Teoria
ganaTlebisaTvis
greg dimitriadisi da jorj kamberelisi
ილიას სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტითბილისი — 2010 წელი
Teoria ganaTlebisaTvisgreg dimitriadisi da jorj kamberelisi
Theory for EducationGreg Dimitriadis and George Kamberelis
All Rights Reserved. Authorized translation from English language edition published by Routledge, Inc., part of Taylor & Francis Group LLC.
saxelmZRvanelo iTaArgmna da daibeWda tempusis prog ramiT da fi nansebuli proeqtis _ Tuningis midgomebis gamoyeneba sa qarT ve los umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi _ mier.
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ISBN 978-9941-18-008-8
ილიას სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა ქაქუცა ჩოლოყაშვილის 3/5, თბილისი, 0162, საქართველო
ILIA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS 3/5 Cholokashvili Ave, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia
sarCevi
Sesavali ............................................................................................ v
winamorbedebi
1. jon diui .............................................................................. 13 mTargmn. nanuli CitaSvili, red. dali berekaSvili
2. zigmund froidi ................................................................. 27 mTargmn. eka miqaZe, red. dali berekaSvili
3. karl marqsi ......................................................................... 41 mTargmn. eka miqaZe, red. dali berekaSvili
4. ferdinand de sosiuri ...................................................... 49 mTargmn. nanuli CitaSvili, red. naTela imedaZe
Teoretikosebi
5. mixeil baxtini .................................................................... 59 mTargmn. giorgi lacabiZe, red. naTela imedaZe
6. bezil bernstaini ............................................................... 73 mTargmn. nanuli CitaSvili, red. naTela imedaZe
7. pier burdio ........................................................................ 81 mTargmn. nanuli CitaSvili, red. nino javaxiSvili
8. jerom bruneri .................................................................... 91 mTargmn. giorgi lacabiZe, red marina jafariZe
9. judiT batleri .................................................................. 97 mTargmn. nanuli CitaSvili, red. nino javaxiSvili
10. Jil deliozi da feliqs guatari ................................ 103 mTargmn. cira barqaia, red. nino javaxiSvili
11. Jak derida .......................................................................... 117 mTargmn. eka miqaZe, red. nino javaxiSvili
12. miSel fuko ........................................................................ 129 mTargmn. nanuli CitaSvili, red. dali berikaSvili
13. paulo freiri ................................................................... 137 mTargmn. eka miqaZe, red. nino javaxiSvili
14. kliford gerci ................................................................ 143 mTargmn. nanuli CitaSvili, red. dali berekaSvili
15. antonio gramSi ................................................................. 149 mTargmn. eka miqaZe, red. nino javaxiSvili
16. stiuart holi ................................................................... 157 mTargmn. nanuli CitaSvili, red. dali berekaSvili
17. bel huksi ............................................................................ 165 mTargmn. nanuli CitaSvili, red. dali berekaSvili
18. Jak lakani ........................................................................... 173 mTargmn. nanuli CitaSvili, red. dali berekaSvili
19. Jan piaJe .............................................................................. 191 mTargmn. giorgi lacabiZe, red. marina jafariZe
20. eduard seidi .................................................................... 203 mTargmn. nanuli CitaSvili, red. dali berekaSvili
21. gaiatri Cakravorti spivaki .............................................211 mTargmn. eka miqaZe, red. nino javaxiSvili
22. lev vigotski ..................................................................... 217 mTargmn. giorgi lacabiZe, red. marina jafariZe
23. reimond uiliamsi ............................................................ 227 mTargmn. cira barqaia, red. dali berekaSvili
jon diui
sakvanZo cnebebi:
• pragmatuli epistemologia
• instrumentalizmi
• kvleva
• pragmatuli metafizika
• pragmatuli eTika
• pragmatuli esTetika
• ganaTleba da gamocdileba
• gonivruli qmedeba
• refleqsia
• progresuli ganaTleba
jon diui (18591952) daibada barlingtonSi, vermontSi saSua lo socialuri klasis ojaxSi. imxanad barlingtonSi cxovrobd nen ZirZveli ingliselebi, irlandielebi da kvebekeli (provincia da qalaqi kanadaSi) frangi imigrantebi. umaRlesi skolis damTavrebis Semdeg, diui gadavida vermontis universitetSi, saswavlebelSi, romelic xels uwyobda studentebSi inteleqtualuri damoukidebelobis ganviTarebas. diui politikur, socialur da moralur filosofiaze sakurso Temis weras Seudga. 1879 wels vermontis universitetis damTavrebis Semdeg igi ori wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda umaRlesi skolis maswavleblad oil sitiSi, pensilvaniaSi. 1879 wels vermontSi dabrunda, sadac aswavlida da amavdroulad agrZelebda filosofiis Seswavlas.
