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TOY 6
|
01
INTELLIGENCE SERVICE;
P anze r IV Panzer (. D a v id P en lland).
4
77 78 79 80 82 QUIZ
6
70 PHANTOM
16
23
30
INTELLIGENCE SERVICE;
(1905)
(1688-1697)
38
48
5 5
66
" - -: : . : -: , .. I , .. / , .., . .../ , .., ... / .. I , () .. / / / / / / / / / / / / / / . / / / / / / / / / / / : : - : 49. 10683 / : , .. 3951,10210 : 38.21,985 / 38.11.386 FAX: 38.11.386 ( 11 ): 8.800 . / -- . 15.000 . : 10.000 . / 10.000 . / 10.500 . (): , .. 3951, 10210 : , 49, : FILMS: GRAFFITI : . . : . &
H i
(), - 1997, (/) . : ) Helldiver. ( ) 1946-49 , 6) " , , ) F-5A Freedom Fighter, ) -8, Greyhound - . , /, , , , (I) .. , /, (I) , .
, - .
" - (1912). , 11", ( - , ), . ", - (26 1912), , . , , , .
";
, , " (). 26 1997 , ", , .
, , / RAF Gordon Hall (. , .133, - 1997).
RAF - --- - ( ). /, () - , Blenheim, -
3 1997 - (/) RAF Gordon Hall, Blenheim Mk IVF L 9044 ( RAF ) 56 , - . - , - /, . Hall
0 , 56 , (. ' ", .133, - 1997).
, . , / RAF.
/ Charles M. Duke, Apollo' , Apollo 16" 1972.
- -, , 7-28 1997. (), , -. . - , ,
, , .
, , (1998-1999) 1941-1944 . - , - -
-
23 1997 - 1941- 1944, , , 55 ( ) - . , , . , , , . , , , .
,
1942, ' ( , ). - - , , . , , , . , , - - , .
, , . , 1950 . - , , . , - ( ), - () - , , 1940. 23 . 1950, -
, - - ( ) . . , , . , - - , , " , . 1950 , , ", , .
' - - 146 . , . 61,5 . 1945. 1997, . , , .
( - - ) . 337 t , 332 t (, , , , ..). .
1.600
1997 . , . , , , . , - ( ) . - - - , , , ' . - , , Reuters, -" , .
- .
... . T.U. Stuttgart
6
1453,
, , (1204), , , 1645. , , .
.
, . 29 . . . , 1648, (). Francesco Morosini ( ), -
-,. . V* '%
(1684-1699) . . . , 19 , , .
, , .
. , - . . , , , , , . , , .
. , , & ( ).
Andrea Barozzi ( ), . Morosini, , . ( 16 1669) , , , . - - , , Morosini , .
, . . - , . , 1683, , . . 1684 - , -
. , .
- (British Museum). .
, ' , - , Linz (Sacra Liga Antiturca).
- - , . . , , - - (1618-1648). , . Francesco Morosini Otto Wilhelm von Koenigsmark Minden , .
1684 . Francesco Morosini, von Koenigsmark Morosini, , Hannover, Braunschweig, Hessen, Sachsen Wuerttemberg.
. , .
, - 19 , 3 - , 37 12 , 9.500 . , . , 1686, , . 1687, . Morosini , . Morosini , .
Morosini,
1684: Morosini
, - ,
. , , . . . .
1685 Morosini , . Morosini , , , . 1685 ,
, . .
1687 , . 40.000 - , -
.
, , - . Morosini . 14 , , . Morosini , . , . Morosini , Venier , . 21 Venier , . 8.000 870 . , , - . , 150 , .
, , . , -
__________3 0 _________ 3 0 40 5 .
() . 1 - , 2 - , 3 - , 4 - .
Morosini.
1687
.
6 .. . . .
, ( ) ( ) . , , , . - , , .
1018, . 13 , , , . - () ' 1458 , .
( Fanelli, 1707).
^:c i ^ A S C X 'S C 0 A V R O C E X t)P.EXOT CXXE51ACO .tD H V C V -'. T I . S - C -
0 Francesco Morosini, , ( Fanelli, 1707).
, , ( ) . , - , . , . . , . , .
- , . ,
1674 , Olier de Nointel, Jacques Carrey, , . George Wheler Jacob Spon , - . 1687 Gravier d Ortieres Plantier , .
, : ( ) 5 . . 3 .. . , -
, . , .
12 . , .
10
26 . - .
. , . - () .
1640 , , , .
. - , .
, . .
, , , . , , - - . , , . , , . , .
, von Koenigsmark, , , . . , - . von Koenigsmark, - ,
. 15 , . - .
Antonio Moutoni ( ), Conte de San Felice. .
. , .
: . .
, . Moutoni . , .
. . Hessen H. Sobiewolsky, - , : 22 . -
Du Mont. - Kletters . , , . , - , , , , , - , . ,
-
. Lueneburg , . , , . -
. , . ( 467..) .
. 1686 .
. ,
, viva la nostra Repubblica" ( ), Heil von Koenigsmark .
- . , , - . , .
- . - . , 26 27 , .
, . , 28 . von Koenigsmark , .
2
, .
, 28 . - . von Koenigsmark . Morosini ,
- & ( Fanelli, 1707).
. , - . von Koenigsmark 29 - . , .
, , 300 , . 4 . , .
. - (Tommaso Pompei), . - kf .
MOROSINI
Morosini , von Koenigsmark . - , - . Morosini , . , . . Morosini .
Sobiewolsky, " . Anna Akerhjelm, von Koenigsmark, , Francesco Morosini, " " , - , - .
VF.Dl D EL CAST > \C R O P O U S DALI. V PA R T E DI I K \ . W O \ T V \ \
. . von Koenigsmark - . Akerhjelm von Koenigsmark Morosini .
, .
Morosini , - . (Verneda) - . , .
Morosini, . , Ulrich Friedrich Hombergk, : . . . ,.. !
. Morosini - , - . Hombergk : . 28 , 23 , 15, 3,5 , ... .
- ( Fanelli, 1707).
. , , . - . . - , .
