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Does dairy fat matters?
A review of the effects of cheese
and dairy matrix on health
Benoît Lamarche, PhD
Chair of Nutrition
School of Nutrition,
INAF, Université Laval
Québec, Canada
IDF World Dairy
Summit
Rotterdam
October 2016
DisclosuresFunding (last 5 years)
• CIHR, NSERC, FRQ-NT, FRQ-S
• Dairy Farmers of Canada/Agriculture Agri-Food Canada
• Dairy Research Institute
• Canola Council of Canada/Agriculture Agri-Food Canada
• Atrium Innovations
• Merck Frosst
Other (advisory, honoraria, last 5 years)• Health Canada
• Canadian Nutrition Society
• Centre Européen pour la Nutrition & la Santé (CENS)
• Dairy Farmers of Canada
• Danone Canada
Recommendations
regarding dairy:
Low fat dairy.
« Take a few portions of dairy producedaily, including milk or yogurt »
EJCN 2016 70, 869–878
« A disctinction between the effects of low fat and high fat dairy produce was not possible, because of insufficient evidence »
Dairy fat: harmful or beneficial?
Can J Cardiol 2016 Aug;32(8):1026-32
+
• High quality protein
• Calcium
• Vit D
• Other Vit, minerals
• Displacement effect
-
• SFA intake
• Allergies, intolerance
• Environmental issues
Sources of SFA, US Population age > 2 yrs
NHANES 2005–2006
SFA 12%9%
2010: SFA vs CHD risk…?
7
Hjerpsted, Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:1479–84.
Cheese vs. butter lowers LDL-C
Run-in Cheese Butter
13% of energy from cheese or butter
Tessier-Grenier, unpublished
HDL Trial
Study design
Diet 2
Visits
Medical Evaluation
Randomization
Feeding
Anthropometry
OUTCOMES
HDL related
Lipids, apos, particle size
Inflammation
2 3 4Weeks 1Re
cru
tme
nt
Diet 1 Diet 3 Diet 4
1 2 3 4
Diet 5
2 3 41 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Washout Washout Washout Washout
CHEESE BUTTER MUFA PUFA CHO
Energy1 (kcal) 2654 ± 567 2615 ± 537 2649 ± 576 2649 ± 576 2618 ± 561
Lipids (%) 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 25.0
SFA(%) 12.6 12.4 5.8 5.8 5.8
MUFA(%) 12.5 12.3 19.6 12.6 12.6
PUFA(%) 4.8 4.8 4.8 11.5 4.8
CHO (%) 51.9 52.0 51.9 51.9 58.9
Proteins (%) 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0
Calcium (mg/2500 kcal) 1261 811 812 812 842
Sodium (mg/2500 kcal) 2482 2480 2479 2479 2485
Fibers (mg/2500 kcal) 31 31 31 31 31
Methods
Experimental diets
Values are means ± SD Tessier-Grenier et al unpublished
Methods
• 92 men and women• 18 - 65 years• Waist ≥ 94 cm ♂ et ≥ 80 cm ♀
• HDL-C ≤ 1,43 mmol/L ♂ et ≤ 1,64 mmol/L ♀• Stable weight ≥ 3 mo• Ø diabetes, smokers, CVD, endocrine
disorders, food allergies, vegetarians• Medication stable ≥ 6 mo
Tessier-Grenier et al unpublished
HDL TrialResults LDL-C
P tx*baseline LDL-C =0.01
Tessier-Grenier et al unpublished
vs. CHO vs. MUFA vs. PUFAvs. Cheese
Low High Low High Low High
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
Low High
Baseline LDL-C
ΔL
DL
-C (
mm
ol/
l)
P<0.05
P<0.05
P<0.05
P<0.05
Cheese
Butter
Tessier-Grenier, unpublished
HDL TrialResults HDL-C
CHEESE BUTTER MUFA PUFA
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,3
CHO
HD
L-C
(m
mo
l/L
)
P<0.05
HDL function/proteomic
Richard et al, JNN 2014
Acutephase
Antioxidant
Binding
Coagulation
Cholesterolhomeostasis
Complement activationComplement inhibition
Immune response
Oxygen transport
Proteolysis
HDL mediated Chol efflux
Rader JCI 2006
Impact of the food matrix
Brassard et al unpublished
dE
fflu
xv
s.