1882 wels diuim swavla gaagrZela aspiranturaSi jons hopkinsis universitetSi filosofiis ganxriT. misi profesorebi iyvnen Carlz senders pirsi, stenli holi da jorj silvester morisi, visma Sromebmac hegelisa da kantis Sesaxeb diuize udidesi zegavlena iqonia. diuim disertacia emanuel kantis fsiqologiis Sesaxeb dawera.
14 Teoria ganaTlebisaTvis
pirveli akademiuri Tanamdeboba mas miCiganis universite t Si filosofiis kaTedraze mieniWa, sadac ZiriTad mimarTulebad miiCneoda XIX saukunis britanuli da kontinenturi (Sua evropuli) filosofia, gansakuTrebiT ki germanuli idealizmi. 1886 wels diuim Jurnal MindSi, ori statia gamoaqveyna, romelmac akademiuri sazogadoebis didi yuradReba miipyro. statiebSi gamokvleuli iyo msgavsebebi filosofiasa da fsiqologias Soris. diui amtkicebda, rom filosofias ar sWirdeboda specialuri meTodologia, radgan is iyo gagebiTi fsiqologia, romlisTvisac warmatebuli meTodologiebi ukve arsebobda. diuis pirveli wigni `fsiqologia,~ romelic 1887 wels gamoica, ZiriTadad eyrdnoboda da ganavrcobda zemoxsenebul ideas. zogierTma mkvlevarma moiwona wigni da is ramdenime universitetSi saswavlo saxelmZRvanelod gamoiyeneboda, stenli holma da uiliam jeimsma gaakritikes is.
1890iani wlebis miwuruls diuim Seicvala Sexeduleba germanuli idealizmidan axali filosofiuri perspeqtivisken, romelsac SemdgomSi pragmatizmi ewoda. is amavdroulad Zlier dainteresda kurikulumiT. 1900 wlidan man Cikagos universitetSi Camoayaliba 23 sxvadasxva saswavlo kursi an xeli Seuwyo am kursebis ganviTarebas. man agreTve didi wvlili Seitana universitetis skolalaboratoriis daarsebaSi, romelic gaixsna 1896 wels. saukunis dasasruls diuis programa (romelic axla ganaTlebis departamentad iwodeba) miCneul iqna qveyanaSi yvelaze srulyofil da inovaciur programad. sabolood diuis saganmanaTleblo programam mas Tavisi drois saukeTeso saganmanaTleblo filosofosis saxeli mouxveWa.
skolalaboratoriis mmarTvelobis mniSvnelovani politikuri gansxvavebulobis gamo 1904 wels diuim datova Tavisi Tanamdeboba Cikagos universitetSi. mcire xnis Semdeg igi gaxda kolumbiis universitetis profesori, rogorc filosofiis faklutetze, agreTve maswavlebelTa kolejSi. diui ag r Zelebda swavlebas da kvlevebis warmoebas kolumbiaSi 1930iani wlebis CaTvliT, vidre Ppensiaze gavidoda. niuiorkis da CrdiloaRmosavleTis1 inteleqtualuri garemo, rogorc Cans, motivacias matebda diuis da man swored kolumbiaSi Seqmna Tavisi cnobili naSromebi. isini moicavda filosofiis iseT mniSvnelovan wignebs, rogorebicaa: darvinis gavlena filosofiaze da sxva narkvevebi Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi (1910), narkvevebi eqsperimentul logikaSi (1916), rekonstruqcia filosofiaSi (1920), adamianis buneba da qceva (1922), gamocdileba da buneba (1925), WeSmaritebis, mtkicebulebis Zieba (1929),
1 aSSs CrdiloaRmosavleTi regioni, romelSic Sedis niuiorki, axali inglisis Statebi, zogjer pensilvania da niujersic.
jon diui 15
logika: gamokvlevis Teoria (1938), Semecneba da codna (1949). diuim agreTve gamosca ZiriTadi saxelmZRvaneloebi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, romlebSic Sedioda: `rogor vfiqrobT Cven?~ (1910) da `demokratia da ganaTleba~ (1916). bevri am wignebs mis yvelaze mniSvnelovan namuSevrebad miiCnevs. diui gardacvalebamde agrZelebda filosofiuri da saganmanaTleblo sakiTxebis Sesaxeb werasa da saubars.
