12

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.

80

0

: (1211) (1825)

WAGRAM r -

, , Wagram, ( Horace Verriet)

4 76 77 78 79 80 ;81 82 QUIZ

WAGRAM

" " 1942

'"

.

"

" - -: : . : -: , .. / , . / , ... .../ , .., ... I .. / , () .. / / / / / / / / / / / / / / . / / I I / / / / : : - : 49, 10683 / : , .. 3951, 10210 : 38.21.985 / 38.11.386 FAX: 38.11.386 ( 11 ): 8.800 . / -- . 15.000 . : 10.000 . / 10.000 . / 10.500 . (): , .. 3951, 10210 : , 49, : : FILMS: GRAFFITI : . -. : . &

4

, , Tiger Moth (. /)

. SB2C-5 Helldiver, , ' . . , ().

Tiger Moth. , , .

, ( ) ' , BMW 801. -

, .

, - , 2.000.000 . 34 - . - .

. , . , - .

. 10 , . .

- : dreadnought ( , ", , "), , , - , , , .

, , , , . , , . , , . ( . ) . , -

. " 2mx2m . , , 3>| . , , .

Linda Finch , , Amelia Earhart - , . Finch Electra 10, Wasp Pratt & Whitney, . 17 1997 Oakland, - , 28 .

73 Finch , - . 10.000 , . , .

, , 1,5 , " ' .. "Boston Globe", , , . , ( ), , - ,

- , - . , , , : - .

- , , - , 1915. , -- - , , , - - . , .

(. 11) , . , ', , , . .

Der Spiegel , , .. . - 1942 , , . , Allianz, - Es-Es .

, Allianz AG, , - . , Allianz Es-Es, . Assicurazioni Generali SpA, Assurance Generales de France .., , , ' - .

Der Spiegel", Allianz , , . - , : ' , ,

, .

,

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,.. 3951,

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- Joseph Sw ebach ( 1810).

(5-6/7/1809)

ASPERN-ESSLING 0

.

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WAGRAM.

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, , . 1805 , , U i" Austerlitz .

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1808 1805-1807.

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8

1809 , . . . Deutsch-Wagram, , Markgrafneusiedl. Baumersdorf, , , Russbach, -

, 42 ,

. ,

9 , 9

.

Wrede ( VII ) , Reynier.

, , , , Aspern-Essling, - . , , , 1808 , 1809 . 137.000 414 . I Bellegarde ( , ), II Hohenzollern ( , ), III Kolowrat ( , ), IV Rosenberg ( , ), VI Klenau ( , ), Liechtenstein ( ), , ) Nordmann (11.500 , 2.500 ).

, ,

.

, &.

. , 10-20 , Wagram. Deutsch- Wagram Aderklaa, .

, -

Markgrafneusiedl .

Aderklaa Deutsch-Wagram ,

4 5 1809 , Nordmann Klenau , . Liechtenstein , .

,

.

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.

, 10 , . (6.000 - ) . , Hohenzollern, II , - Vincent 10 , - 57 . - .

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. , Bellegarde, I , , . , ( Sahuc)

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,

, .

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&

.

.

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Wagram, 1 (5-7-1809).

1 2 3 mi l es

- I S ---------- ---------------------11 2 3 4 kilometers

. , . , , - , Bernadotte , . , , .

, . Bernadotte , 50%.

Davout . - ( Nostitz) . .

M acdonald. ( ) ( ).

.

, , - . IV Massena, Bernadotte, III Davout, , - Markgrafneusiedl.

, , ( ) . . , ( Massena, ) . , - . VI Klenau, III Kolowrat Liechtenstein - I, II IV Nordmann,

.

, , - . , . , , ( ) .

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, Davout. Aderklaa, I Bellegarde. Massena Bernadotte , Aderklaa Deutsch-Wagram.

Massena St Cyr, . . Bellegarde , , .

, . Massena , . , Liechtenstein. Massena , . , , . VI Klenau Boudet, . Klenau . Klenau . III Kollowrat, . Kollowrat .

Wagram (6-7-1809). .

O Hohenzollern

& .

Louis Nichola Davout, - - . I I I

A uerstadt. Wagram - I I I -

.

Macdonald ( ), 100 Nansouty,

. , , , , 20 . Macdonald , 8.000 . Macdonald , . . -

, , . Massena Klenau Davout . Massena Bessieres ( ) III Kollowrat. - , - , ( ) . - , - .

, Massena Kollowrat. . , , 112 , - . , Kollowrat, , . Massena, , Klenau ( Kollowrat) . -

2 . Davout

, Markgrafneusiedl. , , . Davout . III . Rosenberg, IV , , .

