777- 1

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1

/ . OSI . ) (bits ) (encapsulation ) (Peer-to-peer . )2( OSI . / ) (TCP/IP . . : : . . . . . . 1-2-1 OSI OSI . OSI . : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

: . . : . : . (data)stream

1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6.

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7.

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5

3.208 IEEE 01 . )1( : * 2) 10BASE ( -- 581 . * 5) 10BASE ( -- 005 . * -- 10BASE-T 5 10BASE 2 10BASE . AUI ) (Attachment Unit Interface / 10BASE-T 10BASE-T . . 3.208 )2( . MAC . MAC . /3.208 " "E IOS ) "0" 2(. . ) FFFF.FFFF.FFFF (. )3( A B C D . . MAC . 1-2-3 "

" ) .(CSMA/CD . . . . - - . . . . . 51 . . . 1-2-4 ) (IP . AppleTalk TCP/IP .IPX . MAC . ) NIC (. . . " " " 2 " OSI. ) IP ( 3 OSI. . . . 7

.MAC

1-2-5

MAC .MAC MAC. ) (NIC MAC .ROM .RAM MAC . MAC ) ARP (. ARP TCP/IP .MAC Y Z . Y ARP .Z Y Z Z .MAC Y Z MAC .ARP Y Z MAC. Y Z .A Y ARP A Z A IP Z . A Z A MAC .ARP Y A MAC .ARP Y Z MAC .A

1-3 TCP/IPTCP/IP

1-3-1

TCP/IP . TCP/IP 23 . .IP

. . 2-3-1 . . )1( 0.0.61.271 : 0.1.61.271 0.2.61.271 0.3.61.271 0.4.61.271. . . . . .C )3( C: 0.5.222.102. 02 5 ) (octet )(mask . . 5 02 . 8 - 61.5.222.102 23.5.222.102 84.5.222.102. . ) 1 6(. / . 61.5.222.102 71.5.222.102 81.5.222.102 91.5.222.102 . )0( ) ( - . . IP ) (. .B 9

B 452 452 .

C

C 6 03 .

4-1 ) (OSI1-4-1 : ) 7( OSI . OSI. ) OSI WWW(. . . )1(. . OSI 7 OSI. . . : ) 6( OSI . - - . ) 6( . . 6 7. . EBCDIC . )6( .ASCIT

6 . . 6 . . 6 . : Quick Draw

* -- PICT PowerPC

* -- TIFF * -- JPEG 6 . : * -- MIDI . * -- MPEG 5.1 PowerPC

* -- QuickTime : ) 5(

. . 2-4-1 ) 4( . : * * * *

) 4( 4 11

. 4 . . . : . . . . * * * *

) (Buffers . . . 3-4-1 . . - ) 7( ) 6( ) 5( ) 4( - . . . . : OSI . . " ". ) (FTP . ) SMTP ( . . .

TCP: )4(. . . . . .) hard

. (shake . . . . TCP : . . . . . " " . . "" . . TCP : . . . .

31

. . . . TCP/IP . )4( . 1 3. 1 . 3 . TCP : . . . . . )5( 1 2 3. 4 4 5 6. 5 5. 5 7.

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* * * * * *

OSI IP ) IOS Internetwork Operating .(System IOS . . . . 1.2 1.1.2 ) (WAN . ) (LANs . / / .OSI

: * . ) RBOCs (Regional Bell Operating Companies Sprint .MCI * . * . :51

WAN

* --

* -- * -- / ) (CSU/DSUs 1T1/E ) TA/NT1s Terminal 1 (Adapters/Network Termination ) ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ( * -- 1.2 2.1.2 . RBOCs ).(PTT . - ) Frame Relay (. :International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector

*

(ITU-T - ( Consultative Committee for ) International Telegraph and Telephone CCITT ( ) International ISO Organization for Standardization

* (

* ) Internet Engineering Task Force IETF ( * ) Electronic Industries Association EIA (

. ) (DTE ) .(DCE DCE DTE . DTE .CSU/DSU : 232-EIA/TIA

* * * * * *

944-EIA/TIA 42.V 53.V 12.X 307.G 035-EIA

: * ) HDLC High-level Data Link Control ( - IEEE . HDLC - * ) Frame Relay ( -- 2 * ) PPP Point-to-Point Protocol -( -- 1661 RFC IETF * ) SDLC Simple Data Link Control Protocol ( -- IBM ) SNA System Network Architecture ( HDLC * ) SLIP Serial Line Interface Protocol ( -- IP PPP 71

