ê$Z O{_ZrMr _moOUr Ho$br. O_rZ _moOUrgmR>r "{edemhr H$mR>r'Mm dmna Ho$bm. EHy$U CËnÞmÀ`m2/5 gmam AmH$mabm. eÌwnmgyZ bîH$amÀ`m Owbw_mnmgyZ a`VoMo g§ajU Ho$bo. ñdamÁ`mVrb A{YH$mè`m§Mma`Vog CnÐd hmoUma Zmhr `mH$S>o bj {Xbo. a`VoMr nwÌdV H$miOr KoV a`VoÀ`m H$ë`mUmÀ`m AZoH$`moOZm Ë`m§Zr gwê$ Ho$ë`m. åhUyZ N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zm "a`VoMm amOm' Ago g§~moYbo OmVo.

{edH$mbrZ CÚmoJm_Ü o H$mnS> CÚmoJ, YmVy CÚmoJ, {_R> CÚmoJ, _ËgmoÚmoJ, OhmO~m§YUr CÚmoJââmQ>rg Ambo. Va Mm¡b, Xm^moi, amOmnya, g§J_oída, d|Jwbm©, {dO`XþJ©, H$ë`mU, {^d§S>r BË`Xmrì`mnmar H|$Ðo ââmQ>rg Ambr. `mà_mUoM {edH$mbVm AmR>dS>o ~mOma d {H$ëë`m§darb ~mOmanoR>m§Mm{dH$mg Pmbm. dmnamV gwb^Vm d J{V_mZVm oÊ`mgmR>r XiUdiUmÀ`m d dmhVyH$sÀ`m gmYZmV àJVrH$aÊ`mV Ambr. añVo, Ob_mJ©, KmQ>_mJ© `m§Mo Omio V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo. dmhVyH$sMr gmYZo åhUyZ~¡bJmS>r, KmoS>mJmS>r `m§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmB©. _Ü` wJrZ H$mbI§S>mMm {dMma H$aVm amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr Amnbr

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ñdV:Mr doJir MiUì`dñWm {Z_m©U Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr amÁ`m{^foH$mÀ`m{Z{_ÎmmZo hmoU d {edamB© hr ZmUr gwê$ Ho$br. amÁ`mÀ`m Am{W©H$ d¥ÕrgmR>r _hmamOm§Zr gmdH$mam§Zm A^mZXoD$Z Ë`m§Mm ~hþ_mZ Ho$bm. Va wamo{n` ì`mnmè`m§Mm YmoH$m AmoiIyZ Ë`m§À`m{df`r gmdYmZVoMo YmoaUpñdH$mabo. ñdXoer _mbmg g§ajU XoD$Z _hmamOm§Zr AmXe© AW©{ZVrMm

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ :

2.2.1 eoVH$ar Am{U eoVr CËnmXZ -

1) eoVH$ar :

{edH$mimV eoVr hmM OrdZmMm à_wI _mJ© Agë`mZo ~hþVm§er bmoH$ Ë`mdaM Adb§~yZ AgV.O_rZ _hgyb hm amÁ`mÀ`m CËnÞmMm _w»` ómoV hmoVm. VËH$mbrZ H¥$fr ì`dñWm a`VoÀ`m {hVmMrhmoÊ`mgmR>r N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr O_rZXmam§Mo O_rZXmarMo hŠH$ H$mTy>Z KoV OhmJra nÕVr ~§X Ho$br.O_rZXmar nÕVr EodOr "a`Vdmar' nÕVrMm Ë`m§Zr Adb§~ Ho$bm. a`Vdmar nÕVr_wio gm_mÝ` eoVH$ard amOm `m§À`m_Ü o àË`j g§~§Y àñWm{nV Pmbm. Zì`mZo O_rZ bmJdS>rImbr AmUÊ`mgmR>r àmoËgmhZ{Xbo. OZmdao, Am¡Omao, ~r-{~`mUo BË`mXrgmR>r VJmB©Mr nÕV gwê$ Ho$br.

{_amgXma d Cnao : Jmdm_Ü o Á`m§À`m _mbH$sMr O_rZ Ago d Oo R>am{dH$ eoVgmam gaH$maO_mH$aV AgV Aem§Zm "{_amgXma' åhUOo OmB©. {_amgXma O{_ZrMo _mbH$ Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zm Jmdm_Ü o gÝ_mZhmoVm. JmdÀ`m JmoVg oV, Ý`m`ì`dñVoV Vo ^mJ KoV AgV. Ë`m§Zm "ñWiH$ar' Aghr åhQ>bo OmB©.Jmdm_Ü o ñdV:Àm _mbH$sMr O_rZ ZgUmao na§Vw I§S>mUo O_rZ H$aUmao bmoH$ d _mob_Owar H$aUmao bmoH$`m§Zm "Cnao' åhQ>bo OmB©b. Cnao g§~moYë`m Joboë`m bmoH$m§Zr J«m_rU g_mOaMZoV _hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ {XboAgbo Var {_amgXmam§À`m VwbZoV Ë`m§Zm Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ XOm© Xþæ`_ {_imë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.

O{_Zrbm y_mVm g_Obo OmB©b. eoVH$è`m§Zr eoVr Ho$ë`mda Vr CnOmD$ hmoV Ago. eoVH$ar hmg_mOmMm CËnmXH$ KQ>H$ Ago. VËH$mbrZ H$mJXnÌmV eoVH$è`m§Mm C„oI Hw$U~r a` d a`V Agm Ho$bmOmB©. eoVH$è`m§Zm Amdí`H$ godm nwa{dUmè`m H$mamJra bmoH$m§Zm ~bwVoXma åhQ>bo OmB©. Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m Jm§dd JmdH$ar `m§À`m godoàrË`W© H¥$fr CËnÞmÀ`m ñdénmV (YmÝ` ñdê$nmV) dm{f©H$ _mo~Xbm XoÊ`mV oB©.eoVH$ar gaH$maMm {hñgm Amnë`m CËnmXZmVyZ H$mT>Ê`mnydu ~bwVoXmam§Mm dmQ>m H$mTy>Z R>odrV AgV.

JmdmVrb O_rZ YmaUoÀ`m _w»`ËdoH$ê$Z VrZ àH$maÀ`m yYmaU nÕVr hmoË`m. Ë`mVrb n{hbr nÕVhmoVr {_amer qH$dm Vmbdm{hH$m Xþgar Cnar Am{U {Vgar dVZ O_rZ YmaUm nÕV hmoVr. {_amer O_rZYmaUm nÕVr_Ü o O{_ZrMr _mbH$s O_rZ H$gUmè`m§H$S>o Agm`Mr. _mb_Îmm d§ena§namJV d {dH«$sbm`H$hmoVr. {_amgXma åhUOo {_amerÀ`m O{_ZrMm _mbH$ hmo . Vmo Omon ªV O{_ZrMm gmam âVmo Vmon ªV Ë`m§gO{_ZrnmgyZ d§{MV H$aVm oV Zgo. Ë`mOH$Sy>Z O_rZ H$mTy>Z KoVbr Var Vrg dfm©À`m H$mbmdYrZ§Va gwÕmË`mbm Vr naV {_i{dVm oV hmoVr. Cnar O{_ZYmaUm nÕVr_wio eoVH$è`mbm Ë`mMr ñdV:Mr Zgbobr

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O_rZ H$gÊ`mMm hŠH$ hmoVm. Vmo VmËnwaVr I§S>mZo O_rZ KoV Ago. åhUOoM Cnar EH$ Hw$i hmoVm _mÌË`mÀ`mH$S>o O{_ZrMr _mbH$s ZìhVr, dVZ hr {Vgar O{_ZYmaU nX²YV hmoVr. J«m_A{YH$mar dH$mam{Jam§Zm dVZr O_rZ {_iV Ago.

B eoVH$ar d _amR>mH$mbrZ H¥$fr V§Ì :

_amR>mH$mbrZ H¥$fr V§ÌmMm {dMma H$aVm `m_Ü o _Zwî`~i, ~¡bOmoS>r eoVrMr AdOmao, ~r-~r`mUo,IVo, KmV-dm\$ gmYZo d eoVr ì`dgm`mMr nÕV `m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg _hÎdmMm Amho. eoVH$ar nma§n[aH$nÕVrZo eoVr H$aV hmoVm. eoVr hr àm_w»`mZo nmdgmda Adb§~yZ hmoVr. _wñbr_ gÎmm{Yem§À`m amÁ`ñVam_wiogVVMr wÕOÝ` n[apñWVr amhr Am{U `mMr Pi eoVH$è`m§Zm _moR>çm à_mUmV ~go.

_Zwî`~i : eoVr ì`dgm`mgmR>r _Zwî`~imMr _moR>r Amdí`H$Vm Ago. `mH$mimV `m§{ÌH$sH$aUZìhVo. gVVMr wÕOÝ` n[apñWVr, Vê$Um§Zm bîH$amMr AmoT> Agë`mZo Vo g¡Ý`mV XmIb hmoV AgV.`m~amo~aM XþîH$mi, amoJamB© `m Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmrV hmoUmè`m àM§S> Or{dVhmZr_wio eoVr ì`dgm`mnwT>o_Zwî`~imMm àíZ {Z_m©U hmoV Ago.

~¡bOmoS>r : _amR>mH$mimV eoVrgmR>r ~¡bOmoS>rMr Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr. `m H$mimV OZmdao hoeoVH$è`m§Mo newYZ hmoVo. _mÌ wÕOÝ` n[apñVVrV eoVH$è`m§Mr OZmdao nidyZ Zobr OmV. `m_wio eoVrì`dgm` _moS>H$irg oV Ago. WmoS>Š`mV Jm`r gAVrb Va ~¡b Am{U ~¡b AgVrb Va eoVr `m_wio N>.{edmOramOm§Zr Jm`tÀ`m ajUmH$S>o bj {Xbo. Ë`m§À`m nÌmVrb C„oI "Jm`r, {ó`m§ Am{U a`V `m§ZmVmoerg bmJVm H$m_m Z o' Agm nhmd`mg {_iVmo.

eoVrMr AdOmao : eoVr ì`dgm`mgmR>r eoVrÀ`m AdOmam§Mr AË §V Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr. `m_Ü oHw$id, {V\$U, Zm§Jar, H$moinm, {~b§Jm, nmQ>o, ~¡bJmS>r BË`mXr AdOmao gwVma, bmohma ho H$mamJra ~ZdVAgV. bmHy$S> d BVa gm{hË` XoD$Z eoVH$ar Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z eoVrMr AdOmao ~ZdyZ KoV AgV.

~r-{~`mUo : _amR>m H$mimV eoVH$ar ñdV: {~`mUm§Mr VaVyX H$aV AgV. àË oH$ dfu Amnë`meoVm_Ü o V`ma hmoUmao Ë`m_Ü o CÎm_ dmQ>Umao YmÝ` {~`mUm§gmR>r doJio H$mTy>Z Vo H$miOrnyd©H$ Onbo OmB©.eoVH$ar EH$_oH$m§Zm XrS>rÀ`m XamZo {~`mUo XoV AgV. {~`mUo KoÊ`mgmR>r JaOy§Zm emgZmH$Sy>Z Am{W©H$ _XVH$aÊ`mV `mdr Aem _hmamOm§À`m A{YH$mè`m§Zm gyMZm AgV.

IVo : CËnmXZ Mm§Jbo oÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$ar àm_w»`mZo eoUIVm§Mm dmna H$aV. Ë`mgmR>r OZmdaonmibr OmV. Jm`, ~¡b, åh¡g, eoir, _|T>r, KmoS>m, JmT>d ho newYZ hmo . Ë`m§À`m _b_wÌmnmgyZ IV V`mahmoB©.

KmV-dm\$ gmYUo : nmdgmiçmbm gwê$dmV hmoÊ`mnydu noaUr`mo½` O_rZ V`ma Ho$br OmB©. _mog_rnmD$g gwê$ hmVomM `mo½` doi gmYyZ noaUrMr H$m_o CaH$br OmV. eoVrV nwaogm Amobmdm Zgob Va {nH$Mm§Jbo CJdV Zmhr d OmñV Amobo Agob Va noaUr H$aVm oV Zgo. åhUyZ eoVH$ar `mo½` nmD$g hmoVmM

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H$m_o ~mOyg gmê$Z AJXr gwI:-XþImÀ`m àg§Jmbm \$mQ>m XoD$Z eoVrMr KmV-dm\$ gmYyZ noaUr H$aVAgV.

eoVr ì`dgm`mMr nÕV : _amR>m H$mimV eoVr hr nma§nm[aH$ ñdê$nmMr hmoVr. {d{har, Vbmd `m_mÜ`_mVyZ nmUr g§gmYZmMr gmYZo H$_r Agë`mZo H$moaS>dmhÿ qH$dm {Oam`V eoVr nÕVrda â hmoVm.CÝhmiçmÀ`m àma§^r O{_ZrMr Zm§JaUr Ho$br OmB©. `mZ§Va A§Va _emJVrgmR>r Hw$idUr, O{_ZrMrgm\$g\$mB© d IVo XoD$Z noaUrgmR>r O_rZ V`ma Ho$br OmB©. _mog_r nmD$g gwê$ hmoVmM `mo½` doir noaUrHo$br OmB©. Ë`mZ§Va H$moinUr, ^m§JbU Ho$br OmB©. Ë`mZ§Va nrH$ V`ma hmoVmM Ë`mMr H$mT>Ur, _iUrHo$br OmB©. `m _mÜ`_mVyZ eoVH$ar df© amMr YmÝ`mMr nw§Or H$aV AgV.

2) eoVr CËnmXZ :

A) eoVO{_ZrMo àH$ma :

{edH$mbrZ J«m_rU joÌ\$imMo XmoZ à_wI ^mJ hmoV. Ë`mVrb n{hbm ^mJ åhUOo JmdmVrb bmoH$dñVr H$ê$Z amhmV Vmo hmo . `m§g Jm§d nm§T>ar Ago åhUV. Q>UH$, C§MdQ>çmÀ`m OmJr JmdMr dgmhV Ago.JmdMm Xþgam {d^mJ åhUOo eoVO{_Z hmo . Ë`mg "H$mir AmB©' Ago g§~moYbo OmB©. eoVO{_Zrda JmdmMonmbZnmofU hmoV Agë`mZo eoVO{_Zrg H$mir AmB© Ago åhQ>bo OmB©. {edH$mbrZ O_rZrMo àH$maImbrbà_mUo -

B bmJdS>rImbrb O_rZ :

Á`m O{_Zrda {nH$m§Mr àË`j bmJdS> hmoV Ago Aem O{_ZrMo Aìdb, Xþ_, gr_ åhUOo gag,_Ü`_ d H${Zð> Ago àH$ma nS>V AgV. H$miçm H$gXma O{_Zrg Ago Aìdb åhQ>bo. `m O{_ZrV Xþ~ma{nHo$ KoUo eŠ` hmoV Ago. _Ü`_ àVrÀ`m O{_Zrg Xþ_ Va _wa_mS>, H$moaS>dmhÿ O{_Zrg gr_ Ago åhQ>boOmB©.

B dmOQ> O_rZ :

dmOQ> O_rZ `m àH$mamV nS>rH$ dm ZmnrH$ O{_ZrMm g_mdoe hmoV Ago. `m O{_ZrMm dmna JwaoMmaÊ`mgmR>r, ~mOma â{dÊ`mgmR>r d JmdÀ`m `mÌm§gmR>r Ho$bm OmB©. N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr nS>rH$ O_rZbmJdS>rImbr AmUÊ`mgmR>r gdbVr {Xë`m.

B {OamB©V d ~mJmB©V :

darb XmoZ _w»` àH$mamì`{V[aŠV O{_Zr_Ü o KoVë`m OmUmè`m {nH$m§À`m AmYmao {OamB©V d ~mJmB©VAgo XmoZ àH$ma Ho$bo OmV. {OamB©V O{_Zr_Ü o gd©gmYmaU {nHo$ Va ~mJmB©V O{_ZrV D$g, hiX,^mOrnmbm BË`mXtMo CËnmXZ KoVbo OmB©.

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B nmQ>ñWi d _moQ>ñWi :

nmÊ`mÀ`m dJ©dmarZwgmahr eoVO{_ZrMo àH$ma Ho$bo OmV. Á`m O{_Zrbm H$mbdm, Vio `m§Mo nmQ>mÀ`mgmømZo nmUr {_iV Ago Ë`mg nmQ>ñWi Va Á`m O{_Zrbm _moQ>oÀ`m gmømZo nmUr {_iob Ë`mg _moQ>ñWiAgo g§~moYbo OmB©b.

~) H¥$fr CËnmXZo :

_amR>m H$mbI§S>m_Ü o eoVr CËnmXZmV X¡Z§{XZ CnOr{dHo$Mr AÞYmÝ o Am{U ì`mnmar ñdê$nmMr ZJXr{nHo$ Ago àm_w»`mZo XmoZ àH$ma H$aÊ`mV oV hmoVo. AÞYmÝ`mÀ`m CËnmXZmMmhr WmoS>m\$ma ì`mnma Ho$bmOmB©.

B AÝYmÝ`mMr CËnmXZo :

Ádmar : _hmamï´> d H$Zm©Q>H$ `m àXoemV ho nrH$ _moR>çm à_mUmV KoVbo OmB©. H$mhr {R>H$mUr Iarnd aã~r Aem Xmohr h§Jm_m_Ü o ho nrH$ KoVbo OmB©. _w»`Ëdo ÁdmarMm ImÚmÞ åhUyZ Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmB©..

~mOar : ~mOarMm ImÚmÞ åhUyZ Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmB©. gømÐrÀ`m nyd}H$S>rb H$s nmdgmÀ`m àXoemVho nrH$ _moR>çm à_mUmV KoVbo OmB©. Ádmar, ~mOarnmgyZ ^mH$ar Va `m {nH$m§À`m VmQ>mMm Cn`moJ OZmdam§ZmMmam åhUyZ H$aÊ`mV oB©.

Vm§Xÿi : V§XimMo CËnmXZ àm_w»`mZo H$moH$UmV d gømÐrÀ`m nyd}H$S>rb ZOrH$À`m àXoemV, OmñVnmD$g nS>Umè`m àXoemV KoVbo OmB©. Vm§XimÀ`m AZoH$ OmVr AmhoV. Vm§XimnmgyZ ^mV, ^mH$ar dAZoH${dY ImÚdñVy ~Z{dë`m OmV. _oOa Om{d©gZo H$moH$UmVrb Vm§XimÀ`m O{_ZrMo ~mam àH$ma gm§{JVboAmhoV. Vmo åhUVmo, N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr O{_ZrMr _moOUr Ho$br. am`JS>, A§OZdob, aËZm[Jar, {dO`XþJ©BË`mXr ^mJm§VyZ àË oH$s XmoZ Jmdo {ZdSy>Z VoWrb VrZ dfm©À`m CËnÞmMm A§XmO H$mT>bm d Ë`m AmYmaogmam R>a{dbm. n¡H$s {Zå_m YmÝ` énmZo Va {Zå_m Ðì`ê$nmZo KoÊ`mV oV Ago.

ZmMUr : ho nrH$ àm_w»`mZo H$moH$UmVrb CVmamÀ`m O{_Zrda d KmQ>_mÏ`mda KoVbo OmUmao à_wInrH$ hmo . Vm§~yg, _wa_mS> d nmÊ`mMm {ZMam hmoUmè`m O{_Zr_Ü o ZmMUr Mm§Jbr oVo. _amR>m H$mimV honrH$ _moR>çm à_mUmV KoVbo OmB©.

Jhÿ : H¥$îUm, H$mo Zm, dmaUm, n§MJ§Jm, JmoXmdar d {^_m B. ZÚm§À`m gIb ^mJmV JìhmMo CËnmXZKoVbo OmB©. gømÐr ZOrH$À`m nyd© ^mJmVhr {OWo AmS>ì`m nmQ>mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr gmo Amho Aem {R>H$mUrJhÿ d haâm hr {nHo$ KoVbr OmV hmoVr.

H$S>YmÝ o : H$S>YmÝ`m_Ü o _yJ, _gya, Vya, CS>rX, _Q>H$s, hþbJm BË`mXr {nH$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoV Ago.bmoH$m§À`m X¡Z§{XZ AmhmamV H$S>YmÝ`m§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmB©. A§VJ©V ì`mnmamVrb H$S>YmÝ` hm EH$ _hÎdmMmKQ>H$ hmo .

~r.E. mJ-1/B{Vhmg ....10

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{d{dY àH$maMr \$io : Am§~m, qMM, ~moa, qb~y, Ho$ir, \$Ug B. _hÎdnyU© \$iPmS>o hmoV.H$moH$UmV Am§~m d \$UgmMo CËnmXZ _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoV hmoVo. {edH$mimV {edmnya_Ü o Am§ã`mMr ~mJbmdbr hmoVr.

B ì`mnmar {nHo$ / ZJXr {nHo$ :

eoVH$è`m§Zm n¡gm {_idyZ XoUmè`m {nH$m§Zm ì`mnmar {nHo$ qH$dm ZJXr {nHo$ Ago åhQ>bo OmB©.OrdZmdí`H$ AÞYmÝ` JaOo EdT>o {nH$dyZ eoVH$ar ì`mnmar {nHo$ KoV AgV. ì`mnmar {nH$m§À`m CËnÞmMmCÚmoJmgmR>r Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmB©. VgoM Ë`m§Mr {Z`m©Vhr hmoV Ago.

H$mnyg : ^maVr` H$mnS> CÚmoJmbm àmMrZ na§nam Amho. _hmamï´>mÀ`m AZoH$ ^mJmV H$mngmMo CËnmXZKoVbo OmV hmoVo. {dX^m©bm H$mngmMo H$moR>ma g§~moYbo OmVo. odbm, n¡R>U, gmobmnya, Mm§XdS>, nwUo, gmVmam,Mm¡b BË`mXr {R>H$mUr {dUH$m_ ì`dgm` ââmQ>rg hmoVm. nwÊ`m_Ü o YmoVaOmoS>çm d OmS>o âS>o H$mnS>V`ma hmoV Ago. odbm, Mm¡b `m {R>H$mUr _b_brÀ`m H$mnS>mMo hmV_mJ hmoVo. Va n¡R>U§ aoe_r H$mnS>mgmR>rà{gÕ hmoVo. gmVmam d {edadi `m {R>H$mUr _|T>çm§À`m bmoH$arnmgyZ Km|JS>r d {OZ V`ma H$aÊ`mMmì`dgm` hmoV. dó hr Amdí`H$ ~m~ Agë`mZo H$mnyg CËnmXZmbm gVVM Mm§Jbr _mJUr am{hë`mMo{XgVo.

D$g : gmVmam, gm§Jbr, H$moëhmnya, gmobmnya, nwUo d Zm{eH$ ^mJm§_Ü o D$gmMo CËnmXZ KoVbo OmVhmoVo. D$gmnmgyZ Jwi V`ma Ho$bm OmV Ago. _amR>m H$mbI§S>mV B§Xmnya, H$amS>, H$moëhmnya `m JwimÀ`mì`mnmanoR>m åhUyZ à{gÕ hmoË`m. D$g ho EH$ _hÎdnyU© ZJXr {nH$ hmo .

_gmë`mMo nXmW© : H$moH$U _gmë`mÀ`m nXmWmªgmR>r à{gÕ Amho. VoWo bd§J, dobMr, Xmb{MZr,V_mbnÌ, {Oao, Om`nÌr, {_ao BË`mXr _gmë`m§À`m nXmWmªMo CËnmXZ _moR>çm à_mUmV KoVbo OmV hmoVo._amR>m H$mbI§S>mV `m _gmë`mÀ`m nXmWmªMr {Z`m©V OJâ hmoV hmoVr.

Vob{~`m : wB©_w§J e|J, H$aS>B©, Vri, _mohar `m§Mm Vob{~`m§_Ü o g_mdoe hmoVmo. Vobr bmH$S>rKmbÊ`mnmgyZ Vob H$mT>Ê`mMm ì`dgm` H$aV AgV. ì`mnmar {nH$ åhUyZ Vob{~`m§Mo CËnmXZ KoÊ`mV oVAgo.

BVa {nHo$ : V§~mIy, hiX, Zmai, gwnmar `m§Mr ì`mnmar CËnmXZmV JUZm Ho$br OmB©. B.g. 1600À`m gw_mamg nmoVw©{JOm§Zr V§~mIy CËnmXZmMm _mJ© XmI{dbm. AJXr Aën H$mbmdYrV Xoeâ Ë`mMm àgmaKSy>Z Ambm. hiX, Zmai, gwnmar `m§Mo CËnmXZhr ì`mnmar VËdmZwgma KoVbo OmB©.

3. eoVO{_ZrÀ`m BZm_mMo n«H$ma d ñdê$n -

amÁ`mVrc gd© O_rZ hr gaH$maÀ`m _mcH$sMr hmoVr. Vr H$gÊ`mgmR>r {_amgXmam§Zm dm eoVH$è`m§Zm_mcH$s h¸$mZo {Xcr OmB©. `m~Ôc Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z CËnÞmMm R>amdrH$ ^mJ eoVgmam (_hgwc) gaH$macm{Xcm OmB©. gaH$maH$Sy>Z {d{eð> godo~Ôc H$mhr cmoH$m§Zm AJa ñWim§Zm BZm_ {Xco OmV Ago. N>ÌnVr

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{edmOr _hmamO qhXw Y_m©Mo ajUH$V} hmoVo. BVa Y_m©~ÜXc Ë`m§Mm Ñï>rH$moU g{hîUwVoMm hmoVm. qhXwY_m©n«_mUoM BVa Ym{_©H$ ñWim§Zmhr Ë`m§Zr BZm_ O{_Zr XoD$ Ho$ë`m.

gZXr BZm_/{XdmU {Zg~V BZm_ : gaH$maH$Sy>Z {Xë`m OmUmè`m BZm_mg "gZXr BZm_' qH$dm"{XdmU{Zg~V BZm_' Ago åhQ>co OmB©. `m BZm_mV g§nyU© eoVgmam _m\$ Ho$cm OmB© qH$dm eoVgmè`m_Ü ogdcV {Xcr OmB© {edH$mcmV Aem n«H$maMr BZm_o _moR>`m n«_mUV {Xë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.

Jmd{Zg~V BZm_ : gd© JmdH$ar EH$Ì oD$Z EImÚm ì`º$sg H$mhr O_rZ BZm_ XoV AgV Ë`mgJmd{Zg~V BZm_ Ago åhQ>co OmB©. `m BZm_m§Mo n«_mU \$ma H$_r hmoVo.

XodñWmZ BZm_ : `m BZm_mg Y_m©Xm` BZm_ åhUyZhr AmoiIco OmVo. `m_Ü o gmYwg§V, \$H$saË`m§Mo _R>, _§{Xao, _{eXr `m§Zm O{_ZrMm EImXm nQ>Q²>m AWdm EImÚm JmdMo _hgwcr CËnÞ BZm_ {XcoOmV Ago. `m CËnÞmVyZ Y_©ñWimMr ì`dñWm ìhmdr hm CXmÎm hoVy hmoVm. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Ami§XrMrkmZoídam§Mr g_mYr, Mm\$iMm am_Xmg ñdm_tMm _R>, qMMdS>Mm _moa`m Jmogmdr, gmgdS>Mr gmonmZXodmMrg_mYr, nmQ>JmdMo _m¡Zr ~m~m, B§XmnyaMm H$mOr BË`mqXZm Y_m©Xm` BZm_ {Xë`mÀ`m Zm|Xr AmhoV.

AJ«hma BZm_ : gaH$maH$Sy>Z ~«åhd¥§Xmg AJa EImÚm ~«måhUmg H$mhr O_rZ AWdm EImXo JmdBZm_ {Xco OmB©. Jmd BZm_ XoÊ`mV Amco Agoc Va JmdMo g§nyU© _hgwcr CËnÞ Ë`m§Zm {Xco OmB©. `mBZm_mg "AJ«hma BZm_' Ago åhUVmV.

J«m_A{YH$mè`m§Zm, ~cwVoXmam§Zm dZVr BZm_ : {edH$mcrZ g_mOaMZoV JmdmMm, ì`mnma noRo>Mmd naJÊ`mMm H$ma^ma nmhUmè`m A{YH$mè`m§Zm åhUOoM nmQ>rc, Hw$cH$Uu, Mm¡Jcm, eoQo>, _hmOZ,Xoe_wI, Xoenm§So>, `m§Zm {_iUmar dVZr BZm_ O_rZ, h¸$cm{O_o `m§Mm {dMma H$aVm hm BZm_r O{_ZrMmMEH$ ^mJ hmo . J«m_A{YH$mè`m§n«_mUoM ~cwVoam§Zmhr gaH$maH$Sy>Z BZm_ O{_Zr {_iV AgV. AmOhrJ«m_rU ^mJmVrc eoVO{_ZtMr Zmdo nmhVm gwVmaH$s, ^Q>H$s, gmoZmaH$s, narQ>H$s BË`mXr C„oI gmnS>VmV.

BVa BZm_ : amOm H$mhr n«g§JmÀ`m {Z_rÎmmZo Amnë`m H$Ý og BZm_ XoV Ago Ë`m BZm_mg "XwY^mV'qH$dm "gmS>rMmoir' BZm_ Ago åhQ>co OmB©. ñdamÁ`mÀ`m H$m_r Amcoë`m g¡{ZH$mÀ`m AmB©g AWdm~m`H$mog amOmH$Sy>Z {Xë`m OmUmè`m BZm_mg "MmoiIU' Ago åhQ>co OmB©, wÜXm_Ü o namH«$_ JmO{dUmè`mg¡{ZH$mg BZm_r O_rZ {Xcr OmV Ago.

4. {edH$mcrZ O_rZ _hgyc nÜXVr -

amÁ`H$ma^ma Mmc{dÊ`mgmR>r gaH$macm n«M§S> IM© oVmo. hm IM© {d{dY H$am§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ O_mhmoUmè`m n¡emVyZ ^mJdmdm cmJVmo. {edH$mimV amÁ`mÀ`m CËnÞmV O_rZ _hgyc hm gdm©{YH$ hmoVm.OH$mV, A~H$mar H$a, O§Jc ImË`mMo CËnÞ, Q>m§H$gmi, wÜXmVrc cwQ>, _ÀN>r_mar, gmJar ì`mnma BË`mXr_mÜ`_mVyZ gaH$macm CËnÞ {_iV Ago. na§Vw O_rZ _hgwc hm CËnÞmMm _w»` ñÌmoV hmoVm. {edH$mcrZO_rZ _hgwc nÜXVrMr _m{hVr Imcrcn«_mUo.

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B O{_ZrMr _moOUr -

{edH$mimV O_rZ _moOUrgmR>r "H$mR>r'Mm dmna Ho$cm OmV Ago. `m H$mR>rg "{edemhr H$mR>r' AgoåhQ>co OmB©. hr H$mR>r nmM hmV d nmM _wR>r EdT>`m cm§~rMr Ago. Aem drg Mm¡ag H$mR>çm§Mm EH$"nm§S>' {Z_m©U hmoB© d drg nm§S>mMm {_iyZ EH$ "{~Km' V`ma hmoB©. EH$eo drg Mm¡ag {~¿`m§Mm EH$ MmdahmoB©. H$moH$Um_Ü o drg Mm¡ag nm§S>m EodOr Vodrg Mm¡ag nm§S>m§Mm EH$ "{~Km' hmoB©.

O_rZ _moOUrMo H$m_ gaH$mar A{YH$mar nma nmS>V AgV. JmdmVrc _hma dVZXma `m H$m_r Ë`m§Zm_XV H$aV Ago. Á`m H$mR>rÀ`m Ûmao O{_ZrMr _moOZr Ho$cr OmB© Vr H$mR>r _hma dVZXmamH$So> Ago. O_rZ_moOV AgVmZm Vmo H$mR>r CS>dV Ago. åhUOo EH$ H$mR>r O_rZ _moOë`mda Xwgar H$mR>r Q>mH$VmZm VrH$mR>r CS>r KoV Ago. åhUyZ `m H$mR>rg "McVr H$mR>r' Ago åhQ>co OmB©.

B gmam AmH$maUr -

O{_Zrda H$a AmH$maUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r {VMr n«Vdmar Ho$cr OmV Ago. {edH$mcmV O{_ZrMo dJuH$aUAìdc, Xw_, gr_ d Mmah_ Aem n«H$mamV Ho$coco Amho. Aìdc XOm©Mr O_rZ _hmamï´>mV AË`ën hmoVr.n«Vdmar Z§Va gmam AmH$maUr hm _hËdmMm ^mJ hmoVm.

{edH$mim_Ü o VrZ doim O_rZrMr _moOUr hmoD$Z gmam AmH$maUr Pmcr. gmam AmH$maUrg "YmamAmH$maUr' Ago åhQ>co Amho. Ymam åhUOo O{_Zrdarc _hgyc hmo . B. g. 1636 _Ü o nwUo Ohm{Jar_Ü oXmXmoOr H$m|S>XodmZo O{_ZrMr _moOUr H$ê$Z gmam AmH$maUr Ho$cr Ë`m§Zr _{cH$ A§~aÀ`m gmam AmH$maUrMmAmYma KoVcm hmoVm.

B. g. 1648 _Ü o _moamon§V qnJio `m§Zr {eadi naJÊ`mV O{_ZrMr _moOUr Ho$cr d _hgwcnÜXVr_Ü o _hËdnyU© gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m. Ë`mZ§Va B. g. 1678 _Ü o _hmamOm§Mm H$m ©j_ g{Md AÊUmOrXÎmmo `mZo O{_ZrMr _moOUr Ho$cr. `m nÜXVr_Ü o naJÊ`mVrc Xoe_wI-Xoenm§So> Am{X A{YH$mè`m§ZrJmdmoJmd OmD$Z nmQ>rc-Hw$cH$Uu BË`mXr dVZXmam§er {dMma{dZr_` H$ê$Z O{_ZrMr n«Vdmar ({~KdUr)V`ma Ho$cr. Ë`mZ§Va O{_ZrV oUmè`m {nH$m§Mo A§XmOnÌH$ (nrH$ nmhUr) Ho$cr. ñdamÁ`mVrc {~KdUr,nrH$ nmhmUrZ§Va AÊUmOr XÎmmoZo n«Ë oH$ naJÊ`mMm gmam {ZpíMV Ho$cm. _hmamOm§Zr AmÊUmOr XÎmmoÀ`m_mÜ`_mVyZ Ho$cocr gmam AmH$maUr hr emñÌr` d cmoH${^_wI hmoVr. B{Vhmg g§emoYH$ S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `mgmam AmH$maUr~m~V "cmoH$m§Mr Ymam nÕV' Ago åhUVmV.

B gmam AmH$maUrMo n«_mU -

_hmamOm§Mo g_H$mcrZ, _hmamOm§À`m OrdZmVrc AZoH$ KQ>Zm§Mo gmjrXma Agcoco H¥$îUmOr AZ§Vg^mgX {edH$mcrZ gmam AmH$maUr ~m~V åhUVmV H$s, {~Ko mg {nH$mMm AmH$ma H$ê$Z nmM V{j_m(^mJ) {nH$m§Mo H$ê$Z VrZ V{j_m a`Vog Úmì`m XmoZ V{j_m {XdmUmV (gaH$mamV) ¿`mì`m, oUo n«_mUoa`VonmgyZ ¿`mdo. `mdê$Z Ago {XgVo H$s {edH$mimV EHw$Z CËnÞmÀ`m 2/5 ^mJ gmam AmH$macm OmB©.

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{edH$mimVrc H$mJXnÌmV `m gmè`mMm C„oI "amO^mJ nMmXwB©' Agm H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho.

