Talk IT_ Agilent_최석근_110818

RENEWABLE ENERGY:

SOLAR POWERThe Technology &

Agilent Solution

Agenda

What is solar power?

Solar market

Solar system

Solar panel produce process

Solar panel test condition

- Cell and module I-V test

- Temperature test and Switching

Inverter performance test

Summary

What is SOLAR(Photovoltaic) POWER?

When a photon is absorbed by a semiconducting material, it increases

the energy of a valence band electron, thrusting it into the conduction

band. The conducting band electron then produces a current that moves

through the semiconducting material.

Cross-Section of a PV cell

+ +++- ---

-

+

Outlook for 2011 PV capacity

CountryChange vs.

2010

1 Germany -

2 Italy -

3 USA +1

4 China +5

5 Japan +1

6 France -1

7 Australia +3

8 India +8

9 Spain -2

10 Canada +2

Source : IMS Research

22GW will be added this year

Rapidly falling module price

Establishing incentives in new markets

Planned cuts in existing markets by year’s end

Europe : FLAT

Asia : Roaring

Overall Europe will be down -1%

But still have 70% of global installation

Except 4 of top 10 country,

Europe ranked 11 to 15 of top country

China lead market

with just-unveiled national FIT

and Golden Sun Program

PV Installation Top 10 Country

Outlook of Korea PV market

Installation scale Solar plant power sales

145.3% rapidly growth over 5 years

Due to RPS(Renewable Portfolio Standards), Korea Solar market will be increase

2012 RPS volume settled as 32.3MW

Korea Hydro and Nuclear power : 21MW

KOSEP: 4.3MW, KOIMPO: 4.0MW, KWP: 3.0MW

Source : Hanaif.re.kr

Installation

amount

Compared with

WW market

Solar cell sales

Solar cell portion of

renewable energy

72 times

increase

Solar system type

Power company

LoadsInverter

Solar

Panel

DC AC

Solar

Panel Inverter

DC AC

LoadsBatteryOff-g

rid c

onnecte

d

Grid c

onnecte

d

Element of Solar System example

Inverter

Power company

LoadsSolar Panel

DC AC

Grid-connected system

Inverter

Power company

LoadsSolar Panel


DC AC


Today focus area

Solar Cell Type

Solar Cell

Silicon

Crystalline

Single Crystal Poly CrystalPolycrystalline

Thin Film

Amorphous Group

Compound Semiconductor

Ⅱ - Ⅵ :

CIS, CdTe

Ⅲ - Ⅴ:

GaAs, InP

Tandem :

GaAs/GE,

GaAlAs/GaAs

Thin Film Solar CellOrganic, Dye

Solar Cell

Solar Panel production process

Poly SiIngot & Wafer PV Cell PV Module PV Array

Crystalline Silicon Solar Panel




Energy Conversion

in Cell and ModulesInstallation




Energy Conversion

in Cell and ModulesInstallation

Electrical

test need

Solar Panel Test Condition

STC(Standard Test Condition)

– Incidence Irradiance : 1000Watts/m2

– Temperature of Solar cell : 25℃

– AM(Air Mass) : 1.5

PTC(PVUSA Test Condition)

– Incidence Irradiance : 1000Watts/m2

– Temperature of Ambient : 20℃

– AM(Air Mass) : 1.5

– Wind speed : 1m/s

Solar Panel Test Requirement

Switching

I-V test

Temperature measure

STC : KS C IEC 60904-1

KS C IEC 60891


I-V test

KS C IEC 60904-1

Solar Cell and Module Electrical Test Basics(illuminated)

Solar cell I-V curve

Solar cell DC circuit equivalent

• Open-circuit voltage (Voc)

• Short-circuit current (Isc)

• Maximum power output of the cell (Pmax)

• Voltage at Pmax (Vmax, Vmp)

• Current at Pmax (Imax, Imp)

• Conversion efficiency of the device (η)

• Fill factor (FF) = Pmax / (Voc * Isc)

• Cell diode properties

• Cell series resistance

• Cell shunt resistance

Solar Cell and Module Electrical Test Basics(dark)

Solar cell Dark I-V curve

Solar cell DC circuit equivalent

• Cell diode properties

• Cell shunt resistance

PV module

Loads

PCS

Diode

Performed to ensure cell quality meets

requirments and to ensure the cell is defect free

High power(up to 600W)

: N3300 Electric Load

N6060B/6063B Electric Load

Med power(up to 100W)

: 661xC or 663xB 2-quad source

Low power (up to 20W)

: N6784A 4-quad SMU

U2723A 4-quad SMU

High performance +

semiconductor parameters

: B1500A

B1505A

B2900A

-

Measure Cell/Module I-V curve

Testing Solar Cells and Modules with Electronic Loads

Features that make the N3300A Series electronic loads ideal for solar test:

High power handling capability in a compact unit: the 1,800-W N3300A is a full-rack unit and the

600-W N3301A is a half-rack unit.

