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Buddhism, Meditation, five aggregates, vipasanna
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Updated Mar 2010
加拿大佛教會 湛山精舍 禪修學佛入門
Introduction to Buddhism and Meditation
2012/03/17
Buddhist Association of CanadaCham Shan Temple
Updated Mar 2010
Buddhist Association of CanadaCham Shan Temple
ná mó fó tuó南 無 佛 陀Namo Buddha
ná mó dá mó 南 無 達 摩Namo Dharma
ná mó sēng qié南 無 僧 伽 Namo Sangha
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
1. Basic Buddhist Textbook by Fang Lun in Chinese
2. Cultivation and Contemplation by Master Zhize
3. Six Dharma Gates by Master Zhize
4. Essentials of Insight Meditation and Loving Kindness Medition by Ven. Sujiva
References
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
30 min - Introduction to Meditation 15 min - Practice Walking Meditation 15 min - Practice Sitting Meditation 30 min - Introduction to Buddhism 30 min - Group Discussion Vegetarian Lunch – Dining Hall
Class Arrangement
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
Walking MeditationPrepare Yourself
1. Relax and take deep breathing深呼吸及放鬆2. Let worry fall away and let go放下一切煩惱3. Walking in the pure land想像在淨土慢行4. At peace with yourself 平靜5. Let smile blossom 微笑
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
The Miracle of Mindfulness on Your Walking正念奇跡1. When you take a long breath, you
are fully aware that you are taking a long breath.
2. You know that how many steps you take as you inhale and how many steps you take as you exhale.
3. You know that your smile is closely connected to the serenity of your footsteps and your breathing.
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
Lotus Flower Blossoms From Your Footstep 每一步都使蓮花開花1. When you are walking, you are
aware of that:a) Your heal is up.b) You are lifting your foot.c) Your body is moving forward.d) You are lowering your foot.e) You are touching the floor with
your toes.f) You are pressing your foot on floor.
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
The Miracle of Mindfulness on Your Walking正念奇跡1. Breathing呼吸2. Walking行3. Counting數4. Keeping a half-smile微笑That can generate:5. Mindfulness正念6. Concentration 專注7. One-pointedness一心8. Peace和平
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
Sitting MeditationPrepare Yourself
1. Banquet and cushion 2. Loose clothing3. Gentle Exercise before sitting4. Put away all things you are
planning to do 5. Minimize all desires except
for meditation
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
Meditation – 3 adjustments
Adjust posture: 調身Adjust breathing: 調息Adjust mind: 調心
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
7 Postures: 調身七支坐法1.足支:結跏趺坐 Full/half lotus/free seat 雙單散盤,足心向上 2.腰脊支:脊直肩平 Spine and neck straight, back flat 背平頸直3.手支:手結定印 Left palm below abdomen, right palm on
the left palm, thumbs touching each other 姆指相挂4.肩胛支:頂門向上 shoulder upright and head top 頭正容寬,收斂下顎 Chin withdrawn5.头颈支: Head upright and neck straight 6.舌支:舌抵上顎 Tongue on upper jaw 兩唇輕合7.目支:雙眼平視 , 半開半閉 , 視若無睹 Eyes level and
natural 開合自然 ,
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
Adjust Breathing: 調息Your Best Friend - Watch Closely - Mindful of Your
BreathingTake a long, gentle, even soft clean breath through your
nose. Exhale through your month visualizing all the dirty, toxic obstructions are drained away along. Repeat three times.
Prefer long, deep, soft and calm口吐濁氣。不可粗急。綿綿恣氣而出。想身分中百脈不通處。放息隨氣而出。閉口鼻納清氣。如是至三。若身息調和但一亦足。
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
Adjusting, Counting, Observing Breathing 調息 , 數息 , 觀息數息 – Counting from 1 to 10 and then repeat
Mindful of Abdomen Breathing觀腹式呼吸 – Tummy 丹田 Dantain
觀鼻端呼吸 – Focus in front of Nose 眼觀鼻 鼻觀心 – Eyes contemplate on noseNose contemplates on
mind
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
A Pragmatic Approach to Vipassana
Essentials of Insight Meditation Practice
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
Kayanupassana Satipatthana 觀身不淨 (Mindfulness of Body)
Vedananupassana Satipatthana 觀受是苦 (Mindfulness of Feelings)
Cittanupassana Satipatthana 觀心無常 (Mindfulness of Mind)
Dhammanupassana Satipatthana 觀法無我 (Mindfulness of Phenomena)
Satipatthana Vipassana Meditationn 四念住
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
In the Buddhist tradition, satipatthāna refers to the establishing, foundation or presence of "mindfulness“. The Buddha taught the establishing of mindfulness as the direct path to the realization of nirvana. Satipatthānā means the Four Foundations of Mindfulness, bases for maintaining moment-by-moment mindfulness and for developing mindfulness through meditation. In contemporary times the practice is most associated with Theravada Buddhism ( 上座部佛教 ). The method is also known as Vipassana meditation.