OoYo eH$mdcr `m {edH$mimVrc _hËdnyU© gmYZmV AmH$maUr~m~V Aer Zm|X Amho H$s B. g.1667 nmgwZ {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m _wcImV "~Q>mB©' Mm A§_c Omar Ho$cm "~Q>mB©' åhUOo _hgwcrCËnÞmMm AYm© ^mJ hmo . ~Q>mB© nÜXVr ~m~V B{Vhmg g§emoYH$ S>m°. A. am. Hw$cH$Uu åhUVmV H$s,~Q>mB©Mm n« moJ ñdamÁ`mÀ`m gd© ^mJm§V _hmamOm§Zr gwê$ Ho$cm Agmdm Ago dmQ>V Zmhr. VgoM ~Q>mB©MmAW© CËnÞmMm {Zå_m ^mJ Agm cmdUo ~amo~a R>aUma Zmhr. ~Q>mB© åhUOo n«Ë`j CËnÞmMm H$mhr ^mJAgmM AW© H$aUo Bï> R>aoc. ~Q>mB©Mm Vh Á`m ^mJmV Agoc VoWrc eoVH$è`m§da BVa gaH$mar H$a cmXcoOmV ZgV. Ë`m_wio a`Vodarc EH§$Xa ^ma ~Q>mB©_wio dmT>cm hmoVm. Ago åhUVm oUma Zmhr.

{edH$mimV eoVgmam amoI ñdê$nmV dm dñVw§À`m ñdê$nmV Jmoim Ho$cm OmB©. O{_Zr_Ü o D$g, \$io,Amco, hiX `m ZJXr {nH$m§da Z»V åhUOo amoI gmam AmH$macm OmB©. Va Ádmar, ~mOar, ^mV, Zmai,gwnmar `m CËnZmda dñVw§À`m ñdê$nmV gmam AmH$macm OmB©. _hmamOm§Zr O_rZ _hgwcmV nmaXe©H$VmAmUcr. _hgwc dgwcrMr Ro>Ho$Xma nÜXV ~§X Ho$cr. gmam dgwc hmoV AgVm a`VoMr {nidUyH$ hmoUmaZmhr `mMr _hmamOm§Zr XjVm KoVcr.

5. {edH$mcrZ a`V d Ë`m§Mo OrdZ -

{edH$mim_Ü o eoVH$è`m§Zm a`V, Hw$U~r, Hw$idmS>r Ago åhQ>co OmB©. eoVr hm g_mOì`dñWoMmH$Um hmoVm. amÁ`mÀ`m CËnÞmMo Vo n«_wI gmYZ hmoVo. `m_wio gaH$macm a`VoMr H$miOr dhmdr cmJo.

B Z¡g{J©H$ g§H$Qo> :

{edH$mcrZ eoVr hr {ZgJm©da Adc§~yZ hmoVr. AmoT>çmZmë`mda qH$dm ZÚm§da N>moQo> N>moQo> ~§Ymao ~m§YyZnmQ>mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ eoVrcm nmUr nwadR>m Ho$cm OmB©. nmQ>mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m eoVrg"nmQ>ñWi' Va {dhatÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m eoVrg "_moQ>ñWi' Ago åhUVmV. _mÌ ~m`mJVO_rZrMo n«_mU AË`ën hmoVo. X»IZMo nR>ma åhUyZ AmoiIë`m OmUmè`m `m n«XoemV Aìdc XOm©MrO_rZ AË`ën hmoVr. _hmamï´>mVrc O_rZr_Ü o d¡{dÜ`Vm AmT>iVo. H$moH$UmV ^mV ImMao, gømÐrMoS>m|JaCVma Va Xoemda ZÚm§À`m H$mR>Mr _irMr O_rZ, gnmQ>rdarc H$mir O_rZ BË`mXr n«H$ma nS>VmV.

eoVr hm nmdgmdaMm OwJma hmoVm. H$Yr Adf©U Va H$Yr A{Vdf©U. Ë`mVM cîH$ar Ym_Yw_rÀ`m`m H$mcI§S>m_Üò eoVH$è`m§Zm em§VVm d gwajrVVm cmÛo Xwc©^ hmoVo. Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmrÀ`m n«g§JreoVH$è`m§À`m Xw:Imcm nmamdma amhmV Zgo. AZoH$ XwîH$mi _hmamï´>mZo AZw dco AmhoV. B. g. 1630 gmcr^maVmV nS>coë`m XwîH$mimMr ^rfU Pi _hmamï´>mcmhr ghZ H$amdr cmJcr. `m XwîH$mimMo dU©ZVËH$mcrZ AZoH$ H$mJXnÌm_YyZ {XgwZ oVo. 1630 À`m XwîH$mim~m~V nmVehmZmå`mV åhQ>co Amho H$s"X{jU Xoe {ZXmZ EH$m {nT>rn ©V Var X[aÐr am{hcm' `m ^rfU XwîH$mimMo dU©Z H$aVmZm g_W© am_XmgåhUVmV H$s,

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VWm{n _mJ©Mr MmcoZm, {^jm _mJVm {_ioZm Ÿ&&

AdKo {^H$marM OZm, H$m` åhUmdo ..... Ÿ&&

{H$Vr oH$ J«m_o{M Vo dmog Pmcr

{nHo$ gd© YmÝ oMr ZmZm ~wS>mcr

OZ ~wS>mco ~wS>mco nmoQo>{dU Joco Ÿ&

~hw H$ï>co H$ï>co {H$VròH$ _oco &

drgm cmoH$mV cmoH$mV EH${M am{hco &&

B _mZd{Z_uV g§H$Qo>

gVVMr cT>mB©Mr Ym_Yw_ `m_wio eoVrcm pñWaVm cm^V ZìhVr. naH$s` AmH«$_mUmMm Kmcm Ho$ìhmhmoB©c ho gm§JVm òV ZìhVo. eÌwg¡Ý`mMr hOmam|Mr \$m¡O ~oXaH$manUo Cä`m {nH$mVyZ OmB©. Ë`mdoirhmVmVm|S>mer Amcoco nrH$ Zï> hmoD$Z OmB©. eÌwg¡{ZH$ Amnë`m KmoS>`m§Zm d¡aU {_iÊ`mgmR>r Jmd cwQ>V.JmdH$è`m§da AÝ`m` H$aV. pñÌ`m§Mr ~oA~«w Ho$cr OmB©. eÌwMo AmH«$_U hmoVmM ^`mnmoQ>r cmoH$ Jmd gmoSy>ZnamJ§Xm hmoV. Jmdo COmS> hmoD$Z _hgwcr CËnÞmV VwQ> oB©. H$m§hr ñdamÁ`mVrc dVZXmam§H$Sy>Zhr a`VodaAÝ`m` hmoD$Z _mZdr g§H$Q>m_wio gm_mÝ` a`V H$_mcrMr Ìmgcr hmoVr. N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zra`Vo_Ü o {dœmg {Z_m©U Ho$cm. JmdÀ`m g§ajUmMr `mo½` Vr VOdrO Ho$cr. eÌwcm Oa~ ~g{dcr.{eñVr~m~VMo {Z`_ KmcyZ {Xco.

6. {edmOr_hmamOm§Zr a`VoÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r Ho$coë`m Cnm``moOZm -

"amOm H$mcñ` H$maU_²' `m _hm^mamVmVrc dMZmZwgma amOm hm Ë`m H$mimMm n«{V{ZYr AgVmo. 17ì`m eVH$mda N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m Agm_mÝ` ì`º$s_ËdmMm R>gm C_Q>dcm. _hmamOm§ZrñdamÁ`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMr {Z_uVr Ho$cr.

B eÌwnmgyZ a`VoMo g§ajU -

N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zm ñdamÁ`mMr C^maUr H$aVmZm _moJc, Am{Xcemhr, {gÔr, nmoVy©JrO AemeÌy§er gVV g§Kf© H$amdm cmJcm. AË §V Ym_Yw_rÀ`m H$mcI§S>m_wio eÌwMr Ho$ìhm YmS> nSo>c `mMm Zo_Zgo. Aem YmS>r_Ü o a`Vocm ZmhH$ Ìmg {Xcm OmB©. AZoH$doim ~§XrdmZ Ho$co OmB©. dmS>`m dñË`m noQ>dyZ{Xë`m OmV. gm§^mì` YmoŠ`mnmgyZ a`VoMo g§ajU hmoÊ`mgmR>r _hmamO Amnë`m A{YH$mè`m§Zm gº$ gwMZmXoV. a`VoÀ`m g§ajUmMr VOdrO H$aV. B. g. 1662 _Ü o _mdi n«m§VmVrc amo{hS> Imoè`mV eÌwMr YmS>nS>Uma hr ~mV_r g_OVmM _hmamOm§Zr amo{hS> Imoè`mÀ`m gO}amd Xoe_wImg gº$ VmH$sX XoVmZm åhQ>coH$s, ""_moJc Vw_À`m Imoè`mV YmdUrg oVmVr åhUm¡Z OmgwXm§Zr g_mMma Am{Ucm Amho. Var VwåhmgamoIm AhS>VmM (ho AmkmnÌ nmohmoMVmM) Vwåhr V_m_ Amnco Imoè`mV JmdMm Jmd Vm{H$Xr H$ê$Z _mUgo

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coH$ao ~mio g_doV V_m_ a oVr cmoH$mg KmQ>mImcr ~mH$m OmJm Agoc VoWo nmR>{dUo OoWo J{Z_mMm AmOma(Ìmg) nhwMoZm Eoem OmJr`mgr Ë`mgr nmR>{dUo o H$m_mg h`J` Z H$aUo {chë`mn«_mUo A§_c H$aUo.Eo{g`mgr VwåhmnmgyZ A§Va nS>{c`mdar _moJc Oo ~m§X (_Zwî o) Yê$Z ZoVrc Ë`mMo nmn Vw_À`m _mWm~¡goc Eogo g_OmoZ JmdMm Jmd qhS>moZ amVrMm {Xdg H$ê$Z cmoH$m§Mr _mUgo KmQ>mImcr OmJm Agoc VoWonmR>{dUo `m H$m_mg EH$ KS>rMm {Xa§J Z H$aUo.''

B ñdamÁ`mVrc A{YH$mè`m§Zm VmH$sX -

a`VoÀ`m H$ï>mMr n[al_mMr Anwd© H$Ud _hmamOm§Zm hmoVr. Amnë`m _wcH$s d cîH$ar A{YH$mè`m§H$Sy>Za`Vog Vmofrg cmJVm H$m_m Z o ho _hmamOm§Mo YmoaU hmoVo. B. g. 19 _o 1673 _Ü o {MniyUmÀ`m N>mdUrA{YH$mè`m§g {chcoë`m nÌmV VmH$sX XoVmZm _hmamO åhUVmV, "".... {dcmVrg Vgdrg XoD$ cmJmcEoemg, cmoH$ OmVrc, H$moÊhr Hw$Uã`mMo oWrc XmUo AmUrc. H$moÊhr ^mH$a, H$moÊhr JdV, H$moÊhr \$mQo>,H$moÊhr ^mOr, H$moÊhr nmco, Eogo H$ê$ cmJcoV åhUOo Hw$U~r Ya Yê$Z Ord_mÌ KoD$Z am{hco AmhoV VohrOmD$ cmJVrc. {H$VoH$ Cnmer _am`m cmJVrc. åhUOo Ë`mcm Eogo hmoB©c Voìhm a`VoMr d Kmo{S>`m§Mr gmar~XZm_r Vwåhmda oB©c. ho Vwåhr ~ao OmUyZ, {gnmhr hmo AJa nmdIcH$ hmo, Jmd am{hco Agmc Ë`mUra`Vog H$mS>rMm AmOma Úmdm `m JaO Zmhr .....''

{X. 5 gßQ|>~a 1676 amoOr n« mdirÀ`m am_mOr AZ§V `m gw oXmamg nmR>{dcoë`m AmkmnÌmV _hmamOåhUVmV, "a`VoÀ`m ^mOrÀ`m XoR>mghr _Z XmI{dVm H$m_m Z o'. `mdê$Z _hmamOm§Mr a`Vo{df`rMr H$UdñdamÁ`mVrc A{YH$mè`m§Zm Ë`m~m~VMr VmH$sX `m ~m~r {XgyZ oVmV.

B eoVrgwYmaUo~m~VÀ`m Cnm``moOZm -

a`VoMm ^ma eoVrda hmoVm VgoM amÁ`mÀ`m CËnmXZmMm n«_wI ñÌmoV eoVgmam hmoVm. Ë`m_wio H¥$frCËnmXZmV dmT> hmoUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. _hmamOm§Zr H¥$fr gwYmaUo~m~V Imcrc Cnm` `moOZm Ho$ë`m.

1. JmdmVrc OmñVrV OmñV O_rZ cmJdS>rImcr AmUmdr.

2. n{S>H$ O_rZ cmJdS>rImcr AmUÊ`mgmR>r n{hë`m dfu H$a H$_r H$amdm nwTo> "BñVmdm'nÜXVrZo åhUOo H«$_mH«$_mUo dmT>{dÊ`mV `mdm.

3. Á`m§À`mH$So> eoVr H$aÊ`mMr Hw$dV Amho. _Zwî`~i Amho. na§Vw ~¡cOmoS>r Zmhr ~r-{~`mUo ZmhrË`m§Zm gaH$maH$Sy>Z VJmB© (H$O©) XoÊ`mV `mdo.

4. EImXm eoVH$ar H$ï> H$aV AgwZhr Ë`mMr Am{W©H$ nV T>mgicr Agoc Vmo VJmB© \o$Sy> eH$VZgoc d Vgm A{YH$mè`m§Mm Ahdmc Agoc Va Aem eoVH$è`mg gaH$maH$Sy>Z H$O©_m\$s {XcrOmB©.

5. _hmamOm§Zr AmoT>`m§da d ZX`m§da N>moQo>-N>moQo> ~§Ymao ~m§YyZ ~mJm`Vr eoVrgmR>r n«moËgmhZ {Xco.

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{edmnya oWrc ~§Ymè`mMo H$m_ EH$m ^ë`m _moR>`m IS>H$m_wio R>ßn Pmco. Vmo IS>H$ \$moSy>ZnmÊ`mg dmQ> H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr og nmQ>rc H$m|T>doH$a `mÀ`mdagmon{dcr Vr Ë`m§Zo B_mZoBV~mao nma nmS>cr `m~ÜXc _hmamOm§Zr Ë`mg qghJS>À`m nm`Ï`merEH$ _moH$X_r ~jrg XoD$ Ho$cr.

2.2.2 ì`mnma

1. {edH$mcrZ ì`mnma{df`H$ dñVy :

{edH$mcrZ ì`mnma{df`H$ dñVy§Mm {dMma H$aVm VËH$mcrZ ~mOmanoR>m_Üò IaoXr {dH«$rgmR>rAÞYmÝ`, _gmë`mMo nXmW©, \$io, H$mnS>, YmVy, n«mUr, M¡ZrÀ`m dñVy, {ZË` dmnamVrc dñVy BË`mXtMmì`mnma hmoV Ago.

1. AÞYmÝ` : AÞYmÝ`m_Ü o Jhy, ^mV, _H$m, Ádmar, ~mOar, ZmMUr, _yJ, _gwa, CS>rXBË`mXr S>mir VgoM Voc{~`m, XwY, gmIa, gwnmar, Zmai BË`mXr n«H$maÀ`m dñVy§Mm g_mdoehmoV Ago.

2. _gmë`mMo nXmW© : `m_Ü o gw§R>, hiX, {_aMr, _mohar, H$m§Xm, cgwU, Imo~ao, docXmoSo>, Jyi,IS>rgmIa, Vyn, _Y, gwdm{gH$ Voco BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoV Ago.

3. \$io : Am§~m, Zmai, AZZg, H$mOy, gwnmar, \$Ug, ~Xm_, IOya, H$qcJS>, qc~o BË`mXr\$im§Mm C„oI {edH$mim_Ü o nhmd`mg {_iVmo.

4. H$mnS> : JwOamV, ~§Jmc, CÎma ^maV oWyZ AZoH$ n«H$maMo H$mnS> _hmamï´>mVrc ~mOmanoR>m§V oVAgo. n¡R>U, gmgdS>, gmocmnya, ZmJnya `m H$mnS>mÀ`m ~m~Vr_Ü o _hËdnyU© ~mOmanoR>m hmoË`m.aoer_, gwVr, _c_c, emcr, gmS>`m, OmSo> âSo> H$mnS>, {MQ>mMo H$mnS>, YmoVao, cwJS>r,H$m§~ir BË`mXtMr IaoXr {dH«$r hmoV Ago.

5. YmVy : cmoI§S>, Vm§~o, {nVi BË`mXtnmgyZ IaoXr {dH«$r hmoV Ago.

6. n«mUr : KmoSo>, C§Q>, ~¡c, åh¡er, BË`mXtMr IaoXr {dH«$r hmoV Ago.

7. M¡ZrÀ`m dñVy : hñVrX§Vr dñVy, H§$Jdo, {d{dY n«H$maMr gm¢X © n«gmYZo BË`mXr.

8. {ZË` dmnamVrc dñVy : H$mVS>r gm_mZ, _mVrÀ`m dñVy, V§~mIy, gm~Z, H$mJX, nm`nmogBË`mXr.

2. {edH$mcrZ ~mOmanoR>m -

B Zì`m noR>m§Mr dgmhV :

{edmH$mcmI§S>m_Ü o H$gã`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr ~mOma âV Ago. AmR>dS>çmVyZ EH$ {Xdg ~mOma âV

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Agë`mZo `m§g AmR>dSo> ~mOma Ago åhQ>co OmVo. n§MH«$mo{eVrc cmoH$ ì`mnmamgmR>r oWo oV AgV. VoAmnë`m dñVy {dH«$rgmR>r ~mOmanoRo>V AmUV. gU, CËgd, `mÌm Aem {deof n«g§Jr XþaXþaMo ì`mnmar dì`dgm`rH$ cmoH$ Amncr XþH$mZo WmQ>V AgV. ì`mnma H$aUmao H$mhr cmoH$ JmdmoJmd {\$aV qH$dm AmR>dSo>~mOma H$aV. H$gã`mÀ`m ~mOmanoRo>V YmÝ`, \$io, _gmë`mMo nXmW©, H$mnS> d {ZË` dmnamVrc dñVyBË`mXtMm ~mOma MmcV Ago. AmR>dSo> ~mOma ho _hmamï´>mMo _Ü` wJmMo d AmOMohr EH$ _hËdmMo d¡{eï>ç>hmo`.

{edH$mim_Ü o Z{dZ noR>m dg{dÊ`mMr H$m_{Jar eoQo>-_hmOZ `m dVZXmam§Zm H$amdr cmJV Ago.noR> dg{dÊ`mÀ`m d noRo>Mr ì`dñWm Ro>dÊ`mÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV `m dVZXmam§Zm gaH$ma_m\©$V O_rZ d h¸${Xco OmV. {edH$mcrZ H$mJXnÌmdê$Z AZoH$ Z{dZ noR>m dg{dë`mMo C„oI {XgwZ oVmV. amO_mVm{OOm~mB©À`m hwH$_mZo nwÊ`mOdirc nmfmU oWo EH$ noR> dg{dÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`m noR>og "{OOmnya' AgoåhQ>co OmVo. Va nwUo Ohm{JarVrc IoS>Odi EH$ noR> dg{dÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`mg {edmnya åhUyZ AmoiIcoOmVo.

B ~mOmanoR>m§Mo A{YH$mar :

H$gã`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr noR> dg{dÊ`mMo H$m_ gaH$maÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ eoQo>-_hmOZ `m A{YH$mè`m§dagmon{dcr OmB©. `mÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV gaH$maH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zm dVZ åhUyZ O_rZ {_io amoI a¸$_ d H$mhr h¸${_iV. eoQo> hm noRo>Mm _w»` A{YH$mar hmo . noR> dg{dÊ`m~amo~aM {VMr ì`dñWm Ro>dUo. noRo>Mo gd©ì`dhma nmhmUo BË`mXr H$m_{Jar eoQo> nma nmS>V Ago. eoQo>cm H$m_mV _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r d noRo>VrcAm{W©H$ ì`dhma nmhmÊ`mgmR>r _hmOZ `m A{YH$mè`mMr {Z wº$s Ho$cr OmB©. eoQo> n«_mUoM _hmOZmghrBZm_, amoI a¸$_ d H$mhr h¸$ {_iV hmoVo. noRo>Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moVdmc `m A{YH$mè`mMr {Z wº$sHo$cr OmV hmoVr. darc A{YH$mè`m§~amo~aM {~S>dB© ZmdmÀ`m A{YH$mè`mMrhr {Z wº$s Ho$cr OmB©. Vmo noRo>VoUmè`m dñVydarc OH$mV dgwc H$aV Ago. ~mOmanoR>m§_YyZ {_iUmar OH$mV ho gaH$mar CËnÞmMo EH$

n«_wI gmYZ hmoVo.

noRo>Mo H$m_ nmhmUmè`m darc gd© A{YH$mè`m§Zm noRo>À`m A§VJ©V ì`dhmamV gÝ_mZmMo ñWmZ hmoVo. eoQo>- _hmOZ ho JmoVg oMo gXñ` hmoVo. JmoVg oÀ`m {ZdmS>mnÌda Vo Amncr "VamOy' hr {ZemZr CR>dV AgV.H$gã`mVrc noRo>À`m ââmQ>rgmR>r darc gd© A{YH$mar H$m_ H$aV AgV.

B {H$ëë`mdarc ~mOmanoR>m :

N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr H$mhr n«_wI {H$„çmda (am`JS>, amOJS>) A{YH$mar, g¡{ZH$, n«OmOZ`m§À`m X¡Z§XrZ JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r Img ~mOmanoR>m ~m§Yë`m. amOYmZr am`JS>da AË §V `moOZm~ÕnÜXVrZo ~mOmanoR> C^macr. amOYmZr åhUyZ am`JS>da dmñVy C^maÊ`mMo H$m_ _hmamOm§Zr Am~mOr gmoZXodd {hamoOr B§XwcH$a `m§À`mH$So> gmon{dco hmoVo. am`JS>da nS>Umè`m nmdgmMm {dMma H$aVm ì`mnmè`m§À`m

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_mcmcm Ë`mMr Pi cmJy Z o `mgmR>r ~mOmanoRo>Vrc n«Ë oH$ XwH$mZ C§M H$R>S>çmda ~m§Yë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.o{Wc n«Ë oH$ XwH$mZ XmoZ Imoë`mMo AgyZ Xe©Zr ^mJmV {dH«$rÀ`m dñVy _m§S>ë`m OmV. Va AmVrc ^mJmV

Ë`mMm gmR>m H$ê$Z Ro>dcm OmB©. ~mOmanoRo>Mm H$R>S>m BVH$m C§M hmoVm H$s _amR>m KmoSo>ñdmamcm KmoS>çmda~gyZXoIrc XwH$mZmVrc _mc {dH$V KoVm `mdm. AmOhr am`JS>darc ^ì` Aem ~mOmanoRo>Mo AdeofAmnUmg nhmd`mg {_iVmV.

3. {edH$mcrZ n«_wI ì`mnmar H|$Ðo :

Mm¡c : _Ü` wJrZ H$mcI§S>mVrc ho AË §V _hËdnyU© ~§Xa hmo . _w§~B©nmgyZ X{jUog 56 {H$. _r.da AgUmao ho ~§Xa Hw§$S>crH$m ZXrÀ`m _wImer dgco Amho. am`JS> {Oëh`mVrc Mm¡c ho ~§Xa N>ÌnVr{edmOr _hmamOm§Zr 1670 _Ü o qOH$co. Mm¡c ~§XamVyZ aoer_ ì`mnma _moR>`m n«_mUmV MmcV Ago. Mm¡coWo aoer_ ì`dgm`m~amo~aM oWo {Zi, A\y$, _gmë`mMo nXmW© d KmoS>`m§Mm ì`mnma _moR>`m n«_mUmda

MmcV Ago.

wamonmVyZ AZoH${dY dñVy Mm¡c_mJ} ^maVmV oV AgV. _c~mahwZ oWo Zmai, gwnmar, nmam, Vm§~od Am¡fYo BË`mXr n«H$maMm _mc oV Ago. Va oWyZ _c~macm H$mnS>, Jhy, Vm§Xyi, ~mOar, gwVr H$mnS>,H$cmHw$garÀ`m dñVy {Z`m©V Ho$ë`m OmV. gw§Xa noQ>`m d H$cmHw$gatÀ`m dñVw§Mr oWo {Z_uVr hmoV hmoVr.nmoVw©JrOm§Zr _ o$hwZ oWo Vm§~o AmUco. Vnocr ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r d ZmUr nmS>Ê`mgmR>r Ë`mMm Cn`moJ hmoD$cmJcm. Mm¡cÀ`m n«XoemV N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm gVV g§Kf© hmoD$ cmJcm. Ë`m_wio Mm¡cÀ`mì`mnmè`m§Zm, a{hdmí`m§Zm ñdmñW {_iy eH$co Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr _w§~B©, {^d§S>r `m {R>H$mUr Aml`KoVcm. `m_wio ì`mnmar Ñï>`m Mm¡cMo _hËd H$_r hmoV Joco.

Xm^moi : d{eð>r ZXrÀ`m _wImer dgcoco ho _hËdnyU© ~§Xa hmo . d{eð>rMm "A§OZdoc' ZXråhUyZhr C„oI Ho$cm OmVmo. n§Yamì`m. gmoimì`m eVH$m_Ü o `m ~§XamMr ââmQ> Pmcr. N>ÌnVr {edmOr_hmamOm§Mr OhmOo Xm^moi-_w§~B© _mJm©da o-Om H$aV.

Xoemdarc AZoH$ {R>H$mUmhyZ H$mnS>, Jhy, ~mOar, S>mir, BË`mXr _mc KmQ>_mJm©Zo {Z`m©VrgmR>r oWooV Ago. Aa~ñWmZ BamU, _c~ma, I§~m`V VgoM wamo{n`Zm§Mr OhmOo oWo ì`mnamgmR>r oV. ñdamÁ`mVrc

_mcmMr {Z`m©V d naXoer _mcmMr Am`mV `m_wio `m ~§XamMm PnmQ>`mZo {dH$mg Pmcm. ehamMrcmoH$g§»`m dmT>cr CËH¥$ð> _§{Xao, _{eXr, Y{ZH$m§Mo dmSo> `m§Zr eha gwemo^rV Pmco. WmoS>Š`mV{edH$mcmI§S>mV Xm^moi ~§XamMm {dH$mg Pmcm.

amOmnya : amOmnya ho aËZm{Jar {OëømVrc ImS>rdarc _hËdmMo ì`mnmar H|$Ð hmo . B§J«O, \«|$MBË`mXr XoemVrc ì`mnmè`m§Zr oWo Amnë`m dImar {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m, hmoË`m. \«|$M cmoH$ oWo cmoI§S> d {ego`m§Mm ì`mnma H$aV hmoVo. amOmnyahyZ Vm§~S>m g_wÐ d BamU oWo ì`mnma MmcV hmoVm. gwVr H$mnS>, gwVrYmJm, _gmë`mMo nXmW©, \$io BË`mXr dñVy§Mr oWyZ {Z`m©V hmoV hmoVr.

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g§J_oœa : H$moH$Um_Ü o emñÌr ZXrÀ`m _wImnmgwZ gw_mao 20 _¡c AmV emñÌr d gmoZmdr ZXrÀ`mg§J_mda g§J_oœa ho ì`mnmar H|$Ð dgco hmoVo. Xoemdê$Z KmQ>_mJm©Zo AZoH$ dñVy {dH«$rgmR>r d {Z`m©VrgmR>roWo oV AgV. oWyZM _rR> d qMM `m§Mr _moR>`m n«_mUmV {Z`m©V hmoV hmoVr. ZXrÀ`m _wImnmgwZ g§J_oœa

ehamn`©V _c~mar Pm§~wH$mo d BVa n«H$maÀ`m ~moQ>r_YyZ _mcmMr Zo-AmU Ho$cr OmV hmoVr. òWoOhmO~m§YUr ì`dgm` hr ââmQ>rg Amcm hmoVm.

d|Jwcm© : d|Jwcm© ho Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamgmR>r n«{gÜXrg Amcoco H$moH$UmVrc _hËdnyU© ~§Xa hmo . oWoOnmZ, {gcmoZ, BamU, Aa~ñWmZ oWyZ OhmOo oV hmoVr. `m ~§XamVyZ gwVr H$mnS>, aoe_r H$mnS>, YmÝ`d _gmë`mMo nXmW© `m§Mr {Z`m©V hmoV hmoVr. S>M cmoH$m§Zr oWo Amncr dIma CKS>cr hmoVr. `m dImarMoAdeof AmOhr nhmd`mg {_iVmV.

{dO`XwJ© : dmKmoQ>Z ZXrÀ`m _wImer dgcoco {dO`XwJ© ho H$moH$U {H$UmanÅ>rdarc _hËdnyU© ~§Xahmo . {dO`XwJ© n[agam_Ü o {dS>`m§À`m nmZm§À`m docrMo _io hmoVo. oWyZ Xoe-{dXoemV {dS>`m§À`m nmZm§Mr{Z`m©V Ho$cr OmV hmoVr. ~m~m}gmZo {dS>`m§À`m nmZm§Mr Vn{ecdma _m{hVr {Xcr Amho. ~m~m}gmZo dmKmoQ>ZZXrcm "{dS>çm§Mr ZXr' Ago g§~moYco Amho.

H$ë`mU-{^d§S>r : CÎma H$moH$UmVrc H$ë`mU ho {edH$mimV AË §V ââmQ>rg Amcoco ~§Xa hmo .CÎma ^maV, JmodiH$m|S>m d Ho$ai BË`mXr n«XoemVyZ _mc oWo oV hmoVm. AZoH$ dñVy§Mr {Z`m©Vhr oWyZ_moR>`m n«_mUmV hmoV hmoVr.

H$ë`mUOdirc {^d§S>r ho {R>H$mU {edH$mimV ì`mnmamgmR>r ââmQ>rg Amco hmoVo. oWo dñÌmoÚmoJmMrââmQ> Pmcr, hmoVr. Ë`m_wio {dUH$am§Mr g§»`m cjUr` hmoVr. _w§~B©Mm {dUH$m_ ì`dgm` dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>rB§J«Om§Zr òWrc {dUH$am§Zm n«cmo^Zo XmI{dcr. _mÌ {^d§S>rVrc {dUH$a Ë`mg ~ir nS>co ZmhrV.H$ë`mU-{^d§S>r `m n[agamV gmJ _moR>`m n«_mUmda CncãY Agë`mZo òWo OhmO~m§YUr ì`dgm`ââmQ>rg Amcm. N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr `m n[agamV OhmO~m§YUr CÚmoJ gwê$ Ho$cm hmoVm.

darc _hËdnyU© ì`mnmar H|$Ðm~amo~aM amOYmÝ`m§Mr {R>H$mUo, Ym{_©H$ ñWio, Am¡Úmo{JH$ Ñï>çm{dH${gV ehao BË`mXtMm {edH$mimV {dH$mg Pmcm. Ë`m_Ü o nwUo, gmVmam, H$moëhmnya, Zm{eH$, n¡R>U,{_aO, ~èhmUnya, OwÞa, H$amS> BË`mXr ì`mnmar H|$Ðm§Mm {dH$mg Pmcm.

4. {edH$mcrZ XiUdiUmMr d dhmVwH$sMr gmYZo :

A) {edH$mcrZ XiUdiUmMr gmYZo :

añVo : XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ d Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmV XiUdiUm§À`m gmYZm§Zm AË §V _hËdnyU© ñWmZAmho. _hmamï´>mMr ^m¡JmocrH$ aMZm nhmVm òWo nm`dmQ>m d JmS>rdmQ>m _moR>`m n«_mUmV hmoË`m. JmdoEH$_oH$m§g añË`m§Zr OmoS>cr hmoVr. ho añVo n«m_w»`mZo H$À`m ñdê$nmMo hmoVo. _ZwMrZo "Ago hmoVo _wKc' `mJ«§WmV ^maVmVrc n«_wI 18 añË`m§Mr _{hVr {Xcr Amho. n«mo. Ba\$mZ B~r~ `m§Zr "_wKc A°Q>cmg' _Ü o

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añË`m§Mr _m{hVr {Xcr Amho. Ë`mZwgma _hmamï´>mVrc n«_wI añVo.

1. gwaV, Y¡Vm, Z§Xwa~ma, ~èhmUnya

2. gwaV, Zdmnya, ImZmnya, qnniZoa, gQ>mUm, Am¡a§Jm~mX

3. gwaV, ~èhmUnya, YaUJmd, Xm¡cVm~mX, h¡Ðm~mX

4. h¡Ðm~mX, Jwc~Jm©, {dOmnya, ~oiJmd, Jmodm

5. gwaV, Zdmnya, ImZmnya, qnniZoa, Am¡a§Jm~mX, Ah_XZJa

6. Mm¡c, H$mocdU, IoS>, {MniyU, g§J_Zoa, amOmnya, ImaonmQ>U, _mcdU, Jmodm.

Ë`mM~amo~a ~èhmUnya Vo JmodiH$m|S>m hm _hËdnyU© añVm _hmamï´>mVyZ Jocm hmoVm. añË`mMo A§Va_moOÊ`mgmR>r "H$mog' ho n[a_mU dmnaco OmB©. EH$ H$mog åhUOo AS>rM _¡c A§Va hmo .

Oc_mJ© : nmdgmi`mV ZX`m§Zm nya Amcoco AgV. ZX`mH$mR>À`m cmoH$m§Zm ZX`m nma H$aÊ`mgmR>rZmdm§Mm dmna H$amdm cmJo. Xoemdarc H¥$îUm, JmoXmdar, ^r_m, Zram BË`mXr _moR>çm ZX`m§À`m nmÌm_YyZH$_r A§Vamdarc _mcmMr dmhVyH$ Ho$cr OmB©. H$moH$UmV _rR> CËnmXZ d _ÀN>r_mar _moR>çm n«_mUmVMmcV hmoVr. _rR>mÀ`m ì`mnmamgmR>r _hmamOm§Zr Jc~Vm§Mm Vm§S>m {Z_m©U Ho$cm hmoVm. _hmamO åhUVmV."{_R>mMm _m_cm H$X© cmI én o `md`mMm _m_cm Amho. H$moH$UmVrc ImS>`m§_YyZ _mcmMr Zo-AmU hmoVhmoVr. R>mUo, dgB©, VoaoImoc, {dO`XwJ©, O`JS>, Ya_Va `m H$moH$UmVrc n«_wI ImS>`m hmoV. Va ~mUH$moQ>,hU}, XodJS>, Xm^moi, _mcdU, doJwcm©, g§J_oœa, Mm¡c, H$ë`mU, {^d§S>r hr H$moH$UmVrc _hËdnyU© ~§XaohmoV.

KmQ>_mJ© : H$moH$U {H$ZmanQ>Q²>r, gh`mÐr qH$dm npíM_ KmQ> d _hmamï´> nR>ma Ago _hmamï´>mMo VrZn«mH¥${VH$ {d^mJ AmhoV. gh`mÐr nd©VmMr _w»` am§J X{jUmoÎma ngacr Amho. gh`mÐr nd©V d Aa~rg_wÐ `m§À`m Xaå`mZÀ`m n«Xoemg H$moH$U {H$ZmanQ>Q²>r åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVo. gh`mÐr nd©VmV WiKmQ>,~moaKmQ>, Hw§$^mcuKmQ>, Am§~mKmQ>, \$m|S>mKmQ>, A§~mocrKmQ> ho n«_wI KmQ>_mJ© AmhoV. `m {~H$Q> KmQ>_mJm©VyZXoe d H$moH$U `m§À`m_Ü o XiUdiU hmoV hmoVo.

KmQ>_mJ} Xoemdarc dñVw H$moH$UmV Va H$moH$UmVrc _rR>, _mgo, d _gmë`mMo nXmW© Xoemda AmUcoOmV. KmQ>_mJm©Vrc ì`mnma g§ajUmgmR>r d OH$mV dgwcrgmR>r KmQ>_mJm©da gaH$mar Mm¡Š`m ~g{dë`mOmV. KmQ>nm§So> ZmdmMm _w»` A{YH$mar ho H$m_ nhmV Ago. Ë`mcm ghmæ`H$ åhUyZ nËH$s, nmZgao, _oQ>H$arBË`mXr godH$m§Mr {Z wº$s Ho$cr OmB©. Mm¡H$sMm _w»` A{YH$mar åhUyZ nËH$s H$m_ nmhmV Ago. nmZgao_mcmMo dOZ H$aV. Va _oQ>H$ar KmQ>mVyZ OmUmè`m ì`mnmè`m§À`m Vm§S>`m§Mo g§ajU H$aV AgV.