diui yovelTvis dainteresebuli iyo epistemologiiT anu codnis TeoriiT da imiT, Tu rogor viZenT codnas. misi azriT tradiciuli epistemologebi, racionalistebi iqnebian isini Tu empiristebi, mkacrad mijnaven erTmaneTisagan `gonebas~ da `samyaros,~ da man daiwyo axali epistemologiuri modelis konstruireba, romelsac Cven pragmatul epistemologias vuwodebT. am problemis irgvliv mis adreul naSromSi, romelic warmodgenilia statiebSi: `aris logika dualisturi mecniereba?~ (1890) da `logikuri Teoriis amJamindeli roli~ (1891), misi daskvna pirdapir gamomdinareobda hegelis idealizmidan. is varaudobda, rom obieqturi samyaro ar aris azrovnebisgan gancalkevebuli, Tumca, is azrovnebis saSualebiT ganimarteba, rogorc misi obieqturi manifestaciiT. mogvianebiT, diuim uaryo es gadawyvetileba garkveuli mizezebis gamo. hegelis idealizms ar SeeZlo insaitis da eqsperimentuli mecnierebis meTodebis miReba, romlebsac is iziarebda. am mxriv diui moeqca uiliam jeimsis epistemologiis Sesaxeb ufro naturalisturi argumentebis gavlenis qveS, romlebic idealizms gadaWarbebulad miiCnevdnen. diuim agreTve damajerebelad miiCnia darvinis naSromi saxeobebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT ki yuradReba, romelsac darvini organizmebsa da ga remos Soris kompleqsur urTierTobebs uTmobda. amrigad, diuim daiwyo imis gaazreba, rom adamianuri codnis ganviTareba iyo adaptaciuri, Semguebluri pasuxi garemoze, garemos imgvari ganmartebis mixedviT, rom `nebismieri viTareba, mdgomareoba gavlenas axdens pirovnul saWiroebebze, survilebze, miznebze da unarebze, raTa Seqmnas gamocdileba, romelic mas mieca~. (Dewey, 1938, gv. 44).
wina epistemologebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelTaTvisac azri ganixileboda, rogorc gonebis martivi gamovlena, diuis genetikuri epistimologiis mixedviT azrovneba organizmsa da garemos Soris urTierTobis Sedegs warmoadgenda. misi mosazreba misi Tanamedroves Jan piaJes mosazrebas gavda. diui agreTve varaudobda, rom codna safuZvelSive iyo praqtikuli an instrumentuli _ raTa uzrunveleyo im problemebis ga daWra, romlebsac adamiani Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze awydeba. faqtobrivad, diui iyenebda termins `instrumentalizmi,~ rom aReniSna sakuTari epistemologiuri midgoma.
16 Teoria ganaTlebisaTvis
diuim Tavis maorientirebel narkvevSi `refleqsuri `rkalis~ cneba fsiqologiaSi~ (1896) gansazRvra, Tu ras gulisxmobda is instrumentalizmSi. am narkvevSi is gamodis swavlis bihevioristuli midgomebis winaaRmdeg fsiqologiasa da swavlebaSi, radgan efuZneba gonebisa da sxeulis mcdar dualizms. diui gvTavazobs konstruqtivizmis adreul versias, rogorc biheviorizmis alternativas. am versiis mixedviT organizmi urTierTqmedebaSia garemosTan TviTmarTuli moqmedebiT, romelic koordinirebs da aerTianebs sensorul da motorul reaqciebs.
codna da swavla Sesabamisad warmoiqmneba garemos aqtiuri manipulaciis Sedegad. amgvari xedvisTvis uiliam jeimsis mimarT madlierebis gamoxatviT, diui agrZelebda am ZiriTadi poziciis srulyofasa da ganviTarebas Tavis sxva bevr narkvevSic. es gaxda misi pragmatizmis gansakuTrebuli versiis Zi riTadi elementi. diuis pragmatizmis fundamentur rols kvleva asrulebs. diuis mixedviT kvleva moicavs sam fazas: (a) pro blemur situacias, (b) situaciis parametrebis identifikacias da (g) refleqsias am parametrebsa da TviT situaciaze gadawyvetilebis gamomwvev mizanTan erTad. diui xazgas miT aRniSnavda, rom problemuri situaciis perturbacia ar aris
maincdamainc kognituri, magram aris praqtikuli da egzistenciuri. Sesabamisad, problemuri situaciis gadawyveta ar aris fundamenturad kognituri, Tumca Semecnebas aSkarad mo icavs. samagierod es aris praqtikuli moqmedeba, mcdeloba gadaadgilo, aamoZravo raime an kvlav aamuSavo. es Sexeduleba dRemde upirispirdeba umetes idealist epistemologebis mosazrebebs, sadac erTmaneTisgan gaTiSulia azrovneba da qceva. araidealisturis garda diuis pozicia antifundamentalisturi iyo. misi mtkiceba, rom folibilizmi _ idea, rom mTeli codna aris pirobiTi, WeSmaritia mxolod manam, sanam sawinaaRmdego dadasturdeba _ pragmatizmis ZiriTad elements warmoadgens.