* ) LAPB -- (Link Access Procedure Balanced 52.X * ) LAPD -- (Link Access Procedure D-channel ) D ( .ISDN ) B ( ISDN * ) LAPF -- (Link Access Procedure Frame LAPD 1.2 3.1.2 . . . * ) POTS Plain Old Telephone Service ( -- : )1( )2( * ) ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ( -- 821 ) BRI Basic Rate Interface ( 3 ) PRI Primary Rate Interface ( * 52. -- X 2

* ) Frame Relay ( -- ISDN 52. X 637.44 65 483 * ) ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( -- ISDN ) ( )35 ( 226 * ) SMDS Switched Multimegabit Data Service ( -- ATM )(MANs 637.44 * 3 -- T1 T3 E1 E T E "" : * 445.1 -- 1 T * 637.44 -- 3 T * 840.2 -- 1 E * 863.43 -- 3 E * . .

91

* ) xDSL DSL Digital Subscriber Line x ( -- 48.15 ) ( x DSL : * HDSL -- DSL * SDSL -- DSL * ADSL -- DSL * VDSL -- DSL * RADSL -- DSL * ) SONET Synchronous Optical Network ( -- ) OC ( 48.15 )1-(OC 259,9 )291-(OC ) (WDM ) ( ) ( * ) ( -- 65 * ) ( -- )09% ( 01 ) ( .

* -- : * -- 11 ) ( * -- ) ( ) ( ISDN

52.X ATM

2.2

1 T 1.2.2 : ) (CPU . . . . ) IOS (Internetworking Operating System . . . . IOS . 12

. . : * -- RAM/DRAM ARP ) RAM( . RAM / . RAM . * -- NVRAM RAM / . * -- ROM IOS * -- ROM ROM * -- 2.2 2.2.2 . . . . 3 OSI ) .(IP

. . )( . )( )( )( . . : * * * * * . . 2.2 3.2.2 2 2 . . -- . )( . .32

* -- * -- * -- * ) -- (AS : MCI Sprint AT&T Qwest UUNet France Worldcom

* ) (Telecom

* ) ( * ) CERN ( * )(ISPs 2 . IP ) BGP Border Gateway Protocol ( . A B C D E . . A-B B-C C-D 1 T . . . . 2. .

2. IOS IP . : * * 777- 3

. ) CLI ( . : * * * : * * : * * * * 1.3 1.1.3

52

. . * -- . . * -- . . . . . > .enable password .enable secret # ) ( . : * * * * * * .exit IOS . 1.3 2.1.3 )?( . -- --More

. 22 . -- --More . . IOS ----More . ) Return .(Enter . : IOS . 1.3 3.1.3 ) enable .(ena . ? ) ( . : IOS . 1.3 4.1.3 . help . .help . : 1. help . help clock. 2. . 3. . . help set.72

4. . . 5. ) Ctrl+P ( . )?( . . 6. )^( . . )?(. 7. Return . ^ . ^ . . : IOS . 1.3 5.1.3IOS

. . . terminal no editing . . 01 . 01 . Ctrl+B Ctrl+A . . 01 . )$(

. 01 . : IOS . 1.3 6.1.3IOS

. . : * . * . * . 01 . terminal history size .history size 652. Ctrl+P . Ctrl+P Ctrl+N . Tab . Tab . . .Return Ctrl+Z . 2.3 1.2.392

: .IOS " " " ". 2.3 2.2.3 : IOS . . . : 1. ) User EXEC Mode (EXEC 2. ) Privileged EXEC Mode EXEC ( ) ( 3. ) Global Configuration Mode ( 4. ) Router Configuration Mode ( 5. ) Interface Configuration Mode ( 6. ) Sub-interface Configuration mode ( . : . : * *

* : * * . . 777- 4

. . 1.4 1.1.4 . . . : * ) ( * * 0-4 * TFTP 1.4 13

2.1.4 . : * -- RAM/DRAM ARP ) RAM( . RAM / . RAM . * -- NVRAM RAM / . * -- ROM IOS * -- ROM ROM * -- * -- 1.4 3.1.4 RAM ROM

RAM . . IOS . EXEC .IOS EXEC .