31/12/1687 Morosini , - , , . . Morosini , , . . : . ,
... . . . Morosini .
12/2/1688 . , - "f , . , 1204 , .
Morosini 4/12/1687, : Conte de San Felice . , , -
14
. - 162, 2, .
, , Francesco Morosini , , , (Enrico Dandolo) 1204, . Dandolo , , . Francesco Morosini , - . . . , - .
Morosini, , : . . , - , , . . - ".
Morosini , . , , -
Porto Leone. (Arsenale) .
Morosini .
- . .
.
1688
. , - . . , , . . , , , . 10 1688 -
sfefl
- f 'i.
. .
.
. , , . , ,
. , . Morosini .
, Francesco Morosini 3 1688 . . , 1688, Morosini -
" , , , , - .
- 31 (British Museum). . .
. , . von Koenigsmark.
19 , , - , , - ! (Babi Humayun), , - -
. (British Museum). , .
. , . . 1922, George Horton . , Horton, . - , .
, , .
(1) Morosini F.: DISPACCI (Dispacci del Capitan Generale Francesco Morosini), C. Museo Correr, Venezia.(2) RELAZIONE MARCIANA (Relazione deir operato dell Armi Venete doppo ia sua partenza da Corinto, e della presa d Atene), Biblioteca Marciana, Venezia.(3) Faneili F.: ATENE ATTICA, DESCRITTA DA SUOi PRINCIPII FINO ALL ACQUISTO FATTO DALL ARMI VENETE NEL 1687, Venezia, 1707.(4) De Laborde L.: ATHENES AUX XV, XVI ET XVII SIECLES, Paris, 1854.(5) Varola N Volpato F.: DISPACCIO DI FRANCESCO MOROSIN, CAPITANO GENERALE DA MAR, Venezia, 1862.(6) Boetticher A.: DIE AKROPOLIS, Berlin,1888.(7) Paton J. : THE VENETIANS IN ATHENS, 1687- 88, ASCS, Athens, 1940.(8) Hitchens Ch.: THE ELGIN MARBLES, London, 1987.(9) X.: , , 1990.(10) .: , ', , 1909.(11) .: . , 1940-1969.(12) .: , , , 1972.(13) A.: , 3 , , 1977.(14) . - - . - ..: , 2, , , , 1989.(15) .: , , , , 1996.(16) Vacha . (Ed.): DIE HAPSBURGER, Styria, Graz, 1992.(17) K.A.: 01 KAI , , 1995.(18) Boardman J.: THE PARTHENON AND ITS SCULPTURES, London, 1985.(19) Hadjiaslani C.: MOROSINI, THE VENETIANS AND THE ACROPOLIS, ASCS,1987.(20) Horton G.: THE BLIGHT OF ASIA, 1926.(21) Horton G.: , , , 1996.
15
- - (British Museum). , .
.
-
INTELLIGENCE SERVICE;
16
TOY DUCE, 1945,
" .
;
Lenoessa", 1945. ( 1940-45 , . Eurobooks- ).
1945 . Fhrer, - , . . . , !.
0 Pavolini, , . Duce . , 3 . Duce . 21 : . . ... .
, . - : ... - ... .
, 1945, , , . SS - Fritz Birzer (S.D.) Otto Kisnatt .
25 . lldefonso Schuster , . . , . Repubblica Sociale Italiana. Duce . - 17 ** . - - .
25 1945. , . , .
Duce,
.
SS, Birzer.
_ , . 6, , . . 3.000 . , , , - , .
. , Alfa Romeo, Birzer, SS, . . - - . , . , , . . , , , - : .
. . 05.30 -
jg .
. Birzer SS . 36 . . . Duce , Birzer .
. , Miraveile. Duce Birzer Meran. , . Meran . Birzer 160 Luftwaffe, Fallmeyer. .
, . , . - , - . , , . 3.000 12
. 27 . Duce ( Alfa Romeo ), Birzer, Kisnatt, . .
07.00 . .
- . , . ( ). , , - .
. Fallmeyer , 25 . 52 - . . Fallmeyer, , - . . . , . . . , , Fallmeyer . , . .
Birzer . Luftwaffe , . ... Duce , . . Birzer . - . : ... . ... Duce, . . ... . : Duce. . .... . . , .
Birzer -
0 , .
Wehrmacht. - . Duce, . , . Duce! . Birzer . . - . Luftwaffe. Birzer . SS .
. . - , .
TOY DUCE
. , , . ,
, . Deutz. 50 . , - , . . . , , . Duce... . ! , 25 ( 52 - ), .
, ... . ; , . , Duce, ; . . , . , , . , , . Kamerad;, . . - ... . . ... . Duce . , , . "JQ . Birzer Duce .
- . Duce . - . , .
. : . , , , . , , -
. - . . , . ... . , . Duce. , , : , .
. . : . . . ; ... , ! . . , , . - . -
20 - SK8
. . Duce. ; . .
2.00 . , , - Duce, . , , -. . , , , . . . 03.30 , , .
, .
. . . , . . . . , , , Duce , . . . .
, , Duce . , . , .
, , 1945 . 1934 1939.
. Duce - Piazzale Loretto -
15 . , : , Piazzale Loretto, Miliz . , , .
28 . - . . Duce . . - . . . , 14.30, . . , . .
- , , .
- , 52 - , .
- ; .- -
, , , .
- ;. .
, ... . , , .
- ; , .
- , .
. - . . . . .
. , . , 37 , , . , , , , Duce.
. 11.00 . . . 16.00 . .
- -
. , . , Fiat . Duce , - . : ! . ... . , , , . ... Sten. , . - . , , .
, , , 28 1945.
, .- ;
.-
, .
. , , . . . To Fiat 1100 6 . . . 200
MAS . . Duce . . .
. - 29 - , , Piazzale Loretto. To , , . ,
Duce, . , . 30 . . 15 . , , .
1995 , , Duce , .
. . : Fhrer, , - , . . , 17 , , . .
23 1945 . ... , , , . - , - !
- , , -
1945, . - , .
, . , , Duce. , - , - , . , .
, 1940, . .
5 1939. , , ( ) Duce . , , . . - 1940. -
mm - - 1940. Duce .
