တပ္မေတာ္ႏွင့္ယွဥ္ေသာ ျမန္မာ့ႏိုင္ငံေရးသမိုင္း

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� &nf½G,fcsuf

� trsdK;om;a&;jyóemrsm;

� trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&;jyóem

� pD;yGm;a&;jyóem

� EdkifiHa&;jyóem

� trsKd;om;nDvmcH

� trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;ESifh wyfrawmf

� ed*Hk;

3NextBack

&nf½G,fcsuf

� vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemufydkif; jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;aMumif; tjzpftysufrsm;?EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;jyóemrsm;? vuf½Sdjzpfay:aeaom EdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;ESifh qufpyfvsuf jrefrmhwyfrawmf\ trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;tpOftvmudkavhvmedkif&ef?

� trsKd;om;a&;wm0efjzpfonfh 'dkYwm0efta&;(3)yg;udk tajccHpdwf"mwftjzpfcH,lwwfap&ef?

� jynfaxmifpktwGif; jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwfrsm; wdk;wufxGef;umjyefYyGm;vmap&ef?

� jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;ESifh jrefrmhwyfrawmf[lí jzpfay:vmyHkwdkYrSm tem*wftrsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmifrItcef;u@wGif wyfrawmfuyg0ifxrf;aqmifoifhaMumif; oHk;oyfcsdefqEdkifap&ef?

4NextBack

1/ ppfa&;qkdif&mNcdrf;ajcmufrSKrsm; ( Military Threats ) /

2/ EdkifiHa&;qkdif&mNcdrf;ajcmufrSKrsm; ( Political Threats ) /

3/ pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mNcdrf;ajcmufrSKrsm; ( Economic Threats ) /

4/ vlrSKa&;qkdif&mNcdrf;ajcmufrSKrsm; ( Social Threats ) /

5/ tmumoqkdif&mNcdrf;ajcmufrSKrsm; ( Space Threats ) /

6/ ywf0ef;usifqkdif&mNcdrf;ajcmufrSKrsm; ( Environmental Threats )/

7/ qufoG,fa&;qkdif&mNcdrf;ajcmufrSKrsm; ( Systemic Threats ) /

8/ EsLuvD;,m;Ncdrf;ajcmufrSKrsm; ( Nuclear Threats )/

9/ tMurf;zufNcdrf;ajcmufrSKrsm; ( Terrorist Threats ) /

10/ todOmPfynmqkdif&mNcdrf;ajcmufrSKrsm; ( Intellectual Threats)/

11/ aiGaMu;aps;upm;íNcdrf;ajcmufrSKrsm; ( Speculative Threats ) /

12/ olvQdKvkyfief;jzihfNcdrf;ajcmufrSKrsm; ( Spying Threats ) /

13/ vkyfBuHowfjzwfrSKrsm; ( Assassinations ) /

EdkifiHawmfvkHNcHKa&;ESifhNcdrf;ajcmufrSKtEÅ&m,frsm;

14/ obm0uyfqkd;BuD;rsm; ( Natural Disasters ) /

5NextBack

EdkifiHawmfvkHNcHKa&;ukdxdckdufaponfh jynfyusL;ausmfpGufzufrSKrsm;aMumifhr[kwfonfh Ncdrf;ajcmufrSKrsm;

1/ jynfwGif;aomif;usef;olrsm;/

2/ tMurf;zufrSKrsm;ESifh rl;,pfaq;0g;a&mif;0,fazmufum;rSKrsm;/

3/ rsdK;EG,fpkcJGjcm;rSKrsm;ESifh cJGxGufa&;0g'rsm;/

4/ pD;yGm;a&;cRwfNcHKusrSKrsm;/

5/ HIV ESifh AIDS ponfhul;pufa&m*grsm;/

6/ rrSefowif;xkwfvTifhrSKrsm;ESifh owif;tcsuftvufppfqifrSKrsm;/

7/ tpkta0;jzihf e,fpyfjzwfausmfrIcif;rsm;/

8/ pm;eyf&du©m? pGrf;tifESifh a&t&if;tjrpfrzlvkHrSKrsm;/

9/ ywf0ef;usifnpfnrf;rSKESifh ,kd,Gif;ysufpD;rSKrsm;/6

NextBack

1/ ppftiftm;/2/ EkdifiHt&G,fyrmPESifh wnfae&m/3/ vlOD;a&/4/ e,fedrdwftajctae/

5/ pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttkHrsm;/6/ obm0o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm;/7/ pGrf;&nfjynfh0aom vlYpGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfrsm;/8/ enf;ynmzHGUNzdK;wkd;wufrSK/