RAM . . .NVRAM . . . RAM . . 1.4 4.1.4 TTY ) (. : * -- EXEC - . * EXEC -- . * -- . * -- . * -- . * -- RXBOOT . 2.4 show 1.2.433

. . . . . * -- show version * -- show processes * -- show protocols 3 * -- show memory * -- show stacks * -- show buffers * -- show flash write IOS 3.01 term

* ) show running-config ( --

* ) show startup-config show config IOS 3.01 ( -- * -- show interfaces 2.4 show 2.2.4 show running-config show startup-config

EXEC IOS show running-config .show startup-config . ): write term show config IOS 3.01 . . (. current configuration . . 2.4 show 3.2.4 show interfaces show version show protocols

show interfaces ) (. show version IOS ) (. show protocols . 3 ) IP DECnet IPX ) .(AppleTalk (. 2.4 show 4.2.4 : show show. show . ) show running-config (show run .RAM ) show startup-config (show start .NVRAM 53

.reload . show flash . .IOS show arp IP MAC . show interface . show protocols 3 ) IP IPX(. 3.4 1.3.4CDP

) CDP Cisco Discovery Protocol ( . CDP . CDP ) .(MAC ) IOS 3.01 ( CDP CDP . TCP/IP 3 4 . 3.4 2.3.4 CDP CDP . show cdp neighbors CDP . CDP . CDP .

CDP CDP . show . CDP CDP. : * -- ) ( * -- SNMP * -- 0 1 0 * -- show version

* -- * -- 0007

. CDP . 3.4 3.3.4CDP

CDP . CDP IOS 3.01 . .CDP .CDP CDP . show cdp interface CDP CDP . CDP CDP . 06 081 . CDP73

3.4 4.3.4CDP

CDP

CDP . CDP . {show cdp entry {device name CDP . 3 .B IP CDP ) (B .A CDP . .B show cdp neighbors CDP . : * * * * * * showcdp entry

.show cdp neighbors detail 3.4 5.3.4CDP

:

.show cdp ) CDP Protocol ( ) (. CDP ) 2( .OSI 3 IP IPX . CDP IOS 3.01 .cdp interface show cdp interface CDP . show cdp neighbors show cdp neighbors detail CDP . Cisco Discovery

4.4 1.4.4OSI

IP . . OSI. .OSI telnet ping trace show ip route show interfaces debug . 4.4 2.4.4 . TCP/IP . . . . .

93

. telnet TCP/IP TCP/IP connect telnet . . EXEC: exit .logout : * :Denver> connect paris Denver> paris 251.001.801.131 >Denver

* ) (:1>Denver

exit

.TCP/IP . . TCP/IP . ) ( . . . ping . .

) ( . "" "" . 4.4 3.4.4ping

. . ping . -- . 5.1.61.271( (ping . )!( . ).( .ping ping user EXEC . ping ) ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol (. ) ICMP Protocol (. ICMP . ping xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx ICMP . ping DNS .IPInternet Control Message

4.4 4.4.4trace

14

trace . ping trace . EXEC .trace

trace ) TTL .(Time To Live trace . trace . . . . )*( . trace 6+.Ctrl+Shift IOS .traceroute traceroute ) TTL .(Time To LiveICMP

4.4 5.4.4show ip route

. - . . show ip route . ) 2.61.801.131( )0.33.801.131( 1.Enternet 4.4 6.4.4 show interfaces serial )( )(:

* -- -- . * -- -- . . : * ? * ? * ? * ? show interfaces serial . . . . 4.4 7.4.4 show interfaces clear counters show interfaces

. . . . . clear counters 0. 0 . show interfaces .clear counters . . clear counters .show interface .34

4.4 8.4.4debug

. EXEC debug privileged . terminal monitor debug . . ) undebug all (no debug all . . ): . . (. debug . . terminal monitor . 5.4 1.5.4 . ) ( . .IOS show ) (show interface ) show cdp (neighbors ) .(show protocols show

) ( ) ping (trace . . : * . * show . * CDP . * . * . * telnet ping trace .debug 777- 5 " " . . . 1.5 1.1.5 . . NVRAM . IOS . . : * . 54

* IOS . * . ) POST .(power-on self test ROM . . . 1.5 2.1.5 : * 1 -- ROM . . * 2 -- ) (IOS . . boot system . * 3 -- . . * 4 -- NVRAM . . * 5 -- NVRAM . . . 1.5

