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תרגום פרקים נבחרים באורטופדיהApley's מהדורה3 פרק4 - Gout and pseudogout פרק5 - אוסטיוארטריטיס והפרעות נלוות פרק6 - osteonecrosis and osteochondritis פרק7 - בעיות אנדוקריניות ומטבוליות פרק9 - גידולים פרק13 - הכתף פרק15 - כף היד פרק16 - היד פרק18 - הגב פרק19 - הירך פרק21 - הקרסול והרגל פרק23 - שברים ופגיעות מפרקים פרק24 - עקרונות טיפול בשברים פרק25 - סיבוכי שברים[email protected] ל מייל שלחו? שיפורים להציע רוצים? העזר מחוברות נהניתם וקיימות במידה לטעויות או התכנים טיב על אחראית אינה הסטודנטים אגודת: הבהרה

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  • 3s'yelpA

    tuogoduesp dna tuoG-4 -5

    sitirdnohcoetso dna sisorcenoetso-6 -7-9-31 -51-61-81-91 -12 -32 -42 -52

    ? ? moc.liamg@ruzhis :

  • 31

    (73-04')tuogoduesp dna tuoG -4

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  • 32

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  • 33

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  • 31

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  • 32

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    7

  • 33

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  • 31

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  • 32

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  • 33

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  • 61

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  • 62

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  • 63

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  • 65

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  • 66

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  • 91

    9 retpahC 48 sruomuT-.pp 69

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    81

  • 92

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    91

  • 93

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  • 94

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  • 96

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    32

  • 97

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  • 98

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  • 99

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  • 81

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    (.gniggurhs) . .3 (egnar-dim) . ,

    .- ffuc rotator.

    : ,

    . -

    . -

    : 09 , -. +. +

    , :

    . ("gnirrits-top")

    :

    72

  • 82

    09 . , .

    .

    :

    (evren cicaroht gnol) . .

    ' (.alupacs degniw) . .

    (341'3.31) noitcejorp yrallixa PA

    , - . . ,

    ffuc rotator .IRM,TC,SU,yhpargorhtra tsartnoc elbuod

    .ffuc rotator ,-

    .

    ffuc rotator noitresni. ffuc rotator

    , - ffuc(.ressel -) ytisorebut retaerg , seret ronim - -

    .

    noimorca - ffuc ssecorp diocaroc ,ssecorp. - .

    (.441'4.31).

    (441'5.31):. ,

    :

    , ffuc, - ,- enoz lacitirc .

    .noitresni

    :tnemgnipmi . -

    ffuc . ,.

    tnemegnipmiffuc ffuc . .

    .06

    : , -

    . .

    82

  • 83

    (.)riaper()raet,()raew ), ,. ,

    ,. . ( ( ) ,.

    ( ) . ( ) .

    .

    :

    : ffuc rotator. .1

    (.emordnys tnemegnipmi) .2 .ffuc rotator .3 (.redluohs nezorf) .4 . .5

    asitinodnet cificlac etuc, , .- etitapayxordyh muiclac . .

    .' :

    , , . , , , . ,' .

    . . (541'6.31):

    , . ytisorebut retaerg .:

    ,

    ("04) , .sDIASN . (%1eniacongil)

    . ,

    (emordnys tnemegnipmi eht)sitinidnet cinorhc - ffuc eotator

    ffuc rotator tnemegnipmi. ecafrus-rednu .

    .(641'7.31):

    . , . ,06-04 , . ,

    mhtyhr laremuholupacs,. (.cra lufniap)02106

    .- .

    .ffuc rotator , ,.

    .:

    . ytisorebut retaerg .ffuc IRMSU

    :

    92

  • 84

    - ffuc rotator , .

    . :

    , .sDIASN .

    ffuc rotator . , . -

    .ffuc . .

    (741'8.31)raet ffuc rotators .- ffuc rotator

    . . ,

    . , . , ,

    . :

    . "", .57-54 .

    , . ,

    , . cra lufniap , . ,

    .- ,

    , .ssecorp noimorca .

    . . " , . , '

    (gurhs) , .

    (.xodarap noitcudba ) (.mra-pord) ( )

    . ,

    . IRM,SU :

    , . . . 3

    , -.

    .

    (redluohs nezorf)sitiluspac evisehda redluohs nezorf

    . .81

    ffuc ..

    (841'9.31): . , , ,06-04 ,

    . , .21-6 , .

    .

    03

  • 85

    , . .

    . .

    :DD ( ), ssenffits citamuart-tsop

    . , .

    ,( ) ssenffits esusiD. ,.

    ,yhportsyd citehtapmys xelfer , emordnys niap lanoiger , . IM .

    ." :

    ., ,sDIASN, .

    . .

    - - . .

    sitinodnet latipicib rotator ,ffuc rotator

    , .emordnys tnemegnipmi ffuc.evoorg latipicib .

    , . snoitcirf esrevsnart peed ,.

    (941'01.31)specib fo daeh gnol nrot. .

    . . , , ,

    "" . . . ,

    . "".

    tekcos dioelg.

    . murbal dionelg suonigalitracorbif , , -

    .- ,

    .

    (.noisel traknaB cissalc ). -

    , (krej) , . ,- .

    . ,

    , (ytixal) - .

