الإستشعار عن بعد

אא

אא

٢٥٤٢٥٤

א ٢٥٤ א א

،،אא،אW

אא א א א א א אאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאא אאאאאאא؛א

אאK אאאאאאא

א ،א אא א א אא א א ، א

א،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אא،אאאא،אK

א א ? א ? ?א ?א אאאאאאאK אאאאאאא

،א،אאאאאאאאאK

א א אא؛אK

אאאא

א ٢٥٤ א א

א،אא،אאאאאאאאא

א،אאאK

א،א،אאאאאאאאאאא

אאK אאא

אאKאאW אא،אא

אאאא،אK אא،אאאא

אאאK אאא،א

אאK אאאאא

אK אאאא،אאא

אאאאאאאK אאאאאאא

אאאאK

אא

אא

א

١

א ٢٥٤ אא א א א

-١-

א

אאW אאK

אאW אאאאאא

אאW ١ JאאאאאאK ٢ JאאK ٣ JאאאK

אאW אאאK

אאW א١٠٠٪אK

אאW ٤K

אאW ١K K

٢K אK


-٢-

א ١ J١אW

אא א אא אא،אאאא

אאא Kא،אWאא،אא אאא Kאא א،אא

א א א א،א אאK

אאאא،א א א א FRemote

Sensing KE א א א א FAerial Photo

InterpretationEאאאאאאאאאאאK١٩٦٠،א

FImagesEאא،אאאאאא،א

אאאא،אאאאאאאאK

אאאא،אאK

١ J٢אW

אאאאאא،אאאK

אאאאא١٨٣٩،א١٨٥٨א٨٠ K ١٨٦٠

א٣٦٠Kאאאא١٨٨٢KK אא אFא E ١٩٠٣א ،א א ١٩٠٩K١٩١٥א


-٣-

אא K אאאאא א ، א א ١٩١٥ Kא א א١٩٢٠אאKא١٩٣٤א

Kא אאא א א אא אאאKא،אאאאאא

אאאאK אאאאאא

א א א א א א א ،١٩٤٢،אאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאא١٩٤٦א١٣אאאאK