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. , , . - . , . . Davout . . , - - .

. . 30 . . , Davout . II Oudinot II Hohenzollern, V

, Macdonald 6.500 8.000 . V , V .

, , IV Massena Klenau. . , Davout . . , .

, , . , . -

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. , - . - Lassalle, . - . .

-

14 (13 1825)

13 1825

.

.

.

, ,

.

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, . : 1822 , , . , , , . . . , .

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, , ( , ).

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, , . , 30 , : . - ( - ), .

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, . , : , , . " . , . .

, : . , , . 15 , - - 33 , , . - . , , . . , , , , 250 13 . , , - 480 .

, , 6.000 600 , , 13 . , , , . . , .

, . . 50 , , . , - .

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, . . - . - , . , , . , .

16.30 , , . , . , . - .

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, . , - , . . . - . . . . , , .

, , - , . . , - , , . .

, , - . , 150 . . - . : ,

- . . , , , . 200 . , - , .

, . - , , , - . , , , . 100 .

, , . , .

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,

17

18

, . - , . - : - , . . .

, - . 15 , . . , , , . , , , . , - .

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(1 ) . : , 9, , 1957.(2) , IB , .., , 1979.(3) : , 9, , 1983.(4) . . : 1821, , , 1979.(5) : , , , 1925.(6) . 3.(7) F inlay G: HISTORY O F THE GREEK REVOLUTION, London, 1861.(8) . : TOY -

, , 1912.(9) : , , 1865.(10) . : , (1822), , - 1965.(11) . : , 1927.(12) , / , , 1989.

jc 'sA . .

, , 1935, , ' . 4 - , , - , .

16 26 1940 V , . - "jQ , 6 7 - , , . .

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1940, . ,

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,

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. , .

1940 1941 , \ , , . (Bernarc C. Freyberg), 30 , , (Sir Archibalc Wavell): -

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. , ,

D.N.Davin Crete danger to the government was feared , - .

20 , , :

- I. . . , 12-13: , , / , , . , , .

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1941 .

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, , -

DFS 230

.

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. , - , . - .

, Ju 52, 3 , 20 1941.

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, .

.

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, 23 , . - , , , . , 23 . .

. , . , . . .

. , , - . 27.000 15 , 3.000 . .

. 1-8, , . 474 10.977 , . . - ,

21

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, . Pendlebury, , .

: . , . 1.500 30.114 . , , , . , 334 , 36 - . .

, : 350 , 180 (Stuka), 40 , 100 , 550 Junkers 52, 10.000 , 750 , 5.000 -

, 7.000 . - . .

, , : / - - / - , - . . , ,

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20 1941 06.00 08.00

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, , . - , , .

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, , , - , .

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, - , , . , , , 24 , ( ) , .

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22 22/23

, , . , - . , , 23 .

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23 24

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25 26

25 , , ( , 3 - ). . 26 - , .

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. . .

, .

20

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. . , , . .

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. , ' , . , . .

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. (18.000 , , , 370 ), , , - , , .

, , ,

. , , , . , : 15.340 , , , 15 .

, , ( ), , . , . . , .

( ) , , , , . , . , . , : , - 25 , - * * , - , - , ...

(1) : .(2) I. : 1941 .(3) : 1940.(4) , /.(5) , /.(6) . . ...(7) Antony Beevor: CRETE. THE BATTLE AND THE RESISTANCE.(8)/ : . .(9) Alan Clark: THE FALL OF CRETE.

.

55

26

1941 . . , , - . - , . , . 50 - ", - . 99 , , , , , , .

1941. , , Gunther Prien, Joachim Schepke Otto Kretschmer, U-Boats, ! - ,

. - ". , , 4.000 , . , .

7 1941 , . -

17 , 2% . 01 23 .

"B yron B enson" 1942, . , 495 . , .

ATAANTIKC

, . , . , . . , , , , , , -. . 29 1941 , . . , , , - .

NEULAND 15 1942,

, Doenitz, , . Werner Hartenstein, Jurgen von Rosensteil, Gunther-Muller Stockheim, Albrecht Achilles Nicoli Clausen. - , , , , , . Neuland '.

, . 60 .

1942 To U161 , 1942, . .

IXC, 1200 9 2.170 26.000 , 22 .

, . Hartenstein, - , Pedernales", Oranjestad Arkansas".

- , . . U156 - , 105 mm . U502 . , . Stockheim , " Rafaela (3.100 ), -

28 . von Rosensteil Tia Juana San Nicholas",

.

,

.