    (051'11.31) .%59 , ( )

    . ,

    13

  • 86

    :

    mra-revo " "

    ,( , )stnemevom .

    .52 %05

    "" "noitasnes gnihctac" . -. (emordnys mra daed dellac-os eht" )"

    , .ngis noisneherppa , , . ,

    (.,noisneherppa)/ .

    :

    ,(noisel shcaS-lliH eht) . -.

    .

    . /(noisel traknaB eht) IRM:

    . :

    . , .1

    . , - .2:

    (.traknaB) .1 (.ttalP-ittuP) .2 (.wotsirB) - .3

    - ,

    .TC .nwolb-lluf .

    .

    - . " " ,

    . - ( ) ,

    . . .

    .

    .sisolykna suorbif . . . . . .

    . . :

    . . / ""

    : ,-

    . .

    .

    23

  • 87

    (151'21.31)sitirhtra diotamuehR. ,

    . ffuc rotator :

    . , , . ,

    .noisel ffuc citamuart-tsop -:

    . , .

    .- :

    ,

    .ffuc , .- .

    . , . ,

    sitirhtraoetsO, ,

    . - ,ffuc rotator:

    . . 06-05 .

    - , , .'

    : . , -

    . . ,

    . ,

    (251'31.31)redluohs eekuawliM.

    evissergorp yldipar decudni-latsyrc . " ".ffuc rotator .yhtaporhtra

    . ytraCcM . .

    (251'41.31) (s eht fo noitavele latinegnocalupac)redluohs s'legnerpS

    . , . .

    . . . , -

    : .

    .

    leppilK-redluohs lief

    33

  • 88

    . '

    . . .debbew

    alupacs degniW, .

    , . (. ,)

    :

    .evren cicaroht gnol .1 . .2

    .7-5 .3

    . .4

    .evren yrossecca lanips:

    , . detimil-fles .refsnart nodnet , .

    . .

    , .

    .tnemecalpsid( ):

    , . .- .

    :

    ) . (.

    . , .

    . :

    , .

    43

  • 41

    TSIRW EHT- -51

    -

    ) ,( sitinigavonet- ) -(. ) (

    . -. -

    . -,, . -

    .

    - . ,

    .-

    , . , .

    -. ,

    -.

    , .

    .09-08

    , (noitaived laidar/ranlu) .

    (. , -.) . , .

    .

    - . ", -

    . ,

    .

    . -IRM.)CCFT(xelpmoc egalitracorbif ralugnairt- -ypocsorhtrA

    (.AO)

    - -

    dnah bulc laidaR , .

    . ..3 ,

    ytimrofed s'gnuledaM.

    " . 01 .

    - , ,--

    . .

    sitirhtra diotamuehr- - .yslap larberec-

    53

  • 42

    -(BT) .

    . .

    (.noilgnag ramlap dnuopmoc) . .

    -. -

    , . , .

    . -

    , . . -

    (.sisedorhtra)

    diotamuehRAsitirhtr)AR( -

    AR.- (stnioj laegnalahpopracatem) . , ,

    . ,.

    , .

    -

    "elat lleT. .

    - . ,

    " , . . =- ) ,

    . (.. ,

    sitirhtraoetsO)AO( (.etanul )s'kcobneik AO

    . , , . ,

    - ,

    . . -

    AO. " AO. " . /

    AO lapracatemopraC.- AO

    . . "

    . sedon s'nedrebeH . ,

    . , -

    63

  • 43

    -- , . "

    , - : . .

    esaesid s'kcobneiK . etanul ,

    ,etanul , .

    ; . ,/ / ",.

    -

    .IRM" . etanul - . AO

    -

    , etanul , , -- .

    . , .

    )CCFT(egalitracorbiF ralugnairT eht fo sraeT . CCFT-

    "" .

    . "" , . CCFT. "

    . ""

    ytilibatsni laprac cinorhC. ,

    . ," (espalloc) . ,

    -

    AO , . .esaesid s'kcobneiK

    - "".

    .(seriw) . ,

    ": . .

    sitinigavoneT dna sitivonysoneT , ()mulucaniter rosnetxe

    . , ., .

    , , , . .

    . "

    esaesid s'niavreuQ eD.05-03 "

    ... , -

    73

  • 44

    . . ( ) = . .

    . - . -

    " - " , . ,

    .

    elbatcartni- , .aisehtseasyd

    sitivonysoneT rosnetxE fo setis rehtO siranlu iprac rosnetxe- ( )siverb silaidar iprac rosnetxe-

    ". xobffuns .

    ()noilgnaG . noilgnag suotiuqibu-

    ", , ,. .. . , . -

    . , . .

    , %03- ,(noisicxe) ,.

    emordnyS lennuT lapraC .

    , . ,

    .05-04 ". ,AR-, -

    . . . ,

    .

    =tset s'nelahP, =tset s'leniT: .

    . , , ,

    . .

    -.

    . . "

    (suoenatuc ramlap yrosnes) . - . (sehcnarb rotom raneht)

    .

    83

  • 71

    61 -

    - . ( ).

    , .

    .(. ) ( )

    .

    .sitirhtraoetsO ,sitirhtrA diotamuehR, , ," .

    . ( )

    .

    . .

    . , . , , , , .

    .

    , . ' . , .

    .