9/ vlrSKa&;t&aoG;pnf;nDñGwfrSK/10/ EkdifiHa&;wnfNidrfrSK/11/ rSefuefaomtrsdK;om;a&;p½kdufvu©Pmrsm;/

EdkifiHawmfvkHNcHKa&;tay:oufa&mufrSK&Sdaeaomt&if;cHtcsufrsm;

12/ EkdifiHukdcspfjrwfEkd;aompdwf"gwf/

7NextBack

PEOPLE

GOVERNMENT

SOVEREIGNTY

TERRITORY

RECOGNITION

8Back

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jrefrmEkdifiH\ t"dutrsdK;om;a&;jyóemrsm;

,aeYjrefrmEkdifiHonf vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;csdefrSpí jyefMunhfvQif 1948 ckESpfrS

1962 ckESpftxd ygvDref'Drkdua&pDacwf? 1962 ckESpfrS 1974 ckESpftxd awmfvSefa&;

aumifpDacwf? 1974 ckESpfrS 1988 ckESpf jrefrmhqkd½S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDacwf ponfjzihf

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trsdK;om;pnf;vkH;nDñGwfa&;/

pD;yGm;a&;/

EkdifiHjcm;a&;/

NextBack 9

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NextBack 10

jrefrmEkdifiHtaejzihf azmfjyygtcsuftvufrsm;ESihf csdefxkd;avhvmMunhfygu EkdifiHNydKuJGEkdifaom

tajctaersm;ESihf tawmfyiftusKH;0ifvsuf½SdaMumif; awGU&ayrnf/ EkdifiH½Sd

vlrsdK;pkta&twGufukdMunhfvQif 135 rsdK;cefYtxd uJGjym;vsuf½Sdonf/ ,cifu vlrsdK;BuD; 8 rsdK;[k

owfrSwfvufcHcJhMuaomfvnf;,cktcgtiftm; toihf twihf½Sdaom vlrsdK;pkrsm;u vlrsdK;i,f? vlrsdK;BuD;

owfrSwfrIukd vufrcHvkdawmhay/ Oyrm- ytkdY0f? em*? ]0} ponhf wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;rsm;jzpfMuonf/

wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;twGif; vlOD;a&yrmPjcm;em;rIuvnf; vlenf;p k

wkdif;&if;om;rsm;twGuf tiftm;BuD;rm;onhf wkdif;&if;om;rsm;u vTrf;rkd;oGm;rnfukd pkd;½GHUpdwfjzihf

oD;jcm;aexkdifvkdrIrsm;ukd jzpfay:apcJhonf/

NextBack 11

NextBack

pifppfü jrefrmEkdifiHonf vlrsdK;pktvkduf oD;jcm;&yfwnfaexkdifaom wkdif;i,f

jynfi,fEkdifiHuav;rsm;ukd aygif;pkzJGUpnf;xm;onhfEkdifiH r[kwfay/

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tm;NydKifrIrsdK;om jzpfcJhonf/

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tmCmwyGm;vmatmif vkyfaqmifcJhMuonf/