The 6060B and 6063B provide power handling capabilities of 300 W and 250 W and share most of

the features and specifications of the N330xA family.

Simultaneous channel measurements and simultaneous current, voltage, and power measureme

nts from a single channel for high-throughput testing

Built-in digitizer can make measurements of current or voltage vs. time

Temperature coefficient specifications make calculating accuracy for outdoor testing easy

High input stability to prevent oscillations in test setup

High-impedance external sense capability

N3300A 6060B/6063B

PV Cell PV Module


Electronic loads typically have three modes of operation:

Constant Current (CC), Constant Voltage (CV), and Constant Resistance (CR)

Electronic loads are a great solution for solar module testing because of their wi

de power range and ability to sink large amounts of current

CV mode for I-V curve tracing allows stepping through voltages incrementally

and to measure the current output of the module under test

N3302A N3303A N3304A N3305A N3306A N3307A

Input

rating

0-30A

0-60V

150W

0-10A

0-240V

250W

0-60A

0-60V

300W

0-60A

0-150V

500W

0-120A

0-60V

600W

0-30A

0-150A

250W

Resolution(CV mode)

1mV 4mV 1mV 2.5mV 1mV 2.5mV


Under 2Volt, Electronic Load can’t provide current

which should be consummated


N330xA’s ability to draw current is reduced at voltag

e levels below 2 V. At 0 V, no current can flow into th

e load. Adding a simple power supply in series with

the N330xA optimizes performance.

Testing Solar Cells with a Two-Quadrant Power Supply

The Agilent 661xC and 663xB DC source families provide:

High measurement accuracy

Fast response

Great output stability

Low price

For solar cell tests that demand four-quadrant type measurements, Agilent DC

sources can be easily configured with minor switching overhead to be used

like four-quadrant devices.

PV Cell PV Module

Testing Solar Cells with a Two-Quadrant Power Supply

Solar Cell I-V Curve

Reverse bias region of solar cell

Solar cell electrical

characterization

test setup configured

to capture the I-V curve

of a solar cell

Solar cell electrical

characterization

test setup configured

to capture the reverse bias

electrical characterization

of a solar cell

Testing Solar Cells with Paired Two-Quadrant Power Supply

Testing Solar Cells with SMU(U2723A)

PV Cell

20V

-20V

120mA-120mA

3-channel USB SMU with ±20V, ±120mA each (7.2W max)

4-quadrant operation

High current sensitivity of 100pA with 16 bit resolution

0.1% basic accuracy, good for static measurement

Comes with embedded test scripts – with 2 programmable list for each channel.

Higher throughput with parallel output and shorter rise and fall time.

Working Range

Testing Solar Cells with SMU(U2723A)

Program Memory Editor

IV Curve Interface

Graph DisplayChannel Configuration

Commands to be Executed Up to 100 commands

Available Commands

Command Settings

Testing Solar Cells with SMU(N6784A)+20V

+1A

+3A-3A

+6V-6V

-1A

- 20V

Working Range

PV Cell

Up to 4 channel SMU with ±20V in one mainframe(N6705B)

4-quadrant operation

High current sensitivity of 100pA with 16 bit resolution

Can measure from 100nA to 3A at up to 200k samples/s

High load capacitance up to 150uF

N6705B N6784A

Testing Solar Cells with SMU(B2900A)

Range of up to 210 V and 3 A (DC)/10.5 A (pulsed) provides wider

coverage for testing a variety of devices

Measurement resolution of 10 fA and 100 nV offers better source

and measurement performance

Quick bench-top testing, debug and characterization

PV Cell

20V

-20V

3A-3A

Working Range


Dual View:

See all set and meas

ure values with all di

gits displayed

Roll View:

Display data

in time domain

as a strip chart

Graph View:

Characterize IV

curves on the fr

ont panel

Single View:

Set IV sweep pa

rameters

interactively


Agilent B2900A Quick IV measurement software is furnished for free!