    ;

    .PID- ,PIP- ,PCM- , .

    ;() ,

    . , (.regnif gniggal) . ,PIP- sudnuforp murotigid roxelf- ,sudnuforp roxelf- silaicifrepus murotigid roxelf-

    " .PIP- ,ylleb elcsum- sudnuforp- ;

    ; .

    ,: .silaicifrepus murotigid roxelf- " , sudnuforp roxelf ,.silaicifrepus murotigid roxelf

    PIP- PID- ,. . silaicifrepus roxelf- .

    .PCM- srosnetxe gnol- )rettug latigidretni- rosnetxe gnol- ;

    (.sitirhtrA diotamuehR- -slacirbmul) " PI- PCM-

    -(.llibkcud)PCM- (.iessoretni. iessoretni

    .CMC- ),( ): 5 ,

    ),( ),( ),(

    93

  • 72

    "sugnol sicillop roxelf- ,PI (. .PCM-

    .

    . , ,. .

    - - ,

    2 . , : . ,

    0001:1 ;

    . , . . 7

    noitamrof fo eruliaF(.syar gnissim) ,( )

    noitaitnereffid fo eruliaF " (.ylytcadnys)

    . noitacilpuD

    , (.ylytcadylop) .

    htworgrednU.

    htworgrevO. ,

    sdnab noitcirtsnoC. .

    snoitamroflam dezilareneG (dnah redips)

    (.dnah tnedirt)

    ,)aihcynorap( :

    . , , , ,)woltihw(ecaps plup-. ,

    ( ecaps plup- )

    , . . . ,

    . ,

    . , . ( ) . . . ,

    04

  • 73

    nillicaxolculf"- , , . dica cidisuf

    .

    . . .

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    , . , . , .

    . .

    , ,

    PCM- , , -. . PI- ,

    . ,

    . .

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    , . , . ; " , .

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    )nolef( noitcefni ecaps-pluP . , . ( ")

    . , ,.

    - . , , ,

    , . .

    noitcefni htaehs nodneT . sitivonysonet evitaruppuS

    , , ; . .

    -VI , .

    , , . ,42 .

    , . (. )

    . ,.

    . .

    14

  • 74

    noitcefni ecaps laicsaf peeD. , ecaps dew- . . ,

    . ,bew- . , .

    , " ,

    . , ..

    ,42 . VI .

    , . , " "

    . , ) . "

    .snedorroc allenekiE-A, , (. , .

    . .

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    .VI ,tnemdirbed . .

    . , .

    sitirhtra diotamuehR . , ,

    ; , ; . ,

    . ;

    . , ;PIP-PCM- .

    (. ) , ,PCM- noitaxulbus- noitaived ranlu

    , .ereinnotuobkcen-naws . ,

    . ,

    , . , . ,

    , . ,

    .

    24

  • 75

    , . . , . " .

    . , ,

    .

    sitirhtraoetsO , PID-

    ; .- ,. ,

    )sedon sdrahcuoB(PIP- . )sedon snedrebeH(PID. CMC- ,

    AR- ,. , .AR-AO .PI- AO- ,(PCM- ) , ;

    ( ).)sregnif ylbbonk((. )rof dellac eb yam tnioj PI eht fo noisuf

    ,,,,- ,

    .

    ; ,

    . , . ,

    ytsalpZ- , .

    erutcartnoc snertyupuD , .

    . . ,

    . - "-

    , . , . . , - .

    . .PIP-PCM- .

    ( .esaesid seinoryeP)

    ,( ) erutcartnoc snertyupuD (. droc )

    , .

    , . ytsalp-Z. .

    34

  • 76

    dnah-walc ranlU

    PCM- , (.11 )PI-

    .sunim cisnirtni ,.PI- PCM-

    ,PI- PCM- : ,sunim cisnirtni- , .

    )(PC- ) .sulp cisnirtni " (.

    .PCM-

    erutcartnoc cimehcsi snnamkloV) ; (.003 :

    , (. ) . " , "

    . "

    ( )regnif tellaM

    .

    ,8 PID- . ,(.833" )

    sugnol sicillop rosnetxE- )

    . sicidni rosnetxe- , (.AR- ,selloC

    " .PCM- ( ) (.AR-') , PCM-

    .

    ereinnotuoB . ,PIP-

    . ," ; . ,

    .

    ytimrofed kcen-nawS .PID-,PIP- :

    " .AR- , .

    regnif reggirT . , ",''

    , ; ( ),

    44

  • 77

    : . )spans( .pans a htiw ,, " (. ')

    .

    , ,. ,

    . " , ,. , :

    .

    regnif reggirT (.?? )bmuht gnippans

    , ; , - .

    , ( ) . .

    .laegnalahp- lapracatem-

    .noitaxif lanretni- "

    54

  • 41

    (981-291)81-

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    64

  • 42

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    sitilydnopS gnisolyknA.3

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    .tnemagiL lanidutignoL roiretsoP . , suelcuN , .

    . .

    (.acitaicS) . ,

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    acitaicS (.acitaicS) aduaC . .

    . noisserpmoC aniuqE, (.sisoilocS citaicS)

    .

    74

  • 43

    .-

    laretaL gnignirtswob . ,, (citaicS) . evren laetilpoP

    . tseT hctertS laromeF,4/3L (.noisnet citaicS ssorC) ,( , )

    , 5L . 1S .

