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Dwarka, Delhi, India
DELHI 2050 Dwarka 6.1
Dwarka Water DesignFreelance Assistant Urban Designer
One Architecture2014,Amsterdam
Biodivesity
Surface runoff
Hydrology Ecology & Biology Comfort & Health
Evapotranspiration
Groundwater recharge
Water level
Stream hydrology
Channel form
Human thermal comfort
Riparian vegetation
NATURAL
runo� runo� runo�
evapotranspiration evapotranspiration evapotranspiration
in�ltration in�ltration in�ltration
URBANIZED
Low
Low
Low
Low
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
High
High
High
High
Natural Peaky
Natural
Intact
High Very Low Moderate
RestoredDegraded
Channelized Recovered
Recovered
Natural Hot Comfortable, close to natural
SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT
Design partners Entrepreneurs
Schools
network diagram
Institutional Partners
Media Partners
Funding Providers
Knowledge Partners
Societies & Residents
Builders & Developers
Land owners
turnkey products
turn
key
prod
ucts
turnkey solutions
knowlegde output
feedback, projects
workshop and promotion
feedback, projects
daily education and practice
�nancial support
policy support and collabration
policy and subsidy support
Law enforcem
ent and policy support
mot
ivat
ion
and
polic
y su
ppor
t
know
ledg
e su
ppor
t p
roje
cts
projects
knowledge support
knowledge exchange and collabration
advocacy
information exchange
knowledge exchange and collabration
One architecture (NL)Studio Makkink & Bey (NL)arch i platform (IN)
Shri VenkateshwarInternational School (IN) Dwarka International School (IN)
Unity Group (IN)
Outokumpu (IN)stimulerings fonds (NL)
School of Planning and Architecture (IN)GGSIP University, Dwarka (IN)Jamia Millia Islamia (IN)
Green Technology Companies (NL & IN)Khub Chand Tyagi (IN)
nearly thirty housing societies in Dwarka (IN)Dwarka Forum (IN)
Wageningen University (NL)LOLA landscape (NL)Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) (IN)Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) (IN)
Indian Architect and Builder Magazine (IN)Radio Dwarka (online) (IN)
GovernmentMinistry of Urban Development (MoUD) (IN)Delhi Development Authority (DDA) (IN)Delhi Jal Board(DJB) (IN)
green space
unbuilt space
intersection area
sections
Annual rainfall: 600mm
80% rainfall in heavy rain period (June-September)
Amount of rainfall in heavy rain period per ha = 100m x 100m x 0.6m x 80% x 1000 = 4,800,000 liters/ha=1.2 MG/ha
Volume of water body = caption area x amount of rainfall in heavy rain period
Total volume of water body in sections:
A: 210 ha x 1.2 = 252 MGB: 72 ha x 1.2 = 86 MGC: 126 x 1.2 = 151 MGD: 115x 1.2 = 138 MGE: 153 x 1.2 = 183 MGF: 105 x 1.2 = 126 MGG: 30 x 1.2 = 36 MGH: 165 x 1.2 = 198 MGI: 97 x 1.2 = 97 MGJ: 124 x 1.2 = 149 MGK: 148 x 1.2 = 177 MGL: 650 x 1.2 = 780 MG
water bodydrainage system
N
Volume of future water bodies
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
KL
D
115 ha
115 ha x 1.2 MG/ha = 138 MG rainfall in heavy rain period
public green space and unbuilt space green space: around 1/4 of the areaunbuilt space: around 1/4 of the area
If only green space is transformed to ponds, the water body depth will reach around 1.2x4 =5 meters.
D
115 ha
115 ha x 1.2 MG/ha = 138 MG rainfall in heavy rain period
public green space and unbuilt space green space: around 1/4 of the areaunbuilt space: around 1/4 of the area
If only green space is transformed to ponds, the water body depth will reach around 1.2x4 =5 meters.
D
115 ha
115 ha x 1.2 MG/ha = 138 MG rainfall in heavy rain period
public green space and unbuilt space green space: around 1/4 of the areaunbuilt space: around 1/4 of the area
If only green space is transformed to ponds, the water body depth will reach around 1.2x4 =5 meters.
D
115 ha
115 ha x 1.2 MG/ha = 138 MG rainfall in heavy rain period
public green space and unbuilt space green space: around 1/4 of the areaunbuilt space: around 1/4 of the area
If only green space is transformed to ponds, the water body depth will reach around 1.2x4 =5 meters.