12

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yxr t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppfyJGjzpfyGm;NyD;aemuf tmoH? rPdyl&? &ckdifESihfweoFm&Da'orsm;ukd odrf;ykduf&½SdoGm;aom e,fcsJUwkdYonf ¤if;wkdY\ bmomt,l0g'ukd

bmoma&;tajccHrckdifrmaom awmifay:vlrsdK;pkrsm;xH oGwfoGif;ay;cJhNyD; bmoma&; t&aoG;cJGcJhMuonf/

jrefrmEkdifiH\ trsdK;om;pnf;vkH;nDñGwfa&;wGif wkdif;&if;om;vlrdsK;pkrsm;pnf;vkH;nDñGwfa&;jyóemomru EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;\ pnf;vkH;nDñGwfa&;jyóemrSmvnf;

t"dujyóemwpf&yfjzpfonf/19 &mpkwGif oaEwnfNyD; 20 &mpkwGif ay:ayguf BuD;xGm;vmcJhonhf

vuf0J0g'ESihf vuf,m0g'wkdY\ oabmw&m;a&; tm;NydKifvGefqJGrI onf jrefrmEkdifiHokdYvnf;ysHUESHUa&muf½SdvmcJhonf/ vGwfvyfa&;acwfOD;ykdif;rS ,aeYxuf wkdi fEkdifiHa&;ta&miftaoG;uJGjym;rIrSm us,fjyefYvSonf/ vuf0JpGef;rS vuf,mpGef; txd

jzpfcJhonf/

13

NextBack

xkdacwfumvrSpíyk*¾KdvfpJG? 0g'pJG trsdK;rsdK;uJGjym;í &ifMum;aphr&EkdifcJhonfrSm,aeYxufwkdifyifjzpfonf/ xkdokdY uJG jym;aeaom EkdifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm;onf rdrdwkdYomEkdifiHa&;tmPm&½Sda&;twGuf tmPmvkcJhMuonf/ ,aeYxufwkdifvnf; tmPmvkaeMuqJjzpfonf/

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tajccHOya'\tm;enf;csufaMumihf EkdifiHNydKuJGrnhftajctae ay:aygufcJh&jcif;vnf; ½Sdao;onf/ ,if;rSm ½Srf;ya'o&mZfrsm;\ zuf'&,frludpöESihf pyfvsuf½Sdonf/jrefrmEkdifiH\ yx0D0ifEkdifiHa&;taetxm;t& awmifwef;a'oESihf ajrjyefYa'oonftjyeftvSefqufpyfvsuf½SdNyD;r[mAsL[mt&a'owpfckESihfwpfcktrSDo[JjyKae&umoD;jcm;cJGcGm&yfwnfEkdifpGrf;r½SdMuay/xkdYaMumihf jrefrmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;onf awmifwef;a'oryg0ifygu t"dyÜm,fr½Sday/

14

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&v'ftjzpf 1947 ckESpf tajccHOya'wGifcJGxGufcGihfyg½SdcJhNyD; ½Srf;ya'o&mZfrsm; ukdvnf; tmPmqufvufay;tyfxm;cJh&onf/ 1961 ckESpf yxptpkd;&vufxufwGif tajccHOya'yg cJGxGufcGihfukdukdifpJGí ukd,fykdifjy|mef;cGihfzuf'&,frlukd wifoGif;vmcJhonf/ þokdYjzihf EkdifiHNydKuJGrnhf vrf;aMumif;0okdY a&muf½SdcJh&onf/

urÇmay:½Sd jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHrsm;wGif cJGxGufcGihfukd tajccHOya't& cGihfjyKxm; onhf EkdifiHrSm qkdAD,uf? ,l*kdqvAfESihf jrefrmEkdifiHwkdYom½SdcJhonf/ xkdEkdifiHrsm;wGif qkdAD,ufESihf ,l*kdqvAfwkdYrSm tpdwfpdwftrTmrTm NydKuJG oGm;cJhonfukd oifcef;pm,loihf vSayonf/

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pD;yGm;a&;jyóemtrsdK;om;pnf;vkH;nDñGwfa&;jyóemuJhokdYyif ta&;ygaomjyóemwpfckrSm

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tvSefqufpyftrSDjyKaeMuaomaMumihfjzpfonf/