Satipatthana Vipassana Meditationn 四念住
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
Herein a monk dwells contemplating
the body in the bodyfeelings in the feelingsconsciousness in the consciousnessmind-objects in the mind-objects
ardent, clearly comprehending and mindfulhaving overcome covetousness and grief in the world.
What is a Foundation of Mindfulness?
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
Herein a monk dwells contemplating the fall of things in the body.He so dwells contemplating both the rise and fall of things in the body,ardent, clearly comprehending and mindfulhaving overcome covetousness and grief in the world.
Cultivation of Foundation of Mindfulness
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
1 Breath2 Postures3 Clear comprehension4 Parts of the body impurities5 Four elements (earth, fire, water, and wind elements)6-14 Decay
BODY CONTEMPLATION AS FOUNDATION OF MINDFULNESS
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
It is clear that some of them are initially pure tranquillity meditation exercises but are later switched to insight meditation in theclosing verse of Satipatthana Sutta—
He lives contemplating origination thingsin the body, or he lives contemplating dissolution-things in the body,or he lives contemplating origination and dissolution-things in the body.
BODY CONTEMPLATION AS FOUNDATION OF MINDFULNESS
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
佛教的教理 – Dharma, Teaching of Buddha1. 三法印 3 Dharma Zeal2. 四依法 4 Reliance3. 十善 10 Good Deeds4. 四聖諦 4 Noble Truth5. 八正道 8 Fold Path6. 十二因緣 12 Causation Link7. 六度 6 Paramita8. 八萬四千法門 84,000 Approaches
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Belief
“Every existent is compounded by causes and conditions and is void of an independent self”
THE TEACHINGS OF THE BUDDHA by Dharma Master Fa-Fang
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
三法印 – 3 Zeal of the Dharma
諸行無常Impermanent
諸法無我No self
湼槃寂靜Nirvana
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
Four Noble Truths 四諦十六行相
道Eightfold Path to end suffering道 , 理 , 行 , 出
苦 Suffering苦 , 無常 , 空 , 無我
集 Cause of suffering集 , 因 , 生 , 緣
滅 Cessation of the cause of suffering滅 , 靜 , 妙 , 離
果Effect
因Cause
世間Mundane
出世間Supra-mundane
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
Dukkha1 ordinary suffering (dukkha-dukkha)
2 dukkha as produced by change (veparinama-dukkha)
3 dukkha as conditioned states (samkhara-dukkha)
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
Dukkha as conditioned states Most important philosophical aspect of the First
Noble Truth The Buddha says :
– 'In short these five aggregates of attachment are dukkha’
– 'O bhikkhus, what is dukkha? It should be said that it is the five aggregates of attachment’
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
The Five Aggregates1. Form
2. Sensations
3. Perceptions
4. Mental Formations and Volition
5. Consciousness
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
1. Matter-Rupakkhandha Four elements: solidity, fluidity, heat and motion
(earth, water, fire and air) and derivativesDerivatives: Faculties External Objectsfive material sense-organs
Eye visible formEar SoundNose OdourTongue TasteBody Tangible things
Immaterial sense organ
Mind Mind-objects: ideas or conceptions
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
Mind faculty ‘Mind’ (manas) is not spirit as opposed to
matter Ideas and thoughts are not independent of the
world experienced by these five physical sense faculties
Mind is only a faculty or organ (indriya) that can be controlled and developed like any other faculty
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
2. Sensations-VedanakkhandhaExperienced through the contact of physical and mental organs with the external world, there are of six kinds and correspond to the faculties-objects
Pleasant
Unpleasant
Neutral
All our physical and mental sensations are included in this group
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
3. Perceptions-SannakkhandhaLike sensations, they are produced through the contact of our six faculties with the external world and are of six kinds
Perception recognizes or labels the object
Works by analogy
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
4. Mental Formations and Volition- Samkharakkhandha
It may be described as a conditioned response to the object of experience.
Mental formations comes from the past (i.e. habits), and volition functions here and now.
