Research Methods Alvin B. Manalang

Discussant

Research Methods

Topics • 1.6 Types of Research• 1.7 Meaning and Types of Variables• 1.8 The Research Process• 1.9 Difficulties Encountered in

Research• 1.10 Characteristics of Good Research

Types of Research1.Basic Research.2.Applied Research.3.Developmental Research.

Basic Research.

This is also called as “fundamental research”

or “pure research.”

Applied ResearchThis type of research involves seeking new applications of scientific knowledge to the solution of a problem, such as the development of a new system or procedure new device, or new method in order to solve the problem.

Developmental ResearchThis is a decision-oriented research involving the application of the steps of the scientific method in response to an immediate need to improve existing practices.

Classification of Research1.Library research.2.Field research.3.Laboratory research.

Library research• This is done in the library

where answers to specific questions or problems of the study are available.

Field researchHere, research is conducted in natural setting.

Laboratory researchThe research is conducted in artificial or controlled conditions by isolating the study in a thoroughly specified and equipped area.

The VariableMeaning of Variable A variable is defined as a quantity susceptible of fluctuation or change in value or magnitude under different conditions. Numerical values or categories represent these quantities.

Types of Variable1.Independent variable.2.Dependent variable.3.Moderator variable.4.Control variable.5.Intervening variable.

Independent variable.

This is the stimulus variable which is chosen by the researcher to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon.

Dependent variable.

This is the response variable which is observed and measured to determine the effect of the independent variable.

Moderator variableThis is a secondary or special type of independent variable chosen by the researcher to determine if it changes or modifies the relationships between the independent and dependent variables.

Control variableThis is a variable that is controlled by the investigator in which the effects can be neutralized by eliminating or removing the variable

Intervening variable.

This is a variable which interferes with the independent and dependent variables, but its effects can either strengthen or weaken the independent and dependent variables

Figure1.1 Illustrations of Independent, Intervening, and Dependent Variables

Academic rank

Age, Gender, Civil Status,

Experiences, Socio Economic Status,Attitudes

Research performance

Component of the Research Process1. Problem/Objectives.2. Hypotheses.3. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework.4. Assumptions.5. Review of Related Literature6. Research Design7. Data Collection8. Data Processing and Statistical Treatment9. Analysis and interpretation 10.Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations.

Difficulties Encountered in Research

1. Topic is Too Broad2. Deciding Which Sources to Use3. Formatting Problems4. Weak Thesis5. Not Giving Yourself Enough Time

Characteristics of Good Research1.Empirical.2.Logical.3.Cyclical.4.Analytical.5.Critical.6.Methodical.7.Replicability.

Qualities of a Good Researcher1. R- Research Oriented2. E- Efficient3. S- Scientific4. E- Effective5. A- Active6. R- Resourceful7. C- Creative8. H- Honest9. E- Economical10.R- Religious

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