, . , - - , ! , . .
Duce , , Piazza Loreto .
: , , . , - , 1941 , . , Duce - . , , . , . , , , . ( ) 1945. .
, . - . , .
1932 Duce . , . , , .
(1) Erich Winhoid: AUF LIEBEN UND TOD, Verlag fr Geschichtliche Dokumentation, Hamburg, 1989.(2) EXCHANGE TELEGRAPH (vom 30-4-1945 und 1- 5-1945).(3) John Preger: DER STURZ MUSSOLINIS, Lekturama, Rotterdam, 1978.(4) J. Conville: DOWNING STREET TAGEBCHER 1939-1945, Deutscher Buchdienst, Mnchen, 1996.(5) F. Radi: DIE BUTZBEFREIUNG MUSSOLINIS, Deutscher Buchdienst, Mnchen, 1997.(6) , 18/112/172, .(7) ", 14/9/1995.
- -
, . 1905 , , , _ .
, 20 , .
1 1894 . , , , , - , , -- . (17 1895). - , , - . . , , , 1896 . , , - , 1897, . 23 , - , . , -. , -- --, , -. 1898 - 25 , . 1895 -, . . - ,
& "Suvaro ff '.
.
, . - . - , . . , . 1903 , , . . , , . , , 10 1904.
1896
. - , -
24 . 1904 - **
. 10 , , .
. , Fuji Yashima, 1896, 12.0001, 18 kts 303,6 mm 10 151,8 mm. Hatsuse, Shikishima, Asahi Mikasa 15.500 t, 18 kts 4 303,6 mm 14 151,8 mm. Mikasa . 6 , 6 , Asama, Tokiwa, Yakumo, Idzumo, Iwate Adzuma. 10.000 t, 20 kts 4 202,4 mm 14 151,8 mm. 1903, , : Kasuga
Nisshin, 7.7001 20 kts. 14 27 .
3 : , . . (1870) . , , 7 , 6 - . . 1898 , 1904
, .
, . - . , , - , : , . , 8 1904 .
, 2.500 , , , .
- , , , . . , , . -
- . Petropavlosk, , . , - . Hatsuse Yashima , ' .
. - , .
1 1905, . , .
, , . . . , . ( ) - , , , , .
, .
2 - , 56 , . - 17 , 1877-8, . , , .
, . . , .
5 2 15 1904. 1 4 - : Kniaz Suvaroff, Imperator Alexander III , Borodino Orel. 15.000 t, 18 kts, 4 303,6 mm 151,8 mm . 2 - , Osliabia", , 1 . 2 10.000 t, 4 303,6 mm, Sissoi Veliki Navarin , ( 1882)
Amiral Nakhimoff, 6.0001. 3
Oleg, 8 . 4 .
, , . . , . - . , . (18.000 ), . Hamburg Amerika Line, 70 . .
24 , , 1 . , , ( ) . 15 . . , - . , Aurora 5 . .
, , Sissoi Veliki , Navarin - , . , , . . , .
25
, .
, , ( , 1905).
. 4 278,3 mm , 1 , ( ) . , - . 5 .
0 , . , 2 . , - 1905. . 1 2 . , . 2 -
26 . - .
- , . . , . . 3 , , Imperator Nicolai I , (10.000 t) 1882, Vladimir Monomakh, - , 6.0001 ( 1882), 3 , General Amiral Apraxine, Amiral Seniavine Amiral Ushakoff. 4.500 t, ,
. To Apraxine 3 253 mm 4 227,7 mm. 16 , . 2 , .
, ,207.000 276.000 , . . , . , , ,
.
14 , , , 4.500 , - . , , . , 40 , , , .
, ' ,
, . ,
. , . . , 23 , - , .
, .
, , . ( ), . 4 2 , 4 . --, 25 . 26 . - . : . . 27 03.00, , -
Asama , Variag .
9, , Fuji".
JUHui
.
Sinano Maru - 05.00 : , ( ). 06.34 - : . -
0 , 2 .
. 07.00 : Itzumo , Souvaroff 8.225 m. , . 8 . . 13.40 4 8 . 10 . : . . , .
, , .
Mikasa, Shikishima, Asahi Fuji , Kasuga
Nisshin. - , Asama, Tohigawa, Yakumo, Idzumo, Iwate Adzuma. Suvaroff Osliabia , - . : 27 Osliabia mmnii^ Suvaroff. Alexander III , Osliabia" . 303,6 mm . Mikasa, , , Asama .
14.30 . Osliabia , Suvaroff . , . , - Buinji . To Suvaroff 8 , - . . Osliabia.
R U S S IE
VladivostokP o r i-A r th u r
{Cana! ide Sul
Tanger CHINE
Mirbai
D aka r Djibouti
L ib re v ille t?
M ossam
Luderit
.
0
. . , . To Sissoi Veliki , Navarin Ushakoff , Nakhimoff Vladimir Monomakh . - , , . .
24 37 4.830 5.917 . , 110 590 . - , . , . , : .
, , . - 1905 - ( ), 5 . , .
.
830 4.
19.00 Suvaroff . Fuji ( ) Borodino, - - . 5 3 , . ( Oleg), Aurora Jemtchoung,
, . , Orel, Nicolai I , Apraxine, Seniavine Izoumroud, .
, - - . , -
80 . 2.750 m ' Suvaroff Alexander III . 15.00 . , , , 18.00 Alexander III . -
Borodino" Fuji .
*
M O N GO UE
CHINE
PHILIPPINES ________
Sakhaline
, , - . . , , . , , .
1905, , . 1908 - . status quo . , . - , . , , . , , , , , . , . -
0 , "Suvaroff .
. 1909 , . 1941.
. - , . , Dreadnought.
, . . , HMS Dreadnought", - 1906. 17.9001, 21 kts, 10 303,6 mm, .
. 1905 29 , Delaware, 20.000 t. HMS Dreadnought .