EkdifiHa&;aumif;rGefwnfNidrfrItay: rlwnfí pD;yGm;a&;zHGUNzdK;wkd;wufvmEkdif

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tajrmuftjrm; pkdufysdK;apí jynfyokdY qeftrsm;qkH;wifykdYaomEkdifiHjzpfaomfvnf;

jrefrmEkdifiH\ vlrsm;pkjzpfaom v,form;rsm; rcsrf;omcJhMuyg/

NextBack 16

NextBack

jrefrmEkdifiHrS a&eHxGufaomfvnf; xkda&eHrStjrwfukd bDtkdpDukrÜPDuom

&,lcJhNyD; jrefrmha&eHvkyfom;rsm;rSm rD;cGuf xGef;&efyif a&eHqDr½SdcJhMuay/ xkdYaMumihf

vnf; 1930 jynhfESpf v,form;ta&;awmfykH? 1938 ckESpf 1300 jynhfa&eHajr

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1962 ckESpftxd ppfBudKacwfpkduf{&d,m {u 12 oef;ukd rjynhfrDcJhay/pufrIvufrIu@wGifvnf; 1962 ckESpftxd BuD;rm;aompuf½kH 6 ½kHcefYom EkdifiHykdiftjzpfwnf½SdcJhonf/ yk*¾vdu pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;½Siftrsm;pkrSmvnf;EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;omjzpfMuonf/xkdpD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;uEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ukd&efykHaiGaxmufyHhonf/a½G;aumufyJGEkdifatmifulnDonf/tmPm&EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;upD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;ukd xkwfukef oGif;ukef vkdifpifcsay;jcif;jzihf aus;Zl;qyfMuonf/

17

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wnfaqmufcJh&onf/

18

NextBack

okdYaomf jrefrmEkdifiH\ EkdifiHjcm;a&;rl0g't& wdusaomMum;aea&;ukd

vkdufem&onhftwGuf EkdifiHjcm; axmufyHhulnDrIrsm; r&,lEkdifcJhay/ 1984 ckESpfcefYrSpí

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cH,lcJh&onf/

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qefay;rS aq;&jcif;jzpfonf/

19

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¤if;wkdYtwGuf r[mAsL[mtusdK;pD;yGm;r½SdbJ taxmuftyHhay;avhr½Sday/ xkdYtjyif xkdtvSL½SifqkdaomEkdifiHrsm;üyifpD;yGm;a&;csdeJYaeí qGrf;awmfxm;0rf;awmfrQ tEkdifEkdif jzpfae&m EkdifiHjcm;axmufyHhaiGukd jzwfawmufae& onf/ xkdYaMumihf EkdifiH wkd;wufzHGUNzdK;a&;qkdonfrSm rdrdukd,frdrdtm;ukd;í BudK;pm;vkyfaqmifrSom&Ekdifrnfukd od½Sdoabmaygufxm;&efvkdayonf/

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20

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,cktcg bufrvkdufEkdifiHjcm;a&;rl0g'ukd wlnDpGmusihfokH;aom EkdifiH aygif; 118 EkdifiHtxd pkpnf;rdaeNyDjzpfayonf/

jrefrm? tdEd,? oD&dvuFm? tif'kdeD;½Sm;? ygupöwef 5 EkdifiHrS tpkd;& acgif;aqmifrsm;onf 19554 ckESpf {NyDvwGif oD&dvuFm EkdifiH ukdvHbkdNrdKU ESifh uEDNrdKUwkdYwGif tm½S tmz&duuGefz&ifhwpf&yf usif;y&efñ§dEIdif;Muonf/ tif'kdeD;½Sm;EkdifiH bkda*gNrdKUü 1954 ckESpf'DZifbmvwGif tqkdyg 5 EkdifiH acgif;aqmifrsm; xyfrHaqG;aEG;um ,if; 5 EkdifiH\uruxjyKrIjzifh tif'kdeD;½Sm;EkdifiH befa'gif;NrdKUwGif 1955 ckESpf {NyDv(18)&ufaeYrS (24)&uf aeYtxd tm½S-tmz&du 29 EkdifiHwufa&mufaom befa'gif;nDvmcH okdYr[kwf tm½S-tmz&du EkdifiHrsm; uGefz&ifhusif;ycJYonf/

