Teaching English Consonants

VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute

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TEACHING ENGLISH CONSONANTS

VICTOR GAO ZHEJIANG EDUCATION

INSTITUTE

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Sagittal section of the vocal tract

气管

喉 / 声门

咽腔

鼻腔

text ©J.J. Ohala, September 2001

支气管

口腔

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发音器官图

齿龈

上齿

双唇

软腭

声门

口腔咽腔鼻腔

硬腭

声带

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发音器官 Speech Organs

双唇

上齿齿龈齿龈后 / 硬颚前

软腭小舌

咽腔

声门

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发音器官

双唇

上齿齿龈

齿龈后 / 硬颚前

软腭小舌

咽腔

声门

硬腭

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Description of English consonants

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English consonants

英语辅音教学

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p b m t d nK g

English consonants

鼻音和爆破音

发音部位

发音方式

双唇

齿龈

小舌

清辅音

浊辅音鼻音

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p b m t d nK g

英语辅音

爆破音和鼻音

发音部位

发音方式

双唇

齿龈

软腭

清辅音

浊辅音鼻音

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鼻音 / m /

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p b m t d nK g

英语辅音

爆破音和鼻音

发音部位

发音方式

双唇

齿龈

软腭

清辅音

浊辅音鼻音

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p b m t d nK g

英语辅音

爆破音和鼻音

发音部位

发音方式

双唇

齿龈

软腭

清辅音

浊辅音鼻音

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p b m t d nK g

英语辅音

爆破音和鼻音

发音部位

发音方式

双唇

齿龈

软腭

清辅音

浊辅音鼻音

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Description of English consonants

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爆破音 / t, d /

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汉语拼音爆破音 / t /

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爆破音 / t, d /

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p b m t d nK g

英语辅音

爆破音和鼻音

发音部位

发音方式

双唇

齿龈

软腭

清辅音

浊辅音鼻音

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p b m t d nK g

英语辅音

爆破音和鼻音

发音部位

发音方式

双唇

齿龈

软腭

清辅音

浊辅音鼻音

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p b m t d nk g

英语辅音

爆破音和鼻音

发音部位

发音方式

双唇

齿龈

软腭

清辅音

浊辅音鼻音

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爆破音 / k, g /

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p b m t d nK g

英语辅音

爆破音和鼻音

发音部位

发音方式

双唇

齿龈

软腭

清辅音

浊辅音鼻音

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p b m t d nk g

英语辅音

爆破音和鼻音

发音部位

发音方式

双唇

齿龈

软腭

清辅音

浊辅音鼻音

T R I B A L

p b m t d nK g

英语辅音

爆破音和鼻音

发音部位

发音方式

双唇

齿龈

软腭

清辅音

浊辅音鼻音

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p b m t d nK g

英语辅音

爆破音和鼻音

发音部位

发音方式

双唇

齿龈

软腭

清辅音

浊辅音鼻音

T R I B A L

p b m t d nK g

英语辅音

爆破音和鼻音

发音部位

发音方式

双唇

齿龈

软腭

清辅音

浊辅音鼻音

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p b m t d nK g

英语辅音

爆破音和鼻音

发音部位

发音方式

双唇

齿龈

软腭

清辅音

浊辅音鼻音

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英语辅音

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双唇爆破音 / p, b /

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软腭爆破音 /k, g/

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软腭鼻音 / /

The velar nasal occurs only syllable finally; it cannot occur in syllable initial position

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VOICE ONSET TIME values

Voice Onset Time can take various values (measured in milliseconds, ms), but they fall into three main categories

VOT length Type of stop

long VOT voiceless aspirated stops

short VOT voiceless unaspirated stops

very short or negative (i.e. voicing begins before release of the articulation)

voiced stops

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English voiceless stops are aspirated or unaspirated, depending on context They are aspirated word-initially e.g.

pat [ph] and when they are in the beginning of

stressed syllables; potato [th] They are unaspirated when preceded

by /s/; e.g. spat /p/ Or in the beginning of an unstressed

syllable; e.g. paper /p/

英语清辅音爆破音有两种

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Voiced stops (and affricates) are not fully voiced 有限的声带振动at the end of an utterance; c.f. my /d/a/d/when utterance initial; e.g. b/yebefore a voiceless consonant; e.g. my da

/d/ singsSo, how do we tell voiced and voiceless

consonants apart?Vowels are longer before voiced stops (and

other voiced consonants); e.g. bead, beat, bid, bit

英语浊辅音爆破音和破擦音

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Voiced stops (and affricates) are not fully voiced 有限的声带振动So, how do we tell voiced and voiceless

consonants apart?Vowels are longer before voiced stops

(and other voiced consonants); e.g. bead, beat, bid, bit

如何区分有清辅音和浊辅音

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All stops are unreleased before other stops; e.g. ripped /p°/

Voiceless stops can be pronounced with a glottal stop /?/ in syllable final position; e.g. right /?t/