    . kreJ elknA , noisrevE noixelfratnalP. noisserpmoC aniuqE aduaC

    aniuqE aduaC . . acitaicS .

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    margoluciteRmargoleyM. . IRMTC.

    , ,,

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    sitilydnopS gnisolyknA .1.

    . . .2

    IRMTC. ,(acitaihcS) .3 .

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    6 mordnyS noisserpmoC aniuqE aduaC .1 . .noitcarT

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    ,eanimal larbetreV . , .

    (.ymotcecsidorciM) , , ,noitatilibaheR

    . ,, .

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    ! , :ymotcecsiD

    84

  • 44

    sitirhtraoetsO dna ytilibatsnI latnemgeS rabmuL , ,

    . .stnioJ tecaF roiretsoP. tnioJ tecaF

    .

    . , . . "

    ".yaw gniviG""" . ., 04 "

    .

    (.krej elknA ) .

    .(srups lanigraM) . stnioJ tecaF

    ,( )

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    94

  • 91

    -91

    .,, ,

    . " .. "." .

    .

    .

    (.hcrul grubnelednerT) (pmil gel-trohs) ,(tiag ciglatna) . grubnelednerT

    (. ) " . "

    . , (3), (2), (1)

    . (4)

    . ( SISA ) ,, . , iloellam laidem

    . ,. ,

    " .

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    , .

    SISA .retnahcort retaerg .retnahcort ,retnahcort retaerg

    .

    : . .

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    . "

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    . .0031 .

    " . , , . ,

    , SISA ,. "tserc lanoroc " .054 .

    . " ..003

    . ". 009 .

    05

  • 92

    ,

    . ,(gnipocselet)

    . ,

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    . sumar cibup , .

    ralucsava . .IRM , sisorcen

    ,aisalpsyd pih latanoen SU.

    , .

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    )HDD( PIH EHT FO AISALPSYD LATNEMPOLEVED: HDD pih eht fo noitacolsid latinegnoc

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    ,retnahcort retaerg ,

    15

  • 93

    (.yrtneer fo krej eht) . ,

    " tset s'wolraB, . "

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    . HDD " 81,21,6 .

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    25

  • 94

    .3 ,

    6 ymotoetso evitcerroc , , " .

    .ymotoetso etanimonni

    6

    evitcerroc , .01 - " , (.)ymotoetso etanimonni()ymotoetso

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    FO NOITAXULBUS DNA AISALPSYD RALUBATECA PIH EHT ,

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    .

    . ymotoetso ciretnahcortretni sitirhtraoetso yradnoces

    PIH EHT FO NOITACOLSID DERIUQCA., ,sitirhtra cinegoyp- "

    , .

    . . .noitacolsid htimS moTretnahcort retaerg . "

    . .

    35

  • 95

    ,elecogninemeleym,PC . suglav ,retnahcort retaerg .sitileymoilop

    . . ,

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    sisorcen ra;lucsava . .

    ILUBATECA OISURTROP. . .

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    :

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    45

  • 96

    . . ". " ,( ) " "

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    55

  • 97

    . , . -

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    (.71.91.giF)ymotoetsO etanimonnI sivleP eht foymotoetsO suraVrumeF eht fo, ,

    .

    SISYHPIPE LAROMEF REPPU DEPPILS (sisyloisyhpipe )

    . .trups htworg latrebuP

    (erutcarf ycneiciffusni) sisyhpipE deppilS , .

    , . .

    ) , , (. ) (

    . " , ,

    ) , ,51-41 ,

    etucA) %03- (."(."pils "(pils cinorhC)" , ,

    , "(.pils cinorhc-no-etucA)" .

    lanretnI- . "2-1- noitator lanretxE- . pils etucA.noitator

    syaR-X

    65

  • 98

    .

    (.? /)"ylloow"- PA(.ngis s'nawohterT)

    " .tlit . (.91.91.giF)

    . pils- ,09-

    . . sisorcen ralucsavA (1 araV axoC (2

    . , . .

    . , pih etisoppo eht ta gnippilS (3 .

    . sitirhtraoetso yradnoceS (4 .sisorcen ralucsavA-

    .

    tnemecalpsid roniM " "

    . . snip dedaerht niht

    tnemecalpsid etaredoM . "

    , . gniledomer ,. "

    tnemecalpsid ereveS . ,

    tnemecalper ,pils- " .

    ,retnahcort retaerG- . .noitator laidem ,noixelf,suglav-

    SITIRHTRA CINEGOYP ( ).

    . " ( ) ,

    .

    ! ,

    . . " .

    (.sisylarapoduesp) .

    syaR-X, ,

    . .

    75

  • 99

    "detnemgarf" .

    (.secafrus ralucitra)

    ,

    . .

    ,ymotorhtra , . .

    . " noitcart"

    SISOLUCREBUT, .

    . .

    dloc , . , . ssecsba

    syaR-X , (noitcaferar)

    .. ,

    .

    . , AR- .retnahcort retaerg

    , ,.

    . .sisolikna suorbif dnuosnu

    . ,

    , . noitcart .