B Q>nmc ì`dñWm :

{edH$mcm_Ü o AË §V _`m©XrV Agm nÌì`dhma gwê$ hmoVm. gaH$mar nÌì`dhma (Q>nmc) `mMr

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Zo-AmU KmoSo>ñdma qH$dm gm§S>UrñdmamÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ho$cr OmB©. hm nÌì`dhma g§ajUm_Ü o hmoV Ago.nÌì`dhmamMr Zo-AmU H$aUmè`m§Zm haH$mao Ago åhQ>co OmB©. haH$ma|Zm gmYmaU 125 _¡cmMo A§VaH$mnÊ`mg 5 {Xdg cmJV. ~mVå`m AmUUo d nmohM{dUogmR>r H$mhr cmoH$m§Mr {Z wº$s Ho$cr OmB©. `mgS>mH$ ì`dñWm Ago åhQ>co OmB©. H$moH$UmV ~mVå`m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r _Mdo Ro>dco OmV. `m _Mì`m§Zm~mV_rMo _Mdo åhQ>co OmB©. IoS>`mVrc Q>nmc VmcwŠ`mcm nmohM{dÊ`mMo H$m_ _hma nma nmS>V Ago. VaImOJr cmoH$ _Owam_m\©$V Q>nmc nmR>{dV AgV. Q>nmc _mJm©da {d{eð> A§Vamda Q>ßno nmS>coco hmoVo.AmnAmnë`m Q>ßß`m_Ü o haH$mao Q>nmc nmohM{dÊ`mMo H$m_ nma nmS>V AgV.

B {edH$mbrZ dmhmVwH$sMr gmYZo :

{edH$mim_Ü o dmhmVwH$sgmR>r ~¡c, C§Q>, JmT>d, aoS>m, VÅz> BË`mXr OZmdam§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$cm OmB©.KmQ>_mJm©VyZ _mcdmhmVwH$sgmR>r n«m_w»`mZo ~¡cmMm dmna Ho$cm OmB©. Vm§Xwi, Ádmar, ~mOar, Jwi, _rR>BË`mXr dñVw§À`m JmoÊ`m ~¡cm§À`m nmR>rda cmXyZ Ë`m§Mr dmhmVyH$ Ho$cr OmB©. Xhm-Xhm hOma ~¡cm§Mm Vm§S>mdmhVyH$ H$aV Ago. dmhVwH$sgmR>r d n«dmgmgmR>r cmJUmar OZmdao nwa{dÊ`mMo H$m_ d§Omar cmoH$ H$aVhmoVo. Vmo\$m d wÜXgm{hË`mÀ`m dmhmVwH$sgmR>r ~¡c d hÎmtMm dmna Ho$cm OmB©. ~mOmamÀ`m {R>H$mUr _mcZoÊ`mgmR>r ~¡c d C§Q>m§Mm dmna Ho$cm OmB©. `m~amo~aM AmoPoH$ar d h_mc `m§Mmhr _mc dmhVwH$sgmR>rdmna Ho$cm OmB©.

H$moH$Um_Ü o _mcdmhVwH$sgmR>r Zmdm, hmoS>`m, {e~mSo>, OhmOo `m§Mm dmna Ho$cm OmB©. ImS>`m_YrcdmhVwH$sgmR>r Zm¡H$m Va g_wÐmdarc dmhmVwH$sgmR>r OhmOm§Mm dmna Ho$cm OmB©. EH$ ~§XamVyZ Xwgè`m ~§XamV_rR> dmhmVwH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r OhmOm§Mm dmna Ho$cm OmV hmoVm. _amR>çm§Mr OhmOo BamU, ~gam, _¸$m BË`mXr{R>H$mUr ì`mnma H$aV hmoVr.

gm_mÝ` _mUgo n«dmgmgmR>r ~¡cJmS>rMm dmna H$aV AgV. Va lr_§V cmoH$ KmoS>mJmS>r_YyZ(aWm_YyZ) qH$dm nmcIr_YyZ n«dmg H$arV AgV. nmcIr dmhÊ`mgmR>r n«Ë oH$ ~mOyg VrZ Ago ghm ^moB©cmJV AgV. nmcIr gmYmaUVm 6-7 \y$Q> cm§~ d 3 \w$Q> ê§$X Ago. ì`mnma dmhmVyH$sgmR>r gaH$ma eŠ`VodTo> g§ajU nwadV hmoVo. _mÌ {edH$mimVrc Ym_Yy_rMm H$mi cjmV KoVm H$moH$UmV {gÜXr d{H$UmanQ>Q²>darc dVZXma _§S>itMm Va KmQ>_mJm©VyZ Mmoa, XamoSo>Imoam§Mm CnÐd hmoV Ago. Q°>ìh{ZàÀ`m_VmZwgma gwImMm n«dmg hmoÊ`mgmR>r 25 Vo 30 eñÌYmar cmoH$ g§ajH$ åhUyZ ~amo~a ¿`mdo cmJV.

5. {edH$mcrZ McZì`dñWm :

{edmOr _hmamOm§Zr ñdamÁ`mMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. `m gÎmoMm {dñVma d ajU H$aV AgVmZm Ë`m§ZrCÎm_ n«emgZ ì`dñWm {Z_m©U Ho$cr. d OZH$ë`mU gmYco. B.g. 1674 gmcr amÁ`m{^foH$ Pmë`mdaN>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr ñdV:Mr ZmUr nmS>cr. {edH$mimVrc ZmÊ`mMo _wë` Ë`mV Agcoë`m YmVwÀ`m_wë`mEdTo> hmoVo. ZmÊ`mda Agcoë`m {eŠ`m_wio Ë`m_Üò Agcoë`m R>amdrH$ dOZmMm d {d{eð> H$gmÀ`mYmVyMm {dœmg a`Vocm {Xcm OmV Ago. `mdê$Z {edH$mcrZ ZmÊ`mMr ewÜXVm Amnë`m cjmV oVo.

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hmoZ : hmoZ ho {edH$mcrZ McZì`dñWoMo d¡{eï>` hmo`. hmoZ `m ZmÊ`mÀ`m ê$nmZo {edmOr_hmamOm§Zr {dO`ZJaÀ`m amÁ`mMm dmagm Mmc{dcm hmoVm. hmoZ ho gmoÊ`mMo ZmUo AgwZ Ë`mMo dOZ42.12 J«oZ hmoVo. (J«oZ åhUOo gwdU©H$U 42.12 J«oZ åhUOo 2 _mgo) `m ZmÊ`mÀ`m EH$m ~mOyg lramOm{ed d _mJrc ~mOyg N>ÌnVr Ago {chcoco hmoVo. Ë`mMm AmH$ma dmQ>moim AgyZ ì`mg 1.32 g|._r. EdT>m hmoVm.

n¡JmoS>m : n¡JmoS>m ho qhXwÀ`m damh hmoZmg nmíMmË`m§Zr {Xcoco Zmd hmo . damh hm {dîUyMm AdVmag_Ocm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio n«mMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ZmÊ`mda Ë`mMr n«Vr_m Amho. åhUyZ Ë`mg damh hmoZ AgoåhUVmV. _ZwMrÀ`m _Vo ho ZmUo chmZ d dVw©imH$ma hmoVo. Q°>ìh{Z© aÀ`m _Vo n¡JmoS>m ho H$a§JirÀ`mZImÀ`m AmH$mam EdTo> chmZ hmoVo. wamo{n`Z cmoH$ _§{Xam§Zm n¡JmoS>m åhUV `mdê$Z qhXwÀ`m `m n«_wIZmÊ`mcm n¡JmoS>m ho Zmd {_imco. Va hmoZy `m H$mZS>r eãXmnmgyZ hmoZ hm eãX V`ma Pmcm.

g^mgXm§À`m _VmZwgma {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m I{OÊ`mV gw_mao Mma cmI {edamB© hmoZ hmoVo.B{VhmgH$ma J. h. Iao åhUVmV. H$s 17 ì`m eVH$mV {edamB© hmoZ _moR>`m n«_mUmV CncãY hmoVo. S>m°.A. am. Hw$cH$Uu `m§Zr "{edH$mcrZ _hmamï´>' `m J«§WmV `m~m~VMr Vn{ecdma _m{hVr {Xcr Amho.g^mgXm§Zr hmoZ `m ZmÊ`mMo gw_mao Vrg n«H$ma gm§{JVco AmhoV. CXm. {edamB©, XodamB©, w{V, YmadmS>r,nmVemhr, VmS>nÌr, J§ manwVir, {ZemUr, do„moar hmoZ BË`mXr.

hmoZmMo chmZ {d^mJ : n«Vmn, YaU, Mdc, Xwdc Ago hmoZmMo chmZ {d^mJ AgwZ Ë`m§Monañnam§er AgUmao n«_mU Imcrcn«_mUo.

1 hmoZ = 2 n«Vmn

1 n«Vmn = 2 YaU

1 YaU = 2 Mdc

1 Mdc = 2 Xwdc

`mMohr chmZ {d^mJ AgyZ Vo Imcrc n«_mUo

1 Xwdc = 2 ã`mc

1 ã`mc = 2 {dg

_moha : "_moha' ho gwdU© ZmUo AgwZ amOmcm oQ> XoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mMm dmna Ho$cm OmB©. B.g. 1663_Ü o EH$m _mohaMr qH$_V 13 ê$n o hmoVr. VgoM nwVir hm Xm{JÊ`mVrc EH$ n«H$ma AgyZ Ë`mMr qH$_VMma ê$n o hmoVr.

én`m : McZì`dñWo~m~V eoaehmMo H$m © C„oIZr` Amho. Ë`mZo Mm§XrMm én`m ho ZmUo nmS>coË`mMo dOZ 178 J«oZ hmoVo. ho ZmUo JmocmH$ma hmoVo. {~«{Q>e B©ï> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo 1678 nmgwZ _w§~B©À`m

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Q>m§H$gmirV Mm§XrMo ê$n o nmS>md`mg gwadmV Ho$cr. _wKc H$mcI§S>m_Ü o {Xèh_, _wha, {Zgma BË`mXrZmUr n«McrV hmoVr.

ê$H$m-Q>H$m : ê$H$m ho Vm§ã`mMo ZmUo AgyZ VrZ éH$m§Mm EH$ {VgH$m hmoV Ago. ghm éH$m§Mr EH$ggJmUr qH$dm gOJmUr hmoV Ago. Va 84 éH$m§Mm EH$ Q>H$m$ hmoV Ago. _amR>r _wcImV ho ZmUo n«{McrVhmoVo. Ë`mM~amo~a cmar ho ZmUo H$moH$UmV n«{McrV hmoVo.

{edH$mcrZ Am{W©H$ ì`dhma : {edH$mcmV Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamgmR>r VmoS>m, hw§S>r, damV `m VrZn«H$mam§Mm dmna Ho$cm OmV Ago. VmoS>m åhUOo gam\$ R>amdrH$ a¸$_ {nedrV KmcyZ Ë`mda ñdV:Mr _mohaCR>dV AgV. ì`mnmar cmoH$ {gc~§X VmoS>çmMm McUmn«_mUo dmna H$arV AgV. Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamVrcXwgam n«H$ma åhUOo hw§S>r hmo . hw§S>r åhUOo _mcmMr {dH«$r H$aUmè`m ì`mnmè`mZo _mc IaoXr H$aUmè`m_mUgmÀ`m Zmdo Ho$cocm EH$ CYmarMm XñVEodO hmo . hw§S>r_Ü o Xe©Zr hw§S>r, _wXV hw§S>r, Ago n«H$ma hmoVo.damV åhUOo gaH$maZo H$mT>coë`m hw§S>rcm damV Ago åhQ>co OmB©. EImÚmg Ë`mMr qH$dm Ë`mÀ`mA{YH$mamVrc a¸$_ {OWyZ H$mhr oUo Agoc Aem {R>H$mUmda {d{eï> ì`º$scm R>amdrH$ a¸$_ XoÊ`m{df`rH$mT>cocm coIr hwHy$_ åhUOo damV hmo .

6. {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo ì`mnma dmT>rMo YmoaU -

B ì`mnmar dJm©{df`r YmoaU :

N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamO EH$ Hw$ec n«emgH$ hmoVo. amÁ` n«~i hmoÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`mMm Am{W©H$ nm`m_O~yV AgUo JaOoMo AgVo. ho _hmamOm§Zr OmUco hmoVo. Ë`mÑï>rZo Ë`m§Zr Amnco YmoaU R>a{dco._hmamOm§À`m ì`mnma{df`H$ YmoaUmMr _m{hVr AmnUmg Ë`m§À`m Aï>n«YmZ _§S>imV gXñ` AgUmè`mam_M§Ðn§V A_mË` `m§À`m "AmkmnÌ' `m J«§Wm_YyZ {_iVo. A_mË` ì`mnmè`m§Zm gmdH$ma Ago åhUVmV.

gmhþH$ma åhUOo amÁ`mMr d amOlrMr emo m.

gmhwH$mamÀ`m `moJmZo amÁ` Am~mXmZ hmoVo.

Z {_io Ë`m dñVwOmV amÁ`m§V oVmV.

amÁ` lr_§V hmoVo.

nS>co g§H$Q> n[ahma hmoVo.

gmhwH$mamMo g§ajUm_Ü o ~hwV \$m`Xm Amho.

`m H$[aVm gmdH$mamMm ~hw_mZ Mmcdmdm.

H$moUo{df`r Ë`mOda Owcy_ AWdm Ë`mMm An_mZ hmoD$ Z Úmdm.

noR>mnoR>m§V XwH$mUo, dImar KmcyZ hÎmr, KmoSo>, dñÌo ..... `m§Mm CXr_ Mmcdmdm.

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hwOya~mJm_Ü o (_w»` ~mOma) Wmoa-Wmoa gmdH$ma AmUyZ Ro>dmdo .....

X`m©dXu gmhwH$ma `m§ghr ~§Xamo~§Xar H$m¡c ({Z_§ÌU) nmR>dyZ Am_XaâVr H$admdr.

gmdH$ma åhUOo amÁ`mMr emo m hmo . Ë`m§À`m_wio amÁ` lr_§V hmoVo. amÁ`mV Z {_iUmè`m dñVwamÁ`mV n«má hmoVmV. g§H$Q> n[ahma hmoVmo. WmoS>Š`mV amÁ`mMr ââmQ> hmoVo. `mgmR>r N>ÌnVr {edmOr_hmamOm§Zr ì`mnmamg g§ajU {Xco. ì`mnmè`m§Mm gÝ_mZ Ho$cm. `m_wio ì`mnmamMr KS>r ì`dpñWV ~gyZñdamÁ`mMr Am{W©H$ CÞVr Pmcr.

B wamo{n`Z ì`mnmè`m§{df`r gmdYmZVoMo YmoaU :

ñdamÁ`mVrc ì`mnmè`m§~amo~aM nan«m§VmVrc ì`mnmè`m§Mmhr ~hw_mZ H$aUmao N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOwamonr`Z ì`mnmè`m§~m~V gmdYmZVoMo YmoaU pñdH$maVmV. am_M§Ðn§V A_mË` _hmamOm§Mo ho YmoaU Amnë`m

"AmkmnÌmV' {deX H$aVmZm åhUVmV, ""Q>monrH$a hohr cmoH$ gmdH$ar H$[aVmV. na§Vw Vo daH$S> gmdH$mam§gmaIoZìhoV. Ë`m§Mo Imd§X (_mcH$) n«Ë oH$-n«Ë oH$ amÁ`M H$arV AmhoV. Ë`m§Mo hwH$_mZo Ë`m§Mo hmoD$Z ho cmoH$`m n«m§Vr gmhwH$marg (ì`mnmamgmR>r) oVmV. amÁ` H$aUmamg ñWi cmo Zmhr Ago H$m` KS>mo nmhVo?VWm{n Q>monrH$am§g, `m n«m§Vr n«doe H$amdm, amÁ` dmT>dmdo, ñd_V n«{Vð>mdo hm nyU© A{^_mZ. Ë`mda hrhQ>Q²>r OmV hmVmV Amco ñWi _o{c`mZo gmoS>md`mMo ZìhoV. Ë`m§Mr Am_XâVar Amco Joco BVH$sM Zm|XAgmo Úmdr. Ë`m§g Ho$di Zoh_r OmJm XoD$ Z o. H$Xm{MV dImarg OmJm XoUo OmcoM Va ImS>rMo _mo~mar(Vm|S>r) g_wÐVrar Z Úmdr ehmaMo Amhmar, ehamMm CnÐd MwH$dyZ Zo_yZ XoD$Z dImar Kmcmì`m. Ë`m§gB_maVtMo Ka ~m§Ymo XoD$ Z o. `m n«H$mao am{hco Va ~ao, Zmhr Va `m{dUo n« moOZ Zmhr.''

nmíMmË`m§Mm ì`mnmam_mJrc _w»` hoVy N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr AmoiIcm hmoVm. `wamo{n`Zì`mnmè`m§Mm qnS> Ho$di ì`mnma H$aUo EdT>mM _`m©XrV ZgwZ ì`mnmamÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ n«Xoe ~iH$m{dUo VoWoAmncm A§_c {Z_m©U H$aUo `m Ë`m§À`m y{_Ho$g _hmamO nwaonya AmoiIyZ hmoVo. åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m~m~V Ë`m§ZrAË §V gmdYmZVoMo YmoaU pñdH$maco hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm dImarg OmJm Úmdr cmJcrM Va Vr ImS>reoOmar,g_wÐVrar Z Úmdr. ehamMm CnÐd MwH$dyZ ehmamÀ`m Amhmar Agoc Aer OmJm Úmdr. _hmamOm§À`m `mYmoaUmVyZ Ë`m§À`m Acm¡H$sH$ ~wÜXr_ÎmoMr d ^{dî`H$mim{df`rÀ`m ÐîR>onUmMr AmnUmg AmoiI hmoVo.

B ñdXoer _mcmg g§ajU :

N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Mr AW©{ZVr AË §V Aä`mgnyU© hmoVr. ñdamÁ`mÀ`m Am{W©H$ g§nÞVogmR>rË`m§Zr ñdXoer _mcmg g§ajU XoÊ`mMo YmoaU pñdH$maco. H$gã`m§À`m {R>H$mUr AgUmè`m ~mOmanoR>m§Mrì`dñWm CÎm_ n«H$mao Ho$cr. Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Ë`m A{YH$mè`m§Mr {Z`wº$s Ho$cr. ~mOmanoR>m§À`m{dH$mgmgmR>r d ì`mnmamÀ`m dmT>rgmR>r _hmamOm§Zr ì`mnmar dJm©cm AZoH$ gdcVr d OH$mVr_Ü o gyQ>{Xcr. am`JS> d amOJS>darc ~mOmanoR>m n«{gÜX AmhoV.

naXoemVyZ qH$dm nan«m§VmVyZ ñdamÁ`mV oUmè`m _mcmer ñdamÁ`mVrc _mcmcm ñnYm© H$amdr cmJo.

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ñdXoer _mcmg g§ajU XoÊ`mMo YmoaU AmO gd© OJâ Adc§{~co OmVo. Ë`mg g§ajH$ OH$mV YmoaU AgoåhUVmV. N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr ñdXoer _mcmg g§ajU XoÊ`mÀ`m YmoaUmMm Adc§~ 17 ì`meVH$mV Ho$cm hmoVm. Am{U `m~m~VMo CÎm_ CXmhaU åhUOo. ñdamÁ`mV V`ma hmoUmè`m {_R>mg {Xcocog§ajU hmo .

H$moH$U {H$ZmanÅ>rda R>mUo, Hw$cm~m, ZmJmoR>mUo, noZ, nZdoc, BË`mXr {R>H$mUr {_R>mMm ì`dgm`_moR>çm n«_mUmV gwê$ hmoVm. ho _rR> KmQ>_mJ} Xoemda AmUyZ {dH$co OmV hmoVo. na§Vw `m {_R>mÀ`m CÚmoJmgB.g. 1670-71 _Ü o _moRo> g§H$Q> {Z_m©U Pmco. ñdamÁ`mcm cmJyZM AgUmè`m Jmoì`mÀ`m n«XoemdanmoVw©JrOm§Mo dM©ñd hmoVo. VoWrc ~maXoe n«m§VmVrc _rR> ñdamÁ`mV oD$ cmJco. ñdamÁ`mVrc _rR>mnojmË`mMm Xa H$_r Agë`mZo Amnco ì`mnmar ~maXoe n«m§VmVrc {_R>mMr IaoXr H$éZ Vo ñdamÁ`mV AmUyZ H$_rXamZo {dHy$ cmJco. n[aUm_V: ñdamÁ`mVrc _rR>mMr _mJUr KQ>cr. {_R>mJao ~§X nS>Ê`mMr pñWVr {Z_m©UPmcr.

_rR> ì`dgm`mnwT>rc g§H$Q> _hmamOm§À`m cjmV oVmM Ë`m§Zr ñdamÁ` d Jmodm `m§À`m gahÜXrdarcHw$S>miMm gw oXma Zahar AmZ§XamD$ `m§g hwHy$_ Ho$cm. ""Vwåhr KmQ>r (~maXoeÀ`m {_R>mda) O~a OH$mV~¡g{dUo, ~maXoemV _rR> {dH$co OmVo. Ë`mMm {heo~ n« mdirH$So> g§J_oœamH$So> _rR> {dH$Vo Ë`m§Zo {H$Ë oH$O~a nS>Vo. Vo _ZmV AmUyZ Ë`m AmO_mgo OH$mVr O~a ~¡g{dUo H$s g§J_oœar {dH$co Am{U KmQ>nmdoVmoOo ~oarO nSo>c Ë`m {heo~r ~maXoeÀ`m {_R>mg OH$mVr KoUo. g§J_oœamhyZ ~maXoeMo _rR> _hmJ nSo>c. EogmOH$mVrMm Vh H$aUog gmho~mMm (gaH$maMm) ~hwV \$m`Xm Amho.''

ñdamÁ`mVrc _rR> CÚmoJmnwTo> g§H$Q> {Z_m©U hmoVmM _hmamOm§Zr VËnaVoZo d[ac YmoaUmMm Adc§~H$ê$Z _rR> CÚmoJmcm OrdXmZ {Xco. nan«m§VmVyZ oUmè`m _rR>mda O~a OH$mV AmH$mê$Z Ë`mg AmimKmVcm ñdXoer _mcmMo g§ajU Ho$co.

CÚmoJY§Xo d ì`mnma `m~m~V N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr pñdH$macoë`m YmoaUm_wio CÚmoJY§Xo dì`mnmamV dmT> Pmcr. amÁ`mMr Am{W©H$ ââmQ> Pmcr. 17 ì`m eVH$mV Ë`m§Mo {R>H$mUr AgUmar hrXyaÑï>r AmnUmg W¸$ Ho$ë`m{edm` amhmV Zmhr.

2.2.3 CÚmoJ :

1. {edH$mcrZ JmdJmS>`mVrc ì`dgm` :

ñdmdc§~Z ho J«m_rU {OdUmMo d¡{eï>ç hmo . eoVr hm _w»` ì`dgm` Agë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>rBVa AZoH$ Cnì`dgm` J«m_rU ^mJmV gwê$ Pmco. Am{U eoVH$è`m§À`m X¡Z§{XZ JaOm nyU© hmoD$ cmJë`m.H$mam{Jam§Zr JmdmVM amhmdo `mMr H$miOr KoVcr OmD$ cmJcr. JmdH$ar H$mam{Jam§Zm _mo~Xcm åhUyZAmdí`H$ Vo YmÝ` Amnë`m CËnÞmVyZ XoV AgV. Va H$mhr {R>H$mUr H$mam{Jam§Zm J«m_H$m`m©gmR>r O{_ZBZm_ {Xë`mMr CXmhaUo nhmd`mg {_iVmV. H$mamJmam{dZm {edH$mcrZ Jmdm§Mr dgmhV nyU© hmoD$ eH$V

~r.E. mJ-1/B{Vhmg ....11

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Zmhr. JmdmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ JaOm JmdmVrc cmoH$m§À`m nañna ghH$m`m©VyZ nyU© Ho$ë`mOmV hmoË`m. JmdmVrc V§Qo>-~IoSo> JmdmVM gmoS>{dco OmV hmoVo. Ë`mM~amo~a JmdH$è`m§Zm Amdí`H$AgUmè`m dñVy H$mamJra V`ma H$aV hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV {edH$mcrZ IoSo> gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ Ñï>çmñd §nyU© hmoVo.

na_mZ§XmZr "{ed^maV' `m J«§Wm_Ü o IoS>çmVrc ì`dgm`rH$m§Mr _m{hVr {Xcr Amho. `m_Ü o gwVma,cmohma, Mm§ ma, Hw$^m§a, Ýhmdr, narQ>, gmoZma, Vm§~Q>, _hma, _m§J, Vocr, Vm§~moir, gmir, YZJa, _mir,Jd§S>r, a§Jmar BË`mXr ì`dgm{`H$m§Mr _m{hVr {Xcr Amho. ho ì`dgm` OmVrda AmYm[aV hmoVo. EImXr OmV{d{eï> ì`dgm` na§naoZo H$[aV Agë`mMo {XgVo. H$mam{Jam§À`m _wcm§Zm Ë`m§À`m ì`dgm`mMo {ejUnma§nmarH$ nÜXVrZo {_iV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m ì`dgm`mVrc Hw$ecVm n«má H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~mhoa OmÊ`mMrAmdí`H$Vm ZìhVr. OmVr~mhoaMm ì`dgm` Ho$cm OmV Zgo. a§Jmar hm H$nS>`m§Zm a§J XoÊ`mMo H$m_ H$ar.Va qenr hm H$nSo> {edÊ`mMo H$m_ H$ar XmoKo EH$_oH$m§Mo H$m_ H$aV ZgV. n«Ë oH$OZ Amnë`m ì`dgm`mern«m_m{UH$ Ago. Ë`m_wio n«Ë oH$ OmVrcm Am{U ì`dgm`mcm g_mOmV {ZpíMV ñWmZ d g§ajU n«má PmcohmoVo.

JmdÀ`m {dH$mg d ñW¡ m©gmR>r dVZXmam§n«_mUoM ~cwVoXmam§Mr godm AË §V Cn wº$ Agë`mMo {XgwZoVo. ~cwVoXmam§À`m godoMr {d^mJUr _w»`Ëdo VrZ n«H$mamV Ho$cr OmVo.

1. ì`dgm{`H$ godm XoUmam dJ© : gwVma, cmohma, Mm§ ma, Hw$^m§a, Ýhmdr, BË`mXr.

2. godH$ dJ© : _hma, _m§J, Vami, am_moer BË`mXr.

3. Ym{_©H$ godm XoUmam dJ© : Omoer, Jwad, R>mHy$a, _wcmUm BË`mXr .

CXmhaUmXmIc _m{hVr Úmd`mMr Pmë`mg gwVma JmdmVrc eoVH$ar cmoH$m§Zm Hw$id, nmâ, H$moinm,BË`mXr dñVw ~ZdyZ XoB©. Va cmohma cmoI§S>r \$mi, Hw$idmMr nmg, Iwanr, Hw$èhmS> BË`mXr dñVw ~ZdyZXoB©. Mm§ ma nmXÌmUo d Mm_S>r dñVy ~ZdyZ XoB©. Va Hw§$^ma _mVrMr ^m§S>r ~ZdyZ XoB©. `m n[aM`mÀ`mì`dgm{`H$m§~amo~aM YmVy§Mr ^m§S>r ~Z{dUmao Vm§~Q>, H$m§~ir V`ma H$aUmao gZJa, {OZ V`ma H$aUmao{OZJa, \w$cm§À`m ~mJm \w$c{dUmao _mir, \w$cm§Mo hma V`ma H$aUmao \w$cmar, nÌmdi`m ~Z{dUmao Jwad,ImD$Mr nmZo {dH$Umao Vm§~moir, Xmê$ {dH$Umao H$cmc, cmoH$m§Mo _Zmoa§OZ H$aUmao emhra, Jm`H$, H$cmd§V,Xadoer, Jmê$S>r. `m§Mmhr {edH$mcrZ JmdJmS>`m_Ü o _hËdnyU© gh^mJ hmoVm.

n«Ë oH$ IoS>çm_Ü o 12 ~cwVoXma d 18 AcwVoXma AgVrc Ago Zmhr. na§Vy AmR>dS>çmMm ~mOmaâUmè`m H$gã`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr AZoH${dY ì`dgm` H$aUmao ì`dgm`rH$ {XgyZ oVmV. Vo Amnë`m dñVy~mOmamV {dH«$rgmR>r AmUV Va ~mOmamÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo AmgnmgÀ`m JmdmVrc cmoH$ oD$Z `m dñVy IaoXrH$aV. {edH$mcrZ IoS>`m_Ü o McUm{dUm dñVw{dZr_` MmcV hmoVm. Va AmR>dSo> ~mOmamV EH$m dñVwÀ`m_mo~Xë`mV Xwgar dñVy AJa McUmÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV Xod-Kod Mmcë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.

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2. {edH$mcrZ CÚmoJ ì`dgm`.

^maVmV eoVr ~amo~aM AZoH$ n«H$maMo CÚmoJY§Xo n«mMrZ H$mimnmgwZ MmcV Amco hmoVo. Am{W©H$Ñï>çm Xoe ñd §nyU© hmoVm. Ë`m_wio \$maer Am`mV {Z`m©V H$amdr cmJV ZìhVr. {edH$mcI§S>m_Ü o H$mnS>,YmVy, _rR>, _Ëñ` d cmHy$S>H$m_mda AmYm[aV CÚmoJ ââmQ>rg Amco hmoVo.

B H$mnS> CÚmoJ :

^maVmVrc H$mnS> ì`dgm` hm gdm©V OwZm ì`dgm` Amho. H$mnS> CÚmoJmV gwVr H$mnS>, aoe_rH$mnS>, cmoH$ar H$mnS>, VmJ d Km`nmVmnmgwZMo H$mnS> V`ma hmoV Ago H$mnS> V`ma H$aÊ`mMr nÜXV hrna§namJV ñdénmMr hmoVr. eoVm_Üò H$mngmMo nrH$ KoVco OmB©. H$mngmMr N>moQ>r PmSo> AgV. `mPmS>mdarc H$mnwg H$mT>Ê`mnmgwZ Vo H$mnS> V`ma hmoB©n ©V Ë`mda AZoH$ n«{H«$`m H$amì`m cmJV. `m_Ü oPmS>mdarc H$mnyg H$mTy>Z Ë`mVrc {~`m§ ~mOyg H$aUo, H$mnyg ñdÀN> H$aUo, Ma»`mda YmJo d Ym½`mnmgwZH$mnS> {dUUo Ë`mZ§Va MwZm, qc~w d gm~UmÀ`m {_lUmZo H$mnS> YwVco OmB© d `mZ§Va a§J XoD$Z H$mnS>V`ma hmoB©. H$mnS> V`ma hmoÊ`mH$[aVm Aem AZoH$ n«{H«$`m_YyZ Omdo cmJV Agë`mZo `m CÚmoJmcm_Zwî`~imMr _moR>r JaO cmJV Ago.

{edH$mim_Ü o ñÌr-nwê$fm§À`m doe wfo_Ü o d¡{dÜ`Vm hmoVr. pñÌ`m§ gwVr, aoe_r, Aem n«H$maÀ`mgmS>`m dmnaV. {d{dY n«H$maMo {MQ>mMo H$mnS>hr pñÌ`m§ dmnaV AgV. Va nwéf nmÒ_m, A§JaIm, YmoVa,Vw_mZr, \o$Qo>, nmJmoQ>r, nJS>çm, CnaUo BË`mXr n«H$maMr dñÌo dmnaV AgV. n¡R>U eha aoe_r gmS>`m dË`mdarc âVH$m_mgmR>r n«{gÜX hmoVo. n¡R>Ucm V`ma hmoUmè`m n¡R>Ur pñÌ`m§Zm AË §V {n« hmoË`m. gmgdS>,gwno, Q>mH$ir BË`mXr {R>H$mUr YmoVam§Mo CËnmXZ hmoB©. Ë`mM~amo~a ZmJnya, _mhoœa, Amï>r, Mm§XdS>, gmocmnyaBË`mXr {R>H$mUr Vc_ YmoVao V`ma hmoV. ~èhmUnya, ZmJnya, gmgdS>, BË`mXr {R>H$mUr {MQ>mÀ`m H$mnS>mMoCËnmXZ hmoB©. \¡$Onya, Zm§XoS>, ehmXm, OwÞa BË`mXr {R>H$mUr nmJmoQ>r Va YZm~mX d dmZmnya oWo \o$Qo> V`mahmoV AgV. WmoS>Š`mV {edH$mimV H$mnS> CÚmoJmV Mm§Jcr n«JVr Pmcr hmoVr.

B YmVy CÚmoJ :

cmoI§S>, Vm§~o, {nVi `m YmVynmgwZ AZoH${dY n«H$maÀ`m dñVw ~Z{dë`m OmV AgV. cmoI§S>mnmgyZeoVrMr AdOmao, cîH$ar gm{hË`, eñÌo, Hw$cno, Vmo\$m ~Z{dë`m OmV. Vm§ã`m - {nVionmgwZ ^m§S>r~Z{dcr OmV. Xodim§Mo H$ig, _wVu V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m YmVw§Mm dmna Ho$cm OmB©. gmoZo, Mm§Xr, Vm§~o`m§nmgwZ Q>m§H$gmirV ZmUr V`ma Ho$cr OmV. gmoZo, Mm§Xr, {hao d aËZmnmgwZ AZoH$ n«H$maMo Xm{JZo ~Z{dcoOmV. amÁ`m{^foH$ n«g§Jr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr 32 _U gmoÝ`mMo qghmgZ V`ma H$ê$Z H$moemVrc _m¡ë`dmZaËZo Ë`m_Ü o OS>{dcr hmoVr.

B _rR> CÚmoJ :

_rR> d _ÀN>r_mar ho H$moH$U {H$Zmè`mdarc XmoZ _moRo> CÚmoJ hmoV. _rR>mJam_Ü o _rR> V`ma H$aÊ`mV

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oB©. g_wÐ {H$ZmanQ>Q²>darc hm _hËdmMm CÚmoJ hmo . aËZm{Jar, R>mUo, Hw$cm~m, noU, nZdoc, ZmJmoR>mUo,H$ë`mU, {^d§S>r `m {R>H$mUr _moR>r {_R>mJao hmoVr. oWo V`ma hmoUmè`m {_R>mg Xoemda _moR>r _mJUr hmoVr.{edH$mimV H$moH$UmVrc _rR> CÚmoJmg ~maXoemhyZ oUmè`m {_R>mer ñnYm© H$amdr cmJë`mZo H$moH$UmVrc_rR> CÚmoJ YmoŠ`mV Amcm hmoVm. ñdamÁ`mVrc hm CÚmoJ gmdaÊ`mgmR>r N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr~maXoehwZ oUmè`m {_R>mda OmXm OH$mV ~g{dcr d ñdamÁ`mVrc _rR> CÚmoJmcm MmcZm {Xcr.

B _ËgmoÚmoJ :

_ÀN>r_mar hm H$moH$U {H$ZmanÅ>rdarc _hËdnyU© CÚmoJ hmo . g_wÐ{H$Zmè`m~amo~aM ImS>r, ZXr,Vcmd BË`mXr {R>H$mUr _ËgmoÚmoJ MmcV Ago. _ËgmoÚmoJ n«m_w»`mZo H$moir cmoH$ H$aV AgV. amohm, noU,nZdoc, ZmJmoR>mUo, H$ë`mU, {^d§S>r BË`mXr {R>H$mUr _ËgmoÚmoJ ââmQ>rg Amcm hmoVm. oWo gwH${dcocrd Ima{dcocr _mgir Xoemda {dH«$rgmR>r {Z`m©V hmoV Ago.