(1) Georges Blond: LAMIRAL TOGO, Fayard. Paris, 1958.(2) Emilio Faldella: , , 68. 1974.(3) Louis Frederic: JAPON L'EMPIRE ETERNEL, Felin, Paris, 1985.(4) IV. Koenig: GRANDS COMBATS NAVALS. Fernand Nathan, Paris, 1978.(5) .. : TOY . , , 9, 1933.(6) Alexei Silitch Novikov - Priboi: LA TRAGEDIE DE TSUSHIMA, Payot. Paris, 1934.(7) Frank Thiess: TSOUSHIMA, Flammarion, Paris, 1943.
Namur , 1695.
.
. V ! ei iw*, \t s!ri( WAW: R r r l'i'.iiF JiO H A . HF.ttCVjd
>b f .i h :c x x m h j .. . IB S E S S ie .T E 'N 'l 'A M IK E .A 'M W X C fi 1
N A J l V H C f M A X . C A S 'I'H : I S V I a A M A .V IC T A .JV X F V C S A T A
l n i r X T l lA V A U O R v . . OK*. n y f T I S g l MO. 1*1. A M .* H O ST X OH f .
JUWwUUftii
ifT O P IA
( 1 6 8 8 - 1 6 9 7 )
, , , , : , , , .
1598, , , . , , . Augsburg, . , (), . , . , , - , .
,
'.
, .
.
,
.
, . . , , . , , , . , , , - - 1652. , .
, - .
1688, . - . . , , . , 15.000 , , '.
5 1688 Devon. ,
31
32
. , 20 Wincanton, 12 . .
. , , . - , , . ,1.500 5.500 , . , , . .
, , . , , - . 1689 . , . .
, . , , Vaudemont. , , , Waldeck. , , - . , , , , , . .
1689 , 60.000 , Mainz. , , , . / -
0 Victor Amadeus , . & . . .
16 . Waldeck, 35.000 , . 8.000 , . Waldeck d' Humieres. Walcourt. , , .
Walcourt , - 30 . , , . d Humieres Francois Henri de Montmorency Bonteville, . Conde Turenne . , 62 - . . , , .
, Mainz
( 8 ), 8.000 - . , . .
, , 1689 , . . , Enniskillen Derry, . , - , , . - .
Dundee Highlander . Mackay, 5.000 . Killiecrankie, 27 1689. , 1.500 . 200 , , Dundee. Dundee Alexander Cannon. 18 Cannon, , Dunkeld. Cameronians, . .
. , , . , .
1690 . Mackay
. . 7.000 . Derry Enniskillen. 1690 .
, Waldeck, - , . Waldeck . Fleurus 1 1690. Waldeck 38.000 (40 , 83 ) 60 , Heppignies Wagnelee. , - . : 50.000 (40 , 80 ) 70 . Lambusart, Fleurus St. Armand, Wagnelee, .
. , . , - . , 30 . 11 De Gournay . . .
Waldeck , , .
, . De Gournay, .
, ,
. .
, 1702.
Sebastien de Vauban, . .
, . . , - . . , -
. , .
- . , . , , , , , . , - . . , . , , . , . . .
, . Waldeck . 38.000 1 , 10.000 9.000 , 50 100 . 12 , 6.000 . , , : Waldeck . . !
. 11 1690 . (18.000 , 5.000 ) Boyne. (26.500 , 8.000 50 ). , . 1.500 , 2.000 , . , - .
33
, - .
, , , . Victor Amadeus, 18.000 , . , Catinat. Catinat, , 18 1690 ( 22.000 ) - Victor Amadeus, Staffarda.
, , . 60.000 , - , Nissa. -- . Nissa, . , .
, , Mons, , . -
34 , . , , 1691 Hal.
, - , St. Ruth, , - , Ginckel - , , . 12 1691 Aughrim. St. Ruth - (20.000 , 5.000 ) . Ginckel 12.500 6.500 . . , - , , .
. St. Ruth . , - . . . , . . . - , .
. , . , " .
50.000 (56 , 116 ) . (70.000 , 30.000 , 154 ). 19 Szlankamen . , , , , 20.000 .
. , Waldeck ( ) Leuze. Waldeck, 12.000 , 19 La Catoir, . - , . . 28 75 . , 1.900 40 . - , , . , - .
- , 1.300 , de Feuquieres , -
. , , . .
, 1/10 , ( ), , . . Namur. , 8.000 , .
26 1692 46.000 127 . Vauban, . Vauban . , . - .
Vauban Namur, , 1 Barbacon, , Vauban. 50%.
Namur . . . . . . 70.000 , - Steinkirk. . , 15.000 , , Solmes.
11 3 1692 . . , .
, . , . , - 35 , 57.000 . . , . , . , .
. . . - . , , .
, , . ! . !.
, ,
.
& Fleurus,
,
.
, , (, ), . - , . , . ( ), .
Victor Amadeus . , , , ( ).
1692 . Waldeck
,
.
,
. . , 80.000
Sachsen - Coburg. . . , .
, - . , , . , . . - . , 120 , . Buff North and Grey, 4 , - , . , , . , . : 7.000 .
, , Caprara, , - . , - : .
36 . * 1693
. , 80.000 , . , , . . , . . , , Huy, . , . .
(50.000 , 100 ) Rumsdorf, Neerwinden Laer .
, , . 29 1693 (98 , 201 , 70 , 80.000 ) . . , . , . , Neerwinden.
. 1563. 3.600 ( Francis Back).
, , . ( Coldstream Guards Royal Fusiliers) , . . 18.000 , 84
82 , 8.000 .
, .
, , Marsaglia Catinat. , 11.000 . , - .
, de Noailles, Toroella.
1695 , ( ), , 67 . . 80.000 200 Namur, 36 . 13.000 5.000 , , 18.000 . , , . . , - . , - Lugos.
1696 , , . . - , . , .
, Dlaschin.
, Ath . , .
Ittg p tvH E P P IG N IE s f j ^ ,
# , v
/.v l a m b u s a r t
* I
MilesHAM
. , , . , , .
30 1697, Ryswick. 1679, .
, 1697, , /.
- 300.000 , . , . , . - . - , 1635 , . , , . (1654-1715), . , , , - .