    .41 ,sisedorhtra ,

    85

  • 91

    (342-842-") -12 tooF talF

    .,,: talf elitnafnI-)sulat lacitrev latinegnoC( toof

    .toof bulc . " , , , (suglav)

    ()toof "mottob rekcor"- (suniuqe) :

    . , . " "";

    . ,

    5 12 )( ) +

    (

    toof talF (' ) . ! ,,

    sep ) ; .(digir/elbixelf) : 2- (.suglavsep/sunalp

    , " . toof talf elbixelF " . ;

    .(setator yllanretxe) ,(tset noisnetxe eot taerg/kcaj)

    .

    (toof talf elbixelF)

    toof talf digir/ffitS. .

    )noitilaoc lasrat , . , ,

    . ,

    : .

    (. ) ,(strevni) .lasratdim-,ralatbus-,

    . ,

    ,.,

    (.toof talf cidomsaps )msaps-laenorep-. , noitilaoc lasrat

    95

  • 92

    ,,, .

    (/) . -

    . TC.,,PA

    .teef-talf elbixelf . ,

    (gnicnalaber elcsum) rab lasrat lamronba ./ toof-talf cidomsaps

    , .

    (.sisedorhtra elpirt)

    talF-stluda ni toof, ,

    , . (. / )-

    ; AR .erutpur/sitivonys roiretsop silaibit

    , ) , .

    . ,erutpur roiretsop silaibit - (.AR

    , -,noitilaoc lasrat .ngis seot ynam oot-

    ( )

    suvac seP (.gniwalc) ,

    ,/ .

    - ,(noitissop dewalc" )" - . .

    . . ( )" /

    :- "

    . . (tooferof) -

    . .

    .

    . ; " ) .

    (:noitarepo gnicnalaber nodnet) -(

    06

  • 93

    . -

    " . . , ,

    .61

    (.toofdnih eht fo sisedorhtra elpirt) - ,surav- , + :3:suvac sep

    ullaHv xsugla )

    - (xullah) (. ;suglav- .

    .' ' , - , ,

    .

    . , (surav sumirp susratatem)(. )AR

    ('sisotsoxe') , .-

    . noinub.

    . " ,07-05

    . (1) , .

    (3),(aiglasatatem) (2),/ laegnalahposratatem ts1. ) (4),

    (tnioj

    . - .

    ,tnioj laegnalahposratatem ts1- .-

    ,"

    .(%04-02 ) (.)

    . , ,(sexob eot peed) ,

    .

    .gnicnalaber eussit tfos- - , :" . ,AO- -

    :

    sudigiR xullaH sitirdnohcoetso tnioj laegnalahposratatem ts1-

    , snacessid

    16

  • 94

    . .AO-,,ffo hsup-

    .

    - . ,

    (. ) ;(ylbbonk) . ,

    , , : .

    " )eohs delos rekcor( , .

    eht ta ymotoetso noitnetxe elpmis , . , . ,xnylahp lamixorp

    :ymotceliehc. , .

    eot gnippalrevo dna ,eot walc ,eot remmaH

    eot remmaH",

    . , .

    (nroc) .- (.)

    . /

    ; " . .

    seot walC

    . , . -

    ,,yhporta ralucsum laenorep) sep- . , .AR(

    .suvac

    ".- .

    ;(noitcerroc evissap) ,(seitisollac,snroc) ./

    .

    26

  • 95

    ) "" . -

    .

    .

    seot gnippalrevO.

    . ,

    ytsalp Y/V lasrod " . eot ht5 gnippalrevO .

    . 6

    (842-452",12) sitirhtra diotamuehR

    ,(1 egats) . ) , -,(PTM)'-

    ,(2 egats) (.roiretsop silaibiT- ienoreP-(.3 egats)

    .

    (suloellam) " ,., (.ienoreP eht fo sitivonysonet) (roiretsop silaibiT fo sitivonysonet)

    . noisreve-noisrevnI. (sitivonys tnioj) ,( ) roiretsop silaibit-,

    . (noisore) . , ,

    .

    ,( )egatnilps, , enolonicamirT ,.

    (repillac) .- .

    . (ymotcevonys), . ,

    . (sisedorhtra),

    . (PTM)'- ,,PTM- .

    , (selcsum cisnirtni) . -seot-walc,suglav xullah,(hcra roiretna denettalf) :

    . -

    ratnalp dna snroc lasrod) . - ,, , . (seitisollac

    (.ralucitrairep)PTM- . . ,

    -walc-suglav xullah- , . , . .seot

    36

  • 96

    - ,. PTM- ytsalporhtra noisicxe. (noisuf PTM)PTM

    sitirhtraoetsO , :

    - , (snacessid sitirdnohcoetso) ,.

    , .

    . egatnilps - : . " (sisedorhtra),

    .

    tuoG. ('argadop') PTM- ,,

    . , .

    .

    , . - .

    odnet eht fo sredrosiD-sellihcasitinidnetireP

    . ,

    (.nodnetarap) , . " SU,:

    .

    erutpuR gnihsup) .04 ,.

    . , ,(flac) ,(ffo5 , .

    " (noitxelfratnalp)-. ' ", , : sdnommiS, .

    . , ;-

    . - ,

    .8(noitxelf ratnalp = suniuqe) , .%01 . 6

    6 8 ,

    (ecarb elbakcol) . .

    toof citebaiD:

    . , ,

    ,, /

    (.esaesid tnioj cihtaporuen) .