3.1.5 -- show startup-config -- show running-config . erase startup-config .NVRAM ) reload ( . setup EXEC .IOS

* : show config write term write erase 3.01 . . . 2.5 1.2.5setup

. . setup ] [ . Return . . . ]?[. Ctrl+C . . . . yes .NVRAM no . -- --More . 2.5 74

2.2.5 . . . . . . IOS . ].[Router . . Enter enable secret . . . " " " ". " " " " . " " " ". .IOS . . yes . 2.5 3.2.5 . setup . setup )( IOS .

setup . . 2.5 4.2.5 setup . . yes .NVRAM no . . . . .setup setup setup . setup . 3.5 1.3.5 . . IP B 0.0.1.651 B 5 . 5 IP 8 . . . * . * . 94

* .NVRAM 777- 6 " " . .IOS 1.6 1.1.6 NVRAM .TFTP :IOS

* *

* * * . . . 1.6 2.1.611.x

. EXEC configure )(

. . EXEC configure TFTP . : * -- configure termial NVRAM

* -- configure memory tftp running-config

-- copy TFTP RAM NVRAM TFTP

*RAM

* -- show running-config

* -- copy running-config startup-config RAM * -- copy running-config tftp RAM NVRAM

* -- show startup-config NVRAM

* -- erase startup-config

HyperTerminal . 1.6 3.1.6 0.11 IOS 3.01 . . . . 1.6 4.1.6 copy running-config tftp copy tftp running-config

15

copy running-config

.TFTP tftp RAM .TFTP :copy running-config tftp

* 1 --

* 2 -- IP . * 3 -- . * 4 -- yes . . : 1. copy tftp running-config . 2. . . . IP . TFTP 551.2.801.131 .IP 3. . . hostname-config network-config . ) .(router.cfg . tokyo. . ) TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol ( . 1.6 5.1.611.x

NVRAM

) :NVRAM (

* -- configure memory .NVRAM * -- erase startup-config .NVRAM )RAM

* -- copy running-config startup-config ( ) NVRAM (. 1.6 6.1.6 NVRAM IOS 0.11

* -- show startup-config .NVRAM

IOS 3.01 . . . . 2.6 1.2.6 EXEC . .EXEC .EXEC EXEC EXEC . : * * * * * * * 35

IPX

*

* exit . exit . Ctrl+Z EXEC . . 2.6 2.2.6 . EXEC configure . EXEC . NVRAM . . Return . : * ) (config-router . * ) (config-if . .exit 2.6 3.2.6

#(Router (config-router . )?( . 2.6 4.2.6 . . . 2.6 5.2.6 . . DCE .DTE DTE DCE . .clockrate bandwidth show interfaces .IGRP 0004. 0004 - ) AUI Attachment Unit Interface ( .10BASE-T AUI media-type 10BASE-T . IP . 3.655

1.3.611.x

*

: * * * NVRAM 3.6 2.3.6 0.11 IOS 3.01 . . . . 3.6 3.3.6 . EXEC . * 0 -- line console * 4 0 -- line vty * -- enable password EXEC * ) enable secreet password ( --

service

.password-encryption ).(DES 3.6 4.3.6

. . . . .Router . .Tokyo "-" . ) (. banner motd . 4.6 1.4.6 . ) ( . . - . IP . 4.675

2.4.6Config Maker

.ConfigMaker ConfigMaker 89/59/ NT . 4.6 3.4.6 0.11 IOS ip http server ) HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol ( . NVRAM .TFTP : * -- * -- * -- . 777- 7 " " .IOS IOS

IOS .IOS . TFTP . . IOS: * TFTP

* 1.7

* ) ROM IOS(IOS

1.1.7

IOS

IOS .NVRAM IOS . . : * . NVRAM .copy running-config startup-config . * NVRAM . IOS . * TFTP. . 1.7IOS

2.1.7

95

. .config-register . NVRAM . 61 .NVRAM 4 ) 3 2 1 0( . ) (0x010x : * 001 0x ) ROM (. ROM b ) ROM 0- 0-0-0(. * 101 0x ) ROM 0-0-0-1(. * 201 0x 0x10F .NVRAM ) 0-0-1-0 1-1-1-1(.show

config-register .version 1.7IOS

3.1.7show version

show version IOS . ) (. IOS . 2.11.