, ,

,

1942.

U505,

.

:

(1), (2),

(3)

(4). ,

30

.

. 18 U161 Achilles

, , . , . , U161 55 , - . , , , Mokihana" British Consul", . , 28

, - .

. , . , 22. U126 Ernst Bauer Gunny" 3 U129 Mary (5.000 ), . Bauer 7 , " Barbara" , Cardona , , , SOS ! U161 . Uniwaleco (9.755 ), . U161 , . .

U67 , , Achilles , Lady Nelson Umtata -

.

Heinrich Lehm ann-W illenbrock U96 , . , . , D as B oot", 9 1982 .

. , . 155 mm, - . . 11 14 Bauer Halo , Texan O lga" , Neuland . , 28 222.651 ( - ) . . - . 24 , 16 - 19 , - . Neuland , . 12 , U154 Walter Kolle

Delvale",

. , - Esso Boston , U130 Ernst Kais. 16 Richard Zapp, U66, Heinrich von Riedemann , 11.000 , .

Doenitz , . - . . - . , - , 9 . , - , 3-4 '-

. 2 9 .

12 U108,

' , -

:(1) A dolf Piening U155,(2) G eorg Lassen U160,(3) W erner Henke U515 (4 ) A lbrecht Achilles U161. 49 244.853 !

Thetis . - , - . , U158 Mariner . , - . U129 Hans Witt, Tuxpan Las Choapas". 29 U505 Thomas Me Kean , .

, . , . ; ; , . , . , .

. - . , , , . . ,

. . , , - . . - . - , , , - - - . , , . 7.000 1942.

, . RAF 8 . . ,

, 18.000 , .

. 6 U154 - . . , U203 Rolf Mutzeiburg Palembang" (10.000 ), . . 15 Doenitz U153 , . , . Georg Lassen Gunther Heydemann , Beaconlight San Gasper . Lassen, , Carmona , Donavania Telamon .

, , , - '' . - - . Adolf Piening U155, Kentar Clan MacNaughton , , Torpex. 30% Amatol . , , . To U166, -

. , " Robert Lee". IXC, 1941. , . U166 , 212 . , - . U509 U134, . Georg Lassen Klaus Scholtz, , Tricula Havsten . 7 Scholtz Brenas Piening San Emiliano , 8.000 . . U510

32 , , Karl Neitzel,

. , , . , Neitzel Alexia .

, . , . . . 16 Piening - . U155

" " , K orvettenkap itn Erw in Rostin, U158 , " .

. Hudson 2 , , . IXC 35 , Hudson 20 . Torpex , , U155, , . Piening , . . - - U511 Friedrich Steinholf, . Hudson , , , ! . Steinholf .

, - .

. , . 1942 . , , . . VII - 25 , , . - . 22 18 U654 . 24 Wattenburg U162 , , , Moena , 9.286 .

27 - , TAW 15 . , . To U94 Otto Ites , . - 4 in

.

,

.

% '/

ATLANTIC OCEAN

. , USS Oakville", Coca-Cola U94! Ites , - . 45 U94 , San Fabian (13.000 ) , U511. , . , Rotterdam Esso Aruba , . Steinholf . , U162

. , Doenitz - 52 - .

, , . 12 , , U515 Henke U558 Krech, 45.000 , - . " . 2 U512 Schultz 18 ( ), 150 kg.

, 10 24 . . 200.000 .

31 1942, , Doenitz. . . 1942, . " ( ) , - Midway. , . - , . - . - 33 .

(1) Peter Erich Cremer: U-BOAT COMMANDER.Naval Institute Press, 1995.(2) William Gardner: ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE,Brasseys, 1996.(3) Michael Hadley: COUNT NOT THE DEAD. Naval Institute Press, 1995.(4) Sir Basil Liddell Hart: TOY B' . , 1977.(5) Gaylord Kelshall: THE U-BOAT WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN, Naval Institute Press. 1994.(6) Franz Kurowski: KNIGHTS CROSS HOLDERS OF THE U-BOAT SERVICE, Schiffer Publishing, 1995.(7) Jordan Vause: U-BOAT ACE, Naval Institute Press, 1990.(8) Gordon Williamson: ACES OF THE REICH. Arms & Armour Press, 1989.(9) WOLFPACKS, Time-Life Books, 1992.

- - ;

21 1805, , 0 . . .

Gravina, ( 15 ) . ,

Villeneuve.

(1758-1805), , 43 .

1793 1815 . , - .

, 1802. . 1803 150.000 , , 2.000 . 48 , .

1 1803 Cornwallis , Collingwood , Keith - .