wlebis ganmavlobaSi diui xvewda da aRrmavebda instrumentalizms, tradiciuli ganaTlebis epistemologebis ZiriTadi principebis sakuTar WrilSi ganxilvis Sedegad. magaliTad, is amtkicebda, rom tradiciuli WeSmaritebis fardobiTobis Teoria _ idea, rom Cven SegviZlia faqtebis aRmoCena da obieqturi realobis apriori faqtebis warmodgena _ mxolod iTxovs warmodgenis arsebul realobasTan `Sesabamisobis~ sakiTxs. di uis mtkicebiT nebismieri Sesatyvisoba warmodgenasa da SiS vel faqts Soris WeSmaritia mxolod maSin, Tu is efeqturia realuri cxovrebis problemebis gadaWraSi. WeSmaritebis es pragmatuli Teoria Zlier winaaRmdegobas waawyda, gansakuTrebiT enis da logikis iseTi britaneli filosofosebis mxridan, rogoricaa magaliTad bertran raseli. diui eWvis
jon diui 17
TvaliT uyurebda am kritikas, radgan es kritika ZiriTadad ori entirebuli iyo modernistul varaudebze, gansakuTrebiT subieqtisa da obieqtis gancalkevebis ideaze da privilegias aniWebda am ukanasknels. man folibalizmi mogvianebiT Secvala cnebiT `mtkicebulebis garantirebuloba,~ rogorc ideebis `WeS maritebis~ gamosarkvevi sacdeli testi, romelic Sedgenilia warmatebuli gamokiTxvis safuZvelze. mniSvnelovania, rom am gadasvlam iwinaswarmetyvela ZiriTadi epistemologiuri mtki cebulebebi, romlebic amJamad samecniero kvlevebSi cnobilia `Tvisebrivi paradigmis~ saxelwodebiT.
codnis, rogorc mizanmimarTuli moqmedebis rezultatad ganxilvisas apriori fsiqologiuri an ontologiuri fenomenis nacvlad, diuim Secvala klasikuri metafizikis absolutizmi da gauxsna kari empiriulad Camoyalibebul metafizikas. diuim warmoadgina Tavisi pragmatuli metafizika naSromSi `uSualobis empiriuli postulati~ (1905). mniSvnelovania, rom man SeimuSava fenomenologiuri safuZveli metafizikisTvis, imis mtkicebiT, rom empiriulad gancdili ram aris is, Tu rogor iqna is gancdili. rom ganemarta Tu ras gulisxmobda am sityvebSi, diuim SemogTavaza Semdgomi magaliTi. pirovnebas esmis xma bnel oTaxSi. Tavidan xma SiSis momgvrelad miiCneva, gamokvlevis Semdeg (magaliTad, sinaTlis anTeba da garSemo daTvaliereba) dgindeba, rom xma rogorc Cans gamowveuli iyo fanjris darabis braxuniT, rac ar qmnida SiSis safuZvels. am magaliTis arsi aris is, rom codna yalibdeba samyarosTan Cveni urTierTobebis procesSi. xma Tavidan iyo SiSis momgvreli, magram es SiSi am SemTxvevaSi iyo amJamindeli codnis araadekvaturobis efeqti, rom warmatebiT gadaeWra am SemTxvevaSi amJamindeli mdgomareobis, viTarebis pragmatuli moTxovna.
Semdgomma kvlevam ver gamoaaSkarava axali realoba arsebuli xilvadobis miRma. sanacvlod, man dinamikuri kavSiri Secvala mesa da aRqmas Soris da Sesabamisad imoqmeda realobis Secvlazec. man sawyisi SiSis gamocdileba Cado SinaarsSi, misi mniSvnelobisa da Zalis cvlilebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
diuis Sexedulebam mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia meta fizikaze. upirvelesad igi gardaqmnis arastabilur da SesaZlo codnas validurad an kanonierad da, Sesabamisad, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs metafizikis idealistur versiebs. (magaliTad platonis eidos (ideebi) an kantis wminda goneba). meore mxriv, faqti, rom codna icvleba ganaxlebuli gamokvlevis saSualebiT, romelic win uZRvis bunebrivi SemTxvevis, movlenis adekvatur gagebas, varaudobs, rom Cveni gamocdileba samyaros mimarT nebisemier mocemul dros mTlianad mcdari ar aris. ase rom, skepticizmi gamocdilebis sandoobisadmi gaumarTlebelia. grZnobebi, hipoTezebi, ideebi, xelaxali warmodgenebi da ase Semdeg, yvela potenciurad codnis Rirebul Suamavals, me
18 Teoria ganaTlebisaTvis
diators warmoadgens. warmatebuli gamokvlevis saSualebiT es mediatorebi qrebian, wyveten arsebobas da aaSkaraveben sagnebs `moqmedi pirisTvis yvelaze realuri sada bunebrivi formiT.~ umTavresi aq aris idea, rom nebismieri saxis gamocdileba faseuli da Rirebulia codnis agebis procesSi. sagulisxmoa, rom am narkvevebma winaswar gansWvrites martin haidegeris cnobili hermenevtuli wris artikulacia, sadac yovelgvari codnis safuZvelad praqtikuli monawileoba gvevlineba Das-einSi (yofnaSi) anu samyaroSi.