921.1.96.171 System image file is "c4500-f-mz", booted via tftp from

. IOS 2.11 . 0054. show version IOS. config-register 0x10f . : show running-config .show startup-config IOS . . 2.7 1.2.7 .IOS IOS :ROM * -- ) EEPROM - (. .TFTP * -- .TFTP * -- ROM ROM . 16

ROM IOS IOS. .IOS copy running-config startup-config .NVRAM . 2.7 2.2.7TFTP

. . TFTP . TFTP . TFTP . TFTP TFTP .TCP/IP TFTP . : ping

* TFTP .TCP/IP .

* . .IOS * TFTP IOS . . . . 2.7 3.2.7show flash

show flash . 4 . .IOS Cisco Connection Online ) (CCO dir ls .TFTP IOS

IOS . IOS . IOS . ) TFTP ( .IOS 3.7 IOS 1.3.7IOS

. IOS .IOS . IOS 2.11 : 1. 2. 3. IOS . CCO . 3.7 IOS 36

2.3.7copy flash tftp

. . .TFTP show flash ) (xk09140z copy flash tftp .TFTP . . . 3.7 IOS 3.3.7copy tftp flash

IOS . TFTP .copy tftp flash IP .TFTP IOS. .TFTP . . .IOS . . . . )!( ) (UDP . V .

show flash . reload . * IOS .NVRAM show IOS version

* .

* .IOS IOS TFTP .ROMIOS

* show flash .

* IOS 2.11 IOS : * * * * . . * IOS copy tftp flash .TFTP 777- 8 . CCNA . .

56

. . . " " . 1.8 CLI 1.1.8 . 1.8 CLI 2.1.8 0061 0052 . 0061 0052. / .IOS . . . . 2.8 1.2.8 ) 406 ( ) A_ (A . .

" " . . ? * "". . "" . * "?" * IP " " . * exit Ctrl+Z * IOS .IOS configure terminal .config t * .Enter . " ".0 line console

* login .password cisco 0 line vty 4 login .password cisco ) 214 (

- A 2 . . )?( IOS . . . . . IOS . config t ) exit CTRL+Z ( . Enter 76

) Backspace IOS (. IOS. ! . . . IP . : * CLI * * 0061 0052 777- 9 / ) .(TCP/IP TCP/IP . TCP/IP . )( . ICMP ARP .RARP 1.9TCP/IP

1.1.9

OSI

TCP/IP

TCP/IP ) .(DARPA .DARPA

TCP/IP

TCP/IP Berkeley Software Distribution. . TCP/IP : * TCP/IP . * TCP/IP . * TCP/IP .

TCP/IP . OSI . - TCP/IP 7 )( 4 )( 3 )(. / . TCP/IP . TCP/IP 3 4 ) IP (TCP . 1.9TCP/IP

2.1.9

TCP/IP . . ) DNS Domain Name System ( . ) WINS Windows Internet Naming Service ( NT NT .

96

HOSTS . IP . 3) POP Post Office Protocol ( . . ) SMTP Simple Mail Transport Protocol ( . . ) SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol ( . ) FTP File Transfer Protocol ( TCP .FTP )(. ) TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol ( UDP .TFTP FTP . ) HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol ( . . . - ) Telnet( . ) PING Packet Internet Groper ( / . Traceroute PING .PING Traceroute .

: -- NBSTAT NETBIOS . -- NETSTAT TCP/IP TCP/IP ICMP TCP .UDP -- ipconfig/winipcfg MAC IP. 1.9TCP/IP

3.1.9

TCP/IP 4 . 4 . . : * -- TCP . TCP . TCP . * -- UDP . UDP . UDP . 1.9TCP/IP

4.1.9

TCP UDP

TCP : * -- 17

* -- * -- * -- TCP * -- HLEN 23- * -- 0 * -- ) ( * -- * -- * -- TCP

* -- : * --

. UDP . . UDP . UDP :TFTP SNMP

* *

* ) NFS Network File System ( * ) DNS Domain Name System ( 1.9TCP/IP

5.1.9

TCP UDP

TCP UDP ) ( . . RFC

0071. FTP 12.

. - .TCP TCP UDP . : * 552 . * 552-3201 . * 3201 . . 3201 . 1.9TCP/IP

6.1.9

TCP

/

TCP ) (ISNs . . .TCP . ISNs SYN synchronize "" ) SYN .(SYNs .ISNs ISN ISN . ISN ) (ACK : X X Y

-- A -> B SYN ACK SYN

-- A