, ,

, , . , ( Missiessy)

11 1805 , - - .

Gantheaume Cornwallis

. Villeneuve , ( ) . Missiessy

V ictory, .

R edou tab le

, Gantheaume . , Villeneuve Missiessy Gantheaume. .

, , . Cornwallis , Villeneuve . Curieux . To Curieux , 1.200 km , , Villeneuve 15 Calder. 22 , Finistere, , . Calder , 19 , , . 17 , - Salcedo. , Villeneuve, - Rosily

. Villeneuve, 20 1805, - Gravina .

Villeneuve ( , , ), . , Gravina , -- . , .

, Villeneuve .

, Villeneuve, . , . , , . , . , , . : , .

, , , 1800.

Jean B aptis te de Villeneuve,

. Suffren.

, 33 .

, 1798, .

.

,

.

Fanny , 1801. , - .

. , 1803, 1805, , , , . , Collingwood . - , , . . . , , ( ), , , . , , , . . , , . : . . , . , -

36 - .

3 100 (

Victory ), 3 98,1 89,1 80,16 74 3 64. 4 - Bellerophon , Defense , Spartiate Tonnant . Collingwood Royal Sovereign , 57 , . Northesk Britannia .

Villeneuve 33 , 18 15 . 4 80 14 74 1 130, 2 112,1 100,2 80,8 74 1 64.0 Alava Santa Ana , Dumanoir le Pelley Magon Formidable Algesiras , Villeneuve Boucentaure ( Cisneros Santissima Trinidad ) Gravina Principe de Asturias .

: Spartiate , Minotaur , Thunderer , Defense , "Colossus , Mars , Royal Sovereign , Belleisle , Tonnant , Defiance , Bellerophon , Britannia , Ajax , Orion , Leviathan , Neptune , Temeraire , Victory , Africa , Euryalus , 'Agamemnon", Prince , Achilles , Dreadnaught , Polyphemus , Conqueror , Swiftsure , Revenge .

, 21 1805.

12.00jy y - ->

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,

", 50 , . 6 19 Mars Villeneuve . 20 ' Spartel . , , , . - Villeneuve , 10 .. 21 , 8 .. Villeneuve , . 10 .. Gravina

, Dumanoir le Pelley . , , , , . 11 .. : England expects that every man will do his duty" ( - ). , .

Collingwood Fougueux , Santa Ana ,

400

To Santissim a Trinidad, , N ep tu n e Leviathan" . .

. - Collingwood . To "Santa Ana 2 .. Alava, . To Royal Sovereign , , Euryalus", Collingwood . To Tonnant Algesiras , Magon, . To Principe de Asturias Gravina Revenge , , : , . , . 5 .. Achilles , .

, 12.30 .., , Collingwood . ,

. To Victory Heros ( ), , . Villeneuve ' Bucentaure . Dumanoir le Pelley , , . Dumanoir le Pelley . , Victory .

Cuthbert Collingwood, , Royal Sovereign . , .

Villeneuve, 1 .. , , 400 20 . Villeneuve, Victory , - : , . :

38

Lucas, , R edou tab le .

.

.

. Dumanoir le Pelley , - Gravina - . 18 33 6.930 . , 1.690 .

, Dumanoir 2 -

. Villeneuve ''Victory , - Redoutable , , Lucas. , , . Victory , .

Victory Temeraire , Redoutable , 200 . Redoutable", . , Lucas . , 522 ( 643 ) , , 2.30 ..

, . 1.30 .., Victory Hardy, , , Redoutable . Hardy, , . : , ". 2.30 .. Hardy Victory , . Collingwood , - Euryalus .

2 .. Villeneuve - , , Dumanoir le Pelley . . . Villeneuve, Bucentaure , . . Conqueror , .

Dumanoir le Pelley . 10 , . . Gravina , . Dumanoir le Pelley, Gravina , ( 4.30 ..) .

Sir Richard Strachan .

. . . , . . . , , , !!

. , Villeneuve . .

, , , , .

V ictory , .

. 20 . 18 , . , .

Collingwood , 5 .

Villeneuve, , - , , . ,

R edou tab le Lucas V ictory , . .

1806. , . , . 22 . , , , .

- , ( ) - , " - - - . 17-21 1805 2 , . , , .

- . . 62 , , .

, , 1807.

, - . - - . , 1814, - 25 1814. , , . 1814.

', , . , , , .

, , , , . 39 , .