    .

    46

  • 97

    ( ),, -

    : . "" ,(tsihtohtro) .

    .

    .

    . egatnilpS ; :

    .

    . : .

    elkna lufniaP " ,

    . (ralucitrairep), , -,

    . -

    sitivonysoneTnoisrevenoisrevni " ,

    . " .

    nodnet roiretsop silaibiT fo erutpuR suglav- .

    . noisrevni- , . ,

    . egatnilps, ,

    sulat eht fo snacessid sitirdnohcoetsO

    IRM. " . , . , . "

    .

    sulat eht fo sisorcen ralucsavA .

    . , .

    toof lufniap ehT (.tooferof) (toofdim) ,

    (3);(ssenffits) (2);( ) (1: ). " (niarts)(5); (4);

    leeh lufniaPsitisyhpopa noitcarT

    .(noitcart) '' .() " , . .

    .sitisrub laenaclaC

    (pmub) . - .

    56

  • 98

    . ( ) . ,

    sitiicsaf ratnalP .06-03( ) , , llab-

    .

    . (rups) (.esaesid sretieR) ,

    , - : .

    snoisel enoB " . ' ,

    .

    t revo niaPtoofdim eh(.esaesid srelhoK) - ,

    . ".

    - (egdir)/, . " (.enobrevo eht)

    (.ffo deleveb) / ,

    )aiglasratatem( toofdim eht ni niaP,(.tooferof)

    3, .toof talfsuvac sep,seot walc,suglav xullah .

    esaesid sgrebierF(. ) - (epyt gnihsurc)

    ( ) . , "

    . .PTM- , (selosni dedluom= )

    . - (gnimmirt)(tnemedirbed),. "

    erutcarf ssertS. -

    , . -(tfahs). . (sullac mrofisuf)

    , .

    aiglasratatem s'notroM. (tooferof) ,05 ",

    bew latigidretni- "- (.kcilc s'redluM) - .

    (emordnys noisserpmoc ro tnempartne)/ .'' ,

    " , .'' " . -

    : !!!

    !!!

    66

  • 99

    neoTsredrosiD lia. ,

    lian nworgnI, ,(evoorg lian) / /

    . (lian deddebme) .

    ' ,. . "

    )sisopyrgohcyno( lianeot nworgrevO( ). , , , . ,

    lagnubuShtworg enob ('sisotsoxe') "

    . . (.xnalahp lanimret)

    76

  • 111

    32

    , . ) ,( ) .

    . ,(. .

    , . , . ,,,

    : ) (3), (2), (1: ) (.

    : :

    ,, . , ,, .

    ,, " ," ,

    .)erutcarf noisluva( :

    , , , . .

    :

    .,esaesid s'tegaP, ,

    : :

    . " . 2 .

    " )erutcarf detunimmoc( . .

    : . " ".

    , . . , .

    . , .

    : .

    .

    : . , , "

    htgnel deretla ,noitator ,tnemngila ,noitalsnart::)tfihs( noitalsnarT

    , , , ".

    .

    :)noitalugna( tnemngilA . . ,

    .

    86

  • 112

    :)tsiwt( noitatoR. .

    :htgneL. ,

    : . ,

    . ,detunimmoc , . .

    : . sullac:

    :sullac , , . ,

    :

    . .noitamrof amotameah dna noitcurtsed eussiT.1. ,

    8.noitarefilorp ralullec dna noitammalfnI .2 .

    . .

    . .noitamrof sullaC.3 . ,

    , .sullac htworg gnimrofsnart ,srotcaf htworg tsalborbif: " .

    nietorp cinegohprom enob dna srotcaf:noitadilosnoC.4

    .rallemalnevow , . ,

    .

    :gniledomeR.5 .

    . , ,. ,

    :sullac . sullaC

    suollecnac ni erutcarf detcapmi,, . " ,sullac.sullaC " enob

    002>) . .

    enob nevow" . ,(.)gnilaeh pag(

    ,sullac . , ,sullac" ,.

    . ,

    : .

    . . .

    . gniledomer ) ,( enob suollecnac)

    ) ,( ) ,( (.2 ) , (

    96

  • 113

    :

    elbisiv sullaC3-23-26-421-88-661-21

    )NOINU NON( : /

    , , , , . ,, ,

    eslaf , , ,deyalps ,sullac .sisorhtraduesptnioj

    ) ,dirolf . (.

    (. ) /. .52

    ! . ,

    selydnoc laromef- : . . tfahs-

    . , , ,

    erutcarf kcitsneerg . .. erutcarf detcapmi

    , , , : . ,

    , ,.

    . ,

    ) ,

    ( .02

    . sutiperc . ,, , . ,

    . . .1. .2. .3. .4. .5

    . , , ,

    . "" . :

    (. )

    .

    .xob ffuns lacimotana- diohpacs ,,

    07

  • 114

    anlu- ,, .suidar fo daeh detacolsid

    ." , .

    . sutiperc

    .

    :sowt fo elur- . ( .PA) . :sweiv owT : :stnioj owT

    .

    . ,:sbmil owT.

    muenacalac . :seirujni owT."

    , :snoisacco owT, serutcarf decalpsidnu: .