You can easily make measurements without writing a program

Spread SheetGraph

Setting


PV Cell PV Module

Four-quadrant

From 10fA/2uV

Up to 40A/3,000V

I-V, C-V

GPIB port

Prober control

C-Vdc

C-f

HCSMU

40V

20A

40A (2xHCSMU)

HVSMU

3000V

8mA

Advanced Test Environment for Solar Cell Evaluation

Measurement solution example for

parallel measurement and

control of other instruments/equipment

EasyEXPERT Solar Cell Application Tests

Solar Cell Test Example

C-AC Voltage Plot

Drive-level Capacitance

Profile (DLCP)

I-V forward


Switching

Temperature measure

KS C IEC 60891

Temperature Measurement and switching with 34970A

Three-slot mainframe with a built-in 6½ digit digital multimeter

Each channel can be configured independently to measure one of 11 diff

erent functions without the added cost or hassles of signal-conditioning

accessories

Eight optional plug-in modules to create a compact data logger, full-featu

red data acquisition system or low-cost switching unit

34970A

data acquisition switch unit

Temperature Measurement and switching with 34980A

34980A multifunction switch/measurement unit

Eight-slot mainframe

Includes an optional built-in 6½ digit DMM.

21 optional plug-in modules available

• Various switch matrices

• MUXs

• General-purpose configured switching modules34980A

Up to 560 2-wire multiplexer channels or 4096 matrix cross-points in one mainframe

Switch current carrying capabilities up to 8 A

Built-in Ethernet, USB 2.0, and GPIB connectivity, standard connectors, and software

drivers for most common programming environments

Lower cost than a comparably configured PXI-based switching solution

Optional built-in 6½ digit DMM lets you make measurements at greater than 3000 rea

dings/second

Switch relay counters help predict end of switch life

Temperature measurement capabilities with thermocouples, RTDs, or thermistors

34980A features that make it a good fit for solar cell test systems:

PS-X10-100Solar Cell I-V Test System

TUV Taiwan used

Quickly characterize a solar panel

• Capture an I-V curve 100 points in 10 ms

• Up to 30 A

• Monitor Reference junction 0.1 nA resolution

• Monitor temperature

Inverter

Power company

LoadsSolar Panel


DC AC


Inverter test

MPPT Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking

Traditional system Micro Inverter Power Optimizer(DC to DC)

Inverter system Type

House AC

Internet

VAC

VAC

VAC

VDC

VDC

VDC

House AC

Internet

VDC

VDC

VDC

VDC

VDC

VDC

VDC

VDC

VDC

House AC

Inverter InverterMPPT MPPT

Power optimizer

MPPT

Micro Inverter

MPPT

MPPT

MPPTMPPT

MPPT

What need to test for inverter?

Inverter MUST Track Maximum

power point for maximizing power

However

Panel condition should be changed by

- Irradiation level

- Temperature

- Angle of Incidence

No bypass diodes

Module Voltage

Mo

du

le C

urr

en

t

No Shadow

Photovoltaic I V Characteristics

Increasing Rs

I

V

Rs

Rsh

Decreasing RshDecreasing

Light IntensityIncreasing

Temperature

E4360A Solar Array Simulator

Features that make the E4360A Solar Array Simulator ideal for inverter test:

Remote sensing – reproduce I-V curve right at the desired location

3 ways to define I-V curve – meet a variety of needs

Parameter - tests such as compliance standards at minimum, nominal, and

maximum rated voltage

Table – simulate almost any I-V curve such as shadow on individual solar cells

Offset – easily simulate changes in temperature or illumination

List mode – up to 512 parameter based curves (list steps) can be paced with dwell

times

Accurate I-V curve reproduction – test Maximum Peak Power Tracking circuitry and

algorithms

Data Logging – simultaneous V & I measurements allow for power calculation to

confirm proper simulation

E4360A Solar Array Simulator 2 outputs in 2U

510W or 600W per output

65V, 8.5A or 130V, 5A standard outputs

Series or Parallel operation for more V or IE4360A

Summary

Unlit I-V Characterization < 1A

• U2722A/U2723A

•B1500A Precision Characterization

Unlit I-V Characterization < 1A

• U2722A/U2723A

• B1500A Precision Characterization

Lit I-V Characterization 3A – 6A


• 2–6631Bs anti-series connection

• Load and PS

Lit I-V Characterization >6A

• Loads and PS


PV Cell PV Module Temperature

Temperature

• 34970A

• 34980A

Mux

• 34970A

• 34980A

Inverter

Inverter Input test

• E4360A

Solar array simulator

Power component test

• B1505A

Precision Characterization

Education

Talk IT_ Agilent_최석근_110818