. . ' 621.396.931 (024) 32.884.1.. GSM. .: -, 2005. 296 .: . ISBN 5-88405-068-2 GSM. GSM, GSM, TDMA, , , . , , , . , . GSM GSM 21- . .ISBN 5-88405-068-2 , . , , , . 32.884.1 .. , 2005 05-07-950026 1. GSM9 9 11 13 GSM 900/180016 2. GSM17 17 17 20 22 25 26 50 52 TDMA 54 61 65 3. 66 66 67 75 79 84 95 102 4. 121 121 GSM125 127 132GMSK-144 151 152SIM- . 155 GSM158554 5. 162 162 GSM162 6. GSM167 167 170 171172 175 7. 176 176 177 177 182 183 188 193 199 204 214 218 BTS220 8. , 222 222 224 226 229 9. GSM232 232 233 234 235 10. 239 2- 239 GSM 3- 242 244 3- 254 21- 258 1. 264.1.1. 264. 1.2. 265.1.3. 267. 1.4. , 268 27528785 , , , , XX . , Bell System 40- 1978 (Chicago, 2000 ), 2004 : 2004 1,5 . . , , , , . : , , ; , ; ISDN, PSTN, ; ; .. 10-15 50 80%. , , . , . , , GSM, . , , , . , , , , - . GSM :-, GSM (Pan European Cellular System) (GSM 900/1800/1900);-, GSM , GSM 3- IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunication'2000)/UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System );- , GSM , GSM-Railway. GSM, GSM, . , GSM, , (FDMA, TDMA), GSM. , , , , , , , - , , . GSM, , /, /, . , . , , , , , GSM. . , . GSM ( , , GSM, ). , 3- 21- . , , . , , . () , . , : , . , . . - . , , ( . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . ) ( ) . : Latvijas Dzelzcels, Latvijas - lais Telefons, NOKLA, SIEMENS, ERICSSON, GSM Association (UK), Latvijas Gaisa Satiksme, Analog Devices, BELAM, NEC, SAMSUNG, DAN Communication . , . , , , , , . 10 1 GSM11 1 GSM1.1. 1980- , , , . , , , . . , . 1982 (Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs) , Group Special Mobile (GSM). , (Global System for Mobile communication, GSM), [1.1], : ; ; ; ; , , ; ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) ; ; ; . , GSM 80- , . 1989 GSM ETSI (European Telecommunication Standards Institute), 1990 GSM (GSM 1-G1). GSM, Nokia [1.2].1982 . (European Commission) , 900 GSM, . GSM. 8- GSM . (Memorandum of Understanding MoU). : 890...915 ( ( ) ); 935...960 ( ). ETSI. ETSI , . GSM Phase 1 [1.1]. GSM 1- GSM 650 . GSM (1 , 1991). 1991 GSM. GSM , . GSM . 1992 13 GSM 7 . . GSM MoU. GSM: GSM 1800 (DCS1800 Digital Cellular System 1800): (1710... 1785) ( MS BTS); (1805... 1880) ( BTS MS). GSM : Telecom-93 . . 1993 32 GSM 18 . 1993 36 GSM 22 25 GSM [1.3, 1.4]. , GSM , [1.3]. GSM. GSM Phase 2 . 1994 69 GSM.GSM MoU 156 86 . GSM World Congress (1400 ). GSM , , . 1994 GSM 1,3 . 117 GSM. , SMS (Short Message Service ) . GSM Phase2 , GSM 1900 (PCS 1900 Personal Communication System 1900) [ D-AMPS]. GSM 1900 . Telecom-95 33,6 / GSM ( Nokia). 1995 GSM 5 . 1995 GSM (GSM Phase2 GSM 900/1800) ( , SIM-). 