Leakage, losses and waste:
1. Install a water meter and check regularly to make sure they aren’t leaking (a leak of one drop each second wastes approximately 10,000 litres of water each year).
2. maintenace of water transportation system/prevention of water leakage -13%
Bathing/shower
Face/hand washing & utensil washing
7. Choose the short cycle when using a dishwasher and make sure that the dishwasher is full. It saves 8-22 litres water then the regular cycle.
Clothes washing
9. urine and black water seperated toilet
12. waterless urinals: for 7000 uses without water consumption
Gardening:
14. careful choice for plants species: xeriscaping, native vegetation (-64% than 100% lawn)
collect rainwater to use on your lawn and garden.
Car washing:
16. Wash the car with a sponge and bucket, instead of a hose or pressure washer. This can save up to 300 litres of water each time you wash your car!
Air condition:
18 . Earth Air Tunnel: without water consumption
0
50
100
150
200
250
250
300
200
150
100
50
Water Balance
300
Drinking 6 lpcd Cooking 5 lpcd
Gardening 5lpcdCar washing 5 lpcd
65 lpcd
Leakage and losses in house 15% of domestic use 33 lpcd
Bathing 56 lpcd
Utensil washing 14 lpcd
Hand/face washing 15 lpcdClothes washing 9 lpcd
Toilet �ush 72 lpcd
Floor washing 11 lpcdAir conditioning 3lpcd
Community requirementFire protection 3 lpcd
302 lpcd
Reduce water consumption: technical & behaviourial approaches
Rainwaterharvest
domestic water consumptionpotable use
greywater cooling tower
Aquaponic garden
urine Hydroponicgarden
sendiment tank+ living machine
blackwater
landscape/ open garden
ground water
water pond/wadi/vegetated swale
non-potable use
storm water managment
36% 16.2 lpcd
34 lpcd
45 lpcd
fertilizer
clean water
recharge
waste waterirrigating water
irrigating water
other sources with high nutrient level
bathing/shower;hand/face washing;(cloth washingutensil washing)
bathing/shower 29 lpcd hand/face washing 12 lpcd clothes washing 5 lpcdRecycled greywater from domestic use 46 lpcd (85%)
roof runo� 26 lpcd plot ground runo� 7 lpcd Stored rainwater in existing tankers 33 lpcd
Other sources 31 lpcd
Cooking 5 lpcdDrinking 8 lpcd
Gardening 3 lpcd
Bathing 35 lpcd
Utensil washing 14 lpcd
Hand/face washing 15 lpcdClothes washing 9 lpcd
Toilet �ush 50 lpcd
Floor washing 6 lpcd Car washing 2 lpcdLeakage and losses 5 lpcd Public/Community requirement47 lpcd
Fire protection 3 lpcd
195 lpcdOther sources
( Yumuna River, Ganga River, Bhakra Storage )
Surface water 86% (remote sources)
Sub-surface water 14%( Ranney Wells/Tube Wells)
private borewells, water tankers, bottled water
Delhi Jal Board 28%
217 lpcd
85 lpcd
( Yumuna River, Ganga River, Bhakra Storage )
Surface water 86% (remote sources)
Sub-surface water 14%( Ranney Wells/Tube Wells)Delhi Jal Board 28% 85 lpcd
Surface water + Ground waterNature recharge from precipitation Arti�cial recharge
Water balance
Principles
working with all land-use and public space strategyW
ATE
R S
UP
PLY
WAT
ER
CO
NS
UM
PTI
ON
1
2
3
4
Dwarka 6.1 is part of the 6th step of project DELHI 2050. In 6.1, at the suggestion of the Delhi Devel-opment Authority and the National Capital Region, the team explores the water issues in Dwarka. Ad-dressing the water situation in Dwarka is a crucial step before the Delhi 2050 project can resume its broader scope of the Dwarka test-case, in step 7.
Dwarka is a sub-city of Delhi, planned in the early ‘90s in order to house the growing population of the city. It is strategically located close to the airport in South West Delhi and is planned for a popula-tion of more than a million (primari-ly middle-class) inhabitants.