CH
O
CHEESE BUTTER MUFA PUFA
Impact of the food matrix
Tessier-Grenier et al unpublished
CHEESE BUTTER MUFA PUFA CHO P
hs-CRP 2.82 ± 2.82 2.48 ± 2.40 2.15 ± 2.03 2.56 ± 2.53 2.53 ± 2.38 0.88
Adiponectin 7.01 ± 3.14 7.07 ± 2.91 7.05 ± 3.00 6.95 ± 2.89 6.86 ± 2.83 0.77
Systolic BP 109.9 ± 13.4 109.0 ± 12.4 111.4 ± 12.9 109.9 ± 13.0 109.8 ± 12.6 0.19
Diastolic BP 70.0 ± 10.4 68.9 ± 9.8 68.7 ± 9.8 68.8 ± 11.3 69.9 ± 10.0 0.36
Fasting Glucose 4.99 ± 0.57 4.96 ± 0.54 4.97 ± 0.51 4.99 ± 0.55 4.94 ± 0.55 0.88
Insulin 118 ± 70 118 ± 60 120 ± 81 118 ± 64 115 ± 55 0.65
HOMA-IR 3.85 ± 2.57 3.78 ± 2.03 3.89 ± 2.88 3.82 ± 2.82 3.65 ± 1.88 0.48
SFA and Cardiometabolic risk
ApoB
LDL-C
HDL-C
Coagulation
Vascular
Insulin
Inflammation
SBP
Sources of SFA vs risk?
?
Reduced Increased
5% increase in ES
ou
rce
of
SF
A
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
Total
Dairy
Meat
Butter
Plant
Mixed
-29%
-38%
+48%
-17%
-38%
-17%
Hazard Ratio for CVD
FOOD-SPECIFIC SFA AND CVD De Oliviera Otto et al Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:397–404
N=5209Follow-up 10 yrs
Dairy fat: good or bad ?
Systematic-review of the association
between dairy product consumption
and risk of cardiovascular-related
clinical outcomes
Drouin-Chartier, Côté, Brassard, Tessier-
Grenier, Labonté, Desroches, Couture,
Lamarche
Adv Nutr 2016 (in press)
Adv Nutr in press 2016
Dairy: good or bad ?
Adv Nutr in press 2016
1.Is dairy consumption detrimentally,
neutrally or beneficially associated with
cardiovascular-related clinical
outcomes?
2.Is the recommendation to consume low-
fat, as opposed to regular/high-fat dairy,
evidence-based?
Dairy: good or bad ?
Elwood et al. 2004
Elwood et al. 2008
Elwood et al. 2010
Soedamah-Muthu et al. 2011
Tong et al. 2011
Bendsen et al. 2011
Ralston et al. 2012
Soedamah-Muthu et al. 2012
Aune et al. 2013
Gao et al. 2013
O'Sullivan et al. 2013
Chen et al. 2014
Chowdhury et al. 2014
Hu et al. 2014
Qin et al. 2015
De Souza et al. 2015
Larsson et al. 2015
Chen et al. 2015
Kim and Je 2015
Alexander et al. 2016
Gijsberg et al. 2016
Adv Nutr in press 2016
Dairy and risk of CHDSystematic review - meta-analyses
0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,00 1,10 1,20 1,30 1,40
Total dairy
High-fat
Low-fat
Dairy fat
Milk
Cheese
Yogurt
Fermented
Relative risk
17:0 Chowdhury et al., 2014 (47)
15:0 Chowdhury et al., 2014 (47) 15:0 De Souza et al., 2015 (46)
R-TFA De Souza et al., 2015 (46)
Soedamah-Muthu et al., 2011 (30)Qin et al., 2015 (9)
Qin et al., 2015 (9)
Elwood et al., 2010 (49)Qin et al., 2015 (9)
Elwood et al., 2004 (22)Elwood et al., 2008 (48)Elwood et al., 2010 (49)Soedamah-Muthu et al., 2011 (30)
R-TFA Bendsen et al., 2011 (45)
17:0 De Souza et al., 2015 (46)Cis16:1 ω-7 Chowdhury et al., 2014 (47)
Alexander et al., 2016 (10)
Alexander et al., 2016 (10)
Alexander et al., 2016 (10)
Alexander et al., 2016 (10)
Soedamah-Muthu et al., 2011 (30)Qin et al., 2015 (9)Alexander et al., 2016 (10)
Soedamah-Muthu et al., 2011 (30)Qin et al., 2015 (9)Alexander et al., 2016 (10)
Dairy and risk of strokeSystematic review - meta-analyses
0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,00 1,10 1,20 1,30 1,40
Total dairy
High-fat
Low-fat
Dairy fat
Milk
Cheese
Yogurt
Fermented
Relative risk
Hu et al., 2014 (81)Qin et al., 2015 (9)
Hu et al., 2014 (81)Qin et al., 2015 (9)
Hu et al., 2014 (81)Qin et al., 2015 (9)