1697, , - . . ,
Fleurus, 1690. , , Waldeck. (1794), Jou rdon&a Sachsen-Coburg, Ligny 1815 9 .
. ,
, . , , .
, () . , .
(1) R. Weigley: THE AGE OF BATTLES, Indiana University press, 1991.(2) D. Chandler: THE ART OF WARFARE IN THE AGE OF MARLBOROUGH, Spetmant Publishing, London, 1990.(3) B. Nosworthy: THE ANATOMY OF VICTORY, Hippocrene books, New York, 1992.(4) D. Chandler: ATLAS OF MILITARY STRATEGY, Arms and Armour Press, London, 1996.(5) J. Black: EUROPEAN WARFARE 1660-1815, UCL Press, London, 1994.(6) D. Mckay: PRINCE EUGENE OF SAVOY, Thames and Hudson, London, 1977.(7) C.S. Grant: FROM PIKE TO SHOT, WRG Publications, London, 1986.(8) C.A. Sapherson: MARLBURIAN ARMIES, Raider Books, Leeds, 1991.(9) C.A. Sapherson: IMPERIAL INFANTRY, Raider Books, Leeds, 1989.(10) C.A. Sapherson: IMPERIAL CAVALRY, Raider Books, Leeds, 1989.(11) M. Barthorp: MARLBOROUGHS ARMY, Osprey, London, 1988.(12) R. Chartrand: LOUIS XIV1 s ARMY, Osprey, London, 1989.(13) MILITARY UNIFORMS, Blandford, London,1971.
37
(
Francis Back).
. -
( ) VI VII ( , . , .. ).
, , . " , () , . , , - , , .
.
, , . , . , , . , , , 39. , , .
01 ,
( : 5000-4000 ..), (, , - , ), , ( ) . , 1 m,
. .
5 , . ,
, ( ) , . .
, , , 3.000 ! . - - X. (1908) . -
- () . . , .
30 80 00 ISO
1350 ..
1200 ..
( ) , . 0 . () , 6-
40 . , 6 . 1,40 m 1 m. , . , .
, V, , . . - , .
, , 4400-3700 .. ( ),
. , , - 3 . . , . . 2,5 m.
(4000-2800 ..). , , . , , ,
. ( ), 500 , .
( 16 m). -. . () , , , . , , 2,80-2,90 m 0,80 1 m. - , . . . , , . . ( , ) -
. , . , , , .
, ,
(2800-2000 ..), (, ), ( , , , , , , , ) (, ). , ' (). , .
- : , . ,
, , 13 m . . , - . , , , ,
, . . .
41
, -
,
.
. : . . - 3 . , 70 m, . : ) - ( ), , 6) (), 10-15 m ( 6 m). ( ), , . , ( ). , , .
,
42 , - . , . ,
. . . ( 24x20,50 m). ( ) , , ( X. ) .
3 (2000 ..), , .
..
. , , ( ). - (, , , , .). -
.
. ( ) , . 200 (2600-2400 ..), I. (-V). V , , . () 2 m
4 m. , (). . , (" ). . ( ) .
&: ( ) ( ).
. 1,10 m , () .
( ) 2200 .. .
, 4 (1 : ), - (2800-2100 ..) . ( ) , .
( ) - 2100 ..
, , 3.000 . I, , (3000-2000 ..) . ( 14,32 34 m) , . , - . , 3-4 m. , . , -
. II (2600-2300 ..)
100 m. , lie. ( 330 m) . , 3 m . - , - , , 6,5 m . .
VI (1900-1275 ..), . , , . Wilhelm Dorpfeld, , VI . 552 m
. " . ( 4-5 m), . . . 18 m, 8 m, , - . () - . ( ) , ( ;), ( 2 m 5 m). , .
( ;), . .
VII (1275-1100 ..) VI . , - , . VII .
III
( II , 2600-2200 ..), . . (), , , . , ( 1 m), (), . , , - .
,
- (10-12 m ) . , ( ), , . ( 10 X. ), 3000 1000 .., .
. , . , . 70 m 2200-2050 .., . ( 1,20 m) (
43
0,60 m) . , , . , , - - - , . , . , , . . . , , .
- , 5 ( : , , , ). 6 (2050-2000 ..) . : -
44 * *
5. , , . . - ().
(1800-1650 ..). (4 m ) , . .
(1900-
1600 ..) . . , (, ). , , . , (), .
, 14 13 .., - : , , , , .. , , , , (). , - - , . , , . . -
.
8 (1900-1800 ..) , - ( ). , , . . 8 m 4 m. , . , .
.
(1250 .. ).
- ( , . , .. ).
, , - . , , .
, , . . 1400 .., - . , . 1250 .. . . , , . , , - , , . 1230 .. . , -
. , - . . , . , , 7 17 (!) m 7,50 m ( 9-10 m), - - .
. , 6 , 5-7 m, , , , . , - - . . , , . : - - .
. , 45-50 m , . , , , : , . , , 45 1 - mmmA .
( ) , . , - . , .
. 280 m . ( , 660 m) . , . (
) 5,50 m, 12 m ( 8,25 m). , - ' .
,
( X. ).
. -
46 ( " ),
. , , . : , , ( ) , . .
- . - . 18 ! ,
. . , . 1250 .. ( ) .
. , . , , 1340 .. - . 1250 .. , , , . . 13 .. , . .
- -, . . () , .
(
I ), , , 13 .. , . - , , , . , ( 5 ..), . , , . , . , , , , .
()
- - , - . -
3 km, , , . . 5,40-5,80 m 2-6 m. , : , 9-10 m, ( ), . : , , . , - , ( ) . , , .
. III .
, .
, , , . 1100 .. , ( ), , - , , . 12 , .
(1) . : , , , 1928.(2) . : , , , 1989.(3) : AI ! , , , 1909(4) Emily Vermeule: - , . , , 1983.(5) . : , , 1985.(6) . Walter: ALT-AGINA , , 1981.(?) . Walter: (3000-1000 ..), . , 1985.(8) H. Kyrieleis: AUSGRABUNGEN IN HERAION VON SAMOS 1976, AA 1977-1980.