In spite of the rapid growth in the rest of the Delhi metropolitan area, development does not come off the ground in Dwarka. This is caused by the combination of specula-tion with middle class housing, and the severe water shortages. Sizeable areas still stand vacant, and apartment buildings are only partly occupied. Water is key to a future development of Dwarka. As an essential building-block of any future vision or scenario for Dwar-ka, the water issue needs to be addressed first.
PERMEABLE PAVEMENT
GREEN ROOF
GREYWATER
GREYWATER
BLACKWATER
PERFORATE DRAINAGE PIPE
STORMWATER PLANTERVERTICAL FLOW REEDBED
RUNOFF
RETENTION PONDAfter treatment, water is transported to disposal area. It is recharged to the groundwater or stored in underground cisterns.
rainwater is �ltrated through green roof and transported to rainwater cisterns.
RAINFALL
RAINFALLRAINFALL
STORAGE TANK
SUPPLY FOR NON-POTABLE USE
ROOT TREATMENT ZONE
PERMEABLE PAVEMENT
IMPERMEABLE MATERIALExcess water from perforate drainage pipes in�ltrates to ground
STORAGE TANK
Greywater and treated blackwater from neighborhoods is transported to reedbeds RAINWATER CISTERN
SEPTIC TANK
Rainwater
Greenroof/facade
Retention pond
Swale/Stromwater planter
Water square
Underground Cistern
Septic tank
Constructed wetland
Subsurface disposal �eld
Greywater
Primary treatment
Secondarytreatment
Aquifer
Blackwater
setting of solids
laundry
hand washing
bath/shower
�oor cleaning
toilet
irrigation
�otation of oils and greases
constructed wetland
runo�
stormwater control
precipitation
evapotranspiration
anaerobic breakdown of pollutants
non-potable water use
AQUIFER
recharge to groundwater
discharge to disposal �eld
in�ltration
Increasing water-holding capacity, filtration and infiltration
detentionretention
treatment
infiltration
filtration
water circulation in wet landscape
water circulation in arid landscape
OVERAL WERKEN
ANDER GEBRUIK
Buiten de stad worden vervoer-middelen passend bij de aantallen gebruikers. Er kan bijna gesteld worden dat er meer aandacht naar de regio uit moet gaan. De grote steden redden zich wel, maar in de regio wordt massatransport omgezet in (bo�om-up gestuurde) maatproducten.
SPORT
PEDESTRIAN WAYAndere keuzes of fysieke ingre-pen kunnen makkelijk geïmple-menteerd worden. Als in een buurt de CO2 niveaus te hoog worden, wordt het verkeer via andere routes gestuurd. As de school uitgaat of winkels open zijn wordt de straat tijdelijk voetgangersgebied.
Bij de keuze van een woonomge-ving speelt de verkeersomgeving minder een rol aangezien alles (met name door elektrisch gedreven autonome voertuigen) steeds stiller en veiliger wordt. De lee�waliteit van steden en doorgaande wegen neemt daarmee toe. Er is meer ruimte voor groen en voorzienin-gen.
Autonome voertuigen maken het mogelijk om de tijd in de auto te gebruiken voor andere activiteiten, zoals werk, maar eventueel ook �tness. Voorzieningen kunnen dan ook mobiel worden. De rechtbank of het gezondheidscentrum komt dan door de buurt in plaats van een nieuwe vestiging te hebben.
Er is (net als nu in Helsinki gebeurd) een rol voor de overheid in het aansturen op een koppeling van de verschillende mobilitei-tssystemen. Daarin zullen ook keuzes moeten worden gemaakt op basis van lee�waliteit in steden (CO2 niveaus, geluidsover-last, doorgaande routes), maar ook op de wensen van het achterland (welke modaliteiten houden we nog in stand?).
ROL VAN DE OVERHEID
NL Architects - Albert Heijn trein
STAD
SMANAGEMENT
Solar Roadways - digitale straat
Nike Footbal
l Spa
in -
Lase
r pitc
h
OVERAL WONEN
BUIT
EN D
E STAD ANDERE KEUZES
Auto’s zijn vaker onderweg, worden gedeeld, of parkeren zichzelf op afstand. Parkeerstroken verdwijnen en de stoepen worden breder zodat daar kiss & ride plekken en pick up point georganiseerd kunnen worden.
TERUGKEER VAN DE VENTWEG
NAADLOZE OVERSTAP
70
KISS &
RIDE
Op ieder moment stoppen bete-kent een ander gebruik van de bestaande infrastructuur. Feitelijk ontstaat er een terugkeer van de ventweg: verschillende snelheden op één route.