B OhmO~m§YUr CÚmoJ :

H$moH$UmVrc OhmO~m§YUr d cmHw$S>H$m_ hm EH$ _moR>m CÚmoJ hmo . H$moH$UmV gmJmMo cmHy$S> _moR>çmn«_mUmV CncãY hmoVo. A_mË` åhUVmV, "Á`mÀ`mOdi Ama_ma Ë`mMm g_wÐ' `m YmoaUmZwgma N>ÌnVr{edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Amnco Ama_ma Xc gwgÁ` Ho$co _hmamOm§À`m Ama_mamV Jwam~, Jc~V, nmc, {e~mS>,Vmê$, Vam§So>, _Mdm, {VaH$mR>r BË`mXr n«H$maMr OhmOo hmoVr. n¡H$s Jwam~, Jc~V, nmc hr cT>mD$ OhmOohmoV. _hmamOm§H$So> gw_mao Mmaeo OhmOo hmoVr. _mcdU, XodJS>, amOmnya, nZdoc, H$ë`mU, {^d§S>r BË`mXr{R>H$mUr OhmO ~m§YUrMm d Xwê$ñVrMm CÚmoJ _moR>çm n«_mUmV gwê$ hmoVm.

2.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© :

1) H$mir AmB© : {edH$mbmV eoVr hm à_wI ì`dgm` hmoVm. Á`m eoVO{_Zrda JmdMr JwOamUMmbo Ë`m O{_Zrg "H$mir AmB©' Ago åhQ>bo OmB©.

2) {_amgXma : Jmdm_Ü o Á`m§À`m _mbH$sMr O_rZ Ago d Oo R>am{dH$ eoVgmam gaH$maO_m H$aVAgV Aem§Zm "{_amgXma' åhQ>bo OmB©.

3) ~bwVoXma : eoVH$è`m§Zm Amdí`H$ godm nwa{dUmè`m H$mamJra bmoH$m§Zm ~bwVoXma åhUV.

4) ZJXr {nHo$ : eoVH$è`m§Zm n¡gm {_idyZ XoUmè`m {nH$m§Zm ì`mnmar {nHo$ åhUVmV.

5) BZm_r eoVO{_Z : _hÎdnyU© H$m_{Jar~Ôb AWdm dVZmÀ`m godo~Ôb gaH$maH$Sy>Z {_iUmè`mO{_Zrg BZm_r eoVO{_Z åhQ>bo OmB©b.

6) {edH$mR>r : {edH$mimV O_rZ _moOÊ`mgmR>r nmM hmV d nmM _wR>r BVŠ`m bm§~rÀ`mH$mR>rMm dmna Ho$bm. `m H$mR>rg "{edH$mR>r' Ago åhQ>bo OmB©.

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7) ~mOmanoR> : H$gã`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr AmR>dS>çmVyZ EH$ {Xdg ~mOma âV Ago. n§MH«$mo{eVrbbmoH$ oWo ~mOmamgmR>r oV. AÞYmÝ`, ^mOrnmbm, \$io, {_R>mB© BË`mXtMr oWo IaoXr {dH«$s hmoV Ago.

8) XiUdiU : añVo, Ob_mJ©, KmQ>_mJ© `m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ dmhmVwH$sÀ`m gmYZmÛmao dñVw§MrZo-AmU hmoV Ago `m à{H«$ og XiUdiU Ago åhQ>bo OmB©.

9) hmoZ d {edamB© : N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr amÁ`m{^foH$ àg§Jr hmoZ d {edamB© hr ZmUrnmS>br. "hmoZ' ho {edH$mbrZ MZbì`dñWoMo d¡{eï>ç hmo . ho gmoÝ`mMo ZmUo AmgyZ Ë`mMo dOZ 42.12J«oZ hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m EH$m ~mOyg "lr amOm {ed' d Xþgè`m ~mOyg "N>ÌnVr' Ago {b{hbobo Amho. Va {edamB©ho Vm§ã`mMo ZmUo hmo .

10) YmVy CÚmoJ : gmoZo, Mm§Xr, {nVi, bmoI§S> BË`mXr YmVynmgyZ AZoH$ {ddrY bhmZ-_moR>çm dñVy~Zdë`m OmV. Aem àH$maÀ`m CÚmoJm§Zm YmVy CÚmoJ Ago åhUVmV.

2.4 ñd §: AÜ``Z àíZ CÎmao :

A) dñVw{Zð> àíZ.

1) àË`j eoVr H$aÊ`mV oB© Ë`m O{_Zrg ............. Ago åhQ>bo OmB©.

A) Jmd nm§T>ar ~) nm§T>ar H$) H$mir AmB© S>) AJ«hma

2) "AJ«hma BZm_' ............... `m§g {Xbo OmV Ago.

A) j{Ì` ~) ~«m÷U H$) eoQ>o S>) _hmOZ

3) _amR>m H$mimV "{edemhr H$mR>rMm' dmna ............ Ho$bm OmB©.

A) JwZJhoJmam§Zm emgZ H$aUogmR>r ~) O_rZ _moOUrgmR>r

H$) amOX§S> åhUyZ S>) darb gd©.

4) {edH$mimV EHy$U CËnÞmÀ`m .............. EdT>m eoVgmam AmH$mabm OmB©.

A) 1/2 ~) 2/3 H$) 2/5 S>) 3/5

5) {edH$mimV noR>oÀ`m _w»` A{YH$mè`mg ............ åhUV.

A) eoQ>o ~) _hmOZ H$) {~S>dB© S>) H$moVdmb

6) Mm¡b ~§Xa ............... ì`mnmamgmR>r à{gÕ hmoVo.

A) A\y$ ~) hñVrX§V dñVy H$) {dS>çmMr nmZo S>) aoer_

7) {edH$mimV {dO`XþJ© ho ~§Xa .............. ì`mnmamgmR>r à{gÕ hmoVo.

A) H$S>YmÝ` ~) aoe_r dóo H$) {dS>çmMr nmZo S>) Mhm.

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8) N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr gmoÝ`mMm .......... d Vm§ã`mMm {edamB© hr ZmUr nmS>br

A) {Zgma ~) {Xèh_ H$) én`m S>) hmoU

9) hmoU `m gmoÝ`mÀ`m ZmÊ`mMo dOZ ............ hmoVo.

A) 42.12 J«oZ ~) 12.42 J«oZ H$) 24.12 J«oZ S>) 24.23 J«oZ

10) "Á`m§À`mOdi Ama_ma Ë`mMm g_wÐ' Ago ............. Zr åhQ>bo Amho.

A) H¥$îUmOr AZ§V g^mgX ~) Ho$ed n§{S>V

H$) am_M§Ðn§V A_mË` S>) _ëhma am_amd {MQ>Urg

2.5 gmam§e :

{edH$mimV eoVr hmM OrdZmMm à_wI _mJ© hmoVm. {_amgXma ho O{_ZrMo _mbH$ hmoVo. Va Cnao hoI§S>mZo eoVr H$aV AgV. eoVO{_Z BZm_mÀ`m ñdê$nmVhr {Xbr OmV hmoVr. JmdmVrb H$mam{Ja dJ©eoVH$è`m§Zm Amdí`H$ Ë`m godm nwadV. Ë`m _mo~Xë`mV Ë`m§Zm ~bwVm {_io. _hmamOm§Zr ñdamÁ`mVrbO{_ZrMr Aìdb, Xþ_, gr_ d dm§OQ> Aer àVdmar Ho$br. OmñVrV OmñV O_rZ bmJdS>rImbrAmUÊ`mgmR>r àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. eoVr CËnÞmÀ`m 2/5 EdT>m gmam AmH$mabm. eoVH$ar Am{U eoVr `m§MrH$miOr KoVbr.

N>. {edmOr _hmamO§Zr ~mOmanoR>m§Mm H$ma^ma gwairV MmbÊ`mgmR>r XjVm KoVbr. am`JS>da EH$CËH¥$ð> ~mOmanoR> C^mabr. Ë`mMà_mUo Mm¡b, Xm^moi, amOmnya, g§J_oída, d|Jwbm©, {dO`XþJ© H$ë`mU,{^d§S>r `m ì`mnmar H|$ÐmMm {dH$mg Pmbm. XiUdiUmÀ`m d dhmVwH$sÀ`m gmYZm§V àJVr H$aÊ`mVAmbr. _hmamOm§Zr amÁ`m{^foH$mÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo ñdV:Mr hmoU d {edamB© Aer ZmUr nmS>br. amÁ` Am~mXmZhmoÊ`mgmR>r gmdH$mam§Zm A^` XoD$ Ho$bo. ñdamÁ`mVrb ì`mnma dmT>rbm CÎmoOZ XoV AgVmZmM _hmamOm§Zrwamo{n`Z ì`mnmè`m§~m~V AË §V gmdYmZVoMo YmoaU pñdH$mabo.

{edH$mimV eoVr hm _w»` ì`dgm` hmoVm. Va Ë`mÀ`m OmoS>rbm BVa AZoH$ ì`dgm` ApñVËdmVhmoVo. ì`dgm`rH$ H$mam{Ja JmdH$è`m§gmR>r {d{dY ñdê$nmÀ`m dñVy d godm nwa{dV AgV. J«m_rUì`dgm`m~amo~aM H$mnS> CÚmoJ, YmVy CÚmoJ, _rR> CÚmoJ, _Ëñ`moÚmoJ, OhmO~m§YUr CÚmoJ ââmQ>rg AmbohmoVo.


A) bKwÎmar àíZ :

1. {edH$mbrZ eoVH$ar dJm©Mr _m{hVr Úm.

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2. {edH$mbrZ AÞYmÝ` CËnmXZmMr _m{hVr Úm.

3. {edH$mbrZ ZJXr {nH$m§Mr _m{hVr gm§Jm.

4. {edH$mbrZ O_rZ _hgyb nÕVr {deX H$am.

5. {edH$mbrZ XiUdiUmMr gmYZo ñnï> H$am.

6. {edH$mbrZ MbZì`dñWm ñnï> H$am.

7. {edH$mbrZ JmdJmS>çm§Vrb ì`dgm` ñnï> H$am.

~) {XKm}Îmar àíZ.

1. {edH$mbrZ eoVH$ar d eoVr CËnmXZ `m§Mr g{dñVa _m{hVr Úm.

2. {edH$mbrZ ì`mnmamMm g{dñVa d¥Îmm§V gm§Jm.

3. {edH$mbrZ CÚmoJm§Mr _m{hVr ñnï> H$am.

2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ :

1. qÌ~H$ ZmamÙ AÌo, "JmdJmS>m', daXm ~wŠg, "daXm', goZmnVr ~mnQ> _mJ©, nwUo - 16.

2. A. am. Hw$bH$Uu, J. h. Iao (g§nmXH$), "_amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg', I§S> 1, _hmamï´> {dÚmnrR> J«§W{Z{_©Vr _§S>imgmR>r, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo - 30.

3. ~r EZ. gaXogmB©, "_amR>çm§Mm gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{Vhmg' \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ,H$moëhmnya-012

4. à. Z. Omoer (g§nmXH$), "AmkmnÌ' Am_mË`H¥$V, ìhrZg àH$meZ, nwUo - 30.

B B B

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gÌ - 2 : KQ>H$ - 3

{edH$mbrZ g_mO Am{U Ym{_©H$ OrdZ

AZwH«$_{UH$m

3.0 C{Ôï>ço

3.1 àñVmdZm

3.2 {df` {ddoMZ

3.2.1 {edH$mbrZ J«m_ ì`dñWm (Village Community)

3.2.2 dmaH$ar g§àXm`

3.2.3 {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo Ym{_©H$ YmoaU





3.0 C{Ôï>ço


B {edH$mbrZ bmoH$OrdZ g_OmD$Z KoUo.

B dmaH$ar g§àXm` g_OmD$Z KoD$Z dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMm {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m ñdamÁ` {Z{_©VrgmR>r

H$gm Cn`moJ Pmbm `mMr _m{hVr KoUo.

B {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo Ym{_©H$ OrdZmMm g_mO OrdZmda Pmboë`m n[aUm_mMr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUo.

3.1 àmñVm{dH$ :

17 ì`m eVH$mV N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr _amR>çm§Mo amÁ` ñWmnZ Ho$bo. hr Ë`m H$mimV KS>bobr

EH$ AË`§V H«$m§VrH$mar KQ>Zm hmoVr. B{VhmgmMm Aä`mg H$aV AgVm§Zm \$ŠV amOH$s` KQ>H$m§Mr Zm|X KoUo

_hÎdmMo ZgyZ VËH$mbrZ g_mOmMo gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am{U gm§ñH¥$VrH$ OrdZ H$go hmoVo ho g_OmdyZ KoUo

_hÎdmMo R>aVo. `m àH$aUm_Ü o {edH$mimV J«m_ì`dñWm H$er hmoVr VgoM _Ü` wJrZ H$mimV 13 ì`m

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eVH$mnmgyZ gwê$ Agboë`m dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMm 17 ì`m eVH$mV {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr amÁ` {Z_m©U

H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$gm Cn`moJ Pmbm `mMr MMm© H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo Ym{_©H$ OrdZ

g_OmdyZ XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Ë`m§Mm g§nyU© g_mO OrdZmda H$m` n[aUm_ Pmbm Am{U AmOÀ`m g§X^m©V

{edmOr _hmamOm§À`m Ym{_©H$ OrdZmMr H$m` àñVwVVm Amho `mMr MMm© `m KQ>H$m_Ü o Ho$br Amho.

3.2 {df` {ddoMZ :

3.2.1 {edH$mbrZ J«m_ì`dñWm (Village Community) :

àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ^maV hm IoS>çmV amhUmè`m bmoH$m§Mm Xoe åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. eoVr hm

à_wI ì`dgm` Agë`m_wio ^maVr` g_mO IoS>çmV qH$dm J«m_rU ^mJmV _moR>çm à_mUmV amhV Amho.

{edH$mimVhr IoS>çmnmS>çmV amhUmè`m bmoH$m§Mr g§»`m OmñV hmoVr. \$maM ¹${MV {R>H$mUr _moR>çm

bmoH$g§» oMr Jmdo hmoVr Vr åhUOo naJmÊ`mMr {R>H$mUo qH$dm H$mhr ì`mnmar ~§Xao ~mH$s gd© IoS>r Am{U

Jmdo AgoM {edH$msbZ JmdJS>çmMo ñdê$n hmoVo. {edH$mbrZ JmdJmS>m d Ë`mMo ñdê$n H$go hmoVo d

JmdmMm H$ma^ma H$gm MmbV hmoVm ho g_OmdyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

B {edH$mbrZ IoS>o AWdm Jmd :

I§S>Uo åhUOo O_rZ H$gUo d IoSy>V åhUOo O_rZ H$gUmam Agm IoSy>Vm§Mr dñVr åhUOo IoS>o. Aem

IoS>çm§Zm J«m_ Ago åhUVmV. J«m_ åhUOo Kam§Mm g_wh. àmMrZ H$mimV Aem JmdÀ`m à_wImbm J«m_rU,

J«m_m{YnVr, J«m_Hw$Q>, nÅ>H$sb åhUOoM nmQ>rb Ago g§~moYÊ`mV oV Ago. eoVr bm`H$ O_rZtMm emoY

KoD$Z H$mhr Hw$Qw>§~m§Zr àW_ dñVr Ho$br d Vo Ë`m dñVrÀ`m n[agamV eoVr H$ê$ bmJbo. Ë`m§À`m _XVrbm

BVa H$m_ H$aUmra H$mhr Hw$Qw>§~o Ambr. AemHw$Qw>§~m§Mo {_iyZ IoS>o AWdm Jmd V`ma Pmbo Ago åhUbo OmVo.

H$mhr YmS>gr ì`ŠVtZr Jmdo {Z_m©U Ho$br Va H$mhr Jmdo amOmZo {Xboë`m AmXoemZo O§JbVmoS> H$ê$Z VoWo

bmJdS>rgmR>r O_rZ V`ma H$ê$Z dg{dÊ`mV Ambr. {edH$mbrZ JmdmMo à_wI XmoZ ^mJ nS>Vm. OoWo

dñVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Kao ~m§Ybr OmVmV Vmo ^mJ åhUOo nm§T>ar d {OWo eoVr Ho$br OmVo Vmo ^mJ åhUOo

H$mir. nm§T>è`m_mVr_Ü o Kao ~m§Ybr OmV hmoVr åhUZyM `m OmJobm nm§T>ar Ago åhUV. {edH$mimV Aem

Jmdm§Zm Xoho, _m¡Om qH$dm J«m_ Ago åhUV AgV. Aem Jmdm§Mr dñVr dmTy>Z `m Jmdmbm bmJyZM

Jmdmnojm N>moQ>r dgmhV V`ma Pmbr Va {Vbm _Oam qH$dm dmS>r åhUV. H$moH$Um§_Ü o Aem dmS>çm§Zm nmS>r

åhUV d g_wÐ {H$Zmè`mdaÀ`m Jmdmbm OmoSy>Z dmT>boëm dgmhVrg Imar Ago åhUV.

EH$mM Jmdmbm OmoSy>Z Xþgao Jm§d V`ma Pmbo Va Oo _moR>o Jmd Amho Ë`mg ~wÐþH$ åhUV d Ë`mM

JmdÀ`m N>moQ>çm Jmdmg IwX© Ago åhQ>bo OmB©. CXm. aoR>ao ~wÐþH$ d aoR>ao IwX©, {edH$mimV JmdmÀ`m

àH$mamV VrZ à_wI àH$ma {XgyZ oVmV. Vo åhUOo _m¡Om, H$g~m Am{U noR> hmo . bhmZ Jmdm§Zm _m¡Oo

åhUV. nU Á`m Jmdm§Mm AmH$ma _m¡Omnojm OmñV Am{U Ë`m JmdmV dñVw§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aUmao H$g~r

H$mamJra amhV AgVrb Va Ë`m Jmdmg H$g~m Ago g§~moYÊ`mV oB©b. H$gã`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr AmOw~mOyÀ`m

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_m¡OmVyZ bmoH$ ~mOmahmQ>mgmR>r oV AgV. Ago H$g~o nwT>rb H$mimV "noR>o' _Ü o énm§VarV Pmbo. `m

{R>H$mUr ì`mnma MmbV Ago. {edH$mimV H$mhr {R>H$mUr amOmÀ`m AmXoemZo "noR>o' {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amë`m

AmhoV. noR> {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhtZm O_rZr BZm_ {Xë`m AmhoV. ~§XamÀ`m {R>H$mUr OoWo noR>oà_mUo

ì`mnma C{X_ MmbV hmoVm Ë`m {R>H$mUmg "{_ao' Ago åhQ>bo OmB©b.

B {edH$mbrZ JmdJmS>m :

eoVr hmM {edH$mimVhr n«_wI ì`dgm` Agë`m_wio {edH$mbrZ JmdJmS>mhr eoVrer g§~§{YV hmoVm.

eoVH$ar ho JmdMo à_wI a{hdmer hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m~amo~a JmdmVrb d§ena§nam A{YH$mar d JmdMr {d{dY

àH$mao godm-MmH$ar H$aUmao bmoH$ `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm. Ë`mM~amo~a JmdmV ñdV…Mr O_rZ Zmhr na§Vy

Xwgè`mMr I§S>mZo H$aUo qH$dm eoVmda _mob_Oyar H$aUo Am{U Amnbr Cn{OdrH$m H$aUmao bmoH$hr JmdmV

amhV hmoVo. nmQ>rb, Hw$bH$Uu, Mm¡Jwbm, eoQ>o, _hmOZ `m§Zm Jmdm_Ü o d[aîR> XOm© àmá Pmbm hmoVm. `m

_§S>itZm Ë`m§À`m H$m_m~Ôb gaH$maH$Sy>Z O{_ZrÀ`m ñdê$nmV BZm_ {Xbo OmV Ago. Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m

BZm_ O{_Zr~Ôb gaH$ma H$moUVmhr eoVgmam KoV Zgo. VgoM `m _§S>itZm Ë`m§À`m H$m_m~Ôb H$mhr

R>am{dH$ hŠH$ d _mZnmZ {_iV Ago. ho gd© JmdmVrb emídV A{YH$mar hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm dVZXma åhUyZ

g§~moYÊ`mV òB©. Jmdm_Üò eoVr H$aUmè`m§n¡H$s Á`m§À`mH$S>o ñdV…À`m _mbH$sMr O_rZ Ago Ë`m§Zm

"{_amgXma' åhUV. `m {_amgXmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m O_rZrMm eoVgmam gaH$mamV âmdm bmJV Ago. Oar Vo

{_amgXma Agbo Var Ë`m§Zm eoVgmam _m\$ ZìhVm. Jmdm_Ü o Á`m§Zm ñdV…Mr O_rZ Zmhr. na§Vw Oo Xwgè`mMr

eoVr H$aVmV Aem bmoH$m§Zm {edH$mbmV "Cnar' Ago åhQ>bo OmB©. eoVrbm bmJUmè`m dñVw XoUmao d

JmdmVrb bmoH$m§Zm BVa godm XoUmam dJ© åhUOo ~bwVoXma JmdJmS>çmVrb _hËËdmMm KQ>H$ hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m

godoMm _mo~Xbm åhUyZ eoVH$ar H$mhr R>am{dH$ CËnÞmMm dmQ>m ~bwVoXmam§Zm XoV Ago Ë`mg "~bwVo' Ago

åhUVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a Jmdmbm bmJUmè`m BVa godm nwa{dUmao na§Vw Ë`m§Zm Ë`mÀ`m H$m_mMm _mo~Xbm

~bwË`mÀ`m ñdê$nmV {Xbm OmV Zgo Aem§Zm "AmbwVoXma' åhUyZ AmoiIÊ`mV oB©. {edH$mbrZ JmdJmS>çm_Ü o

àm_w»`mZo Mma gËVmê$T> hmoË`m Ë`mVrb n{hbm gËVm åhUOo {XdmU gËVm hmo . Ë`mV hdmbXma, _wOy_Xma,

H$maHy$Z BË`mXr amÁ`m{YH$mar _§S>itMm g_mdoe hmoVm. `m gËVoÀ`m _m\©$V amOm Amnbm A{YH$ma Jmdmda

~OmdV Ago. Xwgar gËVm åhUOo JmoVgËVm hr JmdmÀ`m Ñï>rZo AË §V _hÎdmMr Aer hmoVr. JmoVgÎmm

åhUOo J«m_m{YH$mè`m§Mr gÎmm `mbm XoegÎmm Agohr g§~mo{YÊ`mV oB©. `m gËVo_Ü o àm_w»`mZo JmdMo

dVZXma A{YH$mar, a`V, ~bwVoXma `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoB©. hr gÎmm JmdJmS>çm_Ü o gdm©V à^mdr Aer hmoVr.

JmdJmS>çmVrb {Vgar gËVm åhUOo kmVrgËVm AWdm Y_©gËVm hmo . hr gËVmhr JmdJmS>çmVrb _hËdmMr

gËVm hmoVr. Mm¡Wr gËVm åhUOo ì`mnmar gËVm AemàH$mao {edH$mbrZ J«m_ì`dñWo_Ü o `m à_wI gËVm

H$m ©aV hmoË`m.

B JmdJmS>çmVrb à_wI dVZXma d Ë`m§Mo hŠH$ bm{O_o :

dVZ `m Aa~r eãXmMm AW© Amnbm Xoe, Amnbr O_rZ Agm Amho. Bñbm_ amOdQ>r_wio _amR>r

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^mfoV hm eãX ê$T> Pmbm. gaH$maH$Sy>Z JmdmÀ`m A{YH$mè`mbm AWdm J«m_godH$mbm Vmo H$arV Agboë`m

MmH$arMm _mo~Xbm åhUyZ Or O_rZ XoUJrÀ`m ñdê$nmV {_iV Ago {Vbm "dVZ' Ago åhUV. gXa dVZ

d§ena§naoZo Omo n ªV dVZ {_imboë`m ì`ŠVrbm Hw$Qy>§~mVrb bmoH$ à_m{UH$nUo gaH$maMo H$m_ H$aVrb Vmo

n ªV ho dVZ Ë`m Ë`m Hw$Qy>§~mH$S>o amhV Ago. nmQ>rb, Hw$bH$Uu, Mm¡Jwbm, eoQ>o, _hmOZ, Xoe_wI, Xoenm§S>o

ho JmdmVrb à_wI dVZXma hmoV. dVZXma JmdmMr godm H$arV Agë`m_wio JmdH$ar Ë`m§Mo nmbZnmofU

H$arV Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm amoI aŠH$_ (Z»V) d oQ>dñVy (Jbm) XoV AgV. `m {edm` àË oH$ dVZXmamg

JmdH$è`m§H$Sy>Z Ë`mÀ`m à{VîR>oZwgma "hŠH$ d bm{O_o' {_iV AgV. hŠH$ åhUOo dVZXmag hŠH$mZo

{_iUmar ~m~ d bm{O_o åhUOo dVZXmamg EopÀN>H$ ñdê$nmV {_iUmè`m ~m~r hmo .

àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ JmdJmS>çm_Ü o H$m_ H$aUmao J«m_A{YH$mar Jmdm_Ü o H$m`_nUo à^mdr am{hë`m

AmhoV. {edH$mimVhr JmdJmS>çm_Ü o H$m_ H$aUmar dVZXma J«m_A{YH$mar amOmÀ`m ZmoH$am§nojmhr loîR> _mZbo

OmV hmoVo. amOdQ>r Oar ~Xbë`m Var dVZXma _§S>ir ~Xbbo OmV ZìhVo. H$maU àË oH$ amOdQ>rg

JmdmVrb dVZXmam§Mr JaO _hËËdmMr hmoVr. {edH$mimV "dVZXma' AgUo hr ~m~ AË §V à{VîR>oMr hmoVr.

AZoH$ KamUr dVZ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r gd© Vo à`ËZ H$arV. dVZXmam§Zm JmdmMo nmbH$ g_OÊ`mV oB©.

Jmdm_Ü o H$moUrhr Cnmer amhÿ Z o `mMr XjVmhr dVZXmam§Zm ¿`mdr bmJo. O_rZrMm _hgyb Jmoim H$aUo,

eoVrMr bmJdS> dmT>{dUo, hr dVZXmam§Mr à_wI H$m_o Agbr Var, JmdmVrb V§Q>o, ~IoS>o gmoS>{dUo,

Jmdm_Ü o em§VVm d gwì`dñWm amIUo, JmdMo CËgd, `mÌm gmOè`m H$aUo, eÌyÀ`m ñdmarnmgyZ JmdH$è`m§Mo

g§ajU H$aUo BË`mXr H$m_m§Mr O~m~Xmar dVZXmam§da hmoVr. EH§$XarV Ë`m H$mimMm {dMma H$aVm

{edH$mimV ApñVËËdmV Agbobr dVZg§ñWm VËH$mbrZ g_mOmMr JaO hmoVr. Aem `m dVZ g§ñWoVrb

à_wI dVZXmam§À`m H$m`m©Mr _m{hVr Imbrbà_mUo -

1) nmQ>rb :

àmMrZ H$mimV JmdÀ`m à_wImg J«m_Ur AWdm "J«m_n' Ago åhQ>bo OmB©. _hmamîQ´>m_Ü o {edH$mimV

JmdÀ`m à_wImg nmQ>rb åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmB©. amOì`dhma H$moemV `mbm "J«m_JmonH$' Ago åhQ>bo Amho.

nmQ>rb hm JmdMm d§ena§namJV A{YH$mar AgVmo. {edH$mbrZ H$mJXnÌmV nmQ>bmMm CëboI Jmd nmQ>rb,

_moH$X_ AWdm _moH$X_ nmQ>rb Agm Ambm Amho. Jmdm_Ü o Oo {_amgXma AgV Ë`m§À`mVyZ nmQ>rb Zo_bm

OmB©. _hmamîQ´>m_Ü o _amR>m, YZJa, _mir, d§Omar, O¡Z, {b§Jm`V `m eoVH$ar dJm©VyZ nmQ>rb Agë`mMo

{XgyZ ooVo. Va H$mhr {R>H$mÊmr _hma d ~«m÷U OmVrVyZ hr nmQ>rb Ho$ë`mMr CXmhaUo gmnS>VmV. EH§$XarV

nmQ>rb åhUOo JmdMm amOm AgoM åh§Q>bo OmB©. ZdrZ Jmd dg{dÊ`mMo YmS>g Oa EImÚm {_amgXmamZo Ho$bo

Va Ë`mg nmQ>rbH$s {_io.

{edH$mimV g_mÝ`V… nmQ>bmMr H$m_o nwT>rbà_mUo hmoVr. O_rZ bmJdS>rImbr AmUUo, gXa O_rZ

H$gÊ`mgmR>r ZdrZ Hw$io AmUUo, eoVO_rZrMm a`VoMm {dMma KoD$Z gmam R>a{dUo d gaH$mar A{YH$mè`m§er {dMma

{d{Z_` H$ê$Z {ZpíMV H$aUo. {_amgXmam§H$Sy>Z gmam dgyb H$ê$Z Ë`mMm gaH$mamV âUm H$aUo. a`VoMo hŠH$,

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a`VoÀ`m VH«$mar, gmamgyQ>, gmam VhHy$~r BË`mXr ~m~t{df`r gaH$ma Xa~mar a`VoÀ`mdVrZo XmX _mJUo,

JmdÀ`m g§ajUmMr VOdrO H$aUo, Ë`mM~amo~a JmdmV em§VVm d gwì`dñWm amIUo, JmdmV KS>Umè`m

JwÝhçm§Mm Vnmg bmdUo d JwÝhoJmamg {ejm H$aUo, JmdmVrb V§Q>o ~IoS>o {ZH$mbmV H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r JmoVg^m

âdyZ `mo½` Vmo Ý`m` XoUo, nmQ>rb hm eoVrer g§~§{YV Agë`m_wio Ë`mMr {ZemUr Zm§Ja Aer hmoVr. Ý`m`

{ZdmS>çmÀ`m d BVa H$mJXnÌm§da nmQ>bmMr {ZemUr åhUyZ Zm§JamMo {MÌ CR>{dÊ`mV oB©. JmdMm _hgyb

Jmoim H$aUo ho nmQ>bmMo _w»` H$m_ hmoVo. O_rZ _hgybmMm gd© {hemo~ R>odÊ`mgmR>r nmQ>bmÀ`m _XVrbm

Hw$bH$Uu hm J«m_A{YH$mar {Xbobm Ago.

nmQ>rb H$arV Agboë`m godm MmH$ar~Ôb Ë`mbm O_rZ BZm_ {Xbobr Ago. nmQ>bmbm O_rZrVyZ

oUmè`m CËnÞmda gmam _m\$ Ago. `m~amo~a nmQ>bmg H$mhr hŠH$ bm{O_o d _mZnmZ {_io. nmQ>bmbm

{_iUmè`m _mZnmZmMo d hŠH$ bm{O_m§Mo ñdê$n ñWb_mZmZo nwT>rbà_mUo hmoVo.

JmdmnmgyZ gaH$mabm Oo _hgybr CËnÞ {_iV Ago Ë`mVrb H$mhr ^mJ nmQ>bmbm amoIrZo {_iV Ago

Ë`mg "IwXm©' Ago åhUV. `m IwÚm§Mo à_mU gaH$ma R>a{dV Ago. `mM~amo~a JmdmVrb eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z

nmQ>bmbm YmÝ` VgoM H$mhr dñVy {_iV AgVo Ë`mg "Jbm' Ago åhUV. `m_Ü o ¿mwJar, \$gH$s, niH$s,

hþS>m© `m§Mm g_mdoe Ago. KwJar åhUOo eoVmV {nH$Umè`m YmÝ`mMm H$mhr ^mJ, \$gH$s åhUOo H$moUVohr

ngmâ YmÝ`, niH$s åhUOo nirâ Vyn AWdm Vob, ho gd© nmQ>bmbm g§~§{YV ì`ŠVtH$Sy>Z dñVyÀ`m

ñdê$nmV {_iV Ago. VgoM JmdÀ`m H$mam{JamH$Sy>Z d ì`mnmè`m§H$Sy>Zhr oQ> dñVy Xagmb {_iV CXm.

Mm§ mamH$Sy>Z "nm`nmogr', H$moîQ>çmH$Sy>Z "nmgmoS>r', {dUH$amH$Sy>Z "MmoiIU', ì`mnmè`m§H$Sy>Z Vyn, gwnmar,

_m§g, Zmai, Hw§$^mamH$Sy>Z am§OU, Voë`mH$Sy>Z Vob, BË`mXr dñVy \w$H$Q> {_iV AgV.

`m{edm` nmQ>bmbm doR>{dJmarMm hŠH$ {_iV Ago. åhUOo EH$ am~Vm _hma H$m`_nUo nmQ>bmÀ`m

godoV Ago. VgoM dmO§Ìr {Za{Zamio H$mam{Ja Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z nmQ>rb {dZm_wë` godm KoV Ago. gd©

gUmgwXrbm d JmdmVrb CËgdmMm à_wI _mZ nmQ>bmbm {Xbm OmB©.

2) Hw$bH$Uu :

nmQ>bmbm _hgybr H$m_mV _XV H$aUmam A{YH$mar åhUOo Hw$bH$Ur©, nmQ>bmZ§Va Hw$bH$UuMm _mZ

Ago. Hw$bH$Ur©g JmdmVrb Xwæ`_ A{YH$mar åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmB©. nmQ>bmgmaIoM Hw$bH$Uubm dVZ {Xbo

OmB©. H$mJXnÌm_Ü o Ë`mÀ`m nXmg "Hw$bH$U©' AWdm "boIZd¥ËVr' Ago åh§Q>bo Amho. Hw$bH$Uu hm JmdMm

{hemo~ R>odÊ`mMo H$m_ H$ar.

JmdÀ`m gd© àH$maÀ`m Zm|Xr R>odÊ`mMo H$m_ Hw$bH$Uu H$ar. JmdmVrb eoVH$è`m§À`m O_rZrMo joÌ,

JmdmVrb bmJdS>rImbrb joÌ, {nH$m§À`m Zm|Xr, gmam d gmam dgwbr BË`mXr gd© Zm|Xr Hw$bH$Uu Amnë`m Xáar

R>odrV Ago. JmdmMm nmQ>rb eŠ`Vmo [Zaja Agë`mZo d Hw$bH$Uu hmM EH$_od {bhUo-dmMUo OmUUmam

Agë`m_wio JmoVg oMo "_Oha' åhUOo {ZdmS>m nÌo Hw$bH$Uu {bhrV Ago. gaH$ma Xa~mar H$amdm bmJUmam

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nÌì`dhma hr Hw$bH$UuM H$arV Ago. Hw$bH$Ur©d¥ËVr ~amo~aM Oo Hw$bH$Uu "Omo{Vf' ~KV AgV

Ë`m§À`mH$S>o Omoerd¥ËVrMo H$m_ gmon{dÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. {edH$mbrZ àË oH$ JmdmV nmQ>rb hmoVm Vgo àË oH$

JmdmV Hw$bH$Uu nX hmoVoM Ago Zmhr. Ë`mH$mimV {bhUo dmMÊmmè`m§Mr g§»`m H$_r Agë`m_wio Hw$bH$Uu

nXmg bm`H$ bmoH$ {_iV ZgV Ë`m_wio H$mhr doim EH$ EH$m Hw$bH$Ê`m©g nmM-Xhm Jmdo Zo_yZ {Xbobr

AgV. Hw$bH$Uu hm _w»`Ëdo ~«m÷U OmVrMm Amho. AJXr Šd{MV àg§Jr Hw$bH$Uu hm BVa VËg_

OmVrVrb {XgyZ oVmV. Hw$bH$UuÀ`m hmVm_Ü o boIUr Agë`m_wio Oar nmQ>rb _mZmZo _moR>m Agbm Var

Hw$bH$UuM OmñV à^md Q>mH$V Ago. {_amgXmam§Zr gmam {Xbm Am{U Hw$bH$Ê`mªZo Zm|X Ho$bm Zmhr qH$dm

O_rZtMr Zm|X Xwgè`mÀ`mM Zmdmda H$aÊmo. gmè`mVrb n¡emMm Anhma H$aUo Aem JmoîQ>r Hw$bH$Ê`mªH$Sy>Z

KS>V AgV. Aemdoir Hw$bH$Uu Xmofr AmT>ië`mg gaH$ma Ë`m§À`mda H$madmB© H$aV Ago.

nmQ>bmà_mUoM Hw$bH$Ê`m©g BZm_r O_rZr VgoM JmdH$è`m§H$Sy>Z hŠH$ bm{O_o {_iV AgV.

eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z KwJar, hþS>m© BË`mXr, Mm§ mamH$Sy>Z nm`nmogr, ì`mnmè`m§H$Sy>Z Zmai, gwnmar, \$io, Voë`mH$Sy>Z

Vob, bmoUr{dŠ`mH$Sy>Z bmoUr, VgoM nmQ>bmà_mUo Kar Mmodrg Vmg H$m_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r am~Vm _hma {_io.

