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วิชา สศ 4 02 โภชนศาสตร์และการให้อาหารโค. บทที่ 7 หลักการในการศึกษาด้านโภชนศาสตร์ สัตว์เคี้ยวเอื้อง. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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402
7
(proximate analysis)
6 (moisture) (ash) (crude protein) (ether extract) (crude fiber) (nitrogen free extract)
(organic matter) , NFE (inorganic matter)
102 104 % = 100 - % AOAC (1998) 135
550 3 .
% = % - %
kjeldahl method 1. H2SO4 2. NaOH boric acid N3. () N (%) N x 6.25 (true protein) NPN
1. Dichloromethane Petrolium ether 2. 3. Carotenoid
2 1. ( )2.
: H2SO4 (10%) : NaOH (10%) : crucible 550 : crucible
NFE NFE N
NFE % = % - % - % - % - %
Detergent method : cellulase hemicellulase ()
Detergent method- neutral detergent solution - (non structural carbohydrate) - (cell wall content )
Detergent method()- (acid detergent solution) -
acid detergent fiber (ADF)
Detergent method ()- (potassium permanganate) - - 72% (72% H2SO4) - (acid detergent lignin, ADL)
(feces)
% = ( ) x 100 % = ( ) x 100
2
1. (in vivo digestibility) 2. (in vitro digestibility)
(apparent digestibility)
1. (Total collection method) 2. (Indicator method)
1 2 1
(Metabolic cage) 4 Latin square , Completely randomized design
2 1. (Preliminary period) 2. (Experimental period) 7 10 14
isomerization Basal diets ( Unbalance composition of nutrient) Basal diets Test feed By-difference
Calculation of dry matter digestibility by differenceDigestibility% digested DM,gBasal diet 60DMExperimental diet 100g 55 100x55/100=55Consisting of 40% test feed (40g) x 40 x X/100=0.4x60% basal diet(60g) 60 60x60/100=36
0.4x +36=55 x =(55-36)/0.4digestibility by difference of the target feed (x) = 47.5
Total collection
= 100 - 100 x = 100 100 x
Total collection
1. (Internal indicator) 2. (External indicator) Cr2O3 , TiO
(%) =100 -100 x % - % % (%) = 100 100 x % x % % %
: :
3 Two stages in vitro method, Pepsin cellulase method Gas production method
: Two stages in vitro method 0.25 0.5 rumen fluid buffer pH 39 48 48 . crucible 105 1 550 Tilley and Terry
Pepsin cellulase method 40 24 . (cellulase acetate buffer) 40 24 .
pepsin cellulase
Gas production method : ( ) : rumen fluid buffer: 8 24
Gas production method: : (organic method digestibility) , (metaboligable energy, ME Mg/kg DM) gas test
: : rumen fluid : - 39 - - CO2
2 1.(batch trials) 24- 48
()2.(continuous fermenter) -
fistulated animal: 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 96 () 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 ,36 48
() 60 Neway
7 7 2% 40 . 0.6 .
/ 0.27 - 0.019 0.16 0.10
% DDM = I-F/I x100 = 0.8-0.53/0.8 x 100 = 33.75 %
% DCF = 0.4- 0.24 / 0.4 x 100 = 40.00 %
(energy) ()
,
Calorie = cal joules = volt x amperes x second 1 cal = 4.184 joule (j) = 1 1 ( 14.5 15.5)Kcal = 1 kilocalories = 1,000 cal., 1cal = 4.184 J 1J = 0.239 calMcal = 1,000 kcal.= 4.184 MJ (Mega joules) BTU = 252 cal (BTU= British Thermal Unit)
bomb calorimeter 1. (GE)2. (FE)3.(DE)
4. (ME)5. (NE) (NEm) (NEg) , (NEl) Total digestible nutrient (TDN)
Gross energy = GE = bomb calorimeter
GE = 4.42 Mcal /
Fecal energy = FE = bomb calorimeter DE = Digestible energy = GE FE GE ME = Metabolizable energy = GE FE UE- gas energyUE= NE = ME HI (heat increment)Basal metabolism , basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Undigested feed, microbial cell, cell of GITGas productionUrinary energy ,UEHeat increment (heat of nutrient metabilism heat of fermentation (rumen, caecum, intestineGEFEMEDENENEmNEp
Total digestible nutrient (TDN) 100 % % TDN= DCP+DCF+DNFE+(DEEx2.25)x100% TDN=%DCP+%DCF+%DNFE+ (%DEEx2.25)% %
TDN % . TDN 100 2.25 heat increment
TDN