PARKEREN IS GEEN ISSUE MEER
CAPACITEITVERHOGEN
Doordat de capaciteit en e�ciëntie wordt verhoogt neemt het totale aantal verkeer af. Mobiliteit neemt minder ruimte in beslag waardoor er meer ruimte is voor groen, voorzieningen en verdichting.
DISTRIBUTIE COMPLEXER
Er is nog veel te optimaliseren aan de bezorging van goederen in de steden. Grootschalige distributiecentra en distriparks maken plaats voor peer-to-peer distributiesystemen.
Er komen veel meer knooppunten tussen de verschillende modalitei-ten. Overstappen moet naadloos kunnen, het wachten wordt tot een minimum teruggebracht.
75% van de ambtenaren in
Utrecht carpoolen
EXHIBITION ROAD IN LONDON
THE LAST MILE
1/3 van de vracht-
wagens rijdt leeg
KISS &RIDE
30
In 2024,
is het openbaar vervoer in Amsterdam 20% sneller en kan meer passagiers
meenemen dankzij digitale innovatie.
RUIMTELIJKE VERANDERINGEN
RKTL - HALO, Smart transit hubM
IT -
Smar
t bus
stop
Shared space - Dixon & Jones - Exhibition road Lond
on
Amazon - D
rone delivery program
Fietsparkeren in Japan
Even iemand oppikken of snel een boodschap doen is overal mogelijk en legaal.
Bundeling alleen wanneer de vervoersstromen groot zijn
Het verschil tussen de stad en het platteland wordt groter.
'Sociale netwerken' worden geïnstitutio
naliseerde netwerken
waarin de mobiliteitsvraag en -aanbod gekoppeld wordt.
Een systeem
SCHAALLOZE MOBILITEIT
VERSCHIL T
USS
EN S
TAD EN
PLATTELAND WORDT GROTER
GERIC
HT
OP
STRO
MEN IN
PLAAT VAN STILSTAND
95% van de dag staan auto’s g
eparkeerd.
Voertuigen en wegen worden optimaal benut.
SYSTEMISCHE VERSCHUIVINGEN
8.00h 11.00h
NOW
14.00h 17.00h
VOO
RSPE
LLENDE ANALYSE
NETWERK
SENSOREN
AUTO
NOME VOERTUIGEN
TECHNOLOGISCHE ASPECTEN
schaal
stad
proces
GEBUNDELDwordt
GEDISTRIBUEERD
from silos to meshing
domein
mobiliteitlogistiek
smart mobility
domein
overheiddiensten
smart governmentmodularize urban services
technologie
mobiel internet
real-time datawearables
technologie
autonomevoertuigen
vliegende auto’s
technologie
internet of things
big data / data�cationsensoren / kwanti�ceren
NIEUW SMART CITY WIEL
GEBUNDELD WORDT GEDISTRIBUEERDIn het proces van Gebundeld wordt Gedistribueerd is het vooral belangrijk om te be-grijpen dat via sensoren en het internet of things alles constant met elkaar in verbinding staat en gemonitord kan worden. Er is toegang tot het Internet of Things en big data om analyses en voorspellende algoritmen te ontwikkelen die de e�ciëntie kan versnellen, de productiviteit verhogen en de marginale kosten van de productie en distributie van fysieke dingen, waaronder energie, producten en diensten, tot bijna nul verlagen, net zoals we nu doen met informatie producten.
Dit proces hee« vooral een e¬ect in het domein van mobiliteit waar het mogelijk wordt om de capaciteit veel beter te benu�en, zowel van de voertuigen zelf als van de la-dingen ervan. Kleinere netwerken en sensoren worden gekoppeld aan grotere en creëren één decentraal systeem. Autonome voertuigen maken het systeem vervolgens stiller en veiliger.
ne architecture
The Netherlands
Smart city: what if...?Freelance Assistant Urban Designer
One Architecture2014,Amsterdam
SMART MOBILITYDigital technology has a huge im-pact on mobility, both in the modes of transportation as well as in the (use of) physical infrastructure. Technology makes transportation more efficient, freeing up space for other uses. It aims to understand-how to design and transform cities such that future developments in mobility can be phased in. While designing for mobility, working with prototypes and beta versions gives the possibility to adjust a process in real-time.
traffic system transit
city management
water management
Examining the significance and policies of Smart Cities using different ‘what if scenarios’
logistic
physical infrastructure
4 5
Dommelbeemd, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
The regeneration of a postwar neighbourhood to a sustainable urban cell
---- Dommelbeemd district in Eindhoven as case studyUrban Design and Planning
Master Graduation ProjectSupervisors: dr. ir. Doevendans, C.H.
ir. Rutgers, R.A. d.p.l.g. Rousseau, S.S.S.