    . suloellam laretal- ,diohpacs-

    .muenaclac ,,":"" IRM-TC .

    "."

    .

    .- .

    : ,"

    (

    . enilesab (

    larhteru- .

    .margotsycmargorhteru- .sutaem

    yrujni eldrig larotceP eldrig larotcep-

    . .

    .

    . .

    . .:

    -. -

    17

  • 115

    ( ) -. -

    noitalucebart,erutcarf eht ssorca gnigdirb enob ,sullac -.etis erutcarf dlo eht ssorca

    ,

    sullac- . , . ytiunitnoc ralucebart

    .

    .

    . . , .1.

    . .2

    ,serutcarf kcitsneerg dna )xetroc eht fo gnilkcub( serutcarf surot .

    . .3. ,

    ,3 . , . 41- 6-4

    . noinu-non .4. ,gnilledomer-gnilledom- .5

    .

    , . sisyhp- .6 .

    sisyhp- (. )sisyhp- %01- .sisyhp- ,

    () "

    , . tfahs- .sisyhp-

    , .

    5 ,sirraH dna retlaS sisyhp- :

    , . -1 epyT. sisyhp-

    . sysyhp- 1 -2 epyT.

    . sisyhp- -3 epyT. sisyhp-

    . sisyhp- ,3 -4 epyT. ,sisyhp- tnemecalpsid-

    27

  • 116

    , .sisyhp- -5 epyT.

    , . "

    .

    ,yletelpmocni deifisso sisyhp- , .

    . .

    . gnitlit , : - 4 , ,tnemecalpsid.tnemecalpsid

    .5-4 , , , . 5

    serutcarf decalpsidnU )4-2-bals retsalp gnittif esolc" "

    (.

    .tnemecalpsid " 01 " 4 43,

    serutcarf decalpsiD. noitcuder

    .6-3 . 21 " . 43 , (. 4)8-4 , .. 01 4

    , " 43 6 ,6-4 " .

    .

    noisuf erutamerP

    . , ,21

    .sesyhp laibit lamixorp dna laromef latsid- :.sisyhp-

    , 5,4,3

    37

  • 117

    ) .IRMTC sisyhp- . " ,(sisyhp- . ,

    ytimrofed woble suglav:) noinulam ,

    " (erutcarf ralydnoc laremuh laretal a fo noinu non tnemecalpsid. ymotoetso- . ymotoetso evitcerroc

    ""atcefrepmi sisenegoetso-)

    ( .8

    (.emordnys "ybab deretteb" eht-) . , , :

    ,noitamrof sullac dirolf . )yvrucs(

    (572-772)serutcarf ycneiciffusni dna serutcarf ssertS . erutcarf eugitaf ro ssertS

    , . " .

    serutcarf ycneiciffusnI.

    : "

    )erutcarf hcram( senob lasratateM )erutcarf s'rennur( alubif fo tfahs latsiD

    ,imar cibup ,kcen laromef ,aibit fo flah lamixorPmurcas fo ala ,earbetrev rabmul ht5 fo siralucitraretni srap

  • 118

    erutcarf sserts 67211.32.*erutcarf sserts B. a

    ( imar cibup-) serutcarf ycneiciffusnI

    erutcarf ssertS - ,

    .

    " tcarf ycneiciffusnI ro ssertS fo erukcen laromef eht . IRMTC,

    (772-972)serutcarf cigolohtaP. . erutcarf cigolohtaP

    : esaesid enob dezilareneG

    atcefrepmi sisenegoetsO .1 sisoropoetso lasuaponemtsoP .2 esaesid enob cilobateM .3 sisotamoleyM .4 aisalpsyd suorbif citotsoyloP .5 esaesid s'tegaP .6

    snoitidnoc ngineb lacoL noitcefni cinorhC .1 tsyc enob yratiloS .2 tcefed lacitroc suorbiF .3 amorbif dioxymordnohC .4 tsyc enob lamsiruenA .5 amordnohC .6aisalpsyd suorbif citotsonoM .7

    sromut tnangilam yramirP amocrasordnohC .1 amocrasoetsO .2 amocras s'gniwE .3

    .,,,, sromut citatsateM

    .. 02

    04 esaesid s'tegaP ,amonicrac yradnoces ,sisotamoleym ,esaesid enob cilobatem

    , , :

    .redrosid enob cilobatem- .

    , .

    . esaesid s'tegaP

    yar-X

    57

  • 119

    ,noitalucebart lamronba, noisore lacitroc,. gninekciht laetsoirep

    :

    .amolyem " .

    . , :

    .sisotamoleymsenoJ ecneB,

    )esaesid s'tegaP ,tcefed lacitroc suorbif ,tsyc yratilos(

    noitcuder nepo- . . ,

    (9 ). ,

    . esaesid enob dezilareneG .1

    (' )

    . ' noitaxif lanretnI. 'yhportsydoetso laner,,

    .snoitidnoc ngineb lacoL .2

    snoisel ekil-tsyc ngineb .

    .noisicxe lacolegatteruc" . sromut tnangilam yramirP .3

    gnitnilps . .

    tnemecalper citehtsorp .%06-

    sromut citatsateM .4 rumef- .

    ( ) . .

    'noitaxif 'citcalyhporp slian yralludemartnI.noitaxif lanretnI

    . .tnemec cilyrca dna noisicxecitehtsorptnemecalper" "

    .