אא א א א אא א א א א ، א אא אא

א א א א א ،אאאאאאK

אאאאאאא ١٩٤٦ א א א ١٢٠ ،١٩٥٧

אאאאא Kא١٩٥٨K אא א١٩٦٥א אF ٣Eא א ،

אFEא١٩٦٨א١٩٧٢،١٩٧٢א א א FERTS-1 א אLandsat-1Eא

،א F E א א א א ١٩٧٣١٩٧٤א،אא

אאW،אאא،א،א،אאא،אאא،אאאאK

אאאאאא א ،F١ J١E ، א

אאאאאאK


-٤-

א אא א

١ אאא LANDSAT-1 ١٩٧٢ א١٩٧٨א

אאא ٢ LANDSAT-2١٩٧٥ א١٩٨٣א

٣ אאא NOAA-6 ١٩٧٩

٤ אאא LANDSAT-3١٩٧٨ א١٩٨٣א

٥ אאא NOAA-7 ١٩٨١

٦ אאא LANDSAT-4١٩٨٢

٧ אאא NOAA-8 ١٩٨٣

٨ אאא LANDSAT-5١٩٨٤

٩ אאא NOAA-9 ١٩٨٤

١٠ אא RESURS-O1-1 ١٩٨٥

١١ SPOT-1١٩٨٦

١٢אאא NOAA-10 ١٩٨٦

١٣ אא RESURS-O1-2١٩٨٨

١٤ א IRS-1A ١٩٨٨

١٥אאא NOAA-11 ١٩٨٨

١٦ SPOT-2١٩٩٠

١٧ א IRS-1B ١٩٩١

١٨אאא NOAA-12 ١٩٩١

١٩ SPOT-3١٩٩٣

٢٠ אאא LANDSAT-6١٩٩٣

אא

٢١אאא NOAA-14 ١٩٩٤

NOAA-13א

٢٢ RESURS-O1-3 ١٩٩٤

٢٣ א IRS-1C ١٩٩٥

א ٢٤ RADARSAT١٩٩٥


-٥-

٢٥א IRS-1D ١٩٩٧

٢٦ RESURS-O1-4١٩٩٨

٢٧ SPOT-4١٩٩٨

٢٨אאא NOAA-15 ١٩٩٨

٢٩אאא LANDSAT-7١٩٩٩

٣٠אאא IKONOS ١٩٩٩

٣١אאא EROS-A ٢٠٠٠

٣٢אאא NOAA-16 ٢٠٠٠

٣٣אאא QuickBird ٢٠٠١

٣٤ SPOT-5٢٠٠٢

٣٥אאא NOAA-17 ٢٠٠٢

F١ J١EאאK


-٦-

١ J٣אW א،א

א א א א אK،אאאא אא

א،אאאא א א ،א א

אאא،אאK אאא،אאאאאא

א،אא،אאאא אאא א

א ،א א א אK

אאאאא א א ، א א א א ،

א א א א א א ،אאK

١ J٤אאאW אא

אF١ J١EW ١K אK

٢K אאK

٣K אK

٤K אK


-٧-

F١ J١WEא

١ J٤ J١אאW א א א א א

אא،אאKאאאאא،

W

K אאFPassiveEWאאאאא،אאאא،אא

אאאאK

K אאFActiveEWאאאאא،א

אאא،אK

אא،אאאאKאא،אאאא

אFאא،אאEאאאKאKאא؟


-٨-

١ J٤ J١ J١אאW אאאא

אאאאא א F א E،

א א F ١ J٢ E א FאZ٣٠٠،א٣C٨١٠א KE ،א א

א א ،אא א א K א א א א

FWave Length Eא א א א F EFFFrequency E،F١ J٣KE

F١ J٢WEאאK

F١ J٣WEאא


-٩-

١ J٤ J١ J٢אאW אאאאאא،א

FBandsEF١ J٤EW JאאK JK JK JאאK JאאK JאאאK JאאאאאK JאאFאKE JאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

F١ J٤WEאא


-١٠-

١ J٤ J٢אאW א א א א א

אאאאאאא،אא א א א א ،א

אאאאW،אאאK ١ J٤ J٢ J١אW

، ،א א א אאאאאאאאא

א אאא א،אא אא א א אFא אE א ،א

אאאאאאאאF١ J٥Eאאא،Kאא

אאאאאאאאאK

א א א א א אא א א א א א ،

אאאא،אאK

F١ J٥WEאא


-١١-

١ J٤ J٢ J٢אאW אא،א

א א אאא،א אאאאאאא אאF

١ J٦KE،אאאאאאאF١א J٢EאאאאK

אא

FEא אא

٤٥}٠–٥٢}٠ אאFאאE

אא א ،א א אאאא א א א א

א

٥٢}٠–٦٠}٠ אאFאאE

אאאאK

٦٣}٠–٦٩}٠ אאFאאE

אאאאאK

٧٦}٠–٩٠}٠ אאאאאאאK

٥٥}١–٧٥}١ אאא א א א א אK

٠٨}٢–٣٥}٢ אאאא אא א א אאאאK

٤٠}١٠ J٥٠}١٢

אאאא א א ،אא אא אK

F١ J٢WEאאאאK


-١٢-

F١ J٦WEאאאאK

١ J٤ J٣אאW אאאאאאK

אאאאאK،אא

א א א א ،א א א א אא א א א אF، ، ،

،…אKE ،אאא

אא ، א F ١ J٧KEאאאאאאF،،…E،

אא א א א ، אאאKאאאW

K אאK K אאK


-١٣-

K אאאאK K אK

F١ J٧WEאאא

Wאאאא אאWאאאא

א ،א א אא אאא،אאא

א א F ١ J٨ KE א א אאאאא

אאK א א W א א א אא

،אאא א אא א

א א א א אא אא אא Kא

،אאאא


-١٤-

א אא ، א אF١ J٨KE

F١ J٨WEאאK

١ J٤ J٤אW אא א א א א K

אא،אא،אאאאא،אF١ J٩EK


-١٥-

F١ J٩WEאאK


-١٦-

١ J٥אאW אאF،E

FPicture Elements= PixelEא،אאאאאFGray ScaleEFאאDigital Number = DNEאאא

אאאF١א J١٠KE

F١ J١٠WEאאK

אאאFDNEאאאא

٦٣،١٢٧،٢٥٥،٥١١،١٠٢٣، ٢٠٤٧ Kא אא א א א

אFBinary Computer Coding ScalesEא٦٧٨٩١٠١١אאF٢٦Z٦٤،٢٧Z١٢٨،٢٩Z٥١٢،٢١٠Z١٠٢٤،٢١١Z٢٠٤٨KE