3) Mm¡Jwbm :

Mm¡Jwbm hm nmQ>bmMm _XVZrg, nmQ>rb, Hw$bH$Uu `mZ§VaMm _hËËdmMm dVZXma åhUOo Mm¡Jwbm.

Mm¡Jwë`mMo _w»` H$m_ åhUOo JmdÀ`m H$ma^mamV nmQ>bmg _XV H$aUo, gaH$ma Xa~mamV JmdMm nÌì`dhma

d {hemo~mMr H$mJXnÌo nmohM{dUo. gmam dgwb H$aÊ`mgmR>r nmQ>bmbm _XV H$aUo, Jmd gmoSyZ Joboë`m

Hw$im§Zm naV AmUyZ Ë`m§Zm JmdmV pñWa H$aUo. JmdmV O_m hmoUmè`m _hgybmMo ajU H$aUo, JmdmV O_m

Pmbobm gmam gaH$mar I{OÝ`mV nmohMVm H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar Mm¡Jwë`mda Ago. JmdmVrb YmÝ`

H$moR>mam§Mr gwì`dñWm R>odÊ`mMo H$m_hr Mm¡Jwë`mH$S>o Ago. nmQ>bmà_mUo Mm¡Jwë`mMr {ZemUr Zm§Ja {hM

hmoVr. JmoV g oV nmQ>rb, Hw$bH$Uu `mZ§Va Mm¡JwboMo ñWmZ hmoVo. H$mhr {R>H$mUr H$mJXnÌm§_YyZ Mm¡JwboMo

{ZemUr H$mR>r XmI{dbr Amho. gm_mÝ`V… Mm¡Jwbm hm _amR>m OmVrn¡H$s Ago na§Vy H$mhr {R>H$mUr ho nX

O¡Z, _wgb_mZ, qbJm`V BË`mXr g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtH$S>o Agë`mMo {XgVo.

4) eoQ>o-_hmOZ :

{edH$mim_Ü o ~mOmanoR>oMr Or Jmdo hmoVr Ë`m§Mm H$ma^ma eoQ>o d _hmOZ `m XmoZ dVZXmam§_m\©$V hmoV

Ago. H$gã`mÀ`m Jmdr qH$dm EImÚm _Ü`dVr© {R>H$mUr gaH$mabm ~mOmanoR>oMr JaO ^mgV Agob Va

gaH$maH$Sy>Z gXa ~mOmanoR> dg{dÊ`mMo H$m_ eoQ>oH$S>o gmon{dÊ`mV oV Ago. eoQ>obm gXa H$m_m~Ôb dVZr

O_rZ, amoI aŠH$_ d H$mhr hŠH$ {_iV AgV. _hmOZ hm eoQ>obm _XV H$aUmam XmoZ Z§~aMm A{YH$mar

hmoVm. Jmdm_Ü o Ogm nmQ>rb hm à_wI hmoVm Ë`mMà_mUo eoQ>o hm noR>oÀ`m JmdmMm à_wI Ago. JmdmVrb

Hw$bH$Uuà_mUoM _hmOZ noR>oMm {hemo~ R>odÊ`mMo H$m_ H$ar. noR>oH$Sy>Z `m XmoKm§Zm amoI aŠH$_ d dñVyÀ`m

ñdê$nmV hŠH$ {_iV AgV. eoQ>o d _hmOZ `m§Mr "VamOy' hr ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZemUr hmoVr. noR>oÀ`m

JmdmVrb à_wI Agë`m_wio JmoVg oÀ`m H$m_H$mOmV ^mJ KoV AgV d JmoVg oÀ`m {ZdmS>mnÌm§da Ë`m§Mr

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VamOy hr {ZemUr CR>{dÊ`mV oB©. JmdmVrb gmdH$marMo ì`dhma eoQ>o d _hmOZ `m§À`mH$Sy>Z Ho$bo OmV

AgV.

5) ~bwVoXma-AbwVoXma :

nmQ>rb, Hw$bH$Uu, {_amgXma, `m§À`mà_mUo JmdmMo _mZH$ar åhUOo ~bwVoXma hmoV. ~bwVoXma eoVH$è`m§Zm

eoVrÀ`m H$m_mgmR>r bmJUmè`m gd© dñVw nwa{dÊ`mMo H$m_ H$arV Ë`mM~amo~a Jmdmbm bmJUmè`m gd© godm

nwa{dÊ`mMo H$m_hr ~bwVoXmam§Zm H$amdo bmJo. df© a Ho$boë`m `m gd© H$m_m~Ôb eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z ~bwVXmam§Zm

CXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r Omo _mo~Xbm {_io Ë`mg ~bwVo Ago åhUV. ~bwVoXma ho JmdmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Am{U

JmdmÀ`m ñW¡ m©gmR>r Amnbo `moJXmZ XoV AgV åhUyZ Vo JmdmVrb _hËËdmMo J«m_godH$ hmoVo. Ë`mM~amo~a

JmdJmS>çm_Ü o godm XoUmao Oo BVa bmoH$ AgV na§Vw Ë`m§Mr eoVH$è`m§bm gVVMr JaO bmJV Zgo Aem§Zm

AbwVoXma åhUV AgV. CXm. qenr, gmoZma, Vm§~Q> BË`mXr ~bwVoXmam§Zm "H$mê$' åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmB© Va

AbwVoXmam§Zm "Zmê$' Ago g§~moYÊ`mV oB©. ~bwVoXmam§Mr g§»`m 12 Va AbwVoXmam§Mr g§»`m ñWyb_mZmZo 18

Aer {Xbr OmVo. _amR>çm§Mm B{VhmgH$ma J«±ÝQ> S>\$ `mZo {edH$mbrZ ~bwVoXmam§Mr d AbwVoXmam§Mr `mXr

Ho$br Amho Vr S>m°. A.am. Hw$bH$Uu `m§Zr Amnë`m "{edH$mbrZ _hmamîQ´>' `m J«§WmV {Xbr Amho Vr nwT>rb

à_mUo … 1) gwVma, 2) bmohma, 3) Mm§ ma, 4) _hma, 5) _m§J, 6) Hw§$^ma, 7) Ýhmdr, 8) Ymo~r,

9) Jwad, 10) Omoer, 11) ^mQ>, 12) _wbmUm. (S>m°. A. am. Hw$bH$Uu, {edH$mbrZ _hmamîQ´>, amOh§g

àH$meZ, nmMdr Amd¥ËVr, Owb¡ 1912 n¥. 23) na§Vw hr `mXr à_mU yV Amho Ago _mZVm oUma Zmhr.

H$maU H$mhr H$mJXnÌm§_Üò gmoZma, Vami, am_moer, Vobr, Vm§~moir, H$moîQ>r, qenr, YZJa BË`mXr

J«m_godH$m§Mm ~bwVoXma Agm CëboI Ho$bobm AmT>iVmo.

6) AbwVoXma :

~bwVoXmam§IoarO JmdJmS>çm_Ü o BVa H$mam{Ja d ì`mdgm{`H$ amhV AgV. Ë`m§À`m godoMr Jmdmbm

JaO Agë`m_wio JmdmV Ogo ñdV…Mr O_rZ ZgUmao "Cnar' amhV hmoVo Ë`mà_mUo ho bmoH$ amhV hmoVo.

`m§À`m H$m_mMr JmdJmS>çmVrb eoVH$è`m§Zm ~bwVoXmam§gmaIr hQ>Hy$Z JaO bmJV ZìhVr na§Vw H$Yr_Yr H$m

hmoB©Zm `m§Mr JaO bmJV Ago. Aem H$mam{Jam§Zm qH$dm ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm AbwVoXma Ago åhUV AgV. J«±ÝQ>

S>\$ Zr 12 AbwVoXmam§Mr `mXr {Xbobr Amho Vr nwT>rbà_mUo … 1) gmoZma, gmoÝ`m Mm§XrMo Xm{JZo H$aUo VgoM

ZmUr nmaIÊ`mMo H$m_ gmoZma H$arV Ago, 2) O§J_, 3) qenr, 4) H$moir, 5) Vami, 6) _mir, 7)

S>dar Jmogmdr, 8) YS>gr, 9) am_moer, 10) Vobr, 11) Vm§~moir, 12) Jm|Yir.

`mXrV {Xbobo gd©M ~bwVoXma AbwVoXma EH$mM JmdmV hmoVo Ago {XgV Zmhr. _m¡Oo, IwX© Aem

Jmdm§_Ü o Mma-nmM BVHo$M ~bwVoXma hmoVo. Va ~wÐþH$, H$g~m Jm§dm_Ü o _moR>çmà_mUmV ~bwVoXma Am{U

AbwVoXmam§Mr g§»`m nmhd`mg {_iV Ago. Jmd Á`m à_mUo R>adr Ë`mà_mUo ~bwVoXma AbwVoXmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m

H$m_mMm _mo~Xbm {Xbm OmV Ago. JmdÀ`m JmoVg^m§Zm hOa amhÿZ H$m_H$mOmV ^mJ KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma

~bwVoXma d AbwVoXmam§Zm hmoVm. JmdÀ`m _hOamda AmbwVoXma d ~bwVoXmam§À`m {ZemÊ`m CR>{dÊ`mV oV

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Ago. Ë`m§À`m CÚmoJmÀ`m à_wI dñVydê$Z {ZemUr R>a{dÊ`mV oV Ago. Vr Ë`m§À`m Zmdmg_moa CR>{dÊ`mV

oB©. CXm. Hw§$^mamMr {ZemUr MmH$, Ýhmì`mMr Amagm, gwVmamMr VmgUr, Mm§ mamMm Q>moÀ`m d Xmoam,

JwadmMr YynmaVr, gmoZmamMr EoaU, _wbmÊ`mMm MmHy$ BË`mXr {ZemÊ`m _Ohamda {XgyZ oVmV.

~bwVoXma Am{U AbwVoXma hr {edH$mbrZ JmdJmS>çmVrb EH$ _hËËdnwU© Aer ì`dñWm hmoVr. Vr

J«m_godH$ åhUyZ H$m_ H$arV hmoVr. S>m°. A. am. Hw$bH$Ur© `m§Zr AbwVoXma d ~bwVoXma `m godH$m§Mo VrZ

dJ© nmS>bobo AmhoV Vo nwT>rbà_mUo … 1) H$mam{Ja dJ© - gwVma, bmohma, Ýhmdr, Mm§ ma BË`mXr,

2) godH$dJ© - _hma, _m§J, am_moe BË`mXr, 3) Ym{_©H$ godH$ dJ© - Omoer, Jwad, R>mHy$a, O§J_, _wbmUm

BË`mXr ho gd© godH$dJ© JmdmgmR>r H$m_ H$arV. eoVH$ar dfm©H$mR>r `m godH$dJm©bm Úm`bm {hñgm AmYr

H$mTy>Z R>odV Ago. eoVH$è`m§Zm `m gd© godH$dJm©daM Adb§~wZ amhmdo bmJo. gwVma, bmohma, Mm§ ma, Hw§$^ma,

Ýhmdr, _m§J `m§Mr godm JmdmVrb {_amgXmam§Zm haKS>r bmJV Ago. àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ^maVmV hr nÕV

ê$T> Pmbobr hmoVr. gaH$maH$Sy>Zhr ~bwVoXmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m H$m_mÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV BZm_ åhUyZ O_rZr {Xë`m

OmV AgV. AmOhr Jmdm_Ü o eoV O_rZrÀ`m Zmdmdê$Z hr JmoîQ> ñnîQ> hmoVo. åhmaH$s, gwVmaH$s, narQ>H$s,

Mm§ maH$s, `m ZmdmZo Agbobr eoVo ~bwVoXma dJ© H$gV Ago. AbwVoXma, ~bwVoXma `m§Zm {_amgXma Amnë`m

CËnÞmVrb Xhmdm {hñgm XoV AgV.

B naJmÊ`mMo dVZXma :

A) Xoe_wI :

AZoH$ Jmdm§Mm {_iyZ naJmUm hmoV Ago. JmdMo à_wI Ogo nmQ>rb Hw$bH$Uu Vgo naJmÊ`mMo à_wI

Xoe_wI Am{U Xoenm§S>o hmoV. Xoe_wI d Xoenm§S>o `m§À`m_m\©$V g§nyU© naJmÊ`mMm H$ma^ma nm{hbm OmB©. `m

H$m_m~Ôb Ë`m§Zm naJmÊ`mVrb AZoH$ JmdmVrb O_rZr dVZ åhUyZ {Xboë`m AgV. naJmÊ`mVrb gd©

JmdmVyZ gmam dgyb H$aÊ`mMo d Ë`mMm {hemo~ R>odÊ`mMo _w»` H$m_ Xoe_wI d Xoenm§S>o `m§Zm H$amdo bmJo.

naJmÊ`mVrb gd© JmdmVrb nmQ>rb-Hw$bH$Uu `m§À`mer Xoe_wI d Xoenm§S>o `m§Mm {ZË` g§~§Y Ago.

Xoe_wI ho nX naJmÊ`m_Yrb AË §V à{VîR>oMo d _mZmMo Agë`m_wio {edH$mimV Ka§XmO _amR>m

gaXma KamÊ`mVrb Hw$Qy>§~mH$S>o ho nX {Xbo OmV Ago. H$mhr {R>H$mUr ho nX ~«m÷Um§H$S>o Agë`mMo {XgVo.

Va _wpñb_ amOdQ>r_Ü o ho nX _wpñb_ à{VîR>mV KamÊ`m§H$S>o Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. Xoe_wI hm gd©

nmQ>bm§Mm à_wI _mZbm OmB©. naJmÊ`mVrb gd© {XdmUr ñdê$nmMr H$m_o Xoe_wImda gmon{dbobr AgV.

naJmÊ`mVrb O_rZtÀ`m _hgybr~amo~a dVZo, BZm_o BË`m§XrÀ`m dmagmhŠH$mÀ`m VH«$mar, Ë`m§Mo dmQ>Ur

{df`rMo dmX `m§Mr XIb KoD$Z JmoVg o_m\©$V Vo {ZH$mbmV H$mT>Uo VgoM Jmdm§À`m gr_o~Ôb Agboë`m

VH«$mar gmoS>{dUo hr H$m_o Xoe_wImg H$amdr bmJV. Á`mdoir eÌyMo AmH«$_U hmoB© V|ìhm naJmÊ`mVrb

a`VoMo g§ajU H$aUo ho Xoe_wImMo _w»` H$V©ì` hmoVo. Aemdoir Xoe_wI a`VoÀ`m g§ajmUmMr VOdrO H$aV

Ago gaH$ma ~mobmdob Voìhm Xoe_wImbm Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o Agboë`m \$m¡Oobm KoD$Z bT>mB©gmR>r Omdo bmJo.

åhUOoM Xoe_wI Ogm {XdmUr H$m_o nmhr Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`mbm bîH$ar H$m_o H$amdr bmJV. JmdmVyZ {H$Vr

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_hgyb Jmoim H$amdm `mMm gaH$maÀ`mdVrZo nmQ>bm§er Xoe_wI R>amd H$arV Ago. XþîH$mi, amoJamB©, naH$s`

AmH«$_U Aem H$mimV eoVH$è`m§Mm gmam H$_r H$aÊ`mR>r Xoe_wIM gaH$maH$S>o AOu H$aV Ago.

naJmÊ`mVrb a`VoMr pñWVr H$m` Amho ho g_OmD$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r Xoe_wI naJmÊ`mV Xm¡ao AmIV Ago.

nmQ>rb d Hw$bH$Uu `m§À`m _XVrZo JmdmV Zì`m dgmhVr {Z_m©U H$aUo. JmdmVrb dmOQ> O_rZr (nS>rH$

O_rZ) eoVH$è`m§Zm XoD$Z bmJdS>rImbr AmUÊ`mMo H$m_hr Xoe_wI H$arV AgV. Aem O{_Zr bmJdS>rImbr

Amë`mZ§Va gwadmVrbm Aem eoVH$è`m§Zm gmam _m\$ H$aUo d Z§Va Vmo Xadfr© H«$_mH«$_mZo dmT>{dV OmUo

AemàH$maÀ`m gmam {ZpíMVrMo H$m_hr Xoe_wI H$arV Ago.

Xoe_wI hm EH$àH$mao naJmÊ`mMm amOm hmoVm. H$maU Ë`mÀ`m hmVr EH$dQ>boë`m gËVo_wio Vmo ~{bîR>

~Zbm hmoVm. {edH$mbmV naJmÊ`mVrb Xoe_wI _moR>_moR>o dmS>o ~m§YwZ ñdV…H$S>o \$m¡O\$mQ>m ~miJyZ amhV

hmoVo. naJmÊ`m_Üò Jmoim hmoUmè`m _hgybn¡H$s _moR>m {hñgm Vo _Ybo_ÜòM {Ji§H¥$V H$aV AgV.

dVZmgmR>r H$Q>H$mañWmZo, IyZ, _mam_mè`m H$aÊ`m_Ü o Xoe_wI nma§JV AgV. Aem AZoH$ Xoe_wIm§Zm

{edmOr _hmamOm§Zr dR>Urda AmUyZ ñdamÁ`mÀ`m H$m_r bmdbo hmoVo. gd© dVZXmam§Z_Ü o Xoe_wI _moR>m

Agë`m_wio Ë`mMo BZm_o d hŠH$ bm{O_ohr BVam§nojm _moR>r AgV. naJmÊ`mVyZ Jmoim hmoUmè`m _hgwbm§Vrb

R>am{dH$ {hñgm Xoe_wImg {_iV Ago. Ë`mM~amo~a naJmÊ`mVrb JmdH$è`m§H$S>yZ JdV\$mQ>m, OiU,

bmoUÀ`mÀ`m H¡$è`m, Babr, H$m§~ir, bmoH$a, nm`nmoer, H$m§§oo~S>r, ~H$ao, Vob, Vwn, _mVrMr ^m§S>r, gwVmÀ`m

J§wS>çm, aoe_mÀ`m bS>çm, ^mOr, \$io, gwnmar, Zmai, {_R>mB©, Xmê$H$m_, AËVa, _rR>, Jwi, hiX, gw§R>

Aem AZoH$ dñVy Ë`mbm {dZm_wë` {_iV AgV {edm` EH$ am~Vm _hma godogmR>r {Xbr OmB©.

~) Xoenm§S>o :

Jmdm_Ü o Ogm Hw$bH$Uu Vgm naJmÊ`m_Ü o Xoenm§S>oMo H$m_ MmbV Ago. {edH$mimV Ë`mMm CëboI

"Xoe Hw$bH$Uu' AWdm "Xoe boIH$' Agm Ho$bobm {XgyZ oVmo. naJmÊ`m_Ü o gmam dgybrÀ`m H$m_mV

Xoe_wImbm _XV H$aUo. naJmÊ`mÀ`m _hgybmMm {hemo~ R>odUo, Á`m Jmdr Hw$bH$Uu Zgob Ë`m JmdMm

{hemo~ R>odUo BË`mXr H$m_o Xoenm§S>og H$amdr bmJV. Xoenm§S>og Ë`mÀ`m H$m_mÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV dVZr O_rZ

naJmÊ`mVrb AZoH$ Jm§dm_Ü o XoÊ`mV Ambobr Ago. Xoenm§S>og oQ> åhUyZ {_iUmè`m dñVy Xoe_wImà_mUoM

{_iV AgV na§Vw Ë`m Xoe_wImbm {_iUmè`m dñVynojm {Zåå`mZo {_iV AgV. CXm. Xoe_wImbm EImÚm

Am_amB©VwZ Xhm Q>ŠHo$ Am§~o {_iV AgVrb Va Xoenm§S>obm nmM Q>ŠHo$ {_iV AgV. da CëboI Ho$boë`m

Xoe_wImg {_iUmè`m dñVw Xoenm§S>oghr hŠH$ bm{O_o åhUyZ {_iV hmoË`m. b½Z àg§JmV JmdH$è`m§Zm

Xoenm§S>çmH$S>o, gmIa, gwnmar, nmZo, eobm nmJmoQ>o nmR>dyZ Úmdo bmJo. Aem àH$mao {edH$mimV J«m_rU

ì`dñWm ApñVËËdmV hmoVr.

3.2.2 dmaH$ar g§àXm` :

OmVrì`dñWm, oXm oX, CÀM {ZMVoÀ`m q^Vr nmSy>Z na_oídamÀ`m {R>H$mUr gd© bmoH$ g_mZ AmhoV.

Aer {eH$dU XoUmam dmaH$ar g§àXm` _hmamï´>m_Ü o kmZoídamÀ`m H$mbI§S>mV _moR>çm à_mUmV bmoH$_mÝ`Vog

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nmdbm. n§T>anwaMm {dÇ>b VWm nm§Sw>a§J ho dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMo AmamÜ` X¡dV. kmZXodm§À`m AmYrnmgyZ

n§T>anyaÀ`m dmarMr àWm gwê$ hmoVr. na§Vw hr dmar Zo_Š`m H$moUË`m eVH$mV gwê$ Pmbr ho _mÌ gm§JVm oV

Zmhr. g§V kmZoœam§Zr {dÇ>b ^ŠVrbm åhUOoM n§T>arÀ`m dmarbm VmpËdH$ A{Yð>mZ XoD$Z ^ŠVr_mJm©À`m `m

g§àXm`mg g§KQ>ZmË_H$ ñdê$n {Xbo. g§V VwH$mam_mÀ`m {eî`m g§V ~{hUm~mBªZr "g§VH¥$nm Ombr& B_maV

\$im Ambr' øm Amnë`m A §JmV

"kmZXod a{Mbm nm`m & C^m[abo Xodmb`m

Zm_m V`mMm qH$H$a & VoUo a{Mbo Vo Amdma

OZmX©Z EH$ZmW & Im§~ {XYbm ^Jd§V

VwH$m Ombmgo H$ig & ÔZ H$am gmdH$me.

Ago åhQ>bo Amho. `mMm AW© Agm hmoVmo kmZXodm§Zr dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMm nm`m KmVbm Va VwH$mam_ Ë`mMm

H$ig Pmbo AmhoV. kmZoídam§Mo dS>rb {dÇ>bn§V ho nm§Sw>a§JmMo ^ŠV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr g§Ý`mg KoVbm d Z§Va naV

J¥hñWml_mV Ambo Ë`m_wio `m g§nyU© Hw$Qw>§~mMm VËH$mbrZ gZmVZr Y_© _mVªS>mZr N>i Ho$bm. dUm©l_mÀ`m

Am{U OmVr ì`dñWoÀ`m XmhH$VoMr OmUrd kmZoída Am{U Ë`m§À`m ^md§S>m§Zr gmogbr hmoVr. Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§À`m

_Zm_Ü o g_mOmVrb ewÐm{VewÐm§~Ôb Amnma H$ê$Um {Z_m©U Pmbr. dmaH$ar g§àXm`mZo gd©gm_mÝ`m§n ªV

^ŠVr_mJ© nmohM{dbm. nm§Sw>a§Jmbm gd© gmaIo Ë`mV H$moUr CÀM Zmhr, {ZM² Zmhr Ago VËdkmZ dmaH$è`m§Zr

AmË_gmV Ho$bo. dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMo kmZXodm§Mo g_H$mbrZ Zm_Xod `m§Zr g§nyU© ^maVâ dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMm

àMma Ho$bm. kmZXod Am{U Zm_XodmZr ~hþOZ g_mOmÀ`m AmÜ`mpË_H$ AmH$m§jm§Zm OmJo Ho$bo. Ë`mMm

n[aUm_ Agm Pmbm. _hmamï´>mVrb AZoH$ OmVr O_mVr_Ü o g§V {Z_m©U Pmbo. Ë`m§Zr {dÇ>b ^ŠVrZo

^mamdboë`m AZoH$ aMZm Ho$ë`m Am{U g_mOm_Ü o _moR>çm à_mUmV à~moYZ KSy>Z Ambo. Jmoam Hw§$^ma,

gmdVm _mir, Zahar gmoZma, MmoIm _oim, goZm Ýhmdr Aer g§VmMr EH$ _mbrH$mM _hmamîQ´>m_Ü o C^r

am{hbr. g§V MmoIm_oim OmVrZo _hma hmoVm Ë`mMo gd© Hw$Qy>§~M nËZr gmo am~mB©, ~{hU {Z_©bm, _wbJm H$_©

_oim, _ohþUm ~im ho gd© {dÇ>b ^ŠV hmoVo. VËH$mbrZ Y_© _mVªS>m§Zr MmoImo~m§Mm N>i Ho$bm. na§Vw Z

S>J_JVm g_mOmMr Ym{_©H$, AmÜ`mpË_H$ yH$ ^mJ{dÊ`mMm Ë`m§Zr à`ËZ Ho$bm. bmoH$^mfoVyZ bmoH$à~moYZ

H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ g§Vm§Zr Ho$bo. `m g§àXm`mMo d¡{eîQço åhUOo H$moUVrhr Anojm Z R>odVm XodmÀ`m oQ>rg

{d{eîQ> {ZYm©arV H$mir, {ZYm©arV {XZr n§T>anwabm OmUo åhUOo "dmar' H$aUo hmo . åhUwZM Aem {Z`{_VnUo

n§T>arg OmUmè`m dmar H$aUmè`m§Zm ^mdrH$ ^ŠVm§À`m `m g_whmg dmaH$ar g§àXm` Ago Zmd àmá Pmbo. `m

g§àXm`mÀ`m AmMmaY_m©V nañÌr _mVo g_mZ _mZUo. _Ú, _m§g dO© H$aUo, àmáH$_© ho B©ídar g_OyZ nma

nmS>Uo, H$moUmhr OrdmMm Z KS>mo _Ëga Aem d¥ËVrZo gd© àmUr_mÌm§~Ôb ^JdV^md amIUo ho à_wI

AmMmaY_© hmoVo. H$_©H$m§S>mMo AdS>§~a Q>mHy$Z XoD$Z dmaH$ar g§àXm`mZo bmoH$m§Zm gwb^ ZrVr_yë`m{YpîR>V

AmMmaÊm {eH${dbo. VimJmimVrb doXd§{MV ~hþOZ g_mOmbm Ë`m§Zm ^ŠVr_mJm©Mr {eH$dU {Xbr.

~r.E. mJ-1/B{Vhmg ....12

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kmZXod, Zm_Xod Am{U Ë`m§À`m g_H$mbrZ g§Vm§Zr dmaH$ar g§n«Xm`mMm nm`m ì`mnH$ Ho$bm. Ë`mZ§Va

Amboë`m g§V EH$ZmWm§Zm Amnë`m H$mì` aMZoVyZ Am{U ^mê$S>mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g_mOmVrb eodQ>À`m

KQ>H$mn ªV dmaH$ar g§àXm` nmohM{dbm. EH$ZmWm§Zr ñÌr-eyÐm§Mm H¡$dma KoVbm. gdmªda gmaIo ào_ H$aUo

d Xw…{IVm§Mr H$Ud H$aÊmo ho Ë`m§Zr Amnbo OrdZ H$m © _mZbo. Ë`mH$mimV _hmamÀ`m _wbmg H$S>oda KoD$Z

_hmadmS>çmV nmohM{dUo, _hmam§À`m Kar Oodmd`mg OmUo, dS>rbm§À`m lmÕmMo V`ma Ho$bobo nXmW© Cnmer{Xgboë`m _hmamOm§Zm OoD$ KmbUo, H$mer dê$Z AmUbobr J§Jm VhmZoZo ì`mHw$i Pmboë`m JmT>dmg nmOUo

`m dê$Z EH$ZmW _hmam§Mr g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMr YS>nS> ñnîQ> hmoVo. VgoM Ë`m§Zr na_mW©

gmYÊ`mgmR>r g§gma gmoS>Ê`mMr JaO Zmhr ho gm§{JVbo. EH$ZmW _hmamOm§Mm H$m ©H$mi åhUOo 16 do eVH$

`m eVH$mV ~hm_Zr amÁ` d Z§Va Pmboë`m Ë`mÀ`m nmXemhçm _hmamîQ´>mda amÁ` H$arV hmoË`m. _wpñb_m§Mo

amÁ` hmoVo na§Vw BWbo CƒdUu` _wpñb_m§À`m godoV XmIb Pmbo hmoVo. JmdJmS>çmVrb OmVr g§ñWoda `m

amOdQ>tMm \$magm n[aUm_ Pmbm ZìhVm. EH$ZmWm§Zr Amnë`m {dMmam§Mm àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r _amR>r ^mfoMmdmna Ho$bm Am[U BWë`m g§ñH¥$V n§{S>Vm§Zm R>UH$mdyZ gm§{JVbo H$s "g§ñH¥$V dmUr' Xodo Ho$br/àmH¥$V H$m`

MmoamnmgyZ Pmbr/ Aem `m g§VmZo kmZoída, Zm_Xod Am{Ur Ë`m§À`m g_H$mbrZ g§Vm§Zr Ho$bobo H$m © Oo

_Yë`m H$mimV I§S>rV Pmbo hmooVo Ë`mg nwT>o ZoÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo. bmImobmoH$ n§T>anwaÀ`mdmar _Ü o gm{_b

hmoD$ bmJbo. g§V EH$ZmWmÀ`m H$m`m©Mo _hËËd gm§JVmZm Á oîR> {dMmad§V àm. J§. ~m. gaXma åhUVmV

""EH$ZmWm§Zr kmZoídam§Mo I§S>rV H$m © A{YH$ CR>mdXmanUo d ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmV nwT>o Mmby Ho$bo. n¡R>U

gma»`m gZmVÝ`m§À`m ~mbo{H$ëë`m§V Ë`m§Zr ^mJdV Y_m©Mr {dO`nVmH$m \$S>H${dbr H$_©R>m§À`m amOYmZrVñÌr-eyÐm§Mm H¡$dma KoD$Z `m§Zr Xoe^mfoMm AmdOy©Z nwañH$ma Ho$bm d _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m {dMmag§nXoV Abm¡{bH$

â Q>mH$br.''

g§V EH$ZmWm Z§Va gVamì`m eVH$mV åhUOoM {edH$mimV g§V VwH$mam_ hm dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMm

gd©loîQ> g§V hmodyZ Jobm. kmZXod a{Mbm nm`mŸ& VwH$m Pmbmgo H$ig && Ago åhQ>§bo OmVo. Ë`m§Mo H$maU

åhUOo g§nyU© _hmamîQ´>mV VwH$mam_mMo H$m`m©Zo dmaH$ar g§àXm` _hmamîQ´>mVrb gd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Mm OrdZY_©

~Zbm. CËV_ Mm[aÍ`, Y_©{ZîR>m, yVX`m, gXmMma Am{U ZrVr `m§Mr CXmËV "{eH$dU' g§V VwH$mam_m§Zr{Xbr. VwH$mam_ _hmamOm§À`m AZw m`m§V AZoH$ OmVrMo bmoH$ hmoVo Am{U Ë`m§Mo {eî` åhU{dÊ`mè`m à_wI

gmoimOUm§V ZD$ ~«m÷U hmoVo. `mMm AW©M Agm hmoVmo H$s VwH$mam_mZo dmaH$è`m§Zm g_oVoMr {eH$dU {Xbr.

_hmamîQ´>mÀ`m IoS>çmnmS>çmV VwH$mam_mMr {eH$dU nmohMbr hmoVr.

N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr gVamì`m eVH$mV _hmamîQ´>mV _amR>çm§Mo ñdV§Ì amÁ` ñWmnZ Ho$bo. `mg

_hmamîQ´>mMr dmaH$ar n§anam Cn wŠV R>abr Amho. H$maU dmaH$ar g§àXm`mZo g§Hw${MV gm§àXm{`H$Vobm Wmam

Z XoVm gd© g§J«mhH$ d¥ËVr Omonmgbr. Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m bmoH$ OmJ¥Vr_wio ñdamÁ` {Z{_©Vrbm nmofH$ d àoaH$nmíd© y_r V`ma Pmbr Ago Ý`m`_yVu amZS>o `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho.

1.2.3 {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo Ym{_©H$ YmoaU :

Owb_r gËVm§À`m {damoYmV a`VoMo amÁ` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo ñdßZ {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr nm{hbo Am{U

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AënmdYrV ~bmT>ç eÌy§er _wH$m~bm H$ê$Z _hmamîQ´>mV _amR>çm§Mo qhXdr ñdamÁ` {Z_m©U Ho$bo. 17 ì`m

eVH$mV {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr {Z_m©Êm Ho$bobo amÁ` ho OJmVrb EH$ AmíM ©M hmoVo. H$maU ho amÁ` gm_mÝ`

_mUgmÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r {Z_m©U Ho$bo hmoVo. {Xëbr H$m~mOrH$ê$Z gd© ^maVr`m§Mo amÁ` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo

YmoaU {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr ~miJbo hmoVo. na§Vw Am wî` H$_r bm^ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm A{^àV Agbobo qhXdr

ñdamÁ` åhUOoM gd© ^maVr`m§Mo amÁ` ApñVËdmV Ambo Zgbo Var _hmamîQ´>mV {Z_m©U Pmbobo _amR>çm§Mo

amÁ` ho Y_©{Zanoj qhXdr ñdamÁ` hmoVo ho AmnUmg {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m Ym{_©H$ YmoaUmdê$Z {XgyZ oVo.

_hmamîQ´>mVrb dmaH$ar g§àXm`mg ^mJdV Y_© åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmV hmoVo. kmZXod, Zm_Xod, EH$ZmW,

MmoIm_oim, VwH$mam_ `m g§Vm§À`m H$m_{Jar _wio _hmamîQ´>mV g{hîUy Ym{_©H$ dmVmdaU {Z_m©U Pmbo hmoVo. dmaH$ar

g§àXm`mà_mUoM _hmamîQ>mV gw\$s g§V hr Amnë`m {dMmaYmaoMm em§VVoÀ`m _mJm©Zo àMma H$arV hmoVo. gw\$s g§V eoI

_h§_X `m§Zm {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo AmOmo~m _mbmoOr amOo ^mgbo `m§Zr Jwê$ _mZbo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio _wpñb_ Y_m©Vrb

CXma_VdmXr VËdkmZmMr AmoiI {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m KamÊ`mV Mm§Jë`màH$mao g_Obobr hmoVr. _mbmoOramO§oZr

Amnë`m KamVrb _wbm§Mr Zmdo ehmOr, e[a\$Or, eoa\$moOr, {namOr Aer R>odbr hmoVr. hr Zmdo _wpñb_ gw\$s

g§Vmdê$Z R>odë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. `mMm AW©M Agm hmoVmo H$s {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m KamÊ`mV gd© Y_© g_^mdmMr

{eH$dUyH$ {Xbr OmV hmoVr. {edmOr _hmamO ñdV… Ym{_©H$d¥ÎmrMo hmoVo. Vo Xodr ^dmZr d e§ y _hmXodmMo

^ŠV hmoVo. na§Vw amÁ`H$V©o åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m àOobm Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í` {Xbobo hmoVo. _m|Jb ~mXehm

Am¡a§JOo~ ñdV…bm qhXdr åhUOo ^maVr` g_OV ZìhVm Vmo ñdV…bm VwamUr _mZV hmoVm. {edm` Vmo H$S>dm

Bñbm_A{^`mZr Agë`m_wio Bñbm_ hm Ë`mÀ`m amÁ`mMm Y_© ~Zbm hmoVm. gd© àOobm g_mZ Ý`m` ho

amOmMo H$V©ì` hmoVo na§Vw _wpñb_ Y{_© m§Zm OmñV gmo r gdbVr XoUo d _hËdmMr Am{YH$manXo XoUo ho

Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmMo YmoaU hmoVo. Ë`m§Zo Amnë`m amÁ`mVrb {h§XyàOoda {O{P`mH$a bmXbm hmoVm. `m CbQ>

AË §V Ym{_©H$ Agboë`m {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m amÁ`mV gdmªZm g_mZ Ago YmoaU Adb§{~bo hmoVo.