6 7
Heesterakker
Vaartbroek
Ecarkt
Luytelaer
MORPHOLOGY LOCATION
John
. F. K
enne
dyla
and
Sterrenlaan
cut ribbon
ring structure
ribbon structure
The issue of achieving neighborhood sustainability is linked to the neighborhood regeneration. The transformation aims to enable the neighborhoods or districts to be more livable, sustainable and adaptable in the future. Four typical postwar neighborhoods in Eindhoven are selected as one district named Dommelbeemd as a case study. This research will study the district’s limitations as well as the potentials on the physical, environment, social, design and economic aspects. To achieve that, the main focus will be on possible interventions from a sustainable point of view. Based on the thorough literature study and site analysis, a pack of strate-gies and designs are developed for the district’s sustainable future. The general goal for Dommelbeemd is achieving sustainability. This goal is achieved through several methods: 1. Local mobility is largely based on public transportation and cycling. 2. Dommelbeemd becomes carbon neutral. 3. District input and output are mini-mized. 4. Local economy is largely self-sufficient. 5. The residents enjoy a healthy and happy community life. For each method, a pack of approaches are proposed which can always answer the questions: “What” “Why” “How” “When” and “Who”.
radial structure
neighborhoods
neighborhoods+ countryside
landscape
New green system*local based eco-cycles*more environmental awareness from residents
Input
Input
(food, water, energy, goods, clean air) consumption
reduce, reuse, recycle
(non-local produced food, water, goods, air)
(local produced food, clean water, energy, left waste, clean air)
(food, water, energy, waste)
(waste, wastewater, heat, CO2)
Output
Output
Scenario: Eckart shopping centre
8 9
150m
150m
150m
350m
200m
350m
200m
422
HOV 21
350m
200m
350m
200m
422
21
9.5
7.53.5 22
9.5
P
P P
P P PP
P
9.5
7.53.5 22
9.5
P
P P
P P PP
P
9.5
7.53.5 22
9.5
P
P P
P P PP
P
9.5
7.53.5 22
9.5
P
P P
P P PP
P
Before After
road structure parking lots bus line transformation of parking space transformation of road green
transformation of lake green
10 1110 11
greenhouse field in Vaartbroek park
greenhouse field close to Eckart com-munity centre
greenhouse field between the district and countryside
transformation of backyard spaceGreen structure of Dommelbeemd
12 13
Scenario A: Eckart shopping centre
transformation of supermarket squaretransformation of neighborhood road
transformation of collective parking lots
22 23
Oss, North Brabant, The Netherlands
OSS_ GREEN SPINEUrban planning and DesignMaster Project (second stage)Supervisors: dr.ir.Michiel Dehaene ir.Reinder RutgersIndividual workDate April. 2011 ~Jun. 2011
24 25
IntroductionThe city of Oss locates in the northern part of North Brabant province and, as a provincial city, it situated between two relatively larger cities Den Bosch and Nijmegen. In the near future, the large company Organon and the city hospital will leave. The city faces a role transformation. After being labeled as agriculture city, industry city and liva-ble city, what is the new image for Oss in the new era? What potentials and city problems does Oss have? What is the future of the city? Oss is facing a moment to rethink the role and being well prepared for future.The center of Oss represents its origin, core and identity. The city was formed and devel-oped largely on the base of the center. It means significance to the city both in the past and nowadays. After the city expands and the centrality moves, it is time to ask: what does the centrality mean to Oss in nowadays? Does the historical core still represent the center of Oss?
Catholic city
Functional city
Livable city
However, the current situation is not satisfy-ing. Large scale buildings are scattering on the green carpet and the back yard is occu-pied by parking lots. The space in front of the buildings is open and unattractive. Overall, the culture center is not well functioned as the planner first expected.