אאאאFDigital Number = DNE،אאאאF٢٥٥٨

EאF١ J١١KE


-١٧-

F١ J١١WEאK

אF١ J١٢EאאאאKאFEא،אאאא

F٣ J١٢ JE٥٠٠٤٠٠אא١W٢٠٠،٠٠٠،אKאאאאא

FEאאFEא١٠٠٨٠אא١W٤٠،٠٠٠،،

א א א א ،א א א א F EאאFEא١٠٨١W٤٠٠٠א،FE

א ،א אאאא אF E אאאא אא

אאK

٨Z٢٨Z٢٥٥א

٤Z٢٤Z١٦א

٢Z٢٢Z٤א

١Z٢١Z٢א


-١٨-

F١ J١٢WEאאK

אאאא

אא

א

א

٢

א ٢٥٤ אא א א אא

-١٩-

אא

אאW אאK

אאW אאאW

١ JאאאK ٢ JאאK ٣ JאאאאK

אאW אאאאK אאW

א١٠٠٪אאK אאW

١٢K אאW

١K K ٢K אK


-٢٠-

אא ٢ J١W

،אאאא א W א א ،אא א א

אאF٢א J١KE

F٢ J١WEאא

אא

אאא אאא

אאא

אאא

אאאאא

א

א

אא

אא אא

אא

א

אא

אא

אא אאא


-٢١-

٢ J٢אאאW אאאא א א אא

א א א،אא אאFE א K אא אא א א אא

א א א א א ، אK

אאאאא ، א א אא א א Kא א

אאאאא،אאאאF٤}٠٨}٠Eאא،

،א،אא،אאאאאK אאאאאW

א ،א ، ،א א ،א א א אאאאאאF٢א J١WE

٢ J٢ J١אאW

אאאPanchromaticאאא٣٩}٠א J٧٢}٠ Kא

W K אאMapping FilmWאאאK

K א Reconnaissance W אא אאאאK

אאאאאאW ،א א א א א

،אא אא א א א א

אאאK אאאאK


-٢٢-

،א א Spatial

ResolutionK

א،אאאאW א ،א א ،א א אא

אK אאאאא،אא،K אא ،א א ،א ،א א

אאאאאאאF٢ J٢KE

F٢ J٢WEאאאא

٢ J٢ J٢אאאW א אא א א א

א Kא אא א א א א١אאאאאKאא

W אאWאאאאאאK אאWאאאאאאאK


-٢٣-

אאאאW אאאHazeK אאאאאא

אאK א،אאאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאאK

אאW

،א א ،א א א א אאאאאK

אאאאאאאK אאאאאאK אK אאאאאK אאאאאא

אאF٢ J٣٢ J٤E

F٢ J٣WEK


-٢٤-

F٢ J٤WEאאאKK

٢ J٢ J٣אאאW א א א א א א א א

אא ،א א ، Wא،א א א אא א א א א

אאאאK אאאאא،אאאאא

א אא،א א א،א א אא א א ،א א

، א א א א ،א א א אאאאK


-٢٥-

אאW אא W אא א אא

א ،א א ،אא ،אKאא،א

אWאאאאאאK אאאאW،א،א

אא،אF٢א J٥E אאאK אאאFאKE

F٢ J٥WEאK


-٢٦-

٢ J٢ J٤אאאאאW

אאאאColor Infraredאאא א א،

אאאאאאאאW אאא،אאK אאא،אאK אאאא،אאאK

א אא א א א א אאאאאאאא

אאאאאאא،אאאאאאא אא אא Kא א א אא א ،

אא אא א א א ،אאא אא א א א אא אא א Fא

٢ J٦ KE א א א א–،א א –אאאאאא،אא–K

אאW אאאאאא

אאK אא،אאK אאK אאאK

אאאאאאאאאאK


-٢٧-

F٢ J٦FWEEא FEאאאאאאK

FE

FE


-٢٨-

א אאא

א אאאאא

אא

א א

א א א–

אא

אא א

אא א א

אא א

אא J א

אא

אאא א אא

א א

אאא אאאאא

אאא

אF٢ J١WEאאאאאאK ٢ J٢ J٥אאMultispectralW

אאא א K ،אאאאאאאא

א א א ،א ،אאאאאK

אאW אאK אאK אאK


-٢٩-

٢ J٣אאאW א א א א א אא

א אא א א אא،א K א א ، א א

אא א א א א ،א א אאאאK אאאא،אאאא

א אא א א ،א א אKאאאאWא

אאאF٢א J٧KE

F٢ J٧WEאאאא

אאא

אא אא

אאא

אאא

אאא

א

אא

אא

אאא אאא

אא

א

א

אאא

אאאא

אא