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jzpfwnfaygufzGm;vmaom 0g'omjzpfonf/ tm½S? vufwif? tar&du?

tmz&duwkduf wkdUwGifvnf; qkd½S,fvpfEkdifiHrsm; ay:xGef;vmcJYonf/ 24Back Next

tar&duefOD;aqmifaomt&if;½SifpufrIEkdifiHrsm;\

taemuftkyfpk(0g)vuf,mtkyfpk(0g) t&if;½SiftkyfpkESifh qkdAD,uf OD;aqmifaom

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ppfat;wkdufyJG jzpfayonf/ 25Back Next

rl0g'ygrlBuD; 5 csufpvkH;onf ukvor*¾y#dnmOfpmcsKyfESifh befa'gif;rl

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(4) wpfEkdifiHESihfwpfEkdifiH wef;wlrI½Sd&efESifh ESpfOD;ESpfbuf

tusdK;jzpfxGef;&ef/ 26Back Next

trsdK;om;EkdifiHa&;ESihf wyfrawmfwyfrawmfonf trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;BudK;yrf;rIrS aygufzGm;vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/

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bDtkdifat ? bD'Dat ponfjzihf tac:ta0:trsdK;rsdK; ajymif;vJcJhonhfwyfrawmfonf e,fcsJUrsm;ukd wkdufxkwf&mwGifvnf;aumif;? zufqpf rsm;ukd

awmfvSef&mwGifvnf;aumif; ]]vGwfvyfa&;onf yxr? vGwfvyfa&;onf 'kwd,?vGwfvyfa&;onf wwd,}} [k cH,lcsufjzihf pGefYvTwfpGefYpm; BudK;yrf;cJhMuonf/

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zufqpf*syefqkwfcGmxGufajy;oGm;NyD;aemuf e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm; jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmaomtcg ]]vGwfvyfa&;onf yxr? 'Drkdua&pDta&;onf 'kwd,? qkd½S,fvpfta&;

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vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; rMumrDrSmyif jynfwGif;ppfBuD; jzpfyGm;cJh&onf/ ppf'Pf 2 Budrf

oihfí jymykHjzpfcJh&aom jrefrmEkdifiHukd jyefvnfxlaxmif&ef rpOf;pm;bJ tmPmukd

tMurf;zufvk,lvkdolrsm;aMumihf aoG;acsmif;pD;cJh&onf/

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ZlvkdifvwGif &JabmfjzLrsm; awmckdoGm;cJhMujyefonf/ þokdYjzihf wyfrawmfNydKuJG NyD;

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csufa'orsm;rS tpGeftzsm;okdY a&muf½SdoGm;atmif wGef;vSefwkdufckduf

armif;xkwfypfcJhonf/1951ckESpfESihf1952ckESpfrsm;wGifaomif;usef;rItawmftwefNidrfoufoGm

;cJh aomfvnf; EkdifiHta½SUykdif;ü w½kwfjzLusL;ausmfrI ay:aygufvmjyefonf/

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tiftm;BuD;EkdifiH\ axmufyHhrIjzihf vufeuftiftm; acwfrDawmihfwif;aom usL;ausmfolrsm;ukd oHwrefenf;? EkdifiHa&;enf;jzihf ajz½Sif;r&onhftqkH; wyfrawmfuyif ½SdorQtiftm;jzihf wkdufcdkufwGef;vSef armif;xkwfcJh&onf/

EkdifiHa&;wnfNidrfat;csrf;pjyKvmonhf 1951-52 ckESpfwGifjrefrmEkdifiH\yxrqkH; vTwfawmfa½G;aumufyJGukd tykdif;vkdufcJGNyD; usif;yEkdifcJhonf/ a½G;aumufyJG[lonfEkdifiHa&; tmPm&,la&; twGuft"du,SOfNydKifyJGjzpf&m a½G;aumufyJG0ifaomygwDwkdif;u tEkdif&½Sd a&;twGuf enf;aygif;pkHjzihf BudK;pm;Muonf/ EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;u e,frsm;wGif cg;ykduf aqmif vufeufukdifwyfzJGUrsm;ukd tokH;jyKí Ncdrf;ajcmufrJxnhfapcJhonf/

xkdcg;ydkufaqmifvufeufukdifrsm;uvnf; q&morm; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ukd trSDjyKí

vlxktay:tEkdifusihf AkdvfuscJhonf/ þenf;jzihf q&mwynhf ta0wnfhcJh Muonf/

A[kdtqihfwGifrl pD;yGm;a&;orm; EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;xHa½G;aumufyJG&efykHaiGtwGuf

csOf;uyfMu&onf/ tmPm&vmaomtcg pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;\ tdwfaxmiftwGif;okdY

EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; oufqif;cJhMu&onf/

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jynfolvlxktrsm;pkrSmrlpD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf; tjyif touf tkd;tdrf pnf;pdrf

vkHNcKHa&;ukdyg pkd;&drfaMumihfMuaecJh&ojzihf zqyvtzJGU\ pnf;½kH;a&;usqif;vmcJh&onf/

,if;tajctaersm;aMumihf zqyvtzJGUonf 1958 ckESpf wGif ESpfjcrf;uJGcJhonf/

zqyvtuJGtNyJaMumihf wpfEkdifiHvkH; vlxkvlwef;pm;rsm;vkdufí uJGMuonf/ 1958

ckESpf ZGefv(9)&ufaeYwGif rJcJGaomtcg Ekwif tkyfpku uyfíEkdifcJhonf/ Ekwif

tpkd;&taejzihf ¤if;tmPmwnfNrJa&;twGuf tajccHOya'ukd vufwpfvkH;jcm; azmufzsufí

vkyfaqmifvm&onf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif aqGNidrf;\ tajccHtiftm; rsm;ukd NzdKzsuf&ef

BudK;pm;cJhonf/

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bufom;rsm;jzihf tpm;xkd;cJhonf/ þtajctaersm;aMumihf twkduftcHrsm;twGif;

rauseyfrIrsm;vmonf/

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oefY½Sif;wkdYu wyfrawmftay: tykyfcsa0zefrIrsm; vGefuJvmjcif; aMumihfvnf;

wyfrawmfom; wyfzJGU0ifrsm;twGif; oefY½Sif;tay: rausreyfjzpfvmMu onf/ oefY½Sif;u

ajray:uGefjrLepfukd,fpm;vS,f yrnwESihf tusdK;wlaygif;zufaecsdef wGif

wyfrawmftwGif;üvnf; wnfNrJ aqGNidrf;ESihf&if;ESD;aom t&m½SdBuD;rsm;½SdcJhonf/

xkdolrsm;rSm ,ck tifeft,fvf'D wGif 0ifa&mufvIyf½Sm;aeMuaom OD;atmifa½T?

OD;Munf0if;? OD;cspfckdifpolwkdYjzpfMuonf/ ¤if;wkdYu wyfrawmfwyf&if;? wyfzJGUrsm;ukdokH;í

tmPmodrf;&ef BudK;pm;vmonf/

oefY½Sif;bufuvnf; ppf&J? ow¬KwGif;? opfawm umuG,fa&;wyfzJGUrsm;ukd okH;í

wefjyefckcH&ef jyifqifvmonf/ xkdYaMumihf wyfrawmftwGif; NydKuJGrnhftaetxm;

yifjzpfvmonf/ vufeufpGefYtHhqJqJaomif;usef;olrsm;u þaysmhuGufukdeif;í avoH

ajymif;oGm;Muonf/

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aemufqkH;ü 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ekonf 1958 ckESpf pufwifbmv(26)&ufaeYwGif

wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfAkdvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if;xH pma&;í tdrfapmihftpkd;&zJGUpnf;um