1996 120 GSM. (prepaid) SIM- GSM SIM-8K. GSM , (HSCSD Speed Circuit Switched Data). 1998 120 GSM 900/1800/1900, 2 GSM 1900. (GPRS General Packet Radio Service) GSM. 1999 GSM 344 127 , GSM 250 . 2000 . GSM Phase2 GSM . , GSM Phase2 +, : , , , , (). GSM ., , GSM . 1990 () , . 1993 , (IUR the International Union of Railways), ETCS (European Train Control System) , [1.5]. GSM, GSM-Railway (GSM-R), GSM , : , .1.2. , , , - . , . , GSM:- ITU (International Telecommunications Union), ITU-T (Telecommunications standardization), ( CCITT [Consultative Committee for International Telegraphy and Telephony]). ISO (International Standards Organization). ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)., , , ( ), , . ETSI, GSM. ETSI, 1988 , . ETSI, GSM, , GSM , , , . , , - , -. ETSI, , 12 , TCSMG (Technical Committee Special Mobile Group), GSM 900 GSM 1800 [1.5].SMG1Services and FacilitiesSMG 2Radio AspectsSMG 3Network AspectsSMG 4Data ServicesSMG 5ClosedSMG 6Operation & MaintenanceSMG 7Me TehingSMG 8ClosedSMG 9SIM AspectsSMG 10SecuritySMG 11SpeechSMG 12Architecture GSM 900 , 100 () GSM Technical Specifications, 12 , 2 30 .12 GSM (GSM Technical Specifications) [1.5, 1.6]:General Description of a GSM PLMNServicesNetwork FunctionsMS MSMS => BTSBTS => MSGSM 900890-915935-96032,8-33,731,2-32,1GSM 18001710-17851805-188016,8-17,616,0-16,6GSM 19001850-19101930-199015,7-16,215,1-15,6 . 2.1 : , , , ; GSM , , , (, , ) .890890,2 /, /, 890,2)915,2. 2.3. GSM:) => (MS => BTS) => (BTS => MS);) / GSM 900 25 [(25/0,2) - 1] = 124 ; ) ) , GSM 900/1800/1900: - => (MS => BTS) => (BTS => MS) (. 2.3, ): (, ), , , , . . , BTS MS (1 /2), ( ), ( ~1 /4), 1/. , , , (fading), . , , , , . , - BTS, .890,20,2 = 8 GSM 900: 935 - 890 = 960 - 915 = 45 ; GSM 1800: 1805 - 1710 = 1880 - 1785 = 95 ; GSM 1900: 1930 - 1850 = 1990 - 1910 = 80 ; / : GSM 900: 960 - 935 = 915 - 890 = 25 ; GSM 1800: 1785 - 1710 = 1880 - 1805 = 75 ; GSM 1900: 1910 - 1850 = 1990 - 1930 = 60 ; 900 GSM 900 200 (. 2.3.1, ) : GSM 900: 25 ; GSM 1800/1900: 12,5 ; GSM: 200/25 = 8 (. 2.3, ); 124 (. 2.3, ).2.4. , BTS ( 50 ) . , , , . , () , . MS , , . , , . 2.2, - ., (frequency reuse) , Ft, . .1. (. 2.4) - , (, = 1/10). = 1/10, . , , (6= 1/10). D, , , = 1/10, , D . : A, F , , , 3- (3- ) , {cluster), . . 2.5 3-- : Fu F2, F3., , 19. . 2.6 4-- , . 2.7 7-- ., 3- , 1/3 , . 3- , - (co-channel interference), , , . (. 2.6, 2.7). D (. 2.5), ( ), N :D = R(3N)1/2,(2.1) R ( , ). , , N = 3, D = 3R; N=4-D = 3,46R; N = 7 - D = 4,58/?; N=S-D = 4,9R; N = 12 - D = 6R; N = 19 - D = 7,55R. D/R = q . 1/N = , , : . (2.1) :D = /?(3/) 1/2.(2.2). 2.4. . 2.5. 3- . 2.6. 4- , , , , . , /. , , , , . (. 