(9) . . : ( - ), ,1985.(10) . . : ,, 1985.(11) . : , ,1984.(12). . : , , : , . , , 1970.(13). : , , , , 1980. H f l(14) . : , , m m 1967.(15) . : , , 1983.(16) . : AI , ,. / , , 1973.(17) I. : , . , 1993.(18) X. : .. , , 1991.(19) , , 1985.(20) , , 1980.(21) . P. Kontorlis: MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION.Athens, 1985.(22) N. : , -, , .
.
48
600 .. . , . .
" _ _ ,
. .
. . , ' , . , . 1 .. , . , 1 .., . -- (Aix-en-Provence) 100 .., 90.000 .
,
,
,
.
,
,
, "
20 ,
.
49 , 701 .., , , . & , 1.500 Joule . 122 Joule 6,5 9 .
,
, - . , , . , , , .
192 10.000 - 200 50.000 ! 8.000 , 700 .
; , . - . - .
. , . - , . , . , . ,
, . , . - , . , , , . , . . , - .
, , - 37,7%, 1/3 . , 5,5% . , . , , . . ( ) . , , , .
,
, . " .
". 35,4% - . 37,7% , 73% . . , 5,8% . Engels , 5 . ( ) 0,5%, , , 2,5%. 2 10%. 64
4 5 , 320 , 5% .
, . 147 - , 114 ( 77,7%) . (20%) (13,3%). Frlich 31 , .
2.000 .., . , 49 10 . 13,6 kg 12 , 1.588 Joule, .
10% , 42%. , , , , . , . . 6.832 cm2, 0,68 m2. 542 , 1.103 , 413 1.265 . 3.323 , 49% . , 1.000 250 , 220
. 120 , 18 , , 13 ( 80% ), 36 53 . 2% . - , ( ) 1.000 110 . 5 5 , 2.750 ! , . 0,74 m2, . , , - , 62% - .
1,8 5,5 . . , , , .
. , , . gladius . -
(460-370 ..) , , . 60 , . , .
. , . , , .
.
,
. (
, 480
. .).
, . , - . . 91,8 Joule , . (137 Joule), (91 Joule), (95,6 Joule), (105 Joule), (105 Joule), gladius (137 Joule) (96 Joule), . , . , 20 , , .
, , - . , . , - j 200 - . , .
, 1 .., . : , .
. Clostridium tetani, , . . -
52
. . , . " , . . . . . , . 5,6% 80%. - , .
Clostridium perfigens, - . . , . 5%, 100%.
, Staphilococcus bacteri . , . 1,7% . 20 , .
7 10 . ' .
isilfFW ' 1
h|H|I
. , . , .
,
1905, . , , , .
6.000 330 360 50 (13,8%) 22 (5%) 15 (4%) 5 (1,2%) 15 (4%) 70%
,
U
. . , . .
. "- , . 1550 .., . . - . - . , , . 5%, - - .
, Salmonella typhi, , . - , . , . , . 10 13%, .
. . , , ,
(acetum) - . , , . . - , , .
, . , . (Pediculus humanus), , , , .. , , . 10 40% ! ... . , , . , .
, , 20 40%, 90%. 1160 .. - ', - 2 .. - .
. 1 .., 50% 18 42
, . .
. 5,8% 8-10% , 35% , . , , , ,
. 10.000 . , . , 65.000 6,000 , 10 25 , . - . ,
, . . . , . .
. 73 8 , 3.402 70 . . , 8,5 .
. , , , . 1 1,4 kg , 2.500 100 . , . - - * . , , . , , - 27 , 25. , , . , , . , .
. 24 .. Aelius Gallus, , , , . - , - .
. , , , , , (, , , , , ), . , .
, . , , , - . " , . 100.000 64.000 ! ,
54 . *, , 38.000
8.000 , 20.000 .
. 35 , . 26 22. .
- , 3-4% , 17% . , . -
( ),
. ,
,
(
).
, , , , , , .
. - , , . - , . , () ( 550 - , ). 326 .. . , . , , . , ( 191 ..) ! , ,
, 72 .. , ( ) .
, . , 2000 .. . , , , . , . 20 , , , .
(1) SOARING SPIRIT, Time-Life Books, 1991.(2) BARBARIAN TIDES, Time-Life Books, 1991.(3) EMPIRES ASCENDANT, Time-Life Books, 1991.(4) Richard Gabriel & Karen Metz: FROM SUMER TO ROME, Greenwood Press, 1991.(5) Richard Gabriel & Karen Metz: A HISTORY OF MILITARY MEDICINE, Greenwood Press, 1992.(6) Norman Kotker: THE ASSYRIANS, Military History Quarterly, Summer 1991.(7) Adrienne Mayor: DIRTY TRICKS IN ANCIENT WARFARE, Military History Quarterly, Autumn 1997.(8) Geoffrey Parker: THE CAMBRIDGE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF WARFARE, Cambridge University Press, 1995.(9) THE AGE OF GOD-KINGS. Time-Life Books, 1991.
6
01 , , "" , , , . , . 250.000 01 , .
Signal, P fe ffe r (4 ), von H a rt m ann (71 ) S tem pel (371 ). , Angern 16 , .
, 1942 , . ( - ) . , : , .
, ,
: . , . , - . , , , , , ...
- Paulus
, Maximillian von Weichs, , , Friedrich Paulus, .
- - , Paulus.
56 -
, Weichs, : . .
von Weichs . . .
. . . . 1942, , ,
, , . , . ...
, . , , .
Friedrich Paulus . , . .
Paulus 4 3 , 8 2 , . , . - , , . , ,
. . , , : , , .
Paulus , . 62 , , , - Paulus.
. von, , . , . .. Verdun - . , . , , . 1931 1939. -
. , ": - , . - , . , , , - . , , - . Paulus.
6 - - . , , . , , , .
Stukas 8 Wolfram von Richthofen,
. Paulus
.
. ,
1 .
.
1955 6.000 ,
...
. , : - !
List . . - ( ) , - . 30 km .
: - - , - , ;
. , . - ; , 1942 . , . ; , ! , , .
11 Paulus . - , . , , - . Paulus .
- Paulus. , . .