-٣٠-

٢ J٣ J١אאW אאאאאאא

אאאא،אאאא Kא Wאא

١٤אאא،٥אאK ٢ J٣ J١ J١אאW

אאא א א א א ، א א

אאאW FRadiometric ResolutionEא

א،אK

אאאא،אאF٣}٠EאאאאאF٠}١٤KE

אא ، א אאK

٢ J٣ J١ J٢אאאאאאW אאאאאאאא

א٠}٣א J٠}١٤Kאאא،אאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאFThermal InfraredKE ٢ J٣ J١ J٣אאW

א ١א K אא אאאאאא Kאאא،אאאאאא

א א אאא א ،F Active SystemE אא ،אאFPassive SystemKE


-٣١-

K אאאW

אאא FRadar= anging Rnd Aetection Ddio Ra E אאאאאא

א K אאא אאא،א،

אF٢ J٨KE אאW

אאאאאאאK אאK אאא،אאK אאאK

،אאאאאK

K אאW

א א אא א א א א א K אאא א א K

אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאW אאאאאK אאאK

F٢ J٨WEאאאא


-٣٢-

٢ J٣ J٢אאW אאאאאאאאאא

אא אאאא،אאאאאK

אאאאW אאאK אאאאK אאאK

אאאאאאK

٢ J٣ J٢ J١אאאW

א א א א אKאאKאא

אאאאאK

٢ J٣ J٢ J٢אאאW

א א א א Wא אא א א א א אא א ،

אאא،אאאאאאאא K אאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאא،אאאאאא

אאK


-٣٣-

٢ J٤אאW אאאא

אK ٢ J٤ J١אאFResolutionWE

אאFאEאאאאאא،،אאאW

١K אאאFSpectral ResolutionWE

א א א א א

K א א אF E א ٤}٠ ٧}٠

אאאאאK ٢K אאאFSpatial ResolutionWE

אא א ، K

אאאאFIKONOSE א א ١ א א ،

א א א אF٢ J٩٢ J١٠KE

٣K אאאFRadiometric ResolutionWE

אאא א א

א Kא א א ٥ א א ٦F٦bitE، ٢٦Z٦٤ א FGray ScaleFEא

٢ J١١KE


-٣٤-

٤K אאאFTemporal ResolutionWE א אאא

א אא א א ،א א א א אאא ، Kא א

٥א١٦אאK

F٢ J٩WEאאאאאאאK


-٣٥-

F٢ J١٠WE FE١،FE٥}٢،FE٥،FE١٠،FE٢٠،FE٣٠K


-٣٦-

F٢ J١١WEאאאאFGray ScaleKE ٢ J٤ J٢אאW

א א אאא א Kא א FIKONOS) 13×13אאאKאאאF٢א J١٢E،

F٢ J١٢WEאאאSPOT

א٦٠א٣

٨Z٢٨Z٢٥٥א

٤Z٢٤Z١٦א

٢Z٢٢Z٤א

١Z٢١Z٢א


-٣٧-

٢ J٤ J٣אאאאW א א א א א א ،

אאאאאאאאאאאFאEאאא،F٢א J١٣EW

١K אאאאאאאFInclinationKE

٢K אאאאFAltitudeKE

٣K אאאאאFPeriodEFOrbit TimeKE

٤K אאFEquatorial Crossing TimeKE

F٢ J١٣WEאאא٧K


-٣٨-

٢ J٤ J٤אFAccuracyWE אאאאFTrue or Exact ValueEאK

א٧אא،٢٥٠אאאאKאאא٢٥٠אאאKא

אאאאKאאאאאK

٢ J٥אאFSatelliteWE א א א ،א א אא א

W ١ J אאK ٢ J K

٣ J אאאאK

٤ J אאאאK

٥ J אאאK

٦ J אאK אאאאאW

١K ، א אא א א א אא

،אQuickBird٦١K

٢K א אא ،،אא،אאא،אא

Landsat-7٣٠K

٣K א א ، א،אאאאNOAA-17

١K אאאאא،א

،אאאK


-٣٩-

٢ J٥ J١אאFIKONOSEאאFQuick BirdWE

אאא،אאאאאאאאא١IKONOS٦٠QUICKBIRD،א،

א א א א F٢ J٢KE


-٤٠-

F٢ J٢WEאאFIKONOS – QUICKBIRDE IKONOSאאא QUICKBIRD

א

א 24 September 1999 October 18, 2001

אאאSpatial Resolution

Nadir: (א)