SesaZloa diuis pragmatuli metafizika yvelaze sruli saxiT Camoyalibebulia `gamocdileba da buneba~Si (1925). am tomSi diui asabuTebs, rom socialuri urTierTobebi mniSvnelovania ara mxolod socialuri Teoriis ganviTarebaSi, aramed agreTve metafizikis ganviTarebaSic, radgan adamianTa koleqtiuri aqtivobebis Sedegad dgindeba, rom goneba Tavad gamovlindeba saganmanaTleblo tradiciisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic ganixilavda gonebas, rogorc primitiul, individualur Tvisebas da winaswar ganzraxuli moqmedebis winapirobas. diui ayalibebs genetikur Sexedulebas, romlis mixedviTac goneba aris koleqtiuri aqtivobis Sedegi simboloebis, gansakuTrebiT ki enis SuamavlobiT. am mxriv misi azrovneba SesamCnevad axlosaa rogorc simboluri interaqcionistebis mosazrebebTan, rogoricaa magaliTad jorj herberti visTan erTadac igi muSaobda, agreTve, lev vigotskisTan, mis TanamedrovesTan, vis Sesaxebac albaT diuim araferi icoda. yvela am moazrovnisaTvis cnobiereba da codna iwarmoeba samyaroSi socialurad da semiotikurad gaSualebuli aqtivobis meSveobiT.
diuis Teoria kvlevis Sesaxeb SeuZlebelia srulad iqnes gagebuli, Tu misi pragmatuli eTikis Sesaxeb araferi viciT. is uaryofda racionalistur interesze dafuZnebul eTikis sistemebs (magaliTad Tomas hobsis socialuri kontraqti) radgan miaCnda, rom individualuri azrovnebis da moqmedebis sakiTxi socialur gamocdilebebs Soris pirvel adgilze dgas. diuis mixedviT eTikis karnaxi aZlevs adamianis moqmedebas mimarTulebas, im mxriv, rom igi akmayofilebs individs sakuTriv Tavis socialur konteqstSi. diuis eTika aris ufro gamomxatvelobiTi vidre sistemuri, igi gvTavazobs eTikuri Tavsatexisadmi midgomis meTods da ara gansakuTrebul principebs, an algoriTmebs, romelTac unda mivyveT. marTlac, igi cdilobda Tavi aeridebina misi azriT sxva moralisti filosofosebis mcdari praqtikisTvis, anu maTgan vinc eZiebda kantis kategoriuli imperativis romelime versias moraluri cxovrebisaTvis.
diuis mixedviT eTika warmoadgens safuZvels cxovrebis demokratuli formebisTvis, raSic is gulisxmobda TanamSromlobisa da sajaro interesis ganviTarebas, romelsac SeuZ
jon diui 19
lia individebisgan koleqtivebis Seqmna, romlebic uzrunvelyofdnen cxovrebis gaumjobesebas ufro eqsperimentis da Semoqmedebis gziT, vidre erTi da igive dogmis gaziarebiT. diuis azriT, amgvari eTikis miyola SesaZlebelia maSin, rodesac, demokratuli Cvevebis ganviTarebas bavSvis socializaciis adreul asakSi, skolidan eyreba safuZveli. diuisTvis skolaSi siaruli TviT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda. rac ufro mniSvnelovania, mas skola miaCnda adgilad, sadac moswavleebi aqtiurad arian CarTulni TanamSromlobis gziT erToblivi miznebis, da rogorc sakuTari, aseve sxvebis interesebis ganxorcielebaSi. diui darwmunebuli iyo, rom pedagogiuri aqtivoba, romelic amgvarad aris organizebuli, Segnebuli, pasuxismgebeli, demokratuli moqalaqeebis saukeTeso momzadebis sawindars warmoadgens.
diuis `xelovneba rogorc gamocdileba~ (1934) mravalmxriv ucnauri wignia, Tumca mis erT nawilSi aRiniSneba pragmatuli esTetikis ganviTarebis mcdeloba. misi epistemologiuri, metafizikuri da eTikuri Teoriebis msgavsad misi esTetikis Teoria genetikuric aris da pragmatulic. magaliTad is amtkicebda, rom esTetikuri gamocdilebis fesvebi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis zogad gamocdilebaSia. roca ki mniSvnelobebis xarisxobrivi, Tvisebrivi erTobis da Rirebulebebis gamocda xdeba wina gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, am gamocdilebas gansxvavebuli esTetikuri Tviseba eniWeba. sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, es perspeqtiva arRvevs elitarul gansxvavebulobas `maRal~ da `dabal~ xelovnebasa da kulturas Soris. xelovanis SemoqmedebiTi samuSao aRar aris ufro SesaniSnavi, vid re Cveulebriv adamianTa yoveldRiuri gamocdileba. proble mebis SesaZ lo gadawyvetilebebis warmosaxviTi ganviTareba, ro melsac gamocdilebis damakmayofilebel rekonstruqciamde mivyavarT aris SemoqmedebiTi aqtivoba. is, rac xelovnebis SemoqmedebiTobas sxva formis Semoqmedebisgan ganasxvavebs ufro raodenobrivia vidre Tvisebrivi. mas saqme unda hqondes xelovanis unarTan miiRos siamovneba, datkbes unificirebuli Tvisobrivi sirTuliT, imis dawyobiTa da ganwmendiT, rac ufro metia, vidre adamianis cxovrebis mniSvneloba da Rirebulebis uSualo, lokaluri da konkretuli SesaZleblobebi. xelovani xelovnebis nimuSSi emociis saSualebiT arkvevs da acocxlebs am elementebs _ ara myisieri, uSualo, daumuSavebeli emociis saSualebiT, aramed im emociis, romelic friad refleqsuria da win uZRvis Semoqmedebis process.