(1) G. Blond: LA BEAUTE ET LA GLOIRE. NELSON ET EMMA HAMILTON, . Laffont. Paris, 1976.(2) C. Farrere: HISTOIRE DE LA MARINE FRANCAISE, Paris, 1934.(3) R. Gruss: SILLAGES DISPARUS, . E.M.O.M,Paris, 1969.(4) IV. Koenig: GRANDS COMBATS NAVALS, .Fernand Nathan, Paris, 1978.(5) J. Langlade: , , 284. 1992.(6) . . : , ,, . 23, , 1933.(7) G. Six: DICTIONNAIRE BIOGRAPHIQUE DES GENERAUX ET AMIRAUX FRANCAIS DE LA REVOLUTION ET DE U EMPIRE. Paris, 1934.(8) A. Thomazi: LES MARINS DE NAPOLEON, .Tallandier, Paris, 1978.(9) J. Tramond: MANUEL D HISTOIRE MARITIME DE LA FRANCE, . S.E.G.M.C., Paris, 1947.

.. M . Phil., .

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15 1203-1258. : (1203-1204), (1204), (1204/5-1222). : (1222-1254), (1254-1258) (1258) - (. , , , 1987).

, - .

. , ACROPOLITES AND GREGOR AS ON THE BYZANTINE - SELJUK CONFRONTATION AT ANTIOCH -ON - THE - MAE ANDER (A.D. 1211). ENGLISH TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY, Tarih Arastirm alari Dergisi, . 15, . 26,1991 (. 1992), . 93-101 Journal o f Oriental and African Studies, . 8, 1997 ( , , ). . : A. Savvides, BYZANTIUM IN THE NEAR EAST: ITS RELATIONS WITH THE SELJUK SULTANATE O F RUM IN ASIA MINOR, THE ARMENIANS OF CILICIA AND THE MONGOLS, A.D. c. 1192-1237, 1981 ( " , . 17), . 94-111 J. Langdon, BYZANTIUMS LAST IMPERIAL OFFENSIVE IN ASIA MINOR: THE DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE FOR AND HAGIOGRAPHICAL LORE ABOUT JOHN III DUCAS VATATZES CRUSADE AGAINST

THE TURKS, 1222 OR 1225 TO 1231, , New Rochelle, 1992 ( Hellenism: ancient, mediaeval, m odem , . 7), . 26-33. , . . Turan, : , 1071-1318 ( ), 1971 ( . 1984), . 287-293. (1176 .X.), , . . , ' , 1176.., ", . 8, 1997, .. 14-22. ( , ) , 1048 1049: . . , : - , 1048/1049 .., , 10, 1997, . 36-39.

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1996- 1997 ( ), " ( : . , /).

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, , 1922.(8) . : (285-1354), , 1980.(9) . : 1821-1833, , 1940.(10) . : , , 1924.(11) : , , 1807.(12) . : , , 1947.(13) .. : , ", , 1966.(14) .. : , (1964-1965).(15).. : 01 1854 1878 , , 1970.(16) . : , , . 1, -, 1986.(17). : , , 1836.(18) . : , 1981-1990, , 1991.(19) . : . , 1991-1994, , 1994.(19) . : , , . 28, , 1995.(20) . : , , 1898.(21) . : 1700-1800, .2, , 1984.(22) . : 01 1750-1790, 1960.(23).. : 01 , , 1971.(24) . Aime - Martin: LETTRES EDIFIANTES ET CURIEUSES, CONCERNANT L ASIE, V AFRIQUE ET L AMERIQUE, Paris, 1838.(25) H. Barth: REISE DURCH DAS INNERE DER EUROPISCHEN TRKEI IM HERBST 1862, Berlin, 1864.(26) Felix de Beaujour: VOYAGE MILITAIRE DANS LEMPIRE OTHOMAN, Paris, 1829.(27) Const. Dioiketes: CHRONIQUE DE L EXPEDITION DES TURCS EN MOREE 1715, Bucarest, 1913.(28) Ch. Edson: NOTES ON THE THRACIAN PHOROS, Classical Philology XLII, No 2, April 1947.(29) L. Heuzey: LE MONT OLYMPE ET L ACARNANIE, Paris, 1860.(30) Titus Livius: XLIV, 8,8.(31) Tafel-Thomas: URKUNDE ZUR ALTEREN HANDELS UND STAATSGESCHICHTE DER REPUBLIK VENEDIG, I THEIL (814-1205), Wien, 1856.

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1809 12 . , 1810. 1814 7 ,

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(chevanlegers) (jager-zu Pfrde). To 1809 - . 120- 150 . 1807 . , , . . 1812 . . 1814 . , 12 6-8 , 7 . elite , , . 1809 . ,

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