0.82 m panchromatic

3.2 m Multispectral

26° Off-Nadir: א٢٦א )

1.0 m panchromatic

4.0 m Multispectral

Nadir: (א)

61 cm panchromatic

2.44 m Multispectral

25° Off-Nadir א٢٥א) 72 cm panchromatic

2.88 m Multispectral

אאאRadiometric

Resolution

Panchromatic:٥٢٦}٠–٩٢٩}٠µm

Multispectral:Band 1: Blue 0.445 – 0.516 µmBand 2: Green0.506 – 0.595 µmBand 3: Red 0.632 – 0.698 µmBand 4: Near IR 0.757 – 0.853 µm

Panchromatic:٤٥}٠–٩٠٠}٠µm

Multispectral:Band 1: Blue 0.45 – 0.52 µmBand 2: Green 0.52 – 0.60 µmBand 3: Red 0.63 – 0.69 µmBand 4: Near IR 0.76 – 0.90 µm

אא Swath

11.3 kilometers at nadir

13.8 kilometers at 26° off-nadir

16.5 km x 16.5 km at nadir

א Accuracy

12-m horizontal and 10-m vertical accuracy with no ground control 2-m horizontal and 3-m vertical accuracy with ground control These are specified as 90% CE (circular error) for the horizontal and 90% LE (linear error) for the vertical

23-meter horizontal (CE90%)

אאAltitude

681 kilometers ٤٥٠kilometers

Inclinationאא 98.1 degrees 97.2 degree

אא 10:30 a.m. 10:30 a.m.

אאאTemporal Resolution

3 days at 1-meter resolution, 40° latitude 1-3.5 days depending on latitude (30°off-nadir)

Orbit time 98 minutes 93.5 minutes

אא Sun-synchronous Sun-synchronous

אאא

Radiometric Resolution

11-bits per pixel = 211 = 2048 level ١١ Jbits per pixel = 211 = 2048 level


-٤١-

٢ J٥ J٢אאLandsat-7אאSOPT-5W אאאאאאא

،אאאאאאאאאא٣٠א٥אאSPOT-5 Kא

א א Landsatא א א ،אאK

א א א א א א א א א –٢٧ ،٩٥٠

א א K אא א ٧א٢٦א،אאא ٤٥

א ١١א Kא א א א אF٢ J١٤E، א ،

אאKאF٢ J٣EאאK

F٢ J١٤WEאאאאאאSPOT

٢ J٥ J٣אאNOAAW

،א א،אאאאאא אא א ،אא ،א א א א ، K

אאא١א،אאK


-٤٢-

٢ J٥ J٤אאאW אאאאאא

KאF٢ J٤EאאאK F٢ J٣WEאאFSPOT-5 – Landsat-7E

Landsat-7 SPOT-5 أسم القمر الصناعي

شكل القمر

April 15, 1999 تاريخ اإلطالق

الدقة التمييزية المكانيةSpatial Resolution

١٥m for Panchromatic

٣٠m for multispectral

٦٠m for thermal

Panchromatic 2.5 m or 5m

B1-B3: 10m

B4: 20 m

Radiometricالدقة التمييزية اإلشعاعية Resolution

Panchromatic:٥٠}٠–٩٠}٠µm

Multispectral:Band 1: Blue 0.45 – 0.515 µmBand 2: Green 0.525 – 0.605 µmBand 3: Red 0.63 – 0.69 µmBand 4: Near IR 0.775 – 0.90 µm Band 5: Mid IR 1.55-1.75 µm Band 6: Thermal IR 10.4-12.5 µm Band 7: Mid IR 2.09-2.35 µm

Panchromatic:٤٨}٠–٠٧١µm

Multispectral:B1: Green 0.50 – 0.59 µmB2: Red 0.61 – 0.68 µmB3: Near IR 0.78 – 0.89 µm B4: MIR 1.58-1.75 µm