Elwood et al., 2004 (22)Elwood et al., 2008 (48)Elwood et al., 2010 (49)Soedamah-Muthu et al., 2011 (30)Hu et al., 2014 (81)
Elwood et al., 2010 (49)Hu et al., 2014 (81)Qin et al., 2015 (9)
Qin et al., 2015 (9)
Hu et al., 2014 (81)
Alexander et al., 2016 (10)
Alexander et al., 2016 (10)
Alexander et al., 2016 (10)
Alexander et al., 2016 (10)
Alexander et al., 2016 (10)
Dairy and risk of type 2 diabetesSystematic review - meta-analyses
0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00 1,20 1,40
Total dairy
High-fat
Low-fat
Dairy fat
Milk
Cheese
Yogurt
Fermented
Relative risk
Elwood et al., 2010 (49)Tong et al., 2011 (120)Gao et al., 2013 (121)Aune et al., 2013 (122)Chen et al., 2014 (123)
Tong et al., 2011 (120)Gao et al., 2013 (121)Aune et al., 2013 (122)
Tong et al., 2011 (120)Gao et al., 2013 (121)Aune et al., 2013 (122)
R-TFA De Souza et al., 2015 (46)15:0 De Souza et al., 2015 (46)17:0 De Souza et al., 2015 (46)
Elwood et al., 2008 (48)Gao et al., 2013 (121)Aune et al., 2013 (122)
HF milk - Tong et al., 2011 (120)HF milk - Gao et al., 2013 (121)
LF milk - Gao et al., 2013 (121)
Gao et al., 2013 (121)Aune et al., 2013 (122)
Tong et al., 2011 (120)Gao et al., 2013 (121)Aune et al., 2013 (122)Chen et al., 2014 (123)
Gao et al., 2013 (121)Aune et al., 2013 (122)
Gijsbers et al., 2016 (124)
HF Gijsbers et al., 2016 (124)
LF milk Gijsbers et al., 2016 (124)
Gijsbers et al., 2016 (124)
Gijsbers et al., 2016 (124)
Gijsbers et al., 2016 (124)
Gijsbers et al., 2016 (124)
Gijsbers et al., 2016 (124)
Gijsbers et al., 2016 (124)
Dairy and healthSystematic review - meta-analyses
GRADE:Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation
Quality assessment:
HIGH: further research very unlikely to change
confidence in the risk estimate
MODERATE: further research likely to have an
important impact on confidence in the effect
and may change the risk estimate
LOW, VERY LOW…
CVD CHD Stroke BP MetS T2D
Total dairyNeutralModerate
NeutralHigh
FavorableModerate
FavorableHigh
FavorableModerate
FavorableModerate
Milk UncertainNeutralModerate
NeutralModerate
FavorableModerate
FavorableModerate
NeutralModerate
CheeseNeutral
High
NeutralModerate
FavorableModerate
NeutralHigh
UncertainFavorable
Moderate
YogurtNeutralModerate
NeutralModerate
NeutralModerate
NeutralModerate
UncertainFavorable
High
GRADE assessment of evidence
Unresolved issues• Do regular/full fat and reduced/non-fat dairy
products have similar or different effects on
health outcomes?
• To what extent are potential health effects of
dairy consumption modulated by the foods it is
replacing in the diet?
• What is the impact of dairy consumption on
other vascular-related disease outcomes such
as peripheral arterial disease, chronic kidney
disease and cognitive decline?
Can J Cardiol 2016 Aug;32(8):1026-32
Take home messages
• Consumption of dairy poses no health
riskCould dairy simply be neutral foods?
• Consumption of specific dairy products
may have favorable health effectsOn their ownBy replacing other foodsBy contributing to specific nutrients
• Current recommendations on low fat
dairy needs to be substantiated
Remerciements
Amélie Charest
Iris Gigleux
Johanne
Marin
Marie-Ève
Paradis
Georges
Cousineau
Steve
Larouche
Louise
Corneau
Valérie
Guay
Danielle
Aubin
Sandra
Gagnon
Julie
Maltais-G.
Marie-Claude
Lépine
36
Thank you!