    . -noisserpmoc eniuqe aduac ro droc lanips etuca.

    yregrus evitpme-erP. etisoped dezilacol

    .

    erutcarf cigolohtap 77221.32.* ni sesatsatem )d( ,sesatsatem larbetrev )c( ,esaesid s'tegaP )b( ,mocrasordnohc yramirp )a(

    sisotamoleym )e( ,romef eht fo tfahsim eht

    67

  • 1101

    erutcarf cigolohtap - 77231.32.*.gnilian citcalyhporp retnahcort ressel tisoped yradnoces )a(

    )b( (972-082) SEIRUJNI TNIOJ

    . gnitsiwt ro gnitlit . ,

    .

    noitalugna lufecrof -erutcarf . ,

    .sisyhp eht fo noitarapes

    SNIARTA DNA SNIARPS. 97241.32 *

    erutpur ,niarts ,niarps . (gnillup ro gnitsiwt) niarpS. niartS

    . erutpuR

    tnioj deniarpS , .

    . , . . -

    tnemagil deniartS( ) .

    . , . .

    - .

    . S'DIASAN.

    yaw evig ot seniarts. .

    stnemagil derutpuR.,,,:stnioj egnih .

    .)pans( . niarts .sisorhtrameh .

    .niarts- " . esluva

    .6-4 " .

    . .

    . sisorhtrameh esnet .SDIASN- , )egatnilps(: )ecarb( ?)tnilps( .

    .sesicrexe evitpeceroirporp . yregrus evitcurtsnocer

    :

    enob fo tnemgarf dehcatta na htiw desluva .1.

    77

  • 1111

    .2.

    .3

    (bmuht eht fo tnioj laegnalahpopracatem) .

    NOITAXULBUS DNA NOITACOLSID. -tnemecalpsidnoitacolsiD

    . tnemecalpsidnoitaxulbuS

    . ,

    . " . .

    -erutcarf " , .noitacolsid

    tset noisneherppa.

    noitacolsiD tnerruceR .

    .

    noitacolsiD )yratulov( lautibaH " )noitaxulbus ro( noitacolsid fo kcank-

    .. .

    .

    4-3 .. .

    cipotoreteh ,enob fo sisorcen ralucsava ,yrujni evren ,yrujnI ralucsaV sitirhtraoetso yradnoces ,ssenffits tnioj ,noitacifisso

    .52

    87

  • 61

    42

    ". , : " ",

    " . ".: " .

    !!!( ) .

    ,(noitaxif lanretni" ) (. ) yelpa nala" "tetrauq erutcarf". )

    - . . ...(

    .1.

    : , , . 21

    ') (2. (1: (. ') (3(.

    . .noinu non- noinu deyaled- .

    . , ,

    . . ,: 3

    noitalupinam ,

    . . (1: , ") (2.

    . (3(. . .

    noitcart lacinahceM " ( tfahs- '),. .

    .noitaxif lanretni- , ,

    noitarepo nepO (1:

    (3. (2. ') (4.

    . noitaxif lanretni (5(.

    . .

    , " . , .

    noitcart deniatsuS. "

    . "

    97

  • 62

    . , stfahs (. ) ,

    ,( , ). ,( )

    , " , .

    .

    ytivarg yb noitcarT " . "

    . "

    noitcart decnalaB ,(noitcart niks) " "

    - " " .(noitcart lateleks) " ' " ."5-4

    , , . " .

    " .

    ,tilps samohT- . .emarf s'nuarb

    noitcart dexiF tilps samohT" ,

    . , .

    . tfahs- noitcart deniatsus- - s'wollag) ", " noitcart s'wollag- , (.noitcart

    "21

    egatnilps tsaC , ( )sirap fo retsalP

    (. , . " . , "

    . , .

    -, (1:" . , (2" . . ,

    . " ,

    snoitacilpmoC .

    . tsac thgihT

    . . , , .

    . , ,

    seros erusserP ,,')

    ". " . (. .

    noitarecal ro noisarba nikS

    08

  • 63

    . , . ,

    tsac esooL. , . ,

    gnihcnarb lanoitnuF , sirap fo retsalp- ",

    , tfahs- . " .

    . .

    , , . 6-3 ,

    , : , . ,

    noitaxif lanretnI, " , , "

    . , ,

    - . noitaxif lanretnI, , (. )esaesid erutcarf

    " - , . .

    . ( ,, )noitaxif lanretnI-(3.,-(2. , , -(1:

    . ,

    noitaxif lanretni rof snoitacidnI . .1

    . .2

    . , .3

    . .4

    . .5

    . .6

    . " , "noitaxif lanretnI-

    .

    noitaxif lanretni fo sepyT. ,

    swercS . )swercs gal( SFI = swercs yratnemgarfretnI

    seriW. ( )seriw renhcriK

    . ( ") . swercs dna setalP

    .

    . , " noitatpaoc NMI = lian yralludemretnI

    " . " . .

    " . . ,

    18

  • 64

    noitaxif lanretni fo snoitacilpmoC. , noitaxif lanretnI

    noitcefni .

    " . ,

    . VInoinu noN , noinu noN-

    . eruliaf tnalpnI

    . . ! erutcarfeR42-81-, . ,

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