Swath 185 km x 170 km 120 km (60km x 2) x 80 kmغطية المكانية الت

صحة الضبطAccuracy

250 m horizontal accuracy with no ground control

١٥m horizontal accuracy with ground

controlThese are specified as 90% CE (circular error) for the horizontal

٥٠m with no ground control

٨٣٢km Altitude 705 kilometers االرتفاع عن سطح األرض

Inclination98.2 زاوية الميل degrees 98 degrees .a.m. 10.30 a.m 9:45 وقت عبور خط االستواء الدقة التمييزية الزمنية

Temporal Resolution 16 days 26 days

Orbit time 98.9 minutes 101 minutes Sun-synchronous Sun-synchronous نوع المدار

الدقة التمييزية اإلشعاعيةRadiometric Resolution ٨bit = 28 = 256 level


-٤٣-

F٢ J٤WEאאאא زية المكانيةالدقة التميي

Spatial Resolution LAUNCH Date

تاريخ اإلطالق SATELLITE Name

أسم القمرCOUNTRY

الدولةPAN RES. M MS RES. M

Swathالتغطية المكانية

03/01/1984 Landsat 5 US 30 185 01/22/1990 SPOT-2 France 10 20 120 09/29/1997 IRS 1D India 6 23 70, 142 03/24/1998 SPOT-4 France 10 20 120 04/15/1999 Landsat 7 US 15 30 185 09/24/1999 IKONOS-2 US 1 4 11 12/20/1999 KOMPSAT-1 Korea 6.6 17 12/05/2000 EROS A1 Israel 1.8 14 06/28/2000 Tsinghua-1 (SSTL) China 39 600 12/07/2000 EO-1 US 10 30 37 03/12/2000 MTI US 5, 20 12 10/18/2001 QuickBird-2 US 0.6 2.5 16 10/22/2001 Proba ESA 8 18, 36 14 05/04/2002 SPOT-5 France 2.5 10 120 06/26/2003 OrbView 3 US 1 4 8 09/27/2003 DMC BilSat (SSTL) Turkey 12 26 52 09/27/2003 DMC NigeriaSat-1 (SSTL) Nigeria 32 600 09/27/2003 DMC UK (SSTL) UK 32 600 10/17/2003 IRS ResourceSat-1 India 6 6, 23 24, 140 10/21/2003 CBERS-2 China/Brazil 20 20 113 12/01/2004 DMC ThaiPhat (SSTL) Thailand 36 600 04/20/2004 RocSat2 Taiwan 2 8 24 06/30/2004 Resurs DK-#1 Russia 1 3 28 11/15/2004 KOMPSAT-2 Korea 1 4 15 12/15/2004 MONITOR-E #1 Russia 8 20 94, 160 12/15/2004 SICH-1M #1 Russia 24 24 48 03/01/2005 DMC China DMC China 4 32 600 03/01/2005 TopSat (SSTL) UK 2.5 5 10, 15 05/01/2005 DMC VinSat-1 Vietnam 32 600 06/01/2005 ALOS Japan 2.5 10 35, 70 03/01/2006 EROS B Israel 0.7 7 01/15/2006 CBERS-2B China/Brazil 20 20 113 01/15/2006 IRS ResourceSat-2 India 6 6, 23 24, 140 01/15/2006 X-Sat Singapore 10 50 06/01/2007 RapidEye-A Germany 6.5 78 06/01/2007 RapidEye-B Germany 6.5 78 03/01/2008 EROS C Israel 0.7 2.5 16 05/01/2008 CBERS-3 China/Brazil 5 20 60, 120 07/01/2008 Pleiades-1 France 0.7 2.8 20 06/30/2008 LDCM US 10 30 177 07/01/2009 Pleiades-2 France 0.7 2.8 20 06/01/2010 CBERS-4 China/Brazil 5 20 60, 120

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5 10.20%

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2 4.08%

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אאאK

Effect of Data Compression on Image Analysis And Classification Accuracy, 1998, Suliman Rashed Al-Daham, King Saud University – Riyadh, KAS, 55 Pages.

Remote Sensing And Image Interpretation Fifth Edition, 2004,Thomas M. Lillesand – Ralph W. Kiefer – Jonathan W. Chipman, United States of America, 763 Pages.

א ٢٥٤ א א

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Fe-BookE

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing, Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, 258 Pages.

Remote Sensing, Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, 2003, US Amy Corps of Engineers, Engineering And Design, 217 Pages.