Like sensations and perceptions, volition is of six kinds corresponding to the pairs faculty-object
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
Mental formations and volition determine our responses to the objects of experience and these responses have moral consequences
Volitional activities (karma) are of three kinds: body, speech and mind
There are 52 mental or volitional formations that produce Karma and they are the cause of becoming
4. Mental Formations and Volition- Samkharakkhandha
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
52 Mental FormationsContact Initial application Hate Shamelessness Amity
Feeling Sustained application Dullness Recklessness Reason
Perception Effort Error Distraction Faith
Volition Pleasurable interest Conceit Sloth MindfulnessConcentration of mind Desire to do Envy Torpor Modesty
Psychic life Deciding Selfishness Perplexity Discretion
Attention Greed Worry Disinterestedness Balance of mind
Composure of mental properties Adaptability of mind Right speech
Composure of mind Proficiency of mental properties Right action
Buoyancy of mental properties Proficiency of mind Right livelihood
Buoyancy of mind Rectitude of mental properties Pity
Pliancy of mental properties Rectitude of mind Appreciation
Pliancy of mind
Adaptability of mental properties
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
5. Consciousness-Vinnanakkhandha Awareness of the presence of an object
There is no recognition at this stage (perception)
In Buddhism there is no permanent, unchanging spirit which can be considered 'Self', or 'Soul', or 'Ego', as opposed to matter, and that consciousness should not be taken as 'spirit' in opposition to matter
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
5. Consciousness-Vinnanakkhandha Arises out of conditions Named according to whatever condition
through which it arises (tactile, mind… 6 kinds) Depends on matter, sensation, perception and
mental formations Seeking delight it may grow, increase and
develop Is a series, succession or current of vijñanas
(conscious states), cognitive acts, representations, ideas, volitions, etc.
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
Yogacara - Mind Only school All representations, cognitions, volitions,
experiences leave a trace or subliminal impression –vasanas- in the subconscious part of the mind –alayavijñana-
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
Yogacara - Mind Only school These vasanas remain in the subconscious part
of the mind (alayavijñana) in a latent, potential form until the moment when, due to adequate circumstances, they are reactivated, they become conscious passing to constitute the conscious part of the mind (pravrittivijñana)
All these contents of the mind are as unreal as the dreams which are also produced by the reactivation of vasanas.
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
Yogacara - Mind Only school The vasanas give rise by means of that
reactivation to actual, conscious representations, ideas, cognitions, volitions, experiences, etc., similar to those which left them, and which constitute the individual
Transmigration is explained – without having recourse to the notion of ‘soul’ (atman) – through the theory of ‘series, succession, current of vijñanas’ (conscious states)
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
Yogacara - Mind Only school
VasanasStore Consciousness
subconscious - subliminal(Alayavijñana) 8
Function Consciousness (6 kinds)
(Pravrittivijñana)
Other SkandhasConditions
Arising of the ego-consciousness (manas) 7
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
Five aggregates The five aggregates are in flux of momentary
arising and disappearing
One thing disappears, conditioning the appearance of the next in a series of cause and effect.
There is no unchanging substance in them.
There is nothing behind them that can be called a permanent Self (Atman)
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
No Soul-Anatta Mere suffering exists, but no sufferer is found;
The deeds are, but no doer is foundBuddhaghosa
There is no unmoving mover behind the movement
Thought itself is the thinker
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
References http://www.buddhanet.net/funbud14.htm Whalpola Rahula, What the Buddha Taught Fernando Tola and Carmen Dragonetti,
Philosophy of Mind in the Yogacara Buddhist School, History of Psychiatry 2005; 16; 453
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
www.ChamShanTemple.orgwww.shengguangshi.blogspot.comShengguangShi@hotmail.comShengguang Shi 釋聖光Tom Cheung 張相棠Kam Cheung 張仁勤Dennis A. Yap 葉普智Rodolfo Rivas
Questions and Comments 討論
加拿大佛教會 © 2006 Buddhist Association of Canada
Buddhist Association of Canada
yuàn xiāo sān zhàng zhū fán năo
願消三障諸煩惱We wish to rid ourselves of the three hindrances and all klesas.
yuàn dé zhì huì zhēn míng lĭao
願得智慧真明了We wish to gain wisdom and real understanding.
pŭ yuàn zuì zhàng xī xiāo chú
普願罪障悉消除 We wish all sinful hindrances to be totally eradicated.
shì shì cháng xíng pú sà dào
世世常行菩薩道In one life after another we always follow Bodhisattvas’ paths.
回向Parinamana (Transfer of Merit)