AnalysisPublic space analysis
Catholic CityDuring the pre-war period, Oss can be called ‘catholic city’ because the public space is mainly related to the catholic religion such as church and relating insti-tutional buildings. At the same time, the Molenstraat was quite important because of public facilities and offices. A tension was formed between north and south via this street.
Functional CityAfter the amenity buildings moved to the Molenstraat, the tension on the street was strengthened.The railway was built up which brought a large number of people to Oss. They city expanded and centerality moves towards south. At that time, people were congregat ed in factory, historical center as well as religious buildings.
Livable CityNew type of public space and domain ap-peared during the modern age since 1975. In that time period, the car is dominative. The centeral area was redesigned to be a pedestrian area which surrouded by park-ing lots. In that case, people are encouraged to access the center by car. Until now, the center is still like an island floating in the sea of parking lots. On the other hand, the amenties was relo-cated to better service the people in south. And it becomse a sub-center with culture functions.
Morphological analysis
This part of analysis is focused on the morpho-logical change due to the historical development and planning of the city. The physical central of Oss changed as a result of morphological changes of the city. At first, Oss was formed around a central triangular shaped square called the ‘Heuvel’ and further developed along the rib-bon structure. Later a grid pattern was added on and ribbons are cut off by new grid structure .As the city ex-panded, gradually the center moved towards south along Molenstraat and eventually stopped by the railway track. After the war, the city expanded more quickly, a larger ring was constructed and the railway runs from east to west, right through the city and divides Oss into two parts. In 1974, a group of amenity buildings were relocated along Raadhu-islaan, paralleled to railway, in order to be better accessed by all residents especially people liv-ing in South. However this particular infrastruc-ture pattern and city structure later lead to failure of this public space.
study area
project area
Functional city
30 31
DesignThe concentration of public facilities and wide spread green poses a unique and ambitious gesture for future role. The project attempts to create a new type of park space. Different from a traditional park concept, it is a multi-function and intensive green space with public building and hous-ing tower scattering inside. The landscape is the tool to mediate the scale and arrange the programs. After collecting, combining and reallocating the existing open space, new space and programs are designed ac-cording to environment and urban needs.
Project LocationThe area along the Raadhuislaan and rail-way is a cluster of amenities established since 1970s, containing public buildings such as city hall, office of public health service, library, theater, police office, cine-ma, high school, church, swimming center, etc. This area is one of the important pub-lic space in last decades with high urban potential. In the new plan, it is proposed to be one of the most strategic area for future development as a mediation between the historical center and the expanded center.
Project planLegend
3-5 m
0-2m
2-3m
0m
sports field
water
large size tree
medium size tree
N
Bird view of green spine
0 50 150m
Project area
N
0 50 150m
32 33
Accessiblity
The second task is to increase the accessibility of the park. The park is open to public on north side while on the south side, road is hidden behind a housing block and the park entrance is miss-ing. For that, one housing block is tore down and the space is transformed into a green anchor in south. Functionally, it belongs to the park but also it serves as a community park for housing near-by. To make up for the housing lost, four housing tower along the railway are built in park environ-ment. Meanwhile, two bicycle routes run through the park which provide an alternative for cyclists to experience the green and meet people rather than being parallel with cars.
Gree tunnel & Slope
The first task is to connect the space on the two sides of railway. A tunnel with height of 5 meters is designed over the track. In general, the tunnel is both a passing route for pedestrian and cyclist and a place for stopping, recreation and relaxa-tion. Seen from outside, the tunnel is not recog-nized as a cover but an integrated part of the park. The slope grows slightly and leads people pass over the train tunnel. To make it feasible and integrate the tunnel into the landscape, two actions are taken. First, after the train goes into the tunnel from west side, the track inside sinks for 1 meters and it raise again when it comes out. In that case the height of middle tunnel is 4 meters. Second action is creating a comfort slope for cycling from the ground to 4 meters high. The route for bicycle is designated. On these routes, the slope begins more than 100 meters away from the top. Thus, it ensure the angle of cycling route is no more than 4%. Then the slopes have a natural look and merge into the landscape well. The tunnel improves space quality by removing the parking and railway boundary. Moreover, the tunnel is designed not only for train passing, but also a substation of the old parking lots at the back side. Under the slope at the height of 2-3 meters the space is preserved for parking which cars can access from the main road without going cross the park area.