EkdifiHwm0ef,lay;&ef yefMum;cJhonf/

atmufwkdbmv(28)&ufaeYwGif vTwfawmfü w&m;0if tmPmvJTtyfcJhonf/

tdrfapmihftpkd;&onf1960 jynhfESpf {NyDv(3)&ufaeY txd wm0ef,lcJhonhfumvtwGif;

ta&;BuD;aom trsdK;om;a&;vkyfief;wm0efrsm;ukd vkyfaqmifcJhonf/ EkdifiHNidrf0yfydjym;a&; ESihf

aomif;usef;olacsrIef;a&;ukd OD;pm;ay; vkyfaqmifonf/

EkdifiHwnfaqmufa&;ESihfpnfyifom,ma&;twGufNrdKUopfrsm;wnfonf/ya'o&mZf

½Srf;apmfbGm;rsm; tmPmpGefYa&;vkyfaqmifonf/ w½kwf-jrefrm e,fedrdwfukd NyD;jywfatmif

ñ§dEIdif;onf/ w&m;rQwaoma½G;aumufyJGukd 1960 jynhfESpf azazmf0g&Dv twGif;

usif;yay;cJhonf/

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a½G;aumufyJGwGif bufvkdufonhf ppfbuft&m½Sd Bud;rsm;ukd ta&;,lcJhonf/xkdt&m½SdBuD;rsm;rSm AkdvfrSL;csKyf atmifa½T? AkdvfrSL;BuD; at;armif? AkdvfrSL;BuD; wifarmif?

AkdvfrSL;BuD; vSarmf? AkdvfrSL;BuD; Munf0if;? AkdvfrSL;BuD; odef;wkwf? AkdvfrSL;BuD;cspfckdifwkdYjzpfMuonf/

1960 jynfhESpf a½G;aumufyJGwGif oefY½Sif;utEkdif&onf/ oefY½Sif;utEkdif&jcif;rSmbmoma&;ukd ckwkH;vkyfjcif;? a&½SnftrsdK;om;a&;tusdK;pD;yGm;xuf a&wkdEkdifiHa&; tusdK;

tjrwfukd a½SU½Ivkyfaqmifpnf;½kH;cJhjcif;rsm;aMumihf jzpfonf/oefY½Sif;onf tEkdif&½SdNyD; aemuf yxp [k trnfajymif;um tpkd;&zJGUonf/

0efBuD;&mxl;ukd tenf;i,fomxm;½Sd&mrS ae&mvk? &mxl;vk&if; OD; Akdvf ocif uJGcJhMu onf/1961 ckESpftwGif; EkdifiHawmf bmomudpöaMumihf ucsifvli,frsm; awmckdum autkdifataomif;usef;olay:ayguf vmonf/ bmoma&;t"du½kPf;rsm;jzpfvmonf/

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a½G;aumufyJGü vG,fvG,fay;cJhaom uwdrsm;aMumihf rGefESihf &ckdifacgif;aqmif wkdYujynfe,fawmif;qkdvmNyD; xkdjynfe,frsm;ü EkdifiHa&; rwnfrNidrfjzpfvmonf/ xkdYtjyif

½Srf;jynfe,frS ya'o&mZfrsm;ESihf vlrsdK;pJGjyif;xefaom EkdifiHa&;orm;tcsdKUu OD;aqmifízuf'&,frlukd wifvmonf/

wpfzufwGifvnf; 1959 ckESpfrSpí tmPmpGefY&onhf ½Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;ucJGxGufa&;½Srf;aomif; usef;olrsm;ukd wpfzufvSnhfjzihf xlaxmifum w½kwfjzLrsm;xHrS

tultnDrsm;&,lcJhonf/ þokdYaomtajctaersm;t&1962 ckESpf rwfv(2)&ufaeYwGifwyfrawmfu EkdifiHawmf tmPmukd &,lcJh&jyefonf/

awmfvSefa&;aumifpD wyfrawmftpkd;&onf EkdifiHawmfwm0efukd &,lcJhonfESihfwpfNydKifeuf trsdK;om;pnf;vkH;nDñGwfa&;twGuf OD;pGmBudK;yrf;cJhonf/ 1962 ckESpfrwfv(4)&ufaeYrSmyif EkdifiHa&;tzJGUaygif;pkHrS EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf awGUqkHaqG;aEG;

um pnf;vkH;nDñGwfaom EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkygwDBuD;zJGUí trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;arQmfrSef;cJhaom qkd½S,fvpfEkdifiHxlaxmif&ef BudK;yrf;cJhonf/