אא אאאQUICKBIRD

http://www.digitalglobe.com אאאIKONOS

http://www.spaceimaging.com אאLANDSAT7

http://landsat7.usgs.govL אאאSPOT

http://www.spotimage.fr/home אאאRADARSAT

http://radarsat.mda.ca

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א ..........................................................................................................٣

אאWא.....................................................................١

١ J١אW..............................................................................................٢

١ J٢אW............................................................٢

١ J٣אW...........................................................................٦

١ J٤אאאW...........................................................٦

١ J٤ J١אאW...............................................................٧

١ J٤ J١ J١אאW.......................................................٨

١ J٤ J١ J٢אאW........................................................٩

١ J٤ J٢אאW.........................................................................١٠

١ J٤ J٢ J١אW...........................................................................١٠

١ J٤ J٢ J٢אאW...............................................................١١

١ J٤ J٣אאW.............................................................................١٢

١ J٤ J٣אW.............................................................................١٤

١ J٥אאW.............................................................................١٦

אאWאא........................................................١٩

٢ J١W.............................................................................................٢٠

٢ J٢אאאW..............................................................................٢١

٢ J٢ J١אאW.............................................................٢١

٢ J٢ J٢אאאW......................................................٢٢

٢ J٢ J٣אאאW.....................................................................٢٤

٢ J٢ J٤אאאאאW......................................................٢٦

٢ J٢ J٥אאMultispectralW.................................................٢٨

٢ J٣אאאW..........................................................................٢٩

٢ J٣ J١אאW...........................................................................٣٠

٢ J٣ J١ J١אאW..........................................................٣٠

٢ J٣ J١ J٢אאאאאאW..................................٣٠

٢ J٣ J١ J٣אאW....................................................٣٠

٢ J٣ J٢אאW.........................................................................٣٢

٢ J٣ J٢ J١אאאW.......................................................٣٢

٢ J٣ J٢ J٢אאאW..................................................٣٢

٢ J٤אאW..................................................................٣٣

٢ J٤ J١אאFResolutionWE............................................................٣٣

٢ J٤ J٢אאW.........................................................................٣٦

٢ J٤ J٣אאאאW...............................................................٣٧

٢ J٤ J٤אFAccuracyWE..............................................................٣٨

٢ J٥אאFSatelliteWE......................................................................٣٨

٢ J٥ J١אאFIKONOSEאאFQuick BirdWE.٣٩

IKONOS....................................................................................................٤٠

QUICKBIRD...............................................................................................٤٠

٢ J٥ J٢אאLandsat-7אאSOPT-5W.................................٤١

٢ J٥ J٣אאNOAAW.................................................................٤١

٢ J٥ J٤אאאW.............................................................٤٢

אאWא........................................................٤٥

٣ J١W.............................................................................................٤٦

٣ J٢אW.....................................................................................٤٦

٣ J٢ J١אאFImage PreprocessingWE.........................................٤٧

٣ J٢ J١ J١אאFGeometric CorrectionWE..................................٤٧

٣ J٢ J١ J٢אאאFRadiometric CorrectionWE........................٤٨

٣ J٢ J١ J٣אאFNoise RemovalWE................................................٤٨

٣ J٢ J٢אFImage EnhancementWE................................................٤٩

٣ J٢ J٣אFImage Merging and Image MosaicWE...................................٥٠

٣ J٣אW...............................................................................٥٢

٣ J٣ J١אאאאW...................................................٥٣

١K אFSizeWE......................................................٥٣

2. אFShapeWE....................................................٥٣

3. אFToneWE...................................................٥٦

4. אFPatternWE.....................................................٥٧

5. אFShadowWE......................................................٥٨

6. אאאFDate-Day and YearWE.....................٥٩

7. אFSiteWE.........................................................٥٩

٨K אFTextureWE.................................................٦٠

٣ J٣ J١ J١אאאW.........................................٦١

١K אW....................................................٦١

٢K אאW...............................................٦١

٣K אאW.............................................٦٢

٤K אאאW............................................٦٢

٥K אאW....................................................٦٣

٦K אאאW......................................٦٤

٧K אאאW.................................................٦٥

٣ J٣ J٢אאאFאאClassificationWE...............................٦٧

٣ J٣ J٢ J١אאאFSupervised ClassificationWE................................٦٨

٣ J٣ J٢ J٢אאאFUnsupervised ClassificationWE.........................٧١

א٧٢.......................................................................................................א

א٧٣..........................................................א

٧٤...............................................................................................א

א٧٧...............................................................................................א

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