2.5, 2.6, 2.7) , BTS, , [(omnidirectional antennas) omni], . 2.7. 7- , MS . BTS , , .4. . 2.8 9- , . 9- . BTS , 120. . , , (. 2.9). BTS, , , . 2.7. . 2.8 9- D = 5,196R = = 0,11.5. Motorola () . . 2.10 12 , 602 ( BTS 6 , 60 ). , , , 1,5 . 2.8. [2.13], GSM 7- .2.5. ( ) GSM . Motorola (. 2.9): , :. 2.9. 3- BTS: S1, S2, S3 1, 2 3 ; 1, 2, A3 BTS; VD'\, VD2, VD3 BTSKi = (124/2)-8 = 496 ( 124 124 = (25 /0,2 ) - 1), 8 (). , 496/6 ~ 82 . . 2.8 , : Kt- (124/3)-8 = 328 .BSSNSS&NMS. 2.11. GSM , GSM , , .2.6. GSM . : ; (PSTN); ; GSM . GSM, , ( 2.11):MS (Mobile Station) ( ), ;BSS (Base Station Sub-System) ;NSS (Network and Switching Sub-System) ;NMS (Network Management Subsystem) . . 2.12 GSM. .NSS. 2.12. GSM MS , GSM . GSM 5 : 1- 20 (43 ), (, ), 5- 0,8 (29 ) (. 2.2). 2.2. GSM MS , 120431,528391,535371,542331,550,8291,5 MS, . GSM (Air-interface) BSS, BTS (Base Transceiver Station) - , . (. 2.13):MT0 (Mobile Termination) , ( ), (speech) (data) BSS Air-interface.MT1 (Mobile Terminal 1) , ISDN GSM, TE1 ( Terminal Equipment) ISDN.MT1 (Mobile Terminal 1) , CCITT V... X... ( V.24, .21, .25), ( Terminal Adapter), 2 1.2 (Mobile Terminal 2) , GSM 2 .Air-IF3,6; 6; 12 /16 64 / . 2.13. . 2.13, 3,6; 6 12 /, BSS MSC - 16 64 /. BSS BSS :BTS - , MS , . (Air-Inter- face Um-Interface) MS BTS;BSC (Base Station Controller) , , BTS, , GSM, ( ) BTS. , BTS BTS. , BSC MS BTS, , (handover) ( , GSM, , , ); BTS BSC, BSC BTS A-bis., BSC : BTS ( BTS ( ), , BTS, BSC); ; ; () , BSC MS MSC; (Trans Coder) , MSC (64 / (- )) , GSM ( GSM 04.08). , , 13 /. . GSM 6,5 /. NSS NSS GSM , ( GSM ). NSS GSM . NSS MSC (Mobile Switching Center) . , : (PSTN), , , . (), . - . 2.14. . 2.14. - MSC . , , BTS , () , . ( - ) , (/, ) . , , . , , . , , , . : HLR (Home Location Register); VLR (Visitor Location Register); AUC (Authentication Center); EIR (Equipment Identity Register). , HLR , , , ( , , ). HLR . VLR - ( roamers), , ( ), (, , LMT, , LMT , VLR GSM , , LMT ).AUC . ( ), , . , , , , , . , , , . MSC GSM, . , GSM MSC , 1 ( ). MSC 4-6 , MSC . , MSC GSM, : , ; ; , PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) () ; ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) ; PDN (Packed Data Network) ; PSPDN (Packet Switched Public Data Network) ; CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data Network) ; , , ; , : HLR VLR () .HLR . . HLR - , MSC . HLR , . 2.15 . 2.16. . 2.15 2.16, HLR : IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity), AUC; ISDN; (3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, 18,19); ; ;VLRr (roaming ) ._LHLRI1IMSI - 2 ISDN3 4 5 6 7 8 , 9 10 11 12 13 14 () 15 16 17 18 19 IHLRI20 . 