5/19/2018 +

1/16

1

2014-2015

: :

:3

(:(04

= 60 C1 = 11 m0 = 1,25 3

.

:

lO2-

aq3g2

-

aq3aq3 H+COO-CH+CO=HCO+COOH-CH

- (CO2 (g -1-

.

1- 1,3525

CO2 (g) .

-2 .

3- .

-4

-5 C2 = 21

:3) = 84 g/mol = 8,32 ; (

5/19/2018 +

2/16

2

-1: .

CO2 (g)

st 400

:

:

atmatmgd() PPPP

st 0 molng 0PaPg .0

PaPPP atmatmeldifferenti .00

-2-

CO2 (g)

.

CO2 (g) :TRnVP ...

moln

TR

VP.105,1

36,2479

26,37

2527332,8

1035,1106,27

.

. 233

--3 .

:molVCn .10611060 231

:molM

mn .105,1

84

25,1 20

5/19/2018 +

3/16

3

-4- .

lO2-

aq3g2

-

aq3aq3 H+COO-CH+CO=HCO+COOH-CH

mol

002105,1 2106 0.

xxx 2105,1x 2106

x.

fxfxfx 2105,1fx

2106

fx.

: 33 11 HCONamolCOOHCHmol

33 .6.6 HCONamolCOOHCHmol

mol.6

molmol .6105,1 2

: 3HCONa

2: 3HCONa

:

molxx .105,10105,1 2

maxmax

2

molxxf

.105,1 2

max

molx 22max

2105,410.5,16106

mol2105,4 (3COOH(aq

:

molx .105,1 2

max

--5

molxCOnCOOCHn .105,1 2max23

2-

5/19/2018 +

4/16

4

(:(04

32

tN

dt

tdN. .

teNtN .0.

: tN0N-1

32- jt 2,142

1

2- st .00

N

3- gm 1 2

1.2 tt

-4 -2 32

-5 43-1

6- st .0-3

23

10023,6 AN

5/19/2018 +

5/16

5

-1: tN: t

:

0N: st .0

:2- /t

000/ .4

3

4N

NNtN

/...

00

/

.ln4

3

ln4

3

.4

3 ///

teeeNNtN ttt

29,029,038,109,14ln3ln.

4

3ln //

tt

:

1

2

1 .048.02,14

693,02ln jt

:jt .04,6048,0

29,029,0/

-3

2

1t

:

2

0

21

NtN

42

2

2.2 0

0

2

1

2

1

NNtN

tN

5/19/2018 +

6/16

6

4

..2..2. 0

2

1

2

1

NtNtAtN

dt

tdNtA

:M

Nm

NNm

NMNAAA

0

000

M

NmN A

2023

00 102,188

32

10023,61

171.1055,5

606024

048,0.048.0

sj

BqN

tA

111320

70

106,11012,1614

102,188

1055,54.

-

:4 -2

jt .8,20

-1 : tNtA .

7

15

8

10102

102

st .10

7

5/19/2018 +

7/16

7

-3

tNtN .ln 0

tNtN .lnln 0

1.047,0

1070

28,51 j

jt .2,21

NN-6 2000 1047,18628.51ln

-4

te

N

tN .

0

100

NtNt

je

N

tNt .8,2037,0

.1

0

5/19/2018 +

8/16

8

(:(04

:

= 0k. EXAO -2-

1- .

2-

.

3-

.

-4 .

- =

(1 ) .

-6 RL.

-7

1-

-2 ti

01000

6.60max r

rR

EmAII

T

00/////.6.10106 0033 rIVIrEUU LR

-2:

5/19/2018 +

9/16

9

:-3

Etirdt

tdiLtiREUU LR ...

TRrR ///

L

E

dt

tditi

L

rREUU LR

.

R

L

rR

L

........

0.1

.

L

Eti

dt

tdi

L

E

dt

tditi

L

rR

=

(1 )

1 .........................

tt

L

R

eL

Ee

R

E

L

R

dt

tdi

...

.

2...............

tt

eL

E

L

Etie

R

E

R

Eti

..1

.

12 -

0..

L

Ee

L

Ee

L

E

L

E tt

-6:

R

L

rR

L

-7:

:msR

L.5,1

1000

5,1

:t

AmAmeR

Ei ..8,3.78,3

1000

6.63,01

ms5,1

5/19/2018 +

10/16

10

:(04)

1- -2 ,RT-3

-3-1 RT,,MT

3-2-

3-3-

RT,,MT

3-4-.

-4

-4-1

4-2- .

:MT = 5,98 1024, = 35800,RT = 6400Km, = 6,67 1011

5/19/2018 +

11/16

11

-1: :

(

)

:-2 ,RT

:-

:- :-

-

: hRVaaT

N

2

:-3-1 RT,,MT

22.

...

hR

MGaam

hR

mMGF

T

T

s

T

sT

-3-2:

13

.31,3067606024

1035800640014,32..2

sm

T

hRV T

sm

hR

MGV

hR

MG

hR

Va

T

T

T

T

T

/.3,307410.640035800

1098,51067,6..3

2411

2

2

:-3-3

RT,,MT

2

22

2

2

2.4..

T

hR

hR

MGV

hR

MG

hR

Va T

T

T

T

T

T

5/19/2018 +

12/16

12

sMG

hRT

T

hR

hR

MG

T

TT

T

T .1014,8620.

..2.4. 1

3

2

22

ssT .1062,8.1014,8620 41

:-3-4

TTT

T

T

MGhR

T

T

hR

hR

MG

.

.4.4. 2

3

2

2

22

:

:-3-4

A

5/19/2018 +

13/16

13

:(04)

160

.

:

25

:14

10

Ke

:PKa NH4 (aq)+ /3 ( ) = 9,2

:

4,4-3,16,8-5,27,6-610-8,2

(b) Cb = 2 1 021

= 10,75

:

1-1- .rf-1-2 Cb. .1-3- PKa NH4 (aq )

+ /3 ( )

2-

b = 30 (b

),

b

, (a) C = 2 1 021

-2-1

2-2- -3- a(a).

-2-2-1 .

b-2-2-2.

,,-2-2-3 .

5/19/2018 +

14/16

14

a1-2-2-4

NH4+ = 15[3 ] .

-1-1:

.

0303max .

.

NH

OH

VNH

VOH

x

xff

25,3

75,10

1414

3

3 10

10

10

10

10.

PHOH

KeOHOHOHKe

1108,2102

106,5 22

4

03

NH

OHf

--3

03

NH

5/19/2018 +

15/16

15

-1-2: rf Cb.

f

bf

bfb

bfbff

fr

c

cc

cc

NH

NHOH

x

xQ

1

.

.

... 2

3

4

max

52

6

2

4222

1062,11019,97

1079,15

1081,21

1081,2102

1

.

f

bf

fr

cQ

-1-3:

PKa

NH4 (aq )+ /3 ( )

f

f

NH

NHLogPKaPH

4

3

124243

.1094,11062,5102 lmolNHcNH

fbf

:

ff OHNH 4

2,91062,5

1094,14

2

LogPHPKa

:-1-4

Laqaqaqaqaq OHClNHClOHNH 2433

:-1-5

7,5,4,22 EE PHmlVE

5/19/2018 +

16/16

16

b:-1-6

lmolCVCVC baEabb /105,130

4,22102 22

//

-1-5:

8,62,57,5 EPH

a1:-1-5

NH4+ = 15[3 ]

4

3

NH

NHLogPKaPH

4

3

15

1

NH

NH

8

15

12,9 PHLogPH

mlVa 2,211