Ë`m§Mo eÌyËd _wpñb_amÁ`H$Ë`mª ~amo~a hmoVo na§Vw Amnë`m amÁ`mVrb _w{ñb_ àOoda Vo H$YrM eÌyËdmÀ`m

^mdZoZo nmhV ZìhVo. Am¡a§JOo~mZo qhXy àOoda bmXboë`m {O{P`m H$amMm {ZfoY H$aÊ`mgmR>r {bhboë`m

nÌmV Ë`m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho. ""na_oída hm gdmªMm Amho. Vmo H$mhr \$ŠV _wgb_mZm§MmM Amho Ago Hw$amUmV

åh§Q>bobo Zmhr. Bñb_ d qhXy ho {dídm_Yrb XmoZ nañna {damoYr a§J AmhoV `m {dídH$å`m©Zo `m OJmMo

{MÌ a§JdÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mMm dmna Ho$bm Amho.'' (O`qgJamd ndma, {edmOr d {edH$mb, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ

H$moëhmnya. MVwW© Amd¥ËVr 199 n¥. 234) `m dê$Z Am¡a§JOo~mbm {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Hw$amUmMm XmIbm

XoD$Z g_O {Xbr Amho åhUOo Ym{_©H$ g{hîUwVoMo VËd {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m amÁ`mV Adb§{~bo

hmoVo. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m amÁ`mVrb _hËËdmMr nXo Zoh_rM H$V¥©ËddmZ ì`ŠVtZm {Xbobr AmhoV.

Ë`m_Üò OmVrnmVrMm qH$dm Y_m©Mm H$moUVmhr {dMma Ho$bobm Zmhr. H$V©¥ËddmZ àm_m{UH$ _mUgm§da

{edmOr _hmamOm§Mm {dídmg hmoVm. åhUwZM AZoH$ _wpñb_ Y_m©Mo bmoH$ _hmamOm§À`m amÁ`mV à_wI nXm§Mr

O~m~Xmar H$V©ì` ^mdZoZo nma nm{S>V hmoVo. Ama_mamMm à_wI Xm¡bVImZ, Vmo\$ImÝ`mMm à_wI B~«m{h_ImZ,

KmoS>XimVrb goZmnVr ghm`H$ {g{Ô {hbmb d {g{Ô dhmdbm, {dídmgy godH$ _Xmar _ohVa, {dídmgy

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A§JajH$ {g{Ô B~«m{h_, \$magr nÌ boIH$ Am{U Img g{Md H$mOr h¡Xa, `mM ~amo~a ZyaImZ ~oJ,

e_mImZ, {g{Ô A§~a dhm~, hþgoZImZ {_`mZm, ê$ñV_oOImZ BË`mXr {H$VrVar _wpñb_ A{YH$mar {edmOr

_hmamOm§À`m ñdamÁ` {Z{_©VrÀ`m H$m_mV gh^mJr Pmbo hmoVo. VgoM {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m AZoH$ H$maImÝ`m§_Ü o

d _hmbm§_Ü o _wpñb_ godH$ H$m_ H$arV hmoVo. AmOhr nwUo, gmVmam, H$moëhmnya oWo {XgUmar ~maJra,

{eH$bJma, \$amg, Jmob§Xma nR>mU, ^mbXma, _H$mZXma BË`mXr _w{ñb_ KamUr {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m

H$mimnmgyZ Vo noedmB©À`m A§Vmn ªV _amR>çm§À`m amÁ`mV BZm_o BV~mao H$m_ H$arV hmoVr. `m dê$Z ñdV…

qhXy Y_m©Mm A{^_mZr Agbobm amOm Amnë`m àOobm_mÌ Ë`m§À`m Ë`m§À`m Y_m©Mo nyU© ñdV§Í` XoV hmoVm

`mMr darb gd© _m{hVr dê$Z à{MVr oVo.

A\$ObImZmÀ`m dYmZ§Va _hmamOm§Zr dmB©-gmVmam, H$moëhmnya hm àXoe qOHw$Z ñdamÁ`mV gm_rb

Ho$bm. Ë`mdoir Zì`mZo qOH$boë`m àXoemVrb bmoH$m§gmR>r _hmamOm§Zr H$mT>boë`m Om{haZmå`mV Ago åhQ>bo

Amho H$s, ""AmXrbemhr amÁ`mV _wgb_mZm§À`m Y_©ñWmZm§Zm Or BZm_o Mmby hmoVr Vr gd© Zì`m amÁ`mÀ`m

A§_bmVhr Mmby amhVrb, Y_©ñWmZm§Zm H$moUVmhr CngJ© hmoUma Zmhr.''

`m Om{haZmå`mVyZ _hmamÁ`m§Mr Y_©ñWmZm§À`m ajUmMr ½dmhr {Xbr Amho. Ë`m§À`m amÁ`mVrb

XodñWmZmg {Xdm~ËVr, Z¡doY, A{^foH$ BË`mXr gmR>r IMm©Mr VaVyX Ho$br Ë`mM~amo~a _wgb_mZm§Mo XJo©,

_{eXr `m§À`m {Xdm~ËVr d BVa IMm©Mr gmo Ho$br hmoVr. _w{ñb_ amÁ`H$Ë`mªÀ`m H$S>ì`mY_m©{^_mZm_wio

XoemV AZoH$ {R>H$mUr qhXyMr _§{Xao \$moS>br OmV hmoVr. Aem H$mimV {edmOr _hmamO _mÌ Amnë`m

amÁ`mVrb Ym{_©H$ñWio, _{eXr, nram§Mr ñWmZo BË`m§XrZm A^` XoD$Z Ë`m§À`m ajUmMr O~m~Xmar ñdrH$mV

hmoVo. hr JmoîQ> ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmV CëboIZr` Aer R>abr Amho.

{edmOr _hmamOm§À`m g¡Ý`mV `wÕ_mo{h_oda OmVmZm pñÌ`m§Zm AmUÊ`mg _ÁOmd hmoVm. {edmOr

_hmamOm§Zr Amnbo A{YH$mar, goZmnVr, g¡{ZH$ Am{U Am_AmX_r `m§Zm {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr pñÌ`m§er H$go

dmJmdo `mMm AmXe©KmQ> KmbwZ {Xbm hmoVm. wÕ àg§Jr pñÌ`m§Mm Ord KoUo qH$dm Ë`m§Zm H¡$X H$aÊ`mg

_hmamOm§À`m amÁ`mV ~§Xr hmoVr. O|ìhm O§oìhm _hmamOm§À`m g¡Ý`mÀ`m hmVr pñÌ`m nS>V V|ìhm V§oìhm Ë`m§Zm

AmXamMr dmJUwH$ {_iV Ago Am{U Ë`m§À`m ZmVbJm§Mr Ë`m§Mr gwR>H$m H$arn ªV Ë`m§Zm gÝ_mZmZo dmJ{dbo

OmV Ago. {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo {damoYH$ _hmamOm§À`m `m JwUm§Mr Vm[a\$ H$aVm§Zm {XgVmV. wÕmÀ`m

Ym_Yy_rV EImÚm _wpñb_ g¡{ZH$mg _maë`mda Šd{MV àg§Jr Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o gmnS>bobr Hw$amUmMr àV YyirV

nS>V Ago. Aer gmnS>bobr Hw$amUmMr àV _hmamO AË §V AmXamUo CMbyZ Vo ^ŠVr^mdmZo Amnë`m

S>moiçmg bmdV AgV d Z§Va hr àV Amnë`m _wpñb_ g¡{ZH$mSH$S>o OnyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r AmXanyd©H$ ñdmYrZ

H$arV AgV.

àOobm Ë`m§À`m Y_m©à_mUo dmJÊ`mMo A{YH$mar {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr {Xbobo hmoVo. `mdê$Z {edmOr

_hmamOm§Mo amÁ` ho Y_© {Zanoj Ago hmoVo. Aem àH$maMo amÁ` VËH$mbrZ ^maVmV H$moR>ohr ApñVËdmV

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ZìhVo. AmOÀ`m amÁ`H$Ë`mªZmhr {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m Ym{_©H$ YmoaUmVyZ AmXe© KoVm oB©b. Vo Ogo qhXy

gmYw g§VmMo MhmVo hmoVo VgoM AZoH$ _w[ñb_ g§Vm§Mo Vo A{edm©X KoV AgV Ho$ierÀ`m ~m~m `mHw$V

`m§À`mer _hmamOm§Mo AË §V OdiMo g§~§Y hmoVo. Y_©Y_m©_Ü o Y_m©À`m {damoYmV H$moUVohr H¥$Ë`Ho$bo Var

Ë`mg Vm~S>Vmo{~Zo Y_©~{hîH¥$V d OmV ~{hîH¥$V H$aÊ`mV oB©. na§Vw {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Oo qhXy ~mQ>bo hmoVo

Am{U _wgb_mZ ~Zbo Ë`m§Mo naV qhXyH$aU Ho$bo. Y_m©À`m {damoYmV OmD$Z _hmamOm§Zr ho AmMma gmhg

Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m Ym{_©H$ YmoaUmMm hmhr EH$ ^mJ hmoVm. ZoVmOr nmbH$a `mg à{V{edmOr åhUyZ

AmoiIbo OmV hmoVo. na§Vw ZoVmOr _hmamOm§er Z nQ>ë`m_wio _wgb_mZ Pmbm. _moJbr amÁ`mMr IarIwar

OmUrd Pmë`mda Ë`mbm níMmVmn Pmbm. Vmo naV _hmamOm§H$S>o Ambm. _hmamOm§Zr Ë`mbm ewÕ H$ê$Z KoVbo

d Ë`mbm qhXy g_mOmVrb nyduMo ñWmZ {_idyZ {Xbo. ~OmOr qZ~miH$a, {nbmOr à y `m§Mo _hmamOm§Zr

ewÕH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm naV Amnë`mV KoVbo. _hmamOm§Zr Ho$bobo ho H$m © \$ŠV Ym{_©H$ gwYmaUm ZgyZ EH$

H«$m§VrH$mar gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm hmoVr.

gmam§e ê$nmZo gm§JVmZm _hmamOm§Mo Ym{_©H$ YmoaU ho gd©Y_mªZm g_mZ dmJUyH$ XoUmao åhUOoM

Y_©{Zanoj hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr gdmªZm Ë`m§Mo Mmby d H$mbm§VamZo bwá Pmbobo AmMmaY_© AmMaÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` {Xbo

hmoVo. AÜ``Z AÜ`mnZmMm OmVr`Voer g§~§Y VmoSy>Z Q>mH$bm d Iè`m AWm©Zo ^mJdV Y_m©Mm nwañH$ma

Ho$bm. ZmoH$ar Am{U amoOJmam_Ü o gd© Y{_© m§Zm d OmVtZm g_mZËd XoD$Z H$V©¥Ëd d {ZîR>og àmYmÝ` {Xbo.

~mQ>dÊ`mg {damoY d ~mQ>boë`m§Zm nwÝhm Y_mªV KoÊ`mg _mÝ`Vm {Xbr. pñÌ`m§-_wbo `m§Mo gd© n[apñWVrV

g§ajU Ho$bo. gd© Y{_© gmYwg§VmMm AmXa Ho$bm. `m gd© JmoîQ>r {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m Y_©{Zanoj Ym{_©H$

YmoaUm_wioM KSy>Z Amë`m.

1.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© :

hŠH$ d b{O_o : hŠH$ åhUOo dVZXmamg hŠH$mZo {_iUmar ~m~ d b{O_o åhUOo dVZXmag

EopÀN>H$ ñdê$nmV {_iUmè`m ~m~r.

Jbm : eoVH$è`mH$Sy>Z nmQ>rb qH$dm VVyg_ A{YH$mè`m§g YmÝ` VgoM H$mhr dñVw {_iV AgV

Ë`mg "Jbm' Ago åhUV.

KwJar : eoVmV {nH$Umè`m YmÝ`mMm H$mhr ^mJ.

\$gH$s : H$moUVohr ngmâ YmÝ`

niH$s : nirâ Vyn AWdm Vob.

1.4 ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CËVao.

1) {edH$mbrZ JmdmV {OWo dñVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Kao ~m§Ybr OmV AgV Ë`m ^mJmg ...........

åhUV d {OWo eoVr Ho$br OmB© Ë`mg .............. åhUV.

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2) Jmdm_Üò Á`m§Zm ñdV…Mr O_rZ Zmhr na§Vy Oo Xwgè`mMr eoVr H$aVmV Aem bmoH$m§Zm

{edH$mimV ........ Ago åhQ>bo OmB©.

3) JmdmVrb eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z nmQ>bmbm YmÝ` VgoM H$mhr dñVw {_iV AgV Ë`mg ......... Ago

åhUV.

4) naJmÊ`mMm H$ma^ma ........... A{YH$mar nmhV AgV.

5) dmaH$ar g§n«Xm`mMm nm`m ............. `m§Zr KmVbm Ago _mZbo OmVo.

6) _hmamîQ´>mVrb dmaH$ar g§àXm`mg .................... Y_© åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.

CËVao :

1) nm§T>ar - H$mir 2) Cnar 3) Jbm 4) Xoe_wI - Xoenm§S>o 5) kmZoœa 6) ^mJdV

1.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ :

A) 1) {edmH$mbrZ JmdJmS>çmMo dU©Z H$ê$Z {VMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.

2) {edH$mbrZ JmdJmS>çmVrb à_wI dVZXma H$moU ho gm§JyZ VËH$mbrZ dVZg§ñWoMo _hÎd {deX

H$am.

3) {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m Ym{_©H$ YmoaUmMr {M{H$ñVH$ MMm© Ho$bm.

~) {Q>nm {bhm.

1) {edH$mbrZ nmQ>rb - Hw$bH$Ur©

2) {edH$mbrZ Xoenm§S>o - Xoe_wI

3) eoQ>o - _hmOZ

4) dVZXmam§Mo hŠH$-b{O_o

5) ~bwVo nÕVr

6) dmaH$ar g§àXm`

7) {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo Ym{_©H$ YmoaU.


1) {edH$mbrZ _hmamîQ´> - A. am. Hw$bH$Uu, amOh§g àH$meZ, nwUo. 1997

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2) Maharashtra society and cuture - A. R. Kulkarni, Books and Books, Delhi.

2000

3) Aer hmoVr {edemhr - A. am. Hw$bH$Uu, amOh§g àH$meZ, nwUo. 2000

4) N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamO ñ_¥Vr J«§W (g§nm. Om`qgJamd ndma), _hmamîQ´> amÁ`nmR>ç nwñVH$

{Z{_©Vr _§S>i, _w§~B©-25 à.Am. 2011

5) {edmOr Am{U {edH$mi, àm. O`qgJamd ndma, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya. M.Am. 1999

B B B

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gÌ - 2 : KQ>H$ - 4

_amR>çm§Mo B{VhmgH$ma

AZwH«$_{UH$m

4.0 C{Ôï>ço

4.1 àñVmdZm

4.2 {df` {ddoMZ

4.2.1 E_. Or. amZS>o

4.2.2 S>m°. ~miH¥$îU

4.2.3 ga OXÿZmW gaH$ma

4.3 H${R>U eãXm§Mo AW©

4.4 ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZ d CÎmao

4.5 gmam§e



4.0 C{Ôï>ço

`m àH$aUmÀ`m AÜ``ZmZ§Va Imbrb JmooîQ>tMm ~moY hmoB©b.

B _amR>çm§À`m B{Vhmg AÜ`ZmMo _hÎd g_Oob.

B _amR>çm§À`m B{Vhmg boIZm{df`rMr _m{hVr {_iob.

B _amR>çm§À`m B{Vhmg boIZmMr gwê$dmV d Ë`mVrb à_wI B{VhmgH$ma `m§Mm ~moY hmoB©b.

B B{VhmgH$mam§À`m boIZm{df`r d Ë`m§À`m B{Vhmg ñnï>rH$aUm{df`r VwbZm H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm hmoB©b.

B B{VhmgH$mam§À`m OrdZmMo AmH$bZ d Ë`m§Mr OS>UKS>U `m {df`rMr AmoiI hmoB©b.

B N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m B{Vhmg AÜ``ZmMr AmOÀ`m H$mimVrb àñVwVVm, _amR>çm§À`m

B{VhmgH$mam§À`m AÜ``ZmVyZ g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b.

~r.E. mJ-1/B{Vhmg ....1

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4.1 àmñVm{dH$ :

_mJrb àH$aUmV {edH$mbrZ _hmamï´>mVrb J«m_ì`dñWm, dmaH$ar g§àXm` d Ë`m§Mo H$m © d N>ÌnVr

{edmOr _hmamOm§Mm Y_©{df`H$ Ñï>rH$moZ AmnU g_OyZ KoVbm. `m àH$aUm_Ü o _amR>çm§À`m B{Vhmg

boIZm{df`r A{YH$ _m{hVr H$ê$Z ¿`md`mMr Amho. N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr gmoimì`m eVH$m_Ü o,

_wKb Am{Xbemhr, Hw$Vw~emhr `m _ygb_mZ gÎmm \«|$M, {~«Q>re `m naH$s` gÎmm OmdirMo _moao, _wYmoiMo

KmoanS>o `m gdmªer g§Kf© H$éZ _amR>çm§M§ ñdV§Í` amÁ` {Z_m©U Ho$bo. AË §V Mm§Jë`m àH$maMr àemgZ

ì`dñWm {Z_m©U Ho$br. N>ÌnVr {edmOr d Ë`m§Mo nwÌ amOmam_ `m§À`m n ªV hr ì`dñWm H$m§hr à_mUmV

Mm§Jbr hmoVr. amOmam_ _hmamOm§À`m _¥Ë yZ§Va g§ mOr _hmamOm§Mm nwÌ emhÿ _hmamO `m§À`m hmVr gÎmm

Jobr. nU Vr àË`jmV noeì`m§À`mM hmVr Jobr. `m H$mimV _moR>çm namH«$_r _amR>o gaXmam§Mm CX`hr

Pmbm. Ë`m§Zr noeì`m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr g§nyU© CÎma ^maVmV à^mdr {Z_m©U Ho$bm. _Ü`^maV, JwOamW,

{Xëbr, ZmJnya, ~§Jmb, Amo[agmMm H$m§hr ^mJ oWo _amR>çm§M§ dM©ñd {Z_m©U Pmbo. _wKbgÎmm nyU©nUo

Xþ~ir ~Zbr. {XëbrÀ`m VŠVmda H$moUmg ~gdm`Mo ho noedo d _amR>m gaXma R>ady bmJbo. g§nyU© 18

do eVH$ ho _amR>çm§À`m CÎma ^maVmVrb d X{jU ^maVmVrb AZoH$ _mohr_mZr âbobo Amho. CÎma ^maVmV

Amnbo dM©ñd {Z_m©U H$aVmZm _amR>çmZr AZoH$ eÌy {Z_m©U Ho$bo. Ë`m§Mm nam^d H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm

AgVmZm gwÕm H$m§hr eÌyZm Ë`m§Zr gmoSy>Z {Xbo. Ë`mn¡H$sM EH$ Z{O~ImZ H$s Á`m_wio nmUrnVMo wÕ KSy>Z

Ambo d _amR>çm§Mm Xmê$U nam^d Pmbm. gmoimì`m eVH$mnmgyZ ^maVmV ì`mnma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amboë`m

nmoVw©{JO, \o«§$M, {~«Q>re `m naH$s` XoemVrb ì`mnmar H§$nÝ`m§Zr Amnbr amOH$s` gÎmm àñVmnÊ`mg gwê$dmV

Ho$br hmoVr. ßbmPrÀ`m bT>mB©V {dO`mZo {~«Q>rem§Zr Amnbr gÎmm ~§Jmb _Ü o pñWa Ho$br hmoVr. N>ÌnVr

{edmOr _hmamOm§À`m nmgyZ `m naH$s` \«|$M, {~«Q>re gÎmoer {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm g§~§Y Ambm hmoVm.

Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV noedmB©Mr amOdQ> gwê$ Pmë`mZ§Vahr `m gÎmm§er noeì`m§Mm g§Kf© gVV KS>bm. naH$s`

gÎmm {deof H$ê$Z {~«Q>rem§Mm {dO` hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$m§hr à_mUmV noeì`m§Mo _amR>çm§Mo amOH$maUhr H$maU

R>ab§ d `mM AngmVrb Xÿhr_wio gZ 1818 _Ü o _amR>çm§Mr gÎmm Zm{her Pmbr d _hmamï´>mV {~«{Q>em§M§

amÁ` gwê$ Pmbo.

N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr _amR>çm§M§ amÁ` {Z_m©U Ho$b§ d Vo gZ 1818 _Ü o Ë`mMm AñV Pmbm.

`m à{XK© H$mbI§S>mMm B{Vhmg H$gm {b{hbm Jobm àË`j KQ>Zm KS>V AgVmZm Ë`m H$moUr {Z:njnmVr

{bhÿZ R>odë`m H$m ? amÁ`H$Ë`mªMm gd© nÌì`dhma, amÁ` H$ma^mamMm XñV EodO CnbãY Amho H$m ?

XþX£dmZo N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m amÁ`H$ma^mamMm XñVEodO d gd©M nÌì`dhma CnbãY Zmhr.

noedmB©Vrb nÌì`dhma Iyn H$ï> KoD$Z CnbãY H$aÊ`mV {d.H$m. amOdmS>o `m§Zm è Ambo Amho. {edmOr

_hmamO H$go hmoVo, {~«{Q>e, nmoVw©{JO, \«|$M `m naH$s` H§$nÝ`m§À`m A{YH$mè`m§Zm, {edmOr _hmamO d _amR>o

gaXma H$go dmQ>bo `mMm CëboI Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m nÌmV Ho$bm Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo _wKb, Am{Xbemhr,

Hw$Vw~emhr gÎmm§À`m _Yrb _amR>çm§Mm nÌì`dhma \$maer, CXÿ© Aao{~H$ ^mfoVhr Amho. VËH$mbrZ _amR>r

~IaH$mam§Zrhr _amR>o amÁ`H$V© d gaXma `m§À`m g§~§Yr {b{hbo Amho. N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr amÁ`

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ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mnyduMr pñWVr H$er hmoVr ? _hmamï´>mV hmoD$Z Joboë`m g§Vm§Mr Zo_H$s H$m_{Jar H$m`? ho

gd© àíZ Aä`mgH$mg_moa C o amhmUo An[ahm © Amho.

g§nyU© _amR>r amOdQ>rMm gwg§JV B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mMm à`ËZ ^maVr`m§Zr àW_ Ho$ë`mMo {XgV Zmhr.

gZ 1818 _Ü o noedmB©Mm AñV Pmë`mZ§Va _hmamï´>mV _mD§$Q> ñQy>AQ>© Epë\$ÝñQ>Z hm B{Vhmgào_r, {~«Q>re

BñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMm _wbH$s godoVrb A{YH$mar _w§~B© àm§VmMm JìhZ©a Pmbm. _amR>çm§À`m namH«$_mMr d

gÎmoMr Ë`mbm OmU Agë`m_wio Ë`mZo _amR>çm§Mm gd© B{Vhmg gwg§JVdma {b{hbm Omdm åhUyZ Ooåg

H°$qZJ h°_ J«±Q>S>\$ `mbm gmVmè`mMm nm°{bQ>rH$b EO§Q> åhUyZ _obo d gmVmam oWrb _amR>çm§Mr Añgb,

Ag§»` H$mJXnÌo nhmÊ`mMr g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr. J«§°Q> S>\$ `mZo gd© H$mJXnÌmMr OwidmOwid Ho$br

Vr Epë\$ÝñQ>Z H$Sy>Z VnmgyZ KoVbr d J«±S> S>\$Mm 'History of the Marathas' hm J«§W gZ 1826 _Ü o

àH$m{eV Pmbm. _hmamï´>mVrb B§J«Or gÎmoZo 1821 nmgyZM B§J«Or emim H$mT>ë`m. {ejU àgma gwê$ Ho$bm.

1857 _Ü o _w§~B© {dÚmnrR>mMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. B§J«Or kmZ AmË_gmV Ho$boë`m bmoH$m_Ü o {~«Q>re d ^maVr`

g§ñH¥$Vr `mVrb VwbZm H$aÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr {Z_m©U Pmbr. Amnë`m g§ñH¥$Vr_Yrb C{Udm g_Oy bmJë`m.

Zì`m gwYmaUm d amï´>dmX `m g§H$ënZmZr _wi YaVmo. nU {~«Q>re B{VhmgH$mamZo (J«±S> S>\$ `mZo) _amR>çmMm

B{Vhmg H$gm {b{hbm Amho ho OmUH$ma ~wÕrZo H$moUr nm{hboM Zmhr. gZ 1867 _Ü o {ZiH§$R> OZmX©Z

{H$V©Zo `mZr J«±S> S>\$ `m§À`m _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmMo narjU H$ê$Z J«±S> S>\$ gmho~m§À`m gm_«mÁ`dmXr

Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ {b{hboë`m _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmVrb MwH$m EH$ à{XK© {Z~§Y {bhÿZ g_mOmg_moa _m§S>ë`m.

Ë`mZ§Va _hmamï´>mVrb gd©M ~wÕrdmXr _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmH$S>o dibo d _amR>r XßVaImZm, ~Iar

Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mJXnÌo `mMm emoY gwê$ Pmbm. ~mbmOr à^mH$a _moS>H$, lrYa JUoe {Odgrdmbo

gmZo, Ý`m`_yVu Vob§J, {MniyUH$a ho VËH$mbrZ d¥ÎmnÌo {d{dY kmZ {dñVma, H$mì`g§J«h `m_Ü o _amR>çm§À`m

B{Vhmgmg§~§Yr {bhÿ bmJbo. Ë`mZ§Va {d. H$m. amOdmS>o `m§Zr Amnbo gmao Am wî` _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmMr

H$mJXnÌo Jmoim H$aÊ`mV KmbdyZ AZoH$ gmYZo àH$m{eV Ho$br. `mZ§Va X. ~. nmag{Zg, dmgwXod

emór Iao `m§Zrhr _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmMr gmYZo àH$m{eV Ho$br. d Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV Or. Eg. gaXogmB©,

dm. gr. ~|Ðo, J. h. Iao, Z. a. \$mQ>H$, S>m°. Amßnmgmho~ ndma `m§Zr B{Vhmg boIZmMo _mobmMo H$m ©

Ho$bo.

`m àH$maUm_Ü o 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg {b{hUmao Ý`m`_yVu _hmXod JmoqdX

amZS>o. {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m n{hë`m nÞmg dfm©V _amR>m B{Vhmgmda àH$me Q>mH$Umao ~§Jmbr B{VhmgH$ma

S>m°. gaOXÿZmW gaH$ma d S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§À`m B{Vhmg boIZm{df`r Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Amho.

B Ý`m. _hmXod JmoqdX amZS>o :

Ý`m. _hmXod JmoqdX amZS>o `m§Mo ñWmZ AmYw{ZH$ _hmamï´>mÀ`m gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` B{VhmgmV AË §V

_hÎdnyU© Amho. AmYw{ZH$ _hmamï´>mMo OZH$ åhUyZ Vo AmoiIbo OmVmV. amZS>o ho amï´>dmXr d CXma_VdmXr

{dMmad§V hmoVo. VgoM Vo AW©Vk amï´>dmXr B{VhmgH$ma amOH$s` {dMmad§V gwYmaH$ åhUyZhr AmoiIbo

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OmVmV. ñdmV§Í`àmßVrgmR>r g_mOm_Ü o amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ OmJ¥Vr hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho Ago

Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r g_mO à~moYZmMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. Ë`m§Mo dmMZ Mm¡\o$a

hmoVo. AW©H$maU, Y_©H$maU, amOH$maU`m g§~§Yr gImob qMVZ Vo H$aV AgV. Ë`m_wioM VËH$mbrZ gd©

~wÕr_mZ ì`ŠVrda Ë`m§À`m {dMmam§Mm à^md hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m n[an¹$ {dMmam§Mm à^md amOH$maUmda hmoVm.

CXma_VdmXr amOH$maU Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo d nwT>o JmonmiH¥$îU JmoIbo, _hmË_m Jm§Yr `m§Zr Ë`m§Mo AZwH$aUM Ho$bo.

åhUyZ AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_Ü o Ý`m. _hmXod JmoqdX amZS>o `m§Mo ñWmZ AË §V _hÎdmMo Amho.

B Ý`m. amZS>o `m§Mm OÝ_, ~mbnU, {ejU :

Ý`m. amZS>o `m§Mm OÝ_ 18 OmZodmar 1842 _Ü o Zm{eH$ {OëhçmVrb {Z\$mS> `m Jmdr Pmbm. Ë`m§Mo

dS>rb Ë`mdoir H$boŠQ>aÀ`m hmVmImbr gm_mÝ` H$maHy$Z hmoVo. gZ 1844 À`m _Ü`mda Ë`m§À`m d{S>bm§Mr

~Xbr H$moëhmnya oWo Pmbr. gZ 1851 Vo 1856 `m H$mbmdYrV Ë`m§Mo àmW{_H$ {ejU H$moëhmnya oWoM

Pmbo. gZ 1857 nmgyZ _w§~B©À`m Epë\$ÝñQ>Z ñHy$b _Ü o Ë`m§Mo _mÜ`{_H$ {ejU gwê$ Pmbo. gZ 1859

_Ü o Vo _°Q´>rŠ wboeZMr n[ajm C{ÎmU© Pmbo. gZ 1862 _Ü o Vo AW©emó d B{Vhmg {df` KoD$Z ~r.E.

Pmbo. B{Vhmg Am{U AW©emó Ë`m§Mo AmdS>Vo {df` hmoVo. H$m°boOmV AgVmZmM 1861 gmbr Ë`m§Mr \o$bmo

åhUyZ {ZdS> Pmbr hmoVr. AÜ``Zm~amo~aM Vo AW©emó, B{Vhmg, J{UV, VH©$emó B. {df` {eH${dV

AgV. `m H$mimV {dÚmÏ`mªZm J«rg, amo_, B§½b§S> d qhXþñWmZMm B{Vhmg {eH$mdm bmJV Ago. Ë`m_wio

_mYdamdm§Zm {dnyb J«§W dmMmdo bmJbo. 1864 _Ü o _mYdamd B{Vhmg d AW©emó KoD$Z E_.E. Pmbo

d 1866 _Ü o Eb. Eb. ~r. Pmbo. Var Ë`m§Mo AÜ`mnZmMo H$m_ MmbyM hmoVo. gZ 1868 _Ü o

_mYdamdm§Mr Zo_UyH$ àmo\o$ga åhUyZ B§J«Or ^mfm d B{Vhmg `m {df`mgmR>r Epë\$ÝñQ>Z H$m°boO _w§~B© oWo

Pmbr. gZ 1871 gmbr _mYdamd A°S>ìhmoHo$Q>Mr n[ajm nmg Pmbo d Ë`m§Mr Zo_UyH$ Ý`m` ImË`mV Pmbr.

_mYdamdm§Zm gaH$mar ImË`mV doJdoJiçm ñVamda H$m_ H$amdo bmJbo. CXm. àmÜ`mnH$, Q´>°ÝgboQ>a, nmobrg

_°OñQ´>oQ>, ñ_m°b H$m°O H$moQ>© OÁO, \$m`ZmÝg H${_Q>rMo gXñ` BË`mXr. gZ 1893 Vo 1901 `m H$mimV

Ë`m§Zr _w§~B© hm`H$moQ>m©Mo OÁO åhUyZ H$m_ nm{hbo. B{Vhmgm{df`r _mYdamdmZm \$ma AmdS> hmoVr. Ë`m§Zr

AZoH$ B{Vhmg{df`mMo J«§W gImob dmMyZ àË oH$ J«§Wmda {Q>nUhr H$mT>ë`mM Vo Z_yX H$aVmV. Vo ZmoH$arg

ZgVo Va _moR>o B{Vhmg g§emoYH$ Pmbo AgVo.

Ý`m. _mYdamd amZS>o `m§Zr Amnbr gaH$ma Xa~mamMr ZmoH$arg§ miyZ amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ joÌmV àM§S>

H$m_ Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m§Mo OrdZM EH$g§Kf© Amho. g_mOmVrb AZoH$ ê$T>tZm {damoY H$aVmZm AmßV ñdH$s`

d g_mOmVrb ê$T>tMo amIUXma `m§À`mer Ë`m§Mm gVV g§Kf© Pmë`mMo Ë`m§Mo OrdZ AdbmoH$VmZm {XgVo.

nU `m gd© Jmoï>tZm _mYdamd g§ _mZo d {YamoXÎm gm_moao Jobo d Amnë`m ghH$mè`m§Zmhr Ë`m§Zr ~i {Xbo.

B Ý`m`_wVu _mYdamdm§Mo boIZ :

_mYdamdm§Zr B{Vhmg {df`H$ AZoH$ {Z~§Y {b{hbo ì`m»`mZo XoÊ`mgmR>r {Q>nUo V`ma Ho$br d

ì`m»`mZohr {Xbr. Ë`m§Mo ~aoM B{Vhmg {df`H$ {Z~§Y H$mì o{Vhmgg§J«hmV à{gÕ Pmbobo AmhoV. _mYdamd

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amZS>çm§Zr J«±S> S>\$À`m _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmVrb MyH$m {df`r {b{hbo AmhoM. nU Ë`m§À`m g_H$mbrZ

B{Vhmg Aä`mgH$m§Mr gwÕm Ë`m§À`m g_moamg_moa ì`m»`mZo XoD$Z N>ÌnVr {edmOtÀ`m amÁ`{df`H$

YmoaUm{df`r ñnï>rH$aU {Xbo Amho. gZ 1893 _Ü o dº¥$ËdmoÎmoOH$ g oV _mYdamd AÜ`j hmoVo d EH$m

dŠË`m§Zr ""N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo M[aÌ'' `m {df`mda ì`m»`mZ {Xbo d {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm

amÁ`ñWmnÊ`mMm _w»` CÔoe Y_© g§ajU Agm gm§{JVbm. _mYdamdm§Zr Amnë`m AÜ`jr` ^mfUmV hr

H$ënZm ImoSy>Z H$mT>br d Vo åhUmbo -

""{edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Ho$di Y_m}ÞVrH$arVm à`ËZ Ho$bm Zmhr. Y_© g§ajU hmM CÔoe Ë`m§À`m _ZmV

à~b hmoÊ`mMo H$maU ZìhVo. X{jUoV _wgb_mZmZr Ym{_©H$ N>i Ho$bm Agë`mg Vmo WmoS>m hmoVm. BH$S>rb

_wgb_mZr amÁ`mV gJio qhXÿM _moR>_moR>mbo A§_bXma hmoVo. Ë`m§Mm _wgb_mZmda dMH$ Ago. hr n[apñWVr

bjmV KoVë`mg {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Y_© g§ajUmW© ñdamÁ` g§nmXZ Ho$bo Ago åhUVm oV Zmhr. Xoem{^_mZ

d ñdmV§Í`{àVr `m H$ënZm {edmOtÀ`m _ZmV ~è`mM A§er dmJV hmoË`m d X{jUoMo dM©ñd CÎmaoda

åhUOoM _amR>çm§Mo _wgb_mZmda ~g{dÊ`mMm Ë`m§Zr à`ËZ Ho$bm. Y_© g§ajUmMm hoVy AgbmM Va WmoS>m

Agob.'' (Z. a. \$mQ>H$, amZS>o `m§Mo M[aÌ nmZ Z§. 498)

gZ 1893 nmgyZ nwT>o ì`m»`mZmgmR>r amZS>o `m§Zr _amR>çm§À`m B{Vhmgmg§~§Yr AZoH$ {Q>nUo V`ma Ho$br

d gZ 1900 _Ü o `m {Q>nUm§À`m AmYmaoM Rice of Maratha Power hm B§J«Or ^mfoVrb J«§W V`ma

Pmbm. Z.a. \$mQ>H$ åhUVmV, ""amZS>çm§À`m `m J«§WmV, Y_©, g_mO, amOH$maU ho {VÝhr {df` {dMmamV

KoD$Z 17 ì`m eVH$mV EH$Q>m _amR>m g_mOM H$m CX`mg Ambm, Ë`mMr Or VmpËdH$ Ñï>rZo ehm{Zem Ho$br

Amho Ver Ë`m§À`m AmYr d Ë`m§À`m _mJyZ XoIrb H$moUr Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iV Zmhr. `m `moJmZo `m J«§WmMm

à^md nwT>À`m B{Vhmg VkmV d g§emoYH$mV {ZpíMV {XgVmo.''