2.15. , HLR VLR. 2.16. , HLR VLR HLR TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity) (. 2.16) VLR. TMSI GSM () ( ). TMSI LA (. 2.17). GSM LA (Locations Areas). LA LAI (Location Area Identity). VLR , LA. LA1 LA2, VLR, VLR , HLR, . LA1 LA2 VLR, LA1 VLR1, a LA2 VLR2, ( ) VLR1 MS , VLR2 LA2 ( VLR (.. VLR2) , HLR, ). TMSI, . 2.17, TMSI 1 LA1 , LA2, TMSI 2 (VLR2). TMSI VLR1 VLR2 ..2 - 632. 2.17. HLR TMSI HLR, : , HLR GSM, MSC . , HLR VLR GSM . GSM HLR, , , GSM. GSM HLR IMSI ISDN MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber ISDN). ISDN, .. MSISDN, - : (Country Code); NDC (National Destination Code); ISDN. MSISDN CCITT .212.10 1 GSM19 GSM352*VLR NSS. , HLR (. 2.15 2.16), VLR - LA, ( BSC1, LA1 LA1, BSC2 VLR2 , ). , , HLR VLR, . . 2.15 2.16, VLR: LA; MSRN (Mobile Station Roaming Number). , VLR MSRN MS MSC, , MS; MSC ; TMSI HLR; , TMSI . VLR IMSI, TMSI MSRN. , VLR , , HLR .AUC (Authentication Center) . : ; ; ; ; , EIR. , (authentication) . ( SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-), : IMSI; Kt; (A3). SIM- (MS = ME + SIM, ME Mobile Equipment) .EIR (Equipment Identity Register) . IMEI (International Mobile Station Equipment Identity). . EIR IMEI, : IMEI, , ; IMEI , ; IMEI , , , . EIR MSC , MSC . HLR, NSS EIR, EIR IMEI. MSC , IMEI, EIR, .IWF (Inter Working Function) . MSC. IWF , DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) GSM . . IWF , , , (PAD Packet Assembler Disassembler) .25.GMSC (Gateway Mobile Switching Center) () . , MSC . () (, . 2.18 PSTN), GMSC.AirA-bisASS 7SS7. 2.18. SS 7 MS PSTNGMSC MSC , LA . PSTN MS GMSC PSTN MSISDN MSC HLR, MS. GMSC NSS ( , MSC, HLR, VLR) MSC SS 7 (Signaling System 7 (CCITT 7) 7). GSM SS 7, NSS. GSM, MSC. SS 7 NSS: GMSC, MSC, HLR,VLR. NSS , MSC. (Echo Crusher) , MSC PSTN => GMSC => [] => MSC ( ) - , GSM. 68 PSTN . GSM , , / , .., 180 . , - , MSC, PSTN . . , GSM , . NMS GSM .NMS (Network Management Subsystem) , . 2.19, . (Operation Maintenance Center) , GSM, GSM . , , BSS NSS. . . . GSM (BSS NSS), . .NMC (Network Maintenance Center) , GSM.NMC GSM :1) , , ;SS 7 X.25BSC-IFAir (Um) A-bis MSBTSBSCTCEMSCNMCOMC BSSNSSNMS 6)BSCe). 2.19. GSM: ) GSM; ) NSS; ) BSC ; , , ; , , NMC. , , , . , NMC GSM ; , ; GSM PSTN . NMC NMC; BSS. NMC , ( ) ; - , , NMC ;a) , ;10) , NMC , , , . GSM . , , , , BSS NSS, NSS HLR, VLR, EIR, NSS NMS .. -, , , . , , . GSM : GSM (. 2.19); GSM ; GSM . GSM . 2.19, , , , GSM . MS (MSo Air-interface BTS), Air-interface ( Um ), GSM : MS BTS. . , 04 05 ETSI/GSM. BTS BSC, A-bis interface, BTS A-bis BSC ETSI/GSM . 2,048 /, 64 /. BSC BSC . 2,048 / 16 / 64 /., A-interface, BSS MSC (BSS A-interface MSC), BSS, . - , SS 7 CCITT. - 08 ETSI/GSM. . 