. 19 Paulus , 6 , . ( )
^o^E ra fim D w itsd j DEUTSCH[ C S S S S y|JLRAJ=3. rumn.Armee
teftl* S.rumn. Korps fIR g g i1.rumiin.fav.Piv
f 6 5 j 65.sowj. Armeeig m H h l-^mfthamKprpi
Krrmenskaja
liroh'nskajr
[ 5 | | | K F ^
IttiuifepzGolubinskaja
GumrakiliNGRAt[rau
KalatschSW.-FRONT \Krasno-.armekk.
CONFRONTMSiAH-tea GRUPP! p S n B UStirpbslsk
5TAIINCR.- ly FRONT fetjlimjrd Nisrfine
isiirskaja[Igmeth.
Kalatsd ij
R oslow
, . Paulus Richthofen .
- ; , . " , , . .
: .
, , , . , : , - . " . . ...
Esser , 12 - . , , . - .
58 . et - !
Esser 60 , . , . . . . . Esser . 13 , 120 , 80 16 - .
9/10 .
200 , 62 , Chuikov, . . , 8 : , . . ! . : ; Verdun! . , .
- , , . - , 150 km!, Paulus Arthur Schmidt 1 , , , , . , Goumrak Pitomnik.
6 . Paulus : ; - ; .
. 2 2 H erm an Hoth 50 km , . , , M anste in K leist (). 6 .
- , , Paulus.
19 Paulus - Gerhardt Stok, 3 , - : , . , ! . Paulus: .
. , . . . 150 km .
, (20 ) " - Paulus. 4 10 . Paulus, Arthur Schmidt, : . ... . - - .
29 Leyser 57 . 55 Panzer IV, ,
. , 100 m. . : 12! - - 400 m - ! . - . - 34 . . . 29 : ! . 51 - . Leyser .
von Weichs, , . Leyser: . Weichs : Paulus - ! 29 !
21 , . Luftwaffe, , Jeschonneck .
Lu ftw affe , .
250.000 . Paulus
. : 6 , . , .
von Loebbecke 1939. , 22 1942, Pak 48, -34 . -34 . Loebbecke - ... ! . Loebbecke -
! - 34 . ... ... , - .
Kalatch, Paulus. 6 - ...
Arthur Schmidt
Wolfgang Pickert Osswald . : , 10 . , 22 1942, - , . Schmidt : Pickert, .
- .
- ..., Schmidt . - . . - , Pickert - .
von Richthofen, 8 , von Weichs , Kurt Zeitzier, 350 t , Paulus 5 001 . , : ! .
Paulus , , 24 Paulus: - .
Zeitzier Luftwaffe, Goering: ,
60
6 - ! , - . Zeitzier . ! Goering. ; . ... , Goering. ! 700, 500 t 500 , Zeitzier. ! , Goering , : ; ; . : . .
. Goering , - . , , ( -Goering) . - , . , , - , - . , . .
1920, , .
, . , . Goering , . 1942 , , .
Paulus , : 250.000 ! . 51 , Walter von Seydlitz - Kurzbach, , . - Seydlitz 24 94 Pfeffer ! , . - . .
. Paulus, , .
. . : 26 . - .
, ...
850 , Junkers 290 . 6 . 24 31 1943 L u ftw affe 488 1.000 , 100 t .
- ". , 6 , Paulus Schmidt : Manstein . . - !
MANSTEIN
Paulus ,
, 20 . , Luftwaffe . Paulus.
: ! Paulus . , : 20-30
, 750 300.
24 316 Junkers 52 Heinkel 111. . , . , -35AC. 200 , 50 , - . 1 40 , . - 130 t .
Luftwaffe, 1/10 ... , .
. : ! ! . , - .
Manstein, , - , , , , Herman Hoth .
. , , . _ : Manstein!
Hoth 05.00 j 12 , - * (-25AC), : . . Manstein, .
- , Richthofen 28 , : , ! .
- Panzeralarm!!!
. -34 : 300, . panzer , . -
. , . . .
. Hoth 22 50 km . , .
Manstein Hoth , Paulus, . Paulus : 20 km . .
Paulus, : Paulus , Manstein, .
- Hoth Manstein : , Paulus . .
62 . , -
.
Messerschmitt 109 JG3, , . : .
16 Manstein . 8 ! : . ! .
, Manstein : . - . , . 23 , , Paulus, . Paulus : ; .
Hoth , Manstein.
. - ... , Paulus.
... Paulus... , Manstein.
.
Manstein , , . . , , . . , Goering, , - 34. Ju-52, . , , , . 30 ...
. , , , . - . : , . ! .
25 5 m. , . -
A! . -34. . . Paulus : 6 ... . , Goumrak Pitomnik, . Ju-52 6 0 1 , .
. 600 km 700.000 . Zeitzier, , 27 : - , - ! . , , : , .
1943 . , . , - . Paulus :
- . .
- ; .
- .
- , Schmidt.
- , Paulus.
10 7.000 ! -
31 1943 :0 Paulus , Adam A rthur Schm idt. , . 1944 . 1952 . , 61 .
, , , . 88 9 Pickert, , 100 .
Pohl, - , , . ,
: ! . . . , , . , . 95%.
Paulus, Behr, : ! , . . . , . Paulus , . 1/10 .
! , Behr. , . Behr . - - Q J . - Keitel, , - ! Behr : , - . , , . . , 24 48 . Keitel, . Behr . . . ...
16
. -34 Pitomnik Me-109 , Goumrak. . , - Goumrak : To Pitomnik ! .
Goering, Milch, Luftwaffe, .
- . 100 Junkers 52!, Manstein, :
- 400 . Pitomnik .
- Goumrak, Milch.
- . . ;
- . Luftwaffe. Goumrak .
Manstein : .
Goering - , Manstein Paulus . , 18 !!! Thiel Paulus.
- ; Paulus. - , ! Luftwaffe ; . Thiel Paulus : , . Luftwaffe ! , . ! .
- , . . 20.000
62 .
, . : , , Ju-52 . 22 , Goumrak . , .
24- von Zitzewitz, Zeitzier . Behr, : , , . , , : ... .