The glottal stop may replace the oral articulation altogether

/t/ is pronounced as /d/ when before [n]; e.g. kitten /dn/

不完全爆破规则

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English has nasal consonants in three place of articulation

Bilabial /m/ matAlveolar /n/ napVelar / / sang

*Also known as engma

鼻音

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摩擦音

上齿下唇

齿刃舌尖

齿龈

龈颚

英语辅音

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摩擦音

上齿下唇

齿刃舌尖

齿龈

龈颚

英语辅音

Zsound

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摩擦音 / f, v /

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摩擦音

上齿下唇

齿刃舌尖

齿龈

龈颚

英语辅音

Zsound

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摩擦音 / /

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摩擦音

上齿下唇

齿刃舌尖

齿龈

龈颚

英语辅音

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摩擦音 / s ， z /

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摩擦音 / s, z /

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摩擦音

上齿下唇

齿刃舌尖

齿龈

龈颚

英语辅音

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摩擦音 / /

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摩擦音

上齿下唇

齿刃舌尖

齿龈

龈颚

英语辅音

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摩擦音

声门

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Labiodental – /f/ /v/ fine vineDental – /t/ /d/ thigh thy Alveolar – /s/ /z/ sit zit Post-alveolar – /s/ /z/* shape

beigeGlottal – /h/ heat

英语摩擦音

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/ f / & / v / 示意图

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/ / & / / 示意图

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/ s / / z / 示意图

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/ // / 示意图 Slight lip rounding may be

used by some speakers

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英语破擦音English has only Post-alveolar affricates

/ / / / child, judge These are produced by forming a closure as for

an alveolar stop (/t/d/) but at the same time the front of the tongue is also raised towards the hard palate; the closure is release gradually so that friction occurs between the blade/front of the tongue and the alveolar/front palatal region of the palate

Although affricates can be considered as a sequence of two speech sounds, a stop and a fricative, in English we know that they behave as one unit (not as a cluster)

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破擦音

tr dr ts dz

齿龈硬颚，扁唇

齿龈后，圆唇

齿龈，扁唇

English consonants

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破擦音

tr dr ts dz

齿龈后，圆唇

齿龈，扁唇

English consonants

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破擦音

tr dr ts dz

齿龈后，圆唇

齿龈，扁唇

English consonants

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破擦音

tr dr ts dz

齿龈后，圆唇

齿龈，扁唇

English consonants

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其他的音

Manner & position reference

English consonants

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其他的音

English consonants

发音长度是一号元音的 1/4

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其他的音

English consonants

发音长度是九号元音的 1/4

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/j/ vs. /w/

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/j/ is similar to /i:/ (the vowel of beat), but very short; it’s exact place of articulation depends on the following vowel

*American symbol: [y]

The palatal approximant /j/

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The production of the labial-velar approximant involves two wide constrictions: one at the lips, which are rounded (hence labial), and one at the velum, with the back of the tongue being raised (hence, velar)

/w/ is an example of double articulation

Labial-velar approximant /w/

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其他的音

English consonants

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English clear /l/

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Dark /l/:velarizedalveolarlateral approximant

English dark / l /

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Velarization is a secondary articulation, i.e. a constriction that is added to the primary constriction

The secondary constriction must be less narrow than the primary one to count as secondary articulation

If the two constrictions are of the same type, we talk of double articulation (not secondary articulation)

What is a velarized /l/?

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Comparing clear & dark / l /s

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Velarized /l/ occurs at the end of syllables; e.g. real and belt both have /l/

Clear /l/ is the articulation used when /l/ is found at the beginning of a syllable

However, in many dialects of American English velarized /l/ is the only pronunciation of /l/

Where does /l/ occur?

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其他的音

English consonants

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The exact articulation of /r/ varies from dialect to dialect In most varieties of British English and

many varieties of American English, /r/ is a voiced post-alveolar approximant /r/

There are however American English dialects in which /r/ is produced as a voiced retroflex approximant, /r/

Also, for a fair number of speakers the articulation of /r/ involves some degree of lip rounding

The /r/ phoneme

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Another American /r/U Maryland, Vocal Tract Visualization Lab

A retroflex /r/

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Place of articulation for [tr]/[dr]

/r/ after an alveolar stop

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A British [r](Gimson & Cruttenden,1994)

A post-alveolar /r/

(One) American [r](Gick, Kang & Whalen, 2002)

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区别练习

LightRight

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其他的音

English consonants

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其他的音

发音部位和发音方式参照

English consonants

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声门摩擦音 / h /

HerbHourHerHimGhnite

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No diagram here; during the production of [h] the vocal tract assumes the shape for the following vowel

/h/ has limited distribution: it does not appear word-finally it does not appear before other

consonants

The glottal fricative

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Organ awareness practice

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English has five approximants

/l/ – alveolar lateral approximant,

e.g lake

/r/ – post-alveolar (or retroflex) approximant, e.g. red

/j/ – palatal approximant, e.g. year

/w/ – labial-velar approximant, e.g. worry

/h/ – voiceless labial-velar approximant, e.g. what

English approximants

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Places of articulation

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