2.19, NSS : MSC HLR (MSC B-interface HLR), VLR, B-interface. MSC MS, MSC VLR. MS MSC, MSC VLR , VLR MS . , MS - . , , MSC VLR, HLR. MSC HLR (MSC C-interface HLR), C-inter- face, MSC HLR. MSC HLR , . , MSC HLR , MS. HLR VLR (HLR D-interface VLR), D-interface, MS . , , . HLR . VLR HLR MS, MS MS . VLR MS. MSC (MSC E-interface MSC) (. 2.19, ), E-interface, MSC , LA1 LA2 . BSC (BSC O-inter- face ), O-interface, . .25 CCITT. GSM, GSM, 12.01 ETSI/GSM (Operation and Maintenance) Q.3, ISO OSI. GSM SS 7 CCITT .25. .25 PSDN .GSM- Q.3 , 12.01 ETSI/GSM. GSM, , GSM (. . 2.18, 2.19):Air (MS BSS: fx = 890,200 + 0,200W 1 < N < 124; BSS => MS: /2 = 935,200 + 0,200-, 1 < N BSS, BSS=>MS. SFH . TDMA . GSM 8 , , , , 8 16 . ., ( ) TDMA. 8 , 8- TDMA. TDMA. ( ) , , . , . , : ( ) ; (signalling) , , , (). GSM . 2.5. , .64 3 GSM631. TCH (Traffic CHannel) : TCH/FS (Full Speech)', TCH/HS (Half Speech), (speech). 2.5. TCH/FS FCH/HS : FCCH, SCH: , RACH, ASCH, SDCCH: FACCH, SACCH , . 2.5, : TCH/F9,6, TCH/F4,8, /4,8 .., TCH/FS 22,8 /, TCH/HS 11,4 /.2. (Control CHannel) 4 : (Broadcast Control CHannel); (Common Control CHannel); SDCCH (Standalone Dedicated Control CHannel); (Associated Control CHannel). BSS MS , - MS. : FCCH (Frequency Correction CHannel), MS BTS; SCH (Synchronization CHannel), MS, , . : (Paging CHannel), MS; AGCH (Access Grant CHannel), , MS; RACH (Random Access CHannel), MS BTS . . SDCCH ( , . 2.5) BSS MS . , (MSBSS) ( . 2.5), : SACCH (Slow Associated Control CHannel), (BSS=>MS) - MS, (MS=>BSS) . SACCH ( 13 ) SDCCH); - FACCH (Fast Associated Control CHannet), , . FACCH , , ( S . 2.32 . 2.39). , , , . RACH 51- (. 2.39), RACH 235 , , , .123451FSFSFS/. 2.39. GSM: R RACH; F FCCH; S SCH; ; AGCH/ ; / , , 50 (. 2.21) TDMA (. 2.32). 51 I (Idle). 50 5 10 : FCCH ( ); SCH ( ); 4 ; 4 AGCH ; 4 AGCH . .2.11. , . : ISDN, , . . SS 7, . GSM , : SS 7 (Signalling System 7 [CCITT 7]) LAPD (Link Access Procedure on the D-channel -). , (, ) PSTN SS 7, ISDN. , GSM -. D- LAPD , ISDN. , SS 7 LAPD GSM GSM PSTN, ISDN, NMT. SS 7 [2.13].3 - 63264 3 67 3.1. , , : (i), (),, , . (. 3.1).. 3.1. : ; ; ; ; 1, 2 ;PPJ1C ; , . , , , , .. , , () . , (PPJIC): ( ); ( - - BTS ). , , ( ), (, .), (, .) .. , , . , , , -- (BTS) (MS) , - (BTS) , , .. .3.2. , . (), , , MS BTS. , / : / X, / = Im Qxp(jiot) . ( ) (. 3.2) , : = (,,) + (, 6, )0 + (,,),(3.1) = (,6,) +(,,) +(,,),(3.2) , 6, , 0, .* . , : B = (iH = rotA.(3.3) (3.3) : = rotA,(3.4)1rotH = rot( rotA) = J + e (3.5) \i dt rotE = -ja=rotA.(3.6)dt dt. 3.2. Z/ / / /!