Ý`m`_yVu amZS>o `m§Zr J«±S> S>\$ `m§À`m _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmVrb ""_amR>r gÎmoMm CX` åhUOo

ghçmÐrÀ`m dZmV AMmZH$ noQ>bobm dUdm.'' ho {dYmZ ImoSy>Z H$mT>bo. Ë`mgmR>r AZoH$ H$maUo XoD$Z ñnï>

Ho$bobr ""_amR>çm§À`m amÁ`mMm CX` hm gømÐrVrb dUì`mà_mUo Pmbobm ZgyZ hm CX` åhUOo EH$

gwgyÌrV KQ>Zm Amho. J«±S> S>\$Mm "dUì`mMm {gÕm§V' hm _amR>çm {df`r Jag_O ngadUmam Amho. Aer

amZS>o `m§Mr YmaUm hmoVr. J«±S> S>\$À`m _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmVrb Xmof amZS>o `m§Zr XmIdyZ {Xbm. J«±S> S>\$Zo

{ednyd©H$mimVrb Ym{_©H$ Midi {dMmamV KoVbr Zmhr. _amR>çm§Mo àmMrZ d g_H$mbrZ dmL²>_` Ë`mZo

{dMmamV KoVbobo Zhr. _amR>çm§À`m V§Omda oWrb dgmhVrMr XIb KoVbr Zmhr. A\$PbImZmÀ`m

dYm{df`r S>\$ {edmOr _hmamOm§Zm Xmof XoVmo. _amR>o gaXmam§Mr H$m_{Jar J«±Q>S>\$ `mZo AmoiIbr Zmhr.

_hmamï´>mMr àmMrZ B{Vhmg na§nam H$m` hmoVr ho S>\$Zo g_OyZ KoVbo ZìhVo. ho gd© S>\$Mo Xmof _mYdamdm§Zr

ñnï> Ho$bo.

_mYdamdm§Zr doimodoir ì`m»`mZmgmR>r d d¥ÎmnÌmV à{gÕrgmR>r {Q>nUo, boI V`ma Ho$bo hmoVo.

Ë`mVyZM nwT>o VrZ J«§W {b{hÊ`mMm AmamIS>m R>a{dbm Vo nwT>rbà_mUo -

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1) Rise of Maratha Power

2) Growth of the Maratha Power

3) Decline of the Maratha Power

ho {VZ J«§W hmoV nU Ë`mn¡H$s Rise of the Maratha Power hm J«§W 1900 _Ü o àH$m{eV Pmbm.

d OyZ 1900 _Ü oM Ë`m§Mr àH¥$Vr {~KS>br d Ë`m§Mm _¥Ë y Pmbm.

Rise of the Maratha Power `m _mYdamdm§À`m J«§Wm_Ü o EHy$U 12 àH$aUo AgyZ n{hë`m

àH$aUmV amZS>o `mZ§r _amR>o ho bwQ>mê$ ZìhVo, Ë`m§Zr _wKbm§H$Sy>Z gÎmm KoVbr. _amR>çm§Mo amÁ`, _hmamï´>,

H$Zm©Q>H$, åh¡gya, V§Omda n ªV H$go ngabo ho {deX Ho$bo Amho.

J«§WmÀ`m Xþgè`m Xþgè`m àH$aUmV J«±Q> S>\$Mm _amR>çm§À`m CX`mMm dUì`mMm {gÕm§V amZS>o `m§Zr

ImoSy>Z H$mT>bm Amho. _hmamï´>mMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ pñWVr, J«m_g§ñWm n§Mm`V nÕVr, bmoH$m§Mm ñd^md,

bmoH$^mfoMm Pmbobm CËH$f© `m Jmoï>r _amR>çm§À`m CX`mbm H$maUr yV R>aë`mM§ amZS>o `m§Zr {M{H$ËgH$nUo

ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. _amR>o gaXma X{jUoVrb gd© _wgb_mZ gÎmm{Yem§À`m Xa~mamV hmoVo. wÕH$bm Ë`m§Zm

AdJV hmoVr. Ë`mMm Cn`moJhr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr amÁ` ñWmnÊ`mg H$ê$Z KoVbm Agohr amZS>o `m§Zr Z_yX

Ho$bo Amho. J«§WmÀ`m {Vgè`m àH$aUmV {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m A§JmMo JyU Y_m©{^_mZ, Y¡ ©, gmhg `moOH$Vm,

{MH$mQ>r, Xoem{^_mZ AMyH$ {ZU© KoÊ`mMr j_Vm `m JwUm§Mo dU©Z Ho$ë`mMo {XgVo. N>ÌnVr {edmOr

_hmamOm§Mr _wbH$s àemgZ ì`dñWm {H$ëë`m§À`m àemgZmMr ì`dñWm Aï> àYmZ _§S>imMo _hÎd ho ñnï>

Ho$bo Amho. qOOr `m àH$aUmV amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zr _wKbm§À`m ~amo~a Ho$bobm g§Kf© {df`r g{dñVa {b{hbo

AgyZ 1690 Vo 1707 `m H$mbmdYrV _amR>çm§Zr Omo _wbH$m§er g§Kf© Ho$bm. Ë`mMm Jm¡admZo amZS>oZr C„oI

Ho$bm Amho. 1707 _Ü o Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m _¥Ë yZ§Va amOmam_ _hmamOm§À`m H$mimVrb Aï>àYmZ _§S>i d Ë`mMr

Pmbobr nS>PS> amZS>o Z_yX H$aVmV. _amR>çm§Zr noedmB©V {_i{dboë`m Mm¡WmB© d gaXoe_wIr hŠH$mMr VwbZm

amZS>o bm°S>© dobñH$sÀ`m V¡ZmVr \$m¡Oo~amo~a H$aVmV. 'Rise of Maratha Power' `m J«§WmÀ`m eodQ>À`m

àH$aUmV amZS>o `m§Zr V§OmdaÀ`m _amR>çm§À`m amÁ`mMm g{dñVa B{Vhmg {Xbm Amho.

Ý`m`_yVu amZS>o `m§Zr _amR>çm§À`m B{Vhmgm{df`r nwT>rb {ZîH$f© H$mT>bo AmhoV. _Ü` wJrZ _wgb_mZm-

à_mUoM _amR>çm§Mrhr H$m_{Jar ârd d Jm¡adembr Amho. gw_mao 50 df} noedm _amR>çm§À`m gÎmoÀ`m

Ho§$ÐñWmZr hmoVm. 16 ì`m d 17 ì`m eVH$mV Pmboë`m gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ gwYmaUoMr Midi d {VMo

ñdê$n H$_©R> ZìhVo. _hmamï´>mVrb 300 dfm©À`m _wñbr_ amOdQ>r_wio _amR>çm§Zm wÕH$boMo {ejU {_imbo

d Ë`m_wioM _amR>r gÎmm CX`mbm oD$ eH$br. B§Xmoa, ½dmëhoa, Yma, Xodmg, ~S>moXo, hr _amR>çm§Mr gÎmmH|$Ðo

hmoVr. {edmOrZr R>a{dbobr amÁ`H$ma^mamMr VÎdo Ë`m§À`m dmagm§Zr gmoS>ë`m_wio _amR>memhr Xþ~ir ~Zbr.

_hmamï´>Y_© hm g{hîUy d CXma JhZ na_mWm©Mm nU _y{V© §OH$ Zgbobm hmoVm. _amR>m g_mOmV Omon ªV EH$s

hmoVr Vmon ªV _amR>m g_mOmMo amÁ` {Q>H$bo. nU _amR>m g_mOmV Ooìhm Xÿhr _mObr Ë`mMm n[aUm_ Ë`m§Mr

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gÎmm Xþ~ir ~ZÊ`mV Pmbm d Ë`mMm \$m`Xm {~«Q>remZr KoVbm d _amR>r gÎmoMm AñV Pmbm. Aer _m§S>Ur

amZS>o `m§Zr Ho$br.

amZS>o `m§Mo {Q>H$mH$ma ga OXÿZmW gaH$ma `m§Zr amZS>o `m§Mo H$m§hr {ZîH$f© _mÝ` Ho$bo. nU ~Ia dmL²>_`

Ë`m§Zr A{dœg{Z` R>adyZ VæmMm amZS>çm§Zr B{Vhmg boIZmgmR>r Ho$bobm dmna Ë`m§Zr ZmH$mabm, Va S>m°.

~miH¥$îU `m§Zr amZS>o `m§Zr H$mT>bobo {ZîH$f© _mÝ` Ho$bo. S>m°. Amßnmgmho~ ndma amZS>o `m§À`m B{Vhmg

boIZm{df`r åhUVmV ""amZS>o `m§Zr Am_À`m B{VhmgmH$S>o nmhmÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>r_Ü oM H«$m§Vr KS>dyZ d amZS>o

`m§Zm _amR>m B{Vhmg boIZ emómMo {nVm_h åhQ>bo Va Vo A{VemoŠVrMo hmoUma Zmhr.'' Ago Vo Z_yX

H$aVmV. ""g. _m. JJ} åhUVmV, _hmamîQ´>mV B{Vhmg boIZ g§eeoYZmMr _whÿV©_oT> amZS>o `m§Zr amodbr.''

Rise of Maratha Power `m J«§Wm{edm` 'Cumencies and Mints Under the Maratha

Power, a Indtroduction to the Peshwa Diaries' Ago XmoZ _moR>o {Z~§Y {bhÿZ B{Vhmg boIZ

emómV _mobmMr â KmVbr. A. am. Hw$bH$Uu åhUVmV, amZS>o `m§Zr ^maVr` Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ B{VhmgmMo

{ddoMZ Ho$bo d _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmMo gË` ñdê$n bmoH$m§g_moa _m§S>bo.

4.2.2 S>m°. ~miH¥$îU :

N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m {df`r àIa AmXa^mdZm AgUmao, B{Vhmg g§emoWH$, AW©emómMo

Aä`mgH$, qhXr H$bm, ^mfm, Y_©, g§ñH¥$Vr~Ôb ào_ AgUmao, {Z:gr_ Am © g_m{OñQ>, àmMrZ ^maVr`

na§namda ào_ H$aUmao CËH¥$ï> dŠV¥Ëd AgUmao Aem {d{dY Am`m_mZr S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Mo ì`ŠVr_Îd

gmH$mabobo Amho. S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Zr N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm B{Vhmg AË §V gImobnUo Aä`mgbm

Ë`mM à_mUo ^maVr` g_mOmda {~«Q>re BñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMm Pmbobm Am{W©H$ n[aUm_ d ^maVr`

AW©ì`dñWm Ë`mM à_mUo ^maVr` VÎdkmZ `m{df`r gwÕm Ë`m§Zr gImob Aä`mg H$ê$Z {bImZ Ho$ë`mMo

{XgVo.

B S>m°. ~miH¥$îU OÝ_, ~mbnU, {ejU :

S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Mm OÝ_ 22 {S>g|~a 1882 gmbr n§Om~_Yrb _wbVmZ `m Jmdr Pmbm. Ë`mMo

dS>rb EH$m N>moQ>çm ^mdbnya g§ñWmZmV {XdmU hmoVo. S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Mm OÝ_ Pmë`m~amo~a Ë`m§À`m

Hw$bmonmÜ`m`mZo gm§{JVbo H$s, ""hm _wbJm Vw_À`m _yimda Ambm Amho.'' ho EoH$ë`mZ§Va Ë`m _wbmbm Ë`mMo

Vm|S> XoIrb Z nmhmVm _wbVmZ Odirb EH$m _wgb_mZ Hw$Qw>§~mH$S>o ~miH¥$îU `m§Zm R>odÊ`mV Ambo.

bhmZnUrM Vo AmB© dS>rbm§À`m ào_mbm nmoaHo$ Pmbo. gw_mao VrZ df} Vo Ë`m _wgb_mZ Hw$Qw>§~mVM hmoVo. Z§Va

Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m AmOmoir H$Å>a jÌr`m§À`m KamV AmUÊ`mV Ambo. VoWo Ë`m§Zr XmoZ df} H$mT>br d Z§Va Ë`m§Zm

d`mÀ`m 6 ì`m dfu amdiqnS>rg Ë`m§À`m MwbË`mH$S>o R>odÊ`mV Ambo. VoWo Ë`m§Zm CXþ© emioV KmVbo. nU

EH$ dfm©Z§Va naV Ë`m§Zm _wbVmZ `m Jmdr AmUÊ`mV Ambo. Z§Va Ë`m§Mo _m_m Q>mobmam_ `m§Zr Ë`m§Zm

gŠH$amg Amnë`mH$S>o ~mobmdyZ KoVbo d VoWo emioV KmVbo VoWo Ë`m§Zm qgYr ^mfm {eH$Uo ^mJ nS>bo.

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Ë`m§Mo àmW{_H$ {ejU gbJ Ago Pmbo Zmhr. d`mÀ`m AmR>ì`m dfu Ë`m§Mo {ejU ~§X nS>bo d EH$m

nQ>doJmamÀ`m hmVmImbr {eH$md`mg amhmdo bmJbo. Ë`mM ~amo~a Ë`m Y§Úm~amo~a {heo~mMo {ejU ¿`mdo

bmJbo. nU `mbm Ë`m§À`m AmOmo~mZr {damoY Ho$bm. Ë`m§À`m OÝ_ n{ÌHo$dê$Z AmOmo~m§Zr hm _wbJm Amnbo

Zm§d H$mT>Uma ho nmhÿZ naV Ë`m§Zm gaH$mar emioV KmbÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mZ§Va {Vgè`m d Mm¡Ï`m B`Îmo_Ü o

Ë`m§Zr n{hbm Z§~a H$mT>bm. 5 ì`m B`Îmo_Ü o {ejH$m§Mo VÎdm§Mo d nÅ>çm_wio {ejU naV ~§X nS>bo. {ejU

~§X Pmë`m_wio Vo Hw$g§JVr_Ü o AS>H$bo. Ë`m§Mo ~§Yy bmbm JmodY©ZXmg ho EH$m emioMo _w»`mÜ`mnH$ hmoVo.

Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m ~§Yyg Hw$g§JVr_YyZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Amnë`m A_¥Vga {OëhçmVrb _OmoQ>m `m Jmdr Zobo VoWo

_wgb_mZ bmoH$ qenr H$m_ H$aV, EH$ qhXþ qenr V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m ^mdmg qenr ì`dgm`

{eH$Ê`mgmR>r EH$m _wgb_mZ qeß`mH$S>o R>odbo. S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Mo dS>rb {XdmU hmoVo. Vo Zoh_r {\$aVrda

Agë`m_wio _wbm§À`m Aä`mgmH$S>o Xþb©j Pmbo. Amnbm _wbJm qenrH$m_ {eH$Vmo ho Ë`m§Zm _wirM AmdS>bo

Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr ~miH¥$îU `m§Zm qenr Y§ÚmVyZ H$mTy>Z naV emioV KmVbo.

{ejUmMr g§Yr {_iVmM ~miH¥$îU `m§Zr Amnbr hþemar XmIdyZ hþema {dÚmWu åhUyZ Zmd {_idyZ

{eî`d¥Îmr d ~{jgo {_i{dbr. Z§Va _hmamï´>mVrb nm§Mì`m B`ÎmoÀ`m ~amo~arÀ`m n§Om~ {dœ{dÚmb`mÀ`m

"{_S>b ñHy$b BŠPm°{_ZoeZ' n[ajog ~gyZ AmR> hOma C_oXdmamV n{hbm H«$_m§H$ {_i{dbm. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm

XmoZ dfm©Mr {eî`d¥Îmr {_imbr.

emioV AgVmZm Am ©Hw$_mag^m, goë\$ B§àyìh_|Q> Šb~ BË`mXr g oMo Vo H$m_ H$arV AgV. Vo Omhra

ì`m»`mZmV ^mJ KoD$Z dº¥$Ëd JmOdrV. VgoM dmMZ, Aä`mg, g^m g§_obZo `mV \$ma doi Kmb{dV d

ì`m`m_mH$S>o Xþb©j H$arV. _°Q´>rH$À`m n[ajoV CËH¥$ï>nUo nmg hmoD$Z Xa_hm 12 én`mMr {eî`d¥Îmr Ë`m§Zr

{_i{dbr d CÀM {ejUmgmR>r bmhmoaÀ`m "X`mZ§X A°½bmo d¡{XH$ H$m°boOmV' Zmd KmVbo. ~r.E.À`m

n[ajogmR>r Ë`m§Zr B{Vhmg, AW©emó, agm`Zemó {df` {ZdS>bo. {df` {ZdS>VmZm XoemÀ`m AdZVrMr d

CÞVrMr H$maUo g_OmdyZ KoUo hm CÔoí` hmoVm. ~r.E. V AgVmZmM Ë`m§Zr {df`mÀ`m V`margmR>r V`ma

Ho$bobr {Q>nUo Ë`m§À`m {M{H$ËgH$ g§emoYH$ ~wÕrMr gmj nQ>{dVmV. nwñVH$m§Mo {bImZ H$aUæmMr V`mar

Ë`m§Zr ~r.E.V AgVmZmM Ho$br. ~r.E. Z§Va E_.E. gmR>r Ë`m§Zr bmhmoa Jìh_]Q> H$m°boOmV Zmd XmH$b

Ho$bo. oWohr Ë`m§Zr dŠV¥ËdmV Zmd H$_mdbo. E_.E. bm B{Vhmg d AW©emó {df` KoD$Z Vo w{Zìh{g©Q>rV

n{hbo Amho. Ë`m§Zr gaH$mar ZmoH$ar H$amd`mMr Zmhr Ago R>a{dbo. 1909 nmgyZ Am ©g_mOmÀ`m ñdm_r

lÕmZ§X `m§À`m H$m§JS>r oWrb JwéHw$bmg OmD$Z {_imbo. VoWoM Vo 1909 nmgyZ AW©emó d B{VhmgmMo

àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ H$m_ H$ê$ bmJbo. lr ñdm_r lÕmZ§VmÀ`m J¡ahOoarV S>m°. ~miH¥$îU AmMm © d _w»`

A{Yð>mVm Pmbo. JwéHw$bmV S>m°. ~miH¥$îU AgVmZm _hmË_m Jm§Yr, n§S>rV _mb{d`, bmbm bOnVam`,

a°ågo_°H$S>moZmëS> B. bmoH$m§Zr JwéHw$bmbm oQ>r {Xë`m. JwéHw$bmÀ`m 12 dfm©À`m AdYrV Am © g_mOmÀ`m

H$m`m©gmR>r AZoH$ {R>H$mUr {\$ê$Z eoH$S>mo ì`m»`mZo {Xbr. H$bH$Îmm w{Zìh{g©Q>rV d Abmhm~mXÀ`m

{¼íMZ H$m°boO_Ü o ì`m»`mZo {Xbr. 1916 gmbr bIZm¡ oWo âboë`m H$m±J«ogÀ`m doir Ë`m§Zm "A{Ib

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^maV Am ©Hw$_ma g oMo' AÜ`jñWmZ bm^bo. JwéHw$bmVrb H$m_ g§ miyZ Ë`m§Zr "AW©emó', "^maV df©

H$m g§{jßV B{Vhmg' ñdamÁ`, "^maV Ho$ gm¡. amOamOoœa', "Am ©g§Ü`m' BË`mXr qhXr ^mfoV d 'Industrial

Decline in India' hm B§J«Or ^mfoVrb J«§W Aer nwñVHo$ {b{hbr.

gZ 1919 gmbÀ`m _Ü`mda d`mÀ`m gXVrgmì`m dfu S>m°. ~miH¥$îU CÀM {ejUmgmR>r {dbm`Vog

Jobo. VoWo B§½b§S> _Ü o AgVmZm Ë`m§Zr b§S>Z, Am°Šg\$moS>©, H|$~«rO, {H$ìhanyH$, _±MoñQ>a ES>t~amo BË`mXr

{R>H$mUr Ym{_©H$ d Am{W©H$ {df`mda ì`m»`mZo {Xbr. Ë`m§Zr Amnbm nr.EM.S>r.gmR>rMm à~§Y "Commercial

Relations between India and England" b§S>Z {dÚmnrR>mbm gmXa H$ê$Z 1922 À`m \o$~«wdmar

_{hÝ`mV nr.EM.S>r. hr nXdr {_idyZ ^maVmV naV Ambo.

H$moëhmnyaÀ`m N>ÌnVr emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr H$moëhmnyamVrb amOmam_ H$m°boO Am ©g_mO g§ñWoH$S>o {Xbo hmVo.

6 _o 1922 bm N>ÌnVr emhÿ _hmamOm§Mo {ZYZ Pmbo hmoVo. Ë`mMdoir amOmam_ H$m°boOMo {àÝgrnm°b

ZonmiqgJ `m§Mr gZXr ZmoH$arV Zo_UyH$ Pmë`m_wio amOmam_ H$m°boOMr {àÝgrnm°bMr OmJm [aH$m_r Pmbr

hmoVr. Am © à{V{ZYr g oÀ`m {dZ§Vrdê$Z S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Zr H$moëhmnyaÀ`m amOmam_ H$m°boOÀ`m {àÝgrnm°b

nXmMr O~m~Xmar pñdH$mabr d Vo 15 _o 1922 bm H$moëhmnyamV XmIb Pmbo.

B S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Mo H$moëhmnyamVrb H$m © :

15 _o 1922 ho Ë`m§À`m AIoaÀ`m {Xdgmn ªV åhUOo 21 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1940 n ªV Vo gmVË`mZo 18

df} amOmam_ H$m°boOMo àmMm © hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZMo {XdmU ga aKwZmWamd g~{Zg `m§À`m _XVrZo

amOmam_ hm`ñHy$b d H$m°boO H$arVm Xa~maH$Sy>Z A{YH$ Am{Y©H$ _XV {_i{dbr d AënmdYrVM amOmam_

H$m°boO ho E_.E., E_².Eñgr n ªVMo {ejU XoUmao \$ñQ>J«oS> H$m°boO ~Z{dbo. H$moëhmnyaMo N>ÌnVr amOmam_

_hmamO, amdgmho~ bmS> {XdmU, XmXmgmho~ gwd} `m§Mr Ë`m§Zr doimodoir _XV KoVbr.

H$moëhmnyaMm gd© n[aga d N>ÌnVr emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr {d{dY g§ñWm d dgVrJ¥ho H$mTy>Z V`ma Ho$bobr

e¡j{UH$ nmœ© y_r `m§Mm S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Zr `mo½` dmna H$ê$Z KoVbm. H$moëhmnyamV w{Zìh{g©Q>r ({dÚmnrR>)

ìhmdo hr Ë`m§À`m _ZmVrb gyßV BÀN>m nyUm©dñWobm ZoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ Jmoï>r Ho$ë`m, àW_ amOmam_

H$m°boO \$ñQ>J«oS> H$m°boO ~Z{dbo. H$moëhmnyamV gZ 1934 _Ü o bm° H$m°boO d "lr _hmamUr Vmam~mB© {Q>Mg©

H$m°boO' gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`mMà_mUo amOmam_ H$m°boO _Ü o yJ ©emó I{ZO dñVwemó ho {df` {eH${dÊ`mMr

gmo Ho$br.

{edmOr w{Zìh{g©Q>rMo ñdßZ - S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Zm H$moëhmnyamV {edmOr w{Zìh{g©Q>r ìhmdr Ago

dmQ>V hmoVo. H$moëhmnyamV {ejUmMr PnmQ>çmZo dmT> hmoV Agë`mMo nmhÿZ bIZm¡, åh¡gya, A{bJS>, Cñ_m{Z`m

à_mUo H$moëhmnyamV {dÚmnrR> ìhmdo åhUyZ Vo Amnë`m `moOZm amOmam_ H$m°boOÀ`m dm{f©H$ {XZmàg§Jr qH$dm

H$moëhmnyamV oUmè`m {ejU Vkmg_moa gmVË`mZo _m§S>rV AgV.

H$moëhmnyaÀ`m nyd}g {XS> _¡bmda nwUm-~|Jbmoa amoS> Odi {XS>eo EH$a O{_Z amIyZ R>odmdr VoWo

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amOmam_ H$m°boOÀ`m AmQ>©g², gm`Ýg emIm, bm° H$m°boO, Q>rMg© H$m°boO, Amo~«m`Z Q>opŠZH$b ñHy$b, eoVH$s

emim, _oS>rH$b H$m°boO, hr H$m°boOrg gwê$ H$amdr d H$moëhmnyamV h¡S´>moBboŠQ´>rH$ ñH$s_ gwê$ hmoVmM

B§{O{ZAatJMm H$mog© gwê$ H$aVm oB©b.H$moëhmnya g§JrV, {MÌZmQ>ç, {MÌnQ> `m H$bmMo _mhoaKa Agë`m_wio

"A°H°$S>_r \$m°a \$mB©Z AmQ>©g²' gwê$ H$amdr. H$moëhmnyaMr »`mVr _ëb {dÚoV ~arM Agë`m_wio emóewÕ

emar[aH$ {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r emar[aH$ {ejU d _ëb{dÚm, VgoM bîH$ar {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r g§ñWm

CKS>mì`m. VgoM bîH$ar {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r g§ñWm CKS>mì`m. Ë`mbm bmJyZM gd© H$m°boOMr dgVrJ¥ho

EH$mM {R>H$mUr ~m§Ybr Jobr Va ~Zmag qhXÿ {dœ {dÚmb`mà_mUo {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m d§eOm§À`m

amOYmZrVM N>. {edmOr {dÚmnrR> ñWmnZ ìhmdo Ago S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Mo ñdßZ hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m _¥Ë yZ§Va

gw_mao drg dfm©Zr Vo gmH$ma Pmë`mMo {XgVo.

S>m°. ~miH¥$îU ho 1922 nmgyZ H$moëhmnya Am © g_mOmMo à_wI hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr Am © g_mOmMo àMma

H$m © H$aÊ`mgmR>r "Am © mZy' N>mnH$mZm H$moëhmnyamV H$mT>bm Am © g_mOmÀ`m E. ìhr. ñHy$b `m 5 dr n ªV

{ejU XoUmè`m emioMo énm§Va S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Zr lr. emhÿ X`mZ§X \«$s hm`ñHy$b _Ü o 1928-29 _Ü o

Ho$bo. gwê$dmVrnmgyZM Vo H$moëhmnya ~mbdra (ñH$mCQ>) g§ñWoMo AÜ`j hmoVo. gZ 1926 nmgyZ H$moëhmnya

å w{Z{gnmëQ>rZo Ka\$mim AmH$maUr A{YH$mar Zo_bo. gZ 1925 nmgyZ {hñQ´>m°[aH$b aoH$m°S>© H${_eZMo Vo

g^mgX hmoVo. 1935 _Ü o _wbVmZ _Ü o âboë`m _wbVmZ {dYdm {ddmh n[afXoMo Vo AÜ`j hmoVo.

_hmamï´>m~Ôb d qhXÿ Y_m©{df`r AË §V OmÁdë` A{^_mZ Ë`m§Zm hmoVm. _hmamï´>mVrb gd© _amR>m

g§ñWm{ZH$m~amo~a Ë`m§Mo ñZohg§~§Y hmoVo. lr. g`mOramd Jm`H$dmS> _hmamO Ë`m§Zm ~mobmdyZ KoD$Z N>.

{edmOr _hmamOm§{df`r MMm© H$arV 1933 À`m {eH$mJmo Y_© n[afXo_Ü o S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Zr ^mJ KoD$Z

^mfU Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zm {H«$S>m, {ZgJ© d àmUr `m {df`r {dbjU AmH$f©U hmoVo. Ë`mM à_mUo {MÌH$bo {df`r

{ZVm§V AmXa hmoVm ho gd© H$aV AgVmZm Ë`mZ§r {dnyb boIZ Ho$bo.

B S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Mo B{Vhmg boIZ :

S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Zr B{Vhmg {df`H$ nwñVHo$ {b{hbrM nU Vo {dÚmWu XeoV Agë`mnmgyZ Ë`m§Zr

{M{H$ËñH$ g§emoYZ nyd©H$ AZoH$ boI {b{hbo d doJdoJiçm _m{gH$mV qhXr d B§J«Or ^mfoV à{gÕ Pmbo.

Ë`mVrb H$mhr {Z~§YH$ nwT>rbà_mUo -

qhXr

1) Am } H$s d¡km{ZH$ CÞVr (nwpñVH$m) 1914

2) ^maV Ho$ amOamOoœa (nwpñVH$m) 1914

3) wÕmo H$m Anì`` 1915

4) gd©ZmeH$ wÕ H$mì`` 1916

~r.E. mJ-1/B{Vhmg ....13

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5) qhXþ Am|H$ma èhmg Am¡a CgHo$ {ZdmaU Ho$ Cnm` 1928

6) qhXþ _wpñb_ EH$Vm 1932

_amR>r-

1) amï´>r`Vm 1933

2) {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo {ejU 1933

3) am_M§Ðn§V A_mË`m§Mo M[aÌmda Zdm àH$me 1933

4) ór {ejU gwYmaUoMo {X½Xe©Z 1935

B§J«Or _Yrb H$mhr _hÎdmMr nwñVHo$.

1) On Indian Religion and Culture -

1) Philosophy of Yojan

2) Veda, the world of God,

3) Ancient Polity.

4) Hindu Philosophy on Evolution.

2) On Economics -

1) Commercial Relations between India and England.

2) The Industrial Decline in India.

3) Commercial Survey of Kolhapur.

3) On History -

1) Shivaji

2) Shivaji the Great - 4 Vols.

3) Shivaji Album

4) ^maVmMm B{Vhmg 3 I§S>mV.

S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Zr N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m M[aÌmMr nmœ© y_r åhUyZ ehmOr _hmamOm§Mo M[aÌ

d Ë`mZ§Va {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo M[aÌ {b{hbo Amho. >ehmOr N>ÌnVrMo M[aÌ {b{hVmZm S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Zr

AZoH$ nmaer \$_m©Zm§Mm dmna Ho$bm Amho. ehmOr amOm§Zm Oar ñdV§Ì amÁ`mMr BÀN>m ZìhVr Var

_wgb_mZm§À`m nXar ZmoH$ar H$aUo Ë`m§Zm _mÝ` ZìhVo. _wgb_mZ Xa~mamV ZmoH$ar H$ê$Zhr ehmOr N>ÌnVr

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ñdV:bm "_hmamOm{YamO' ho nXdr H$go bmdyZ KoV d Ë`m§Zr amÁ`m§VJ©V S>mo{_{Z`Z ñQ>oQ>g² H$go àmßV H$ê$Z

KoVbo ho S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Zr nwamì`m{Zer _m§S>bo Amho. Ë`mM à_mUo S>m°. J«±S> S>\$Zo Anwam B{Vhmg H$gm

{dfX Ho$bm ho Xe©{dbo Amho.

B S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Zr {b{hbobm N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm B{Vhmg :

AWH$ n[al_ H$ê$Z Xoer d naXoer gmYZm§Mmdmna H$ê$Z "{edOr X J«oQ>' hm MmaI§S>mVrb J§«W S>m°.

~miH¥$îU `m§Zr gmH$ma Ho$bm Amho. `m J«§Wm_Ü o ehmOr _hmamOm§À`m M[aÌmMmhr g_mdoe Ho$bm Amho. 1630

nmZmÀ`m `m J§«WmV gwadmVrbm ehmOr _hmamOm§Mo M[aÌ {Xbo Amho. Xwgè`m d Vrgè`m ^mJmV {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m

{OdZmVrb àg§J Va Mm¡Ï`m ^mJmV {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m amÁ`H$ma^mamMo _w»` ^mJ `m {df`r MMm© Ho$br Amho.

"{edmOr X J«oQ>' `m J§«WmgmR>r S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Zr Aìdb à{VMr naXoer gmYZo dmnabr AmhoV. åhUyZ

S>m°. Aßnmgmho~ ndma åhUVmV. "{edmOr X J«oQ>' hm S>m°. ~miH¥$îUm§Mm J«§W åhUOo g§emoYH$m§Mm gmYZ J«§W hmo .

{edemhr da àH$mae Q>mH$Umao {H$VrVar Z{dZ H$mJXnÌ S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Zr dmnabo AgyZ Vo _y»`Ëdo na{H$`

^mfoVrb AmhoV. S>m°. Amßnmgmho~ ndma `m J§«Wmbm "{edemhrMr na^mfoVrb gmYZo' hoM Zmd emoimÊ`mgmaIo

Amho Ago åhUVmV.

Oar S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Zr na{H$` gmYZo `m J§«Wm§gmR>r dmnabr Agbr Var Amnë`m XoemVrb gmYZmH$S>o

Ë`m§Zr Xwb©j Ho$bobo Zmhr. nwñVH$mÀ`m n{hë`m I§S>mV ^mogbo Hw$bd¥Vm§VmV {Xbm Amho d Vo j{Ì`Hw$bmoËnÞ

H$go AmhoV ho ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmZoH$ Añgb gmYZm§Mo nwamdo {Xbo AmhoV. Ë`mV S>M njm§Mmhr g_mdoe

Amho. ehmOr N>ÌnVrMr H¡$X, ~mOr KmaonS>o `m§Mr XJm~mOr d N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Mr OÝ_{VWr `m

{df`r Mr MMm© `m ^mJmV àm_w»`mZo Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo ga OXyZmW gaH$ma d BVa B{VH$mgH$mam§Zr

{edmOtZm {Zaja R>a{dbo nU AZoH$ naH$s` gmYZm§_Ü o {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m gmjaVo {df`r Mo XIbo

XoD$Z Ë`m§Mr gmjaVm S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Zr {gÕ Ho$br.

Xwgè`m ^mJmV N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo ñdamÁ` ñWmnZoMo à`ËZ, OmdirMo _moao d A\$ObImZ,

{edmOr _hmamO g§Kf© d A\$ObImZmMm dY, e{hñVoImZmdaMm N>mnm, gwaVoMr byQ> hr _y»` àH$aUo AgyZ.

A\$PbImZ NÌnVr {edmOr g§Kfm©V A\$PbImZmMm oQ>rÀ`m doiMm ÑîQ> hoVy d Ë`mZo àW_ {edmOtZm R>ma

_maÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$gm Ho$bm ho ~miH¥$îUm§Zr ñnîQ> H$ê$Z ga OXyZmW gaH$ma `m§Mo A\$PbImZmÀ`m

g_W©ZmMo ñnîQ>rH$aU g_à_mU Ë`m§Zr ImoSy>Z H$mT>bo Amho. gwaVoMr byQ>, nya§XaMm Vh, AJ«m oQ>, {edmOr

B§J«O g§~§Y `m{df`r MMm© Xwgè`m ^mJmV Amho. Va {edmOrMm amÁ`m{^foH$ d {edmOrMr H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_,

{edmOr d {g{Ô `m {df`rMo {ddoMZ {Vgè`m ^mJmV Amho.