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okdYaomf 0g'pJG? yk*¾dKvfpJG? tmPmwyfrufrIrsm;aMumihf ratmifjrifcJhay/ 1963 ckESpf{NyDvwGif taxGaxGvGwfNidrf; csrf;omcGihfaMunmí jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf

awmwGif;vufeufukdiftzJGUtpnf;rsm; tm; zdwfac:cJhonf/okdYaomf awmwGif;tzJGUtpnf;rsm;rSm ppfa&;? EkdifiHa&;tjrwfxkwf&efom &nf½G,f

vma&mufcJhjcif;jzpfí autm&fpD aumfol;avtzJGUrSvJGí oabmwlnD csufr&cJhay/ 1968ckESpfwGif jynfwGif;nDñGwfa&; 33 OD; tBuHay;tzJGUukd zJGUpnf;NyD; wpfjynfvkH;okdYyg

tBuHOmPfrsm;ay;Mu&ef awmif;cHcJhonf/okdYaomf jynfwGif;nDñGwfa&;tzJGUrSm tcsif;csif;yif rnDñGwfEkdifcJhMuay/ OD;Eku

¤if;tm; tmPmjyeftyf&efyif awmif;qkdcJhonf/ aemufqkH;wGif OD;EkonfawmfvSefa&;aumifpDtcufawGUaeNyD[k,lqum jynfajy;vkyfoGm;NyD; ygvDref'Drkdua&pDxlaxmifum xkdif;e,fpyfü vufeufukdifolykefxcJhonf/

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41

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jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tusyftwnf;rsm; BuKHawGUae&NyD; rMumrDtajymif;tvJrsm;

jzpf&awmhrnfukd 1986 ckESpfcefYrSpí EkdifiHa&; orm;wkdYESihf awmwGif;tzJGUtpnf;rsm;u

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42

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1988 ckESpf rwfv (12)&ufaeY BudKUukef;wGifjzpfyGm;onhf pufrIausmif;om;rsm; ESihf

t&yfom;rsm;y#dyu©onf 1988 ckESpf ta&;tcif;ukd pwifvkdufonhf rD;yGm;jzpfcJh &onf/

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43

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bk½Sf\zcifor®wa[mif; bk½Sf(pDeD,m)ukd,fwkdifuyif 1954 ckESpfwGif

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ukdvkdeDykHpHopf

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ukdvkdeDykHpHopf

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csKyfudkifvmvsuf½Sdonf/ 52Back

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ukdvkdeDykHpHopf

2001 ckESpfrSpwifaom tmz*efppfyJGESifh 2003 ckESpfrSpwifaom

tD&wfppfyJGwkdYukd MunfhvQif tmz*efwGif 6 ESpfausmf 7

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tar&duef wyfrsm; jyefrxGufvmao;ay/

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2004 ckESpf tar&duefppfpcef; wurÇmvkH;½SdEkdifiH 38 EkdifiHwGif

ppfpcef; 725 ck

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ppfpcef; 3731 ck

ajr{&d,m 2ç11000 {u (2878 pwk&ef;uDvkdrDwm) wGif

ppfpcef;rsm;wnfaqmufcJY

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awmwGif;vufeufukdiftzJGUtpnf;rsm;rSmvnf; Oya'abmiftwGif;0ifa&mufvm

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awGU&ygonf/

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acwfrDzHGUYNzdK;wkd;wufaom

EkdifiHawmfopf

acwfrDzHGUYNzdK;wkd;wufaom

EkdifiHawmfopf

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rsm;\ oifcef;pmazmfxkwfcsuft& trsdK;om;EkdifiHa&;vrf;aMumif;rS EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pk

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59

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2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv(3)&ufaeY trsdK;om;nDvmcHrS aumufEkwfcsuf

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1947 ckESpf zJGUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'rSm ucsif? u,m;?

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62BackNext

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jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf

EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESihfzGYHNzdK;a&;aumifpD

(aMunmcsuftrSwf 1^2008)

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