\6/ ' ( ), [3.11]: 2 Ilk34Ilk,) = -;4 = (,6,)-,(3.58) (, 6, ) (/2); (2). , , (3.58) : = -4-/,(3.59) (/) , / (). , , , .3.3. (300...3000 ) , . . , , , , , , , , , . , , , , .. [3.1-3.3, 3.5, 3.7, 3.8] , ( . 5). , : ; ( 900,1800 1900 ); , ; (, ). [3.3]: (sleeve dipole); (helical antenna); (quarter wavelength whip (monopole) antenna); (diversity helical antenna system). . 3.4 , (sleeve dipole) (800...900) ., , , . : , lx = /4, ; , /2 ^ /4, (metal sleeve), (dielectric insert) 2 . /2 , ./4, - , - ZMb = jZQigkl ==> 00 > - /2 = ./4 Zbxa-a =>0, -. , ( ) / (t). ./2 . . 3.5, .. 3.4. /=/0 5% /0, 5% /0, (. 3.5, ), .. 3.5. : ) ; ) 5% f0 , [3.3] . 3.6. . 3.6: (,6,): ( l\ ~ 1\/2), () ; /i - /2/2, 0(,6,) ; 0(,6,) . . 3.4 3.5, / , , , Eq . - (), () = const, F( 6) = 1. , . 800... 900 . : ( / = /12, X = 33,3 , /-2,8 ); : - (21...29) //; / = /2, ; ^() = 1. : ( , , ); ;. 3.6. MS , (radio case) 1-/4, 1/4 . . , . 3.6, = 5 : ; . [3.3], , , , , , , 10... 12 . , . . 3.7, [3.3]: (primary fixed antenna), l\ = 2 /4; (collapsible secondary helican antenna on dielectric rod), l2 = 10 , no X/2; . , , , , .3.4. , BTS ( ), ( ), MS .. BTS , (. 3.8). BTS 7 15 . : " . 3.7. ( 120, 60) , 1/ (2 60, 0 = 225-2 5 - 120, = 180- 2 5 - 90. , d/X, , 2 5. , 0, 1. (GSM 900, 1800) 25 60 120 1/: 2[] 5 = 0 = const. , F(0) sin0, cosec20. , . BTS BTS : , , / (C/N = CNR) / (//); d/X, d X; BTS (hi). , / C/N = CNR 1% , . 3.9.. 3.9. / CNR(r) BTS . 3.9, CNR = 9,5 = 0, = 0,6 - CNR = 8 . , = 0,6, CNR-8 . CNR = 0,6. . . 3.10 r(d/X) d/X BTS: hi = 120 hi = 45 , . . 3.10 : hi d/X = const (, d/X = 5, hi = 45 - = 0,4, d/X = 5,hi = 120 - = 0,6); sh = 1 (d/X) , = 0,6, d/X ~ 7, GSM 900 d = 2,31 ; , d/X ~ 0,6 : , , .. , CNR^ = 0,5 d/X^ 10.1ll R1(D) ~~ R2(D) - 11111111 l\yJyLJ Jlimb in lli ii1 ir .ii.0,9 - 0,8 - 0,7 - 0,6 - 0,5 - 0,4 - 0,3 0,2 - 0,1 - 0101520 d/X. 3.10. - (D = d/X) d/X BTS BTS /, , - (, : ) , , (-10 /). PIM (Passive Intermodulation) , : fIM= rnf nfi, , / fj i- j- , fm ( + )-. PIM GSM, . 3.11.25 45 25 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I890915935960 25 = 75 25 + 25 I I I tl I I I I tl I I I I tl I25 25 125 915 IIIIIIIII I I I I tl I I I I tl I I I I I915. 3.11. PIM GSM = = 3 : // = 3ft ~ % = 3(960 - 935) = 75 , = = 5 : fms = 5(960 - 935) = 125 ., ( + ) PIM, , , PIM , , ~10 /( + ), : ( + ) = (3 + 3) = 6, ~ 10/6 = 1,7 , ( + ) = (5 + 5) = 10, = 10/10 = 1 , PIM , C/N //, MS . PIM: ; ( ); ; , ..3.5. , GSM (900 ( = 0,333 ), 1800 ( = 0,167 ), 1900 ( = 0,158 )). , (VHF), (UHF) , , . ( ) , , , . , ; , (, ), . , . , . 3.12, MS , , , , , . () , , , , . , , , .. 3.12. . 3.13, BTS MS , , () , , . BTS MS PR ( ) :PR / = (/4)2 = ( / 4-/)2,(3.60) = 3-108 / , / , BTS MS. /= 900 , = 10 : PR/PT = (2,6-10~*)2,Pr/Pt