Section of cycling route
Old situation
Pespective on the tunnel
New situation
Legend
railway
main road
secondery road
bicycle route
walking route
ground parking lots
height change
underground parking
p
p
N
0 50 150m
34 35
Unban context
The third task is integrate the park into urban con-text and establish smooth transition. The green spine is connection with city on different scale. The main connection between historical center and south is established on city scale. On district level, industry, housing, spine park and hosptital area work in cohesion functionally and physically. In the site, the network and tthe tension inside is created as well.The east side starting from Jan Cunnen park, con-nects the new bus station and the street in front of the train station. It provide a legible route for people to access the park or to the center via Mo-lenstraat. To the west, along the railway are public
allotment garden. They are well maintained and gated. These gardens will be open to public and as a part of green spine park, people can walk inside and even buy products from the owner, such as vegetables, flower, honey, etc. It is aim to enrich the park function and complete the green spine structure.
Pespective of cycling slope and park in south
Pespective of city square
Bird view form west side of the park
Legend
railway
city connection
district connection
sit connection
cultural program
city program
recreational program
garden program
educational program
City square
The space between the city hall and the office of public health serviece is designed to be a city square which is bounded by two diagonal line. It aims to use the space maximally and also provide open view for people on Raadhuislaan which lead people in naturally. On the square there are two triangle fountain of different size. The steam water comes directly from the ground. It will be big an attraction on large open field, also it can a water mirror reflecting surroundings when it does not work. The square will be one of the most important public domain in the city on which an annually city event or gathering can be held.
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Green structure
Considering the economic and function reasons, the program ‘green spine’ is composed by various types of green which is owned and managed by differ-ent shareholders. Diverse activies are implemented into the green space as well.
Municipality ownedPart of green is owned by municipality which includes park, sports field, garden, etc. It aim to serve for public and city events. Most of the green space are flexible with function. For exam-ple, the green anchor in south play several roles as a park space. As a city park it it provides a large piece of green for the city and the entrance for spine park. To the residents living nearby, it is a community park for daily use. For the students in high shool, it is a nature playground.
Institution ownedThe other part is owned by the institutions. It is accessible by public while it can be used for commercial purpose sometimes. For example, the book fair, art exhibition, open air theater can be organized by library or theater. It will be an interesting part of city culture and social life. The financial problem can be solved by charging tick-ets or getting support from sponsors. Also the facilities for high schools can be used by public during weekends or holidays. In return, the city garden can be used for educational purpose.
Public ownedThe last type of green, as mentioned above is the open allotment garden. Urban agriculture can be an important for future Oss because Oss owns an agriculture background and it provides a sus-tainable developing strategy for future. This part of allotment garden can one experimental project implemented into the large park.
Conclusion & Potentials for futureThe role of the central area of Oss faced signifi-cant changes during the city development. Today, the notion of centrality is redefined again. In new plan, Oss will expand the central area. In this area, function units will become multi-functional and with different layer of network, it will be an integrated entity. The new expanded center will later be the base structure for further development. By integrating the city, it will increase urban activities on eco-nomic, social and ecological aspects.Moving the parking lots away from the center will release the traffic load in the center. On the contrary, the new road system are dominated by slow traffic. For social aspect, without limited area of pedestrian and too much traffic, the street life will be largely improve. People are encouraged to come out of the house and enjoy public life. For economical aspect, after rebuilding the tension between historical center and railway area, some roads such as the Molenstraat will become impor-tant again on city scale. Better accessibility and increasing number of visiting people will increase
the value of the land and flourish the business. New developing opportunities and housing refur-bishment or densification will be required inthe center. When the tension reaches the south side, new housing projects can be developed.On the city scale, the park owns key place in future city development. First, it acts as linkage between north-south and eastwest. The spine connected the fragment area and by improving the space quality, it brings dynamic urban life back to center. Moreover, this ambitious design will catalyze the whole city development in the future. For exam-ple, later the hospital will leave. Along the road Doctor Saal van Zwanenbergsingel which runs across the park, the empty plots can be devel-oped. Also after the Organon leaves, this industry area will look for a new role Whether occupied by new industry, business offices or housing project, those projects will definitly benefit from the green and multifunctional environment.
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Oss, North Brabant, The Netherlands
PARK IN OSS Landscape Design
Course AssignmentIndividual work
Supervisors: dr.ir.Michiel DehaeneDate Nov. 2010 ~ Jan. 2011
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