{edmOr X Jo«Q> Mm Mm¡Wm ^mJ hm {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m gd© Abm¡{H$H$ JwUm§{df`r Amho. NÌnVr

{edmOr _hmamO Y¡`©erb, {dOèmbr, H$V©¥ËddmZ, namH«$_r H$go hmoVo ho VgoM Ë`m§Zr gd© H$m§hr

Amnë`màOogmR>rM Ho$bo ho S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Zr {d{dY _wÔo KoD$Z ñnîQ>rH$aU Ho$bo Amho. {edmOr bwQ>mê$

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hmoVo H$m`? {edmOtMr amÁ`ì`dñWm _ybH$s d MbZ ì`dñWm, Ý`m`XmZ nÕV Y_© mdZm d gmYyg§VmMr

H$m_{Jar `mMr MMm© `m ^mJm_Ü o gImob H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Zr na{H$`m§Zr {edOr

_hmam§Á`m~Ôb {b{hbobr H$m§hrnÌo CÕ¥V Ho$br AgyZ Ë`mV Vo N>ÌnVr {edmOtMr VwbZm grPa, AboH$Pm§S>a

X J«oQ> `m§À`mer H$er H$aVmV ho XmIdyZ {Xbo Amho.

S>m°. ~miH¥$îU EH$ Am`© g_mOr, g§emoYH$, B{Vhmg boIH$, qhXyY_© g§ñH¥${VMo A{^_mZr d

_hmamîQ´>mV Am ©g_mOmMr ârd H$m_{Jar H$aUmam Wmoa nwê$f hm {d{dY ê$nmZo Ë`m§Mo H$m © AdbmoH$ë`mZ§Va

AmnUmg AZw dmg oVo.

4.2.3 ga OXyZmW gaH$ma :

~§Jmb _Yrb amOemhr {OëhçmVrb am_nya JmdÀ`m EH$m gwg§ñH¥$V H$m ©ñW O{_ZXmaÀ`m Kar ga

OXyZmW `m§Mm OÝ_ 10 {S>g§o~a 1870 _Ü o Pmbm Ë`m§Mo d{S>b amOHy$_ma Va AmB© h[agw§Xar `m ZmdmZo

AmoiIbr OmV hmoVr. gaOXyZmW `m§Zm 3 ~{hZr d 6 ^mD$ hmoVo. Ë`m§Mo àmW{_H$ {ejU Ë`mM IoS>oJmdmV

Pmbo. nwT>rb {ejUmgmR>r Vo H$bH$Ë`mbm Jobo na§Vy VoWyZ Vo naV amOemhrg Ambo d VoWyZM Ë`m§Zr

EÝQ´>ÝgMr n[ajm {Xbr d Vo nmg Pmbo d amOemhrV amhÿZM H$m°boOMr XmoZ df} nyU© Ho$br. Z§VaMo

H$bH$ËVm oWrb ào{gS>opÝg H$m°boO_Ü o XmIb Pmbo. gZ 1881 _Ü o gaOXyZmW B§J«Or d B{Vhmg {df`

KoD$Z ~r.E. n[ajm nmg Pmbo. ~r.E.bm Mm§Jbo JyU {_imë`m_yi Ë`m§Zm _{hZm 50 ê$. Mr {eî`d¥ËVr

{_imbr E_.E. B§J«Or {df` KoD$Z Vo A{YH$ JwU {_idyZ nmg Pmbo. Ë`m§Zm ào_M§X am° M§X ñH$m°ba{en

{_imbr hmoVr. Vr ñH$m°ba{en \$ma _hËdmMr hmoVr d Vr {_i{dUmao {dÚmWu {dÛmZ g_Obo OmV. `m

{dÛmZmV gaOXyZmW §mMm g_mdoe hmoD$ bmJbm. E_. E. Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Mr B§J«OrMo àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ

Zo_UyH$ Pmbr. gw_mao Voam df} Ë`m§Zr H$mobH$ËVm, nQ>Zm, ~Zmag, H$Q>H$ BË`mXr {R>H$mUr B§J«Or d B{VhmgmMo

àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$bo. àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ Zmd H$_mdë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zr H$bH$ËVm {dÚm{nR>mMo Hw$bJyê$

åhUyZhr H$m © Ho$bo.

^maVmVrb EH$ AJ«JÊ` B{VhmgH$ma åhUyZ ga OXyZmW gaH$ma `m§Mo Zmd KoVbo OmVo. B{Vhmg boIZ

emñÌmV Mm¡\o$a d {d{dY A§JmZr boIZ Ho$bo. MarÌ, yJmobñWbdU©Z H$bm, {Z~§Y, ñWmnËèmñÌ Y_©,

amOH$maU, g§»`memñÌ nhmUr Am{U bîH$aremñÌ BË`mXr {df`r Ë`m§Zr boIZ Ho$bo. Á`m {df`mV Ë`m§Zr hmV

KmVbm Ë`mMm gImob Aä`mg Ë`m§Zr Ho$bm. Ë`m§Zr Ë`mgmR>r a±Ho$MrM nÕV AZwgabr. gm_mÝ` B{Vhmg gmYZmH$Co

bj Z XoVm Ë`m§Zr B{Vhmg boIZmgmR>r _yb yV XñV EodO, nÌo, X¡Z§{XZr d BVa gmYZo {H$ Á`mÛmao gË` àH$Q> hmoB©b

Aem gmYZm§Mm dmna Ho$bm. AË §V {Zanoj ÑîQ>rH$moZ ~miJyZ Ë`m§Zr boIZ Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr nÞmg EH$ XO}Xma B{Vhmg

J«§WmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br.

ga OXÿZmW gaH$ma `m§À`m B{Vhmg boIZemñÌmMr e¡br _w»`Ëdo VrZ KQ>H$m§Zr g_¥Õ Ho$br Amho

n{hbr JmoîQ> åhUOo Vo EH$m à{gÕ d gwg§ñH¥$V KamV OÝ_bo Ë`m§Mo dS>rb amOHw$_ma `m§Mo g_¥Õ J«§Wmb`

hmoVo. {H$ Á`m J§«Wmb`mV dmS>_`, VËdkmZ, H$bm, Y_©, B{Vhmg, {dkmZ `m {df`r {dnyb J§«W Ë`m§Zm

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CnbãY Pmbo. AJXr H$modiçm d`mV {dnyb J§«W dmMZm_yio Ë`m§Zm EH$ ~m¡{ÕH$ {eñV bmJbr d

ÑîQ>rH$moZ {demb ~Zbm. dS>rb amOHw$_ma `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m _ZmV B{Vhmgm~Ôb ào_ {Z_m©U Ho$bo. gaH$mam§À`m

B{Vhmg boIZmbm àoaUm XoUmar Xwgar _hËdmMr JmoîQ> åhUOo wamo{n`Z B{VhmgH$mam§Mm Ë`m§À`mda nS>bobm

à^md Ë`m_Üò ŠH°$aoO°Z Claredon h§Q, H$mbm©Bb, \«$mB©b, a±Ho$, _oH$m°bo, {J~Z `mgd© B{VhmgH$mam§À`m

boIZmMm Aä`mg ga OXyZmW gaH$mam§Zm Amnbr B{Vhmg boIZ H$bm g_¥Õ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$ê$Z KoVm

Ambm. EH$mo{Zgmì`m eVH$mV OJm_Ü o kmZmÀ`m joÌmV Pmboë`m àM§S> àJVr_yio 19 ì`m `m H$ënZm_`

eVH$mMo g§H«$_U ho KQ>rVmÀ`m qH$dm KQ>H$mÀ`m OJmV hmoV hmoVo. `m kmZ g§H«$_U H$mimVM, ga OXwZmW

`m§Mr {Q>H$mË_H$, {M{H$ËgH$ n[ajU, {díbofU d KQ>H$mda ñdV§Ì ^mî` H$ê$Z Z{dZ AW© à{VnmXZ

H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm V`ma Pmbr. Ë`m§Zm hr Z{dZ Eo{VhmgrH$ KQ>Zm§Mo {díbofU H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm bm^br.

Ë`m_yio ga OXyZmW `m§Zr Á`m JmoîQ>r{df`r {bhrbo Ë`m {df`r Z{dZ AW© à{VnmXZ Ho$bm. g§nyU©

B{VhmgmÀ`m ñdê$nmMo pñWË`m§Va Y_©emñÌ Vo AÜ`mË_emñÌ, VËdkmZ Vo {dkmZ `mÀ`m Aä`mgZo ga

OXyZmW gaH$ma à^m{dV Pmbo. Iam {ZgJ©, g¥îQ>r, AmË_m, M¡Ë`Ý` hoM Iao B{VhmgmMo gma d AmË_m Aer

Ë`m§Mr YmaUm Pmbr.

ga OXÿZmW gaH$ma `m§Zm CnOVM g§doXZ{eb _ZmMr XoUJr bm^ë`m_yi EImXçm JmoîQ>rMo Jw§VmJw§VrMo

Eo{VhmgrH$ ñdê$n Ë`m§Zm nQ>H$Z g_OV hmoVo. H$s Oo CnOV BÀN>m, àoaUm, J«hU j_Vm Ë`mMà_mUo H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mMr

_Zmod¥ËVr `m gd© JmoîQ>r _yio ga OXyZmW EImÚm JmoîQ>rMm AMyH$ AW© bm{dV AgV.

`wamo{n`Z B{VhmgH$mam§À`m Aä`mgmVyZ gaOXyZmW gaH$ma AZoH$ JmoîQ>r {eH$bo Ë`m§Mm B{Vhmg

{df`H$ÑîQ>rH$moZ {demb ~Zbm. _oH$m°bo H$Sy>Z H$moUVrhr KQ>Zm n[aUm_ H$maH$ H$er _m§S>mdr `mMr H$bm Ë`m§Zr

AmË_gmV Ho$br Va H$mbm©Bb H$Sy>Z M[aÌmMo B{VhmgmV ê$nm§VaU H$aÊ`mMo H$m¡eë`, Zoã yAaH$Sy>Z X§VH$Wm_YyZ

B{Vhmg emoYÊ`mMr H$bm, H$m°åQ>oH$Sy>Z B{VhmgmMr emaXr` d {ddoH$mZo _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mMr H$bm Ë`m§Zr AdJV

H$ê$Z KoVbr.

gaOXÿZmW gaH$ma åhUOo OUyH$m` " wamo{n`Z {dÛmZ B{VhmgH$mamMr ^maVr` Amd¥ËVrM' Ago Ë`mMo

dU©Z dmMmd`mg {_iVo. H$maU wamo{n`Z B{VhmgH$mam§Mr {eñV, JwU Ë`m§À`m_Ü o EH$dQ>bobr {XgVmV.

{Vgar _hËdmMr JmoîQ> Or OXyZmW gaH$ma `m§À`m bjmV Ambr Vr åhUOo B{VhmgboIZ joÌmVrb ^maVmMr

AË §V X`{Z` AmdñWm, wamo{n`Z B{VhmgH$mam§À`m Aä`mgmVyZ B{Vhmg åhUOo H$m` ho Mm§Jë`m àH$mao

{eH$bo. nU ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZmÀ`m _mJmgbonUm_yio Vo AñdñW Pmbo. wamo{n`Z B{VhmgboIZmMm

àJVnUm d ^maVr` B{Vhmg boIZmMm _mJmgbonUm `m XmoZ JmoîQ>tMm n[aUm_ åhUOo `m XmohmoVrb nmoH$ir

Vr ^ê$Z H$mT>yZ ^maVr` B{Vhmg boIZ emñÌmbm EH$m Cƒ nmVirda ZoD$Z R>odÊ`mMm Ë`m§Zr à`ËZ Ho$bm

d gbJ gmR> df} EH$mH$snUo Vo {d{dY {df`mda boIZ H$arV am{hbo H$moUVmhr {df` Ë`m§À`m boIZmVyZ

gyQ>bm Zmhr.

Ë`m§À`m {XK© CÚmoJmMo \$i àm_w»`mZo VrZ joÌm_Ü o {XgyZ oVo n[hbo joÌ åhUOo _wKb gm_«mÁ`mMm

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Aä`mg Xygao joÌ _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg d Ë`m§Mo ñdV…MoM B{Vhmg boIZ H$m¡eë` d Ë`mV JTy>U OmUo.

gaOXwZmW gaH$ma `m§Mo Zmd Ë`m§À`m Am¡a§JOo~ (Later-Mughals) `m Ë`m§À`m J«§Wm_wio ^maV d wamon

I§S>mVhr ngabo. ga OXþZmW `m§Zr Am¡a§JOo~Mr Jw§VmJw§VrMr ì`pŠVaoIm ñnîQ>nUo g_mOmg_moa _m§S>br

Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Am¡a§JOo~Mm g_H$mbrZ Im\$sImZ, Am¡a§JO~Mr hOmamo nÌo, Ë`mMm BVam§er nÌì`dhma,

hþHy$_Zm_o, gZXm, X¡Z§{XZr, _hgybmVrb Zm|Xr d BVa AZoH$ H$mJXnÌm§Mm Aä`mg H$moUVmhr nyd© J«h_ _ZmV

Z R>odVm Ho$bm. {h gd© gmYZo Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r nyamboImJma, {~«Q>re å wPr`_, B§{S>`m Am°{\$g `m§Mm

Ë`m§Zr nwaonya Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVbmMnU ImOJr nÌì`dhma CnbãY H$ê$Z nmhÊ`mV Vo èñdr Pmbo. ho gd©

Pmbo nU ^mfoMr _y»` AS>MU hmoVr H$maU _wKb Xa~mamVrb gd© ì`dhma nm{e© Z ^mfoV hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr

nm{e© Z ^mfm AdJV H$ê$Z KoD$Z gZ 1901 gmbr Ë`m§Mo India of Aurangjeb "Am¡a§JOo~H$mbrZ ^maV'

hm à{gÕ J«§W gmH$mabm. Ë`mZ§Va Am¡a§JOo~Mm B{Vhmg hm nm§MI§S>mVrb J«§W 1912-24 `m H$mbI§S>mV

{bhrbr Ë`mZ§Va hm later Mughals hm J«§W XmoZ I§S>Vm gZ 1922 gmbr àH$m{eV Pmbm `mM doir

1922 _Ü o "^maVmV dm{Xaehm' hm J«§Whr àH$m{eV Ho$bm d Z§Va 1932 Vo 1950 À`m H$mbmdYrV

"_wKb gm_«mÁ`mMm AñV' hm J«§W Mma I§S>mV àH$m{eV Ho$bm. `mM J§«WmMr VybZm {J~ZÀ`m "amo_Z

gm_«mÁ`mMm AñV' `m J§«Wm~amo~a Ho$br OmVo.

Am¡a§JOo~Mm Aä`mg H$arV AgVmZmM gaH$mam§Zr _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmghr Aä`mgbm d N>ÌnVr

{edmOr _hmamOm§Mmhr B{Vhmg Ë`m§Zr {b{hbm.

B ga OXyZmW gaH$ma `m§Mo _hËdmMo J§«W :

1) History of Aurangjeb (5 Vols)

Am¡a§JOo~Mm B{Vhmg 5 I§S>.

Owb¡ 1912 I§S> 1 ehmOhmZMo M[aÌ, Am¡a§JOo~Mo ~mbnU, X{jUoMr gw oXmar.

Owb¡ 1912 I§S> 2 Am¡a§JOo~Mo ~mXehmnX {_i{dÊ`mgmR>rMo n« ËZ ^m§dm~amo~a wÕ, Xma, gwOm

`m§Mm A§V.

Owb¡ 1916 I§S> 3 Am¡a§JOo~Mr amÁ` ì`dñWm àemgZ.

Owb¡ 1919 I§S> 4 Am¡a§JOo~Mr X{jUñdmar _amR>çm§ímr g§Kf© {edmOrMo H$V©¥Ëd, g§ mOrMr H«y$a

hË`m.

{S>g|~a 1924 I§S> 5 Am¡a§JOo~À`m YmoaUmMo CËVa ^maVmdarb n[aUm_ Am¡a§JOo~Mr AIoa.

Am¡a§JOo~À`m X{jUoH$S>rb ñdmar{df`r gaOXyZmWm§Zr {b{hbo Amho H$s, Am¡a§JOo~Mm X{jUoVrb

gm_«mÁ` {dñVma _moJb gËVoÀ`m èhmgmg H$maUr yV Pmbm Amnë`m Am wî`mÀ`m AIoar n ªV Am¡a§JOo~

X{jU ^maVmVrb g_ñ`m gmoS>dy eH$bm Zmhr.

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2) Am¡a§JOo~Mm WmoS>Š`mV B{Vhmg (Short History of Aurangzeb) :

Am¡a§JOo~da nm§M I§S>mV B{Vhmg {bhrbm Ë`mdê$ZM ga OXyZmW `m§Zr `m J«§Wm_Ü o WmoS>Š`mV

Am¡a§JOo~Mm B{Vhmg {Xbm Amho.

3) Later Mughals :

gZ 1863 Vo 89 `m H$mimV {dë`_ Am`{d©Z (I.C.S) hm gZXr A{YH$mar hmoVm Ë`mbm 1707

Vo 1739 À`m H$mbI§S>mVrb åhUOo Am¡a§JOo~À`m _¥Ë wZ§VaMm B{Vhmg {bhmd`mMm hmoVm Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mZo

Iyn \$magr hñV{b{IVo d H$mJXnÌo Jmoim Ho$br hmoVr nU Ë`m§Mm AMmZH$ _¥Ë y Pmbm d Ë`m§Mo

B{VhmgboIZmMo H$m_ Anyao am{hbo. Am`{d©Z `m§À`m _ybrZo {h gd© H$mJXnÌo ga OXyZmW gaH$ma `m§À`mH$S>o

{Xbr d Later Mughals `m J§«WmMo Am`{d©Z `m§Mo H$m_nwU© H$aÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr Ho$br Vr gaOXyZmW

gaH$ma`mZr _mÝ` H$ê$Z Later Mughals hm J§«W A{YH$ H$m§hr àH$aUo {bhÿZ àH$m{eV Ho$bm `m

H$m`m©_wio gaOXyZmW gaH$ma `m§Mr {H$Vu ^maVm ~mhoahr ngabr.

4) _wJb gm_«mÁ`mMm AñV Fall of the Mughal Empire :

gZ 1932 Vo 1980 À`m H$mbI§S>mV _wJb gm_«mOmÀ`m AñV hm J§«W Mma I§S>mV àH$m{eV Ho$bm.

_yKb gm_«mÁ`mMm èhmg H$moUË`m JmoîQ>r_yio Pmbm `m {df`rMr g{dñVa MMm© `m J§«WmV Ho$br Amho. `m

J«§WmMr VwbZm {J~Z `m§À`m Decline and Fall of Roman Empire (amo_Z gm_«mÁ`mMm CX` Am{U

AñV) `m J§«Wmer Ho$br OmVo. gaH$ma `m§Zr _wKb gm_«mÁ`mMm Agm hm AË §V dñVw{ZîR> nÕVrZo {b{hbobm

J«§W Amho.

5) Shivaji and His Times :::::

ga OXyZmW gaH$ma `m§Mm {edmOr _hmamOm§darb hm J«§W gZ 1919 _Ü o àH$m{eV Ho$bm Am¡a§JOo~Mm

B{Vhmg Aä`mgyZ J«§W {bhrV AgVmZmM {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m {df`r Ë`mZr _m{hVr Jmoim Ho$br.

Shivaji and His Times `m J«§WmV EHy$U gmoim àH$aUo AgyZ {edMÌmVrb JmoîQ>rMm g§JVdma d

gmYma B{Vhmg `m J«§WmV {Xbm Amho. _amR>o bmoH$ d Ë`m§Mr ^y_r, {edmOtMo ~mbnU, _yKb d

A{Xbemhrer g§Kf©, {edmOr d O`qgJ, {edmOrMr AJ«m oQ>, amÁ`m{^foH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_, Ym{_©H$

YmoaU, àemgZ ì`dñWm, na{H$` gËVoer g§~§Y {h H$mhr _hËdmMr àH$aUo J«§WmV AmhoV. `m J§«WmÀ`m

EHy$U 6 Ad¥Ë`m {ZKmë`m. `m J§«WmV ga OXyZmW `m§Zr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zm A\$PbImZmÀ`m dY {df`r

Xmofr R>a{dbo Amho.

6) House of Shivaji :::::

`m J«§Wm_Üo gaOXwZmW gaH$ma `m§Zr {edmOr Am¡a§JOo~ oQ>, ehmOr _hmamOm§Mo M[aÌ, {edmOrMm

^mD$ g§ mOr `mMr H$m_{Jar, Am¡a§JOo~Mm ~§S>Imoa nwÌ AH$~a `m§À`m {df`r _m{hVr {Xbr Amho.

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7) Anecdote of Aurangzeb (Am¡a§JOo~À`mH$Wm) :

hm n{e© Z ^mfo{Vb J§«W gaOXyZmW `m§Zr ^mfm§V[aV Ho$bm Amho. Am¡a§JOo~Mr emgH$s` YmoaUo, {eI

d qhXy `m§Zm {Xbobr dmJUwH$ AIoaMo _¥Ë ynÌ dmQ>Ur, `m {df`r _m{hVr `m J«§WmV Amho.

8) Mahadji Shindhia as Regent of Delhi :

_hmXOr qeXo `m§Mo ì`pŠV_Ëd d H$m © `m J§«WmV {Xbo Amho.

9) India Throgh the Ages :

gaOXwZmW gaH$ma`m§Zr _Ðmg {dÚm{nR>mV {Xboë`m ì`m»`mZm§Mm g§J«h `m nwñVH$mV Amho Ë`mVrb

Am`mªMo _hËd, ~m¡Õ Y_m©Mo H$m ©, _wgb_mZ amOdQ>rMo ^maVmV Pmbobo n[aUm_ B§J«Om§nmgyZ ^ma{V`m§Zm

Pmbobo \$m`Xo d Pmbobo à~moYZ BË`mXr {df` _m§S>bo AmhoV.

10) ^maVmMm bîH$ar B{Vhmg :

gaOXyZmW gaH$ma `m§À`m _¥Ë yZ§Va 1960 gmbr `m J«§WmMo àH$meZ Pmbo Amho.

da CëboI Ho$boë`m `m J§«Wm {edm`

1) Economices of British India

2) Chaitnya : His Pilgrimages and Teachings

3) Mughal Administration

4) Bihar and Orissa During the Fall of Mughal Empire

5) Studies in Mughal India

6) Poona Matters From Delhi

7) History of Bengal

8) Nawab's of bengal

9) Persion Records of Maratha History

ho gd© J«§W CëboIZr` AmhoV.

ga OXyZmW gaH$ma `m§Zr Amnë`m P.H.D. nXdrgmR>r "India of Aurangzeb : Its to pography,

statistics and Road" hm à~§Y {bhÿZ gmXa Ho$bm hmoVm. `m_Ü o _yKb H$mbrZ ^maVmMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$

_m{hVr {_iVo. ñWb dU©U añVo d g§»`memñÌ `m JmoîQ>rZm§ gaOXyZmW `m§Zr _hËd Xobo Amho.

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B ga OXÿZmW gaH$mam§À`m B{Vhmg boIZmMr d¡{eîR>ço …

1) ga OXyZmW gaH$ma `m§Zr OmV, Y_©, d§e, n§W Agm H$moUVmhr nyd© J«h Z R>odVm B{Vhmg boIZ

Ho$bo.

2) XO}Xma d ^maXñV Aem B§J«Or ^mfoV Ë`m§Zr J«§W bIoU Ho$bo.

3) AË §V emñÌewÕ X¥îQ>rH$moZmVyZ Ë`m§Zr B{Vhmg boIZ Ho$bo.

4) Ë`mZr B{Vhmg boIZmgmR>r _w»`Ëdo _yi H$mJXnÌo, amoO{Zem, Xa~mamVrb ~mV_r nÌo, \$_m©Z,

Añ` BË`mXr Añgb gmYZm§Mm dmna Ho$bm.

5) gmYZm§Mo ~{hJ©V d A§VJ©V n[ajU H$ê$ZM gmYZm§Mm dmna Ho$bm.

6) OoWo E¡{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm KS>ë`m VoWo Vo àË`j Jobo d Vr ñWio nm{hbr d OemÀ`m Vem KQ>Zm

{bhrë`m.

7) ga OXyZmW gaH$ma `m§Zr dñVw{ZîR> nÕVrZo B{Vhmg {b{hbm ^mdZm{ddeVm d AdmñVd dU©Z

Ë`m§À`m boIZmV AmT>iV Zmhr.

A.L.Shrivastava Ë`m§Mo _yë`_mnU H$aVmZm "Father of new school of Medical

historiography" `m eãXmV CëboI Ho$bm Amho. _wKb d _amR>m H$mbI§S>mMo B{VhmgH$ma åhUyZ Vo

^maVmV d ^maVm~mhoa _mÝ`Vm nmdbo hmoVo.

B ga OXyZmW gaH$ma `m§Zm {_imbobo _mZgÝ_mZ :

ga OXyZmW gaH$ma ho ^maVmV d ^maVm§~mhoa _mÝ`Vm nmdbobo OoîR> B{VhmgH$ma hmoVo. Xoer

{dXoí`mVrb AZoH$ g§ñWm§Zr Ë`m§Zm gÝ_mZ ~hmb Ho$bm.

1) _w§~B©À`m Royal Aslatic Society Zo Ë`m§Zm 1926 _Ü o H°$ån~ob gwdU©nXH$ ~hmb Ho$bo.

2) gZ 1923 _Ü o am° b E{e`mQ>H$ gmogm`Q>r b§S>Z, `mg§ñWoZo gÝ_mZZr` gXñ` H$ê$Z KoVbo.

3) 1935 _Ü o am° b {hñQ>m°[aH$b gmogmg`Q>r b§S>Z, `m g§ñWoZo Ë`mZm g^mgXËd ~hmb Ho$bo.

4) A_o[aH$Z {hñQ>m[aH$b Agmo{eEeZ Zo Ë`m§Zm A{OdgXñ` H$ê$Z KoVbo.

5) gZ 1929 gmbr [~«Q>re gaH$maZo Ë`m§Zm "ga' hm {H$Vm~ {Xbm.

6) H$bH$ËVm d nmQ>Um {dÚmnrR>mZo Ë`m§Zm "S>m°ŠQ>a Am°\$ boQ>g© ' hr nXdr {Xbr.

7) ~§Jmb am° b E{e`m{Q>H$ g§ñWoMo Vo gÝ_mZZr` gXñ` hmoVo.

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4.2.4 ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ d CËVao :

4.4.1 Imbrb àíZmMr EH$m dmŠ`mV CËVao {bhm.

1) {~«Q>re gaH$maZo OXyZmW gaH$ma `m§Zm "ga' hm {H$Vm~ H$moUË`m gmbr {Xbm?

2) "_amR>r gËVoMm CX` åhUOo ghçmÐr nd©Vm _Ü o AMmZH$ bmJboë`m dÊmì`màm_Uo hm {gÕm§V

H$moUË`m B{VhmgH$mamZo _m§S>bm?

3) gZ 1818 _Ü o noedmB© Imbgm Pmë`mZ§Va _w§~B©àm§VmMm Jìh©Za åhUyZ H$moUmMr Zo_UyH$

Pmbr?

4) amB©O Am°\$ {X _amR>m nmda (Rise of the Maratha Power) hm J§«W H$moUr {bhrbm?

5) S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Zr H$moUË`m g_mOmMr Am wî`â EH${ZîR>çoZo godm Ho$br?

6) ga OXyZmW gaH$ma `m§À`m H$moUË`m J§«Wm§Mr VwbZm {J~VÀ`m amo_Z g_«mÁ`mMm CX` d AñV

`m J§«WmVmer Ho$br OmVo.

7) _hmamîQ´>mV _amR>m B{Vhmg boIZ emñÌmMr _whÿV© _|T> H$moUË`m _amR>r B{VhmgH$mamZo amodbr?

8) S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Zr H$moUVm _hËdmMm B{VhmgJ«§W Mma I§S>mV {bhrbm?

9) ga OXyZmW gaH$ma `m§Zr {edmOr A\$ObImZ g§Kfm©V H$moUmbm Xmof {Xbm Amho?

10) S>m°. ~miH¥$îU H$moUË`m H$m°boOMo 18 df© àmMm © hmoVo?

4.4.2 CËVao :

1) gZ 1929

2) Ooåg J«±Q> S>\$

3) _mD§$Q> ñQy>AQ>ª EpÝ\$ÝñQ>Z

4) Ý`m. _mÜ`d JmoqdX amZS>o

5) Am`©g_mOmMr

6) _wKb gm_«mÁ`mMm AñV.

7) Ý`m._mYd JmoqdX amZS>o

8) {edmOr X J«oQ>

9) N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zm

10) H$moëhmnya oWrb amOmam_ H$m°boOMo

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4.5 gmam§e :

_amR>çm§À`m B{Vhmg boIZmMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm _amR>çm§Mm gwg§JV B{Vhmg ^maVr`m§Zr {bhrË`mMo

{XgyZ o Zmhr nU _yKb gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m AñVmZ§Va d {hÝXwñWmZmV gd©Ì {~«Q>re gËVm àñWm{nV hmoÊ`mnydr©

CËVa ^maV d X{jUoVhr _amR>o à~i hmoVo. {~«Q>rem§Zm Amnbr gËVm àñVm{nV H$aVmZm _amR>çm§~amo~a AZoH$

bT>m`m H$amì`m bmJë`m.

OmUH$ma d B{Vhmgào_r H$m§hr {~«Q>re A{YH$mè`m§Zm _amR>r gËVo ~Ôb A{YH$ CËgwH$Vm bmJbr d

Ë`m {Okmgo nmoQ>r Ë`m§Zr _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg {b{hbm. Ë`m B{VhmgmV nwd©J«h hmoVoM VgoM H$m§hr MyH$mhr

hmoË`m nU Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ gmYZO_dyZ B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm ho H$_r _hËËdmMo Zmhr. OoÝ_ J«±Q>

S>\$ Zo {bhrbobm _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg 1826 _Ü o à{gÕ Pmbm nU Ë`mMr XIb KoD$Z n[ajU

H$aÊ`mgmRr 1867 gmb COmS>mdo bmJVo {ZiH§$R> OZmX©Z {H$V©Zo `m§Zr {~«Q>re B{Vhmg H$mamZo _amR>çm{df`r

Ho$boë`m MwH$m XmIdyZ {Xë`m.

19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarbm AZoH$ _hmamîQ´>m` _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmH$S>o dibo d {d{dY A§Jm§Zr

B{VhmgmMm Aä`mg hmoD$ bmJbm.

Ý`m`_wVr© _mYd Jm§oqdX amZS>o ho H$m°boO_Ü o AÜ``Z H$aV AgVmZmM Ë`m§Zm B{Vhmg {df` AÜ`mnZ

H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ nËH$amdo bmJbo Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ J«§WmMo dmMZ Ho$bo d AÜ`mnZ Ho$bo Vo g_mOgwYmaH$

Agë`m_wio AZoH$ {R>H$mUr ì`m»`mZo {Xbr Ë`mgmR>r Vo {Q>nÊmo H$mT>V AgV _amR>çm§À`m {df`r Ë`m§Zr

gImob Aä`mg H$ê$Z Rise of Maratha Power hm J§«W S>\$ Mm _amR>çm§À`m CX`m {df`mMm dUì`mMm

{gÕm§V Ë`m§Zr ImoSy>Z H$mT>bm d gwg§JVnUo _amR>r CX` H$gm Pmbm `mMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br. amZS>çm§À`m

g_H$mbrZ OÝ_bobo ga OXyZmW gaH$ma `m ~§Jmbr B{Vhmg H$amZo _wKb gm_«mÁ`mMm gImob Aä`mg H$ê$Z

Ë`m gm_«mÁ`m {df`r AZoH$ J§«W {bhrbo. _yKb gm_«mÁ`mMm eodQ>Mm _moR>m ~mXehm Am¡a§JOo~ d _amR>o `m§Mm

gVV g§Kf© Pmbm. Vr H$mJXnÌo gaOXyZmW `m§Zr {_i{dbr d Vo _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmH$S>o dibo Ë`m§Zr

Shivaji and His Times hm {edmOr _hmamOm§À`mdarb _hËdnwU© J§«W {bhrbm. Ë`mMà_mUo House of

Shivaji hm J«§W Xo{Ib {VVH$mM _hËËdmMm Amho. {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m AmJ«m oQ>rMm g{dñVa d¥Vm§V

Ë`m§Zr {Xbm Amho. AmYy{ZH$ ^maVmV emñÌewÕ ÑîQ>rH$moZ R>odyZ Ë`m§Zr B{VhmgboIZ Ho$bo Amho. n§Om~

_Yrb _ybVmZ àm§VmV OÝ_bobo. S>m°. ~miH¥$îU `m§Zm gyadmVrb nmgyZM B{VhmgmMr AmdS> hmoVr. Amnë`m

nr.EM.S>r. nX²drÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r Vo naXoemV AgVmZm Ë`m§Zr B§{S>`m hmD$g _YyZ ^maVr` B{Vhmgm

{df`H$ AZoH$ H$mJXnÌo Jmoim Ho$br. gZ 1922 _Ü o Vo H$moëhmnyaÀ`m amOmam_ H$m°boOMo àmMm © åhUyZ

XmIb Pmbo. N>ÌnVr {edmOtÀ`m d§emÀ`m amOYmZr_Ü o dmñVì` H$am`bm Ë`m§Zm A{^_mZ hmoVm AZoH$

naXoer, B§J«O, S>M, nmoVw©JrO, \o«§$M d nmaer H$mJXnÌmMm dmna H$ê$Z Ë`m§Z _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg (Shivaji

the Great) Mma I§S>mV {bhrbm Ë`mM ~amo~a doimodoir B{Vhmg {df`H$ AmZoH$ {Z~§Yhr {bhrbo. S>m°.

~miH¥$îU `m§Zr H$moUVmhr nyd©J«h Z R>odVm g_VmobnUo d AZoH$ H$mJXnÌmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm

J§«W gmH$maë`mMo {XgVo.

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4.6 ñdmÜ`m`mgmR>r àíZ :

1) Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CËVao {bhm.

1) amîQ´>dmXr B{VhmgH$ma åhUyZ Ý`m`_wVu amZS>o `m§À`m B{Vhmg boIZmMo _wë`_mnZ H$am.

2) _amR>çm§À`m B{Vhmg boIZ emñÌm {df`r WmoS>Š`mV ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.

3) ga OXyZmW gaH$ma `m§À`m B{Vhmg boIZmMo n[ajU H$am.

2) {Q>nm {bhm.

1) Ý`m`_wVu amZS>o

2) gaOXyZmW gaH$ma

3) S>m°. ~miH¥$îU


1) 'Maratha Historiography' - by A. R. Kulkarni, Mahar, New Delhi 2006

2) 'Histoians and Historiography in Modern India' - S. P. Sen, Institute Histerical

studies, calcutta, 1973

3) 'History It's Theory and Method.' - B. Shaik Ali, Macmillan Midia Ltd. Madras,

1978

4) "B{Vhmg boIZ emñÌ' - S>m°. Eg.Eg. JmR>mb. H¡$bme npãbHo$eÝg, Am¡a§Jnyam, Am¡a§Jm~mX,

2011

5) "B{Vhmg emñÌ Am{U VËdkmZ' - H$moR>oH$a em§Vm gmB©ZmW àH$meZ, ZmJnya

6) "Ý`m`_wVu amZS>o `m§Mo M[aÌ' - Z. a. \$mQ>H$.

7) "S>m°. ~miH¥$îU M[aÌ H$m © d AmR>dUr' - g§nmXH$ _mo. am. dmi§~o.

B B B

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Xya {ejU H|$Ð - Shivaji University. A. Part-I History Ris… · {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya Xya {ejU H|$Ð _amR>r gÎmoMm CX` (1600 Vo 1707) (e¡j{UH$ df© 2013-14 nmgyZ) B{Vhmg