mniSvnelovania is, Tu rogor avlebs paralels diuis esTetikis Teoria mis epistemologiasTan, metafizikasTan da eTikasTan. yvela maTgani pragmatuli an instrumenturia, rogorc individualur aseve koleqtiur doneze. igi amtkicebs, rom xelovneba aris kulturuli produqti, romlis meSveobiTac ada
20 Teoria ganaTlebisaTvis
mianebi gamoxataven sakuTari cxovrebis maTTvis mniSvnelovan faqtebs iseve, rogorc mxiarulebas, tanjvas, imedebsa da idealebs. xelovnebis Seqmna da moxmareba axlos aris iseT Cveulebriv adamianur gamocdilebasTan rogoricaa magaliTad, Wama, seirnoba, mebaReoba an ojaxis movla. es siaxlove eTanxmeba xelovnebis kritikul mademokratizebel rols gabatonebul socialur viTarebasTan kavSirSi. rodesac azriani, damakmayofilebeli cxovrebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Sexedulebebi ganxorcieldeba an yalibdeba xelovnebaSi, Tumca amavdroulad ar realizdeba adamianTa mier, am SemTxvevaSi xelovneba asrulebs Tundac am socialuri viTarebis mdgomareobis mxilebis funqcias. diuis ideebi aq motivirebulia amerikis industrializaciis mcdelobiT, rasac igi im periodSi TiTqmis yvelgan xedavda Tavis garSemo. es mcdeloba moiTxovda muSaTa Cabmas maTTvis uazro, ganmeorebad, aradamakmayofilebel samuSaoSi, romelic maT maTi samuSaosgan gamijnavda da miRwevis da pirovnuli siamayis grZnobisken ar ubiZgebda. diuis daJinebuli mtkicebis Tanaxmad xelovneba da yoveldRiuri cxovreba erTi da igive Zafisgan aris moqsovili strategiuli politikuri miznebisaTvis. rodesac xelovneba realuri cxovrebisagan gancalkevebulad miiCneva, maSin transformaciuli, kontrhegemonuri potenciali mkrTaldeba, brwyinvalebas kargavs an, sulac ukuigdeba.
diuis ganaTlebisa da gamocdilebis Teoria gamomdinare obs misi pragmatuli epistomologiidan, metafizikidan, eTi kidan da esTetikidan. diuisTvis ganaTlebis mizans warmoadgens individis inteleqtualuri, socialuri, emociuri da moralu ri ganviTareba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. am sakiTxebis ganviTareba erTi mxriv damokidebulia da meore mxriv, xels uwyobs mzard demokratiul da mademokratizebel konteqsts. ganaTleba socialuria, igi uzrunvelyofs individebis pirovnul investiciebs `socialur urTierTobebSi da kontrolSi, agreTve fsiqikur CvevebSi, rac icavs socialur cvlilebebs, maTSi socialuri areulobisa da uwesrigobis Setanis gareSe~ (1916/1944, gv. 99). ganaTleba da gamocdileba erTi masalisgan aris Seqmnili: `gamocdilebis rekonstruqcia an reorganizacia, romelic mniSvnelobas matebs gamocdilebas da romelic zrdis unars mimarTos kursi momdevno gamocdilebisken~ (1916/1944, gv.74). ganaTleba gamocdilebaze unda iyos dafuZnebuli da ara gareSe faqtorebiT gamowveuli, radgan: `realuri gamocdilebis processa da ganaTlebas Soris Zalian Rrma da aucilebeli kavSiri arsebobs~ (1938, gv. 20). diuis damokidebuleba gamocdilebis, rogorc ganaTlebisTvis umniSvnelovanesi safuZvelis mimarT emyareba urTierTobas da gagrZelebadobis principebs. piaJes msgavsad, diuis miaCnda, rom yoveli axali gamocdileba igeba da efuZneba wina gamoc
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dilebas. is mtkiced acxadebda, rom maswavleblis pasuxismgeblobaa gansazRvros mimarTuleba, romelSic wamyvani adgili gamocdilebas daekisreba. amasTanave, mas miaCnda, rom gamocdilebebi (da maTi aTviseba) SesaZlebelia iyos ganaTlebadic da araganaTlebadic. man ganaTlebadi gamocdileba ganmarta, rogorc codnis da gamocdilebis horizontis gafarTovebis sawindari, romelsac swori mimarTulebiT mivyavarT gaazrebuli qmedebisaken. gaazrebuli qmedeba Seicavs ganviTarebisa da warmatebisken mudmivad swrafvis unars, ganviTarebis mdgradobisa da ucvlelobis sawinaaRmdegod. is ufro winaswar ganzraxul process warmoadgens, vidre impulsurs. garda amisa igi gaazrebulia. amis sapirispirod, araganaTlebadi gamocdileba `atyvevebs da arRvevs~ ganviTarebas. is avlens uzrunvel, ararefleqsur, mxolod sakuTar Tavze orientirebul xasiaTs. is individs mimarTavs `rutinuli moqmedebebisaken~ da `aviwrovebs mis sferos, misi miznebis an Rirebulebis Tvalsawieris SezRudviT da gadafaravs problemuri gamocdilebis SesaZlo gadawyvetas. araganaTlebadi gamocdileba arc uSvebs da arc xels uwyobs mes cnobierebas, Segnebas an sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs da zogad sociopolitikur ekologias, ro melSic is (individi) cxovrobs. is arTulebs im gzebis danaxvas, romliTac individebis moqmedebebs dadebiTi zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia zemoT xsenebul ekologiaze.
