LESSON 2THE HUMAN

BODY

SKELETON:206 BONES THE PURPOSE OF THE SKELETON• Give shapes and firmness 坚固• Provides levers for muscle to work• Protect the important organs• Produce blood• Storage mineral and others.

The major bones of the body The skull• 28bones: 8 the cranium （头盖骨）， 14 the face ,

6 the ear ossicles 听小骨• protect brain The vertebral column• Known as spine , made up 33 vertebrae• 5 regions : cervical ,thoracic , lumbar, sacrum and coccyx. The ribs and breastbone• 12 pairs• 7 pairs are attached to breastbone. Last 2 pairs are front floating-

ribs.

The appendages• Upper extremities: 64 bones• Lower extremities: 62 bones

The structure and function of joints IMMOVABLE:• Allowing no movement• Exp: skull, pelvis

MOVABLE:• The ball and socket joints: shoulder, hip joints• Hinged joints: elbow joints• Slightly movable joints : foot ,spine

韧带软骨关节液关节膜

The function of Muscles• Enable movement• Provides posture 姿势• Heat production

How muscles work Voluntary muscles: （例如：眼皮）• under control• Movement is co-ordinate through the motor nerves Involuntary muscles : （例如：心脏）• Vital 重要 organs, cant be controlled by the time • Work all the time, even when we sleep

Biceps muscle 二头肌

Triceps muscle 肱三头肌