Goumrak ( He-111), . Hans Hube. -
. 19 ( Erwin Raenecke, 15 ), . : . . . , , , . , .
Hube : Luftwaffe . . - Luftwaffe; ! . , Manstein : , . . Manstein. . - . , ! - ...
Paulus, , : . .
24 , , . Arthur Schmidt . - . , . - . 71 , von Hartmann, , - . Paulus , . ,
.
. 27/1/1943
, . 30 - 1943 . , Goering - , : , , - . Paulus . Keitel - : ; . - : . Paulus .
31 : : - ". 07.35: , ... . ..! , ... ... . .
Paulus , , : ; ! -
! . . ! .
2 .
, : 120.000 93.000 - 11 . 36.000 , 51.000 . 6.000 - 15 , Paulus, Arthur Schmidt. , 1960 ...
... !
. . -,
, . , , .
, . . , . , .
Goering - , : , . Goering . , .
1944 - . : , . ! . , , ... , . : ! , . , ! .
(1) Paul Carell: STALINGRAD, THE DEFEAT OF THE GERMAN 6TH ARMY, Schiffer Publishing, 1993.(2) Jean Mabire: STALINGRAD - LA BATAILLE DECISIVE DE LA SECONDE GUERRE MONDIALE.(3) David Irving: HITLERS WAR, PAPERMAC, 1977.(4) Erich von Manstein: NIKAI , , 1962.(5) Philip Warner: PANZER, Arthur Barker Limited.(6) Charles Messenger: PICTORIAL HISTORY OF WWII. Gallery Books, 1987.,(7) Alfred Price: LUFTWAFFE: BIRTH, LIFE AND DEATH OF AN AIR FORCE,Ballantines History of WWII, 1970
-
" :01 , 01 , 01 01 01 , - , 01 . ; ( ) . , ^ ^ , .
, , , , - : . . , , , ., .
, - 66 -
, , , - - .
, . , , (.: praetorium), , . " - (cohors praetoria) .
1 . .., , : , - , ( ) , - -- .
( , ) , 44 .., , , . 42 .., , 83 .. , 8.000 - ( , . pita).
iWiW3
signa (.: signum, . .: ), , 2 . ..
. , . 1 ..
. , , 38 .. , (31 ..), .
0 , (: Augustus, . - .: ) , 27 .. , (. 4.500 - 6.000 ). - - . - , . : , . 13 .. 12 , 16. 5 .. , 16 21 . 28 5.000 . 1/30 " 1/60 ( ) . ,
() (Cohortes Urbande, ), , (Cohortes Vigilum, - ), . , ( ), (Germani Corporis Custodes), , .
, , , . , , , (.: toga, -ae) . 2 .. . - , - (Praefecti Praetorio). : - , . - , , (.: Equites), - .
, (14 ..). - , 15 .., , , . (14-37) (Capreae, ), , . 23 (Castra Praetoria, ), . , , - .
( , , ...) . (scutum),
67
2 . . .: , . ( .:
lancea) . (. p ilum )
.
.
. 0
68 31. - , , , , ( ). (37-41) : 24 41 - , , - , . - , , .
, (69).
, . (Bedriacum, . ), . - (69) . , 16 . , , . - , (69-79), . (Cremona)
. , . - (81-96) , 8.000-10.000 . , .
(98-117), . , ,
- . , . ( ") , ( ), " " . , . probati (=), milites (=), immunes ^ ), principales ^ ) evocati (=- , ). (centuriones, ) (tribuni, ), rtou . - , - . , . (Pax Romana), -
( ) 1 .. (. R ichard Hook).
(41-54) (donativum) , . (54-68) , 30.000 ' , (68-69). - , , , ! .
2 .. , , (. R ichard Hook).
(Equites Singulres) . . (Equites Singulres Augusti) 600-1000 . , , 2.000 . (180-192) 15.000 .
(96-180) . - , 188 , . , - . (193), . , - , - . 25.000 - . , , .
, (193-211), - - .
193 , - . , (Parthica), (Albanum) . 4.500 , 30.000 200, 3 : , - . (211- 217) - . (218-222), (222-235), , (235-238), (238), (238), . , . (244-249) ' (238-244), - (276) (275-276), (282-283) (276-282) ...
(284- 305), , : , - (!)
. , 4 . - - (306-312). , (306-337), - 28 312, . , .
, . , , , , , . 69 . - ** , , , - - , ( ) .
(1) M. Durry: LES COHORTES PRETORIENNES,, 1928.(2) L.L. Howe: THE PRETORIAN PREFECT FROM COMMODUS TO DIOCLETIAN, , 1942.(3) L. Keppie: THE MAKING OF THE ROMAN ARMY,FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE, , 1984.(4) A. Passerini: LE COORTIPRETORIE, ,1939.(5) B. Rankou & P H o o k : THE PRAETORIAN GUARD,, 1994.(6)M . Speidel: RIDING FOR CAESAR. THE ROMAN EMPERORS HORSEGUARDS, , 1994.
PHANTOM PHANTOM , 1964, , . F-4 , , MiG. PHANTOM .
70I
60 .
, , - . , (1946-1954), , . , .
1961. , , , , , .
-26 -28,
. 1961 17.000. 1 964 - , . .
, ', . Constellation , .
F-4B VF-143 1964. S parrow Zun i 5 in. VF-142.
" * - . II " 1
Phantom , . , F-4B VF-111 VF-51 . -6 Intruder, .
. USAF 1,5 6 ( 60% ) . , Route Package 6. . .
( Dixie Station)
F-4B VF-102 -7 VA-82, . Phantom : : - ~ - , , .
;_ F-4B, : : 1961
' : ~ : . -
Phantom : " . a , -
_ -- : .
F-4B VF-
114, A IM -9D .
01
, Forrestal , Kitty Hawk - Enterprise". Forrestal , Saratoga , Kitty Hawk", Independence , Constellation , Enterprise America . F-4 Midway , Coral Sea , Franklin D. Roosevelt Midway". , . 1964 , 1972.
USAF ( ) (USN), (Route Package) -
, , (Yankee Station) ,