`kvleva~ aris termini, romelsac diui yvelaze xSirad iyenebda swavlebis gamocdilebis Sesaxeb saubrisas. misi xedva kvlevis bunebisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb srulad aris Camoyalibebuli naSromSi: narkvevebi eqsperimentuli logikis Sesaxeb da logika: kvlevis Teoria (1953), romelSic igi amtkicebs kvlevis cvladobas cxoveluri organizmebidan adamianis CaTvliT. diuim kvlevis yvela forma ganixila, rogorc arsebiTi saWiroebebis miRwevis mizniT gamowveuli adaptaciuri pasuxi garemo viTarebaze. man adamianur kvlevas uwoda `inteleqtualuri kvleva,~ romlis damaxasiaTebeli niSania eniT gaSualebuloba. radgan ena sruliad simboluria, is realur samyaroSi adapturi qcevis hipoTeturi gamocdis saSualebas iZleva am qcevis realur danergvamde. diuis mixedviT logikuri forma, tradiciuli logikis Seswavlis gansakuTrebuli sagani, efuZneba ara gonebas, aramed funqciur Rirebulebebs. logikuri forma moicavs problemuri situaciis Sesabamis Tavis garTmevis TvalsaCinoebas, romelic waaqezebs kvlevas da akontrolebs im procesebs, romlebic CarTulia am situaciis mimarT mravalmxrivi hipoTezuri gadawyvetilebebis SemuSavebaSi. isev da isev, es iyo diuis kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli unikaluri xedva (perspeqtiva), romelic kvlav uaryofda klasikur dualizms (magaliTad: subieqti/obieqti, universaluri/gansakuTrebuli, racionalizmi/empirizmi) da kiTxvis qveS aye
22 Teoria ganaTlebisaTvis
nebda ideas, rom adamianis arsebobis gamarTleba mxolod WeSmaritebis danergvaSi mdgomareobs. gamokvlevis Sesaxeb diuis formulirebebma mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonia filosofiur sazogadoebaze da dasabami misca Semdgomi Sromebis gaCenas logikis TeoriaSi.
diuis kvlevis ideis aTvlis wertilad gvevlineba misi gansakuTrebuli xedva gansjis, refleqsiis bunebisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb. man refleqsia ganmarta, rogorc `nebismieri saxis rwmenis an codnis savaraudo formis aqtiuri da frTxili ganxilva, romelic icavs mas da im Semdgom daskvnebs, romlebiskenac miemarTeba~ (1938 gv. amonaridi originalidan). ram denadac amgvari refleqsia devs `inteleqtualuri wyobis da disciplinirebuli gonebis centrSi~ (1938, gv 87) diuisTvis refleqsia aris azrovnebis saxe, `romelic Sinaarsis gonebrivad damuSavebasa da mis seriozul da TanmimdevrobiT gaazrebaSi mdgomareobs.~ igi warmosaxviT azrovnebas emorCileba da moicavs `uwyvet swrafvas martivi dasasrulisken~ (1933, gv. 5). diuim refleqsiis oTxi ZiriTadi kriteriumi Camoayali ba. pirveli, moicavs mniSvnelobisa da miznis uwyvet agebas, romelsac Semswavleli gadayavs erTi gamocdilebidan meoreze, gamocdilebebsa da ideebs Soris kavSirebis ufro Rrma da safuZvliani gagebiT. igi codnis gaRrmavebas da gagebas uzrunvelyofs uwyvetobis saSualebiT. meore, refleqsia aris gaazrebuli, disciplinebuli da zusti. mesame, refleqsia aris Ta namonawileobiTi. is warmogvidgeba xangrZlivi praqtikisa da dauzareli Sromis safuZvelze sazogadoebaSi da win uZRvis saerTo miznebis miRwevisken swrafvas. bolos, refleqsia emyareba im ganwyobebs (atitudebs) romelTaTvisac Rirebulia rogorc pirovnuli, ise koleqtiuri zrda da keTildReoba.
diuis mixedviT, refleqsia, rogorc gamokvlevis yvelaze amaRlebuli forma moicavs 6 ZiriTad fazas: a) problemuri gamocdileba, b) gamocdilebis intuiciuri an spontanuri inter pretacia, g) gamocdilebis safuZvelze warmodgenili cal keuli problemebis gansazRvra an dasaxeleba d) am problemebis gadaWris savaraudo ganmartebebis Camoyalibeba e) ganmartebebis gaazreba hipoTezebis CamoyalibebisaTvis, problemuri situaciebisTvis Tavis garTmevis mizniT, da v) hipoTezuri Semowmeba inteleqtualuri da pragmatuli Rirebulebis gansazRvris mizniT (anu gonebrivi qmedeba).
am procesSi umniSvnelovanesia garkveuloba. movlena ar niS navs aucileblad imas, rac igulisxmeba, sanam maT Soris logikuri urTierTkavSiri ar Camoyalibdeba. diuisTvis swavla aris `azrovnebis swavla~ da `Sedgeba azrovnebis vrceli, frTxili, detalurad gaazrebuli Cvevebisgan~ (1933, gv.78) am mxriv diui kritikuli iyo iseTi saskolo ganaTlebis mimarT, romelic ar uzrunvelyofs processa da produqts Soris kav
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Sirs da logikurad Camoyalibebul, mza informacias, instruqcias ucvleli saxiT awvdis moswavles.
amis sapirispirod, igi afasebda imgvar ganaTlebas, ro melSic azrovneba miCneulia xelovnebad da `azrovnebis procesze sistematur zrunvad~ imisTvis, `rom azrovnebis procesi WeSmaritad refleqsuri gaxdes~ (1933, gv. 85).
man maswavleblebisTvis SeimuSava moswavleebSi refleqsuri gonebrivi Cvevebis ganviTarebis unikaluri meTodi, xerxi romelic cnobilia `socialuri kontrolis~ saxeliT. diuis `socialuri kontrolis~ mixedviT, rodesac maswavlebeli moqmedebs rogorc `mimTiTebeli gacvliT saswavlo procesebSi, romelSic yvela moswavles miuZRvis wvlili, igi erTpirovnuli mmarTvelis da diqtatoris funqcias kargavs da jgufur aqtivobebSi lideris rolSi gvevlineba~ (1938, gv. 59). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT maswavleblis mizani aris eqsperimentuli swavlis SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofa. maswavleblebi da studentebi Tanaarseboben dialogur urTierTobaSi (baxtinis gagebiT) an SesaZloa funqcionireben uaxloesi ganviTarebis zonaSi (vigotskis terminologiiT). maswavleblebic da moswavleebic arian Semswavlelebi socialuri jgufis an sazogadoebrivi praqtikis miRma da Tumca maswavlebels SesaZloa meti codna an gamocdileba (Tundac uaxloesi ganviTarebisas) hqondes, mas mwyemsis da fasilitatoris roli unda hqondes da ara avtoritetuli figuris an eqspertis. mocemul konteqstSi Semswavlelebi TanamSromloben maswavleblebTan da TanatolebTan sakuTari miznebis Seqmnis procesSi, iseve rogorc imis garkvevaSi Tu ras an rogor swavloben. diui rukis metaforas iyenebda am mosazrebis gatarebis mizniT: `ruka, Sinarsi, wina gamocdilebis wesrigSi moyvana da sworad gaazreba, Semdgomi gamocdilebis gzamkvlevs warmoadgens, is aCvenebs mimarTulebas, da exmareba kontrolis ganxorcielebaSi, amao mcdelobebis Semcirebis xarjze~ magram `ruka ver daikavebs mogzaurobis adgils~ (1902, gv. 199)
platonis (magaliTad _ menoni, saxelmwifo) Semdeg sxva filosofosebze metad diui ikvlevda da ganavrcobda saganmanaTleblo sakiTxebs Tavisi moRvaweobis manZilze. da Tumca mas ar Seuqmnia termini `progresuli ganaTleba~, igi mainc asocirdeba progresul ganaTlebasTan. diui darwmunebuli iyo, rom ganaTleba da socialuri demokratia Tanaziaria. misi azriT, skolebi Sefasebaze ufroa koncentrirebuli vidre codnis gadacemaze. studentebs codnis mopovebaSi unda davexmaroT, rom Semdgom maT SeZlon sxvebTan erTad TanamSromlobis gziT cxovreba an muSaoba da gadawyvetilebebis miReba, rac maT swavlaze moaxdens zegavlenas. amasTanave igi kargad acnobierebda, rom skolebi xSirad represiul saswavlo dawesebulebebs warmoadgenen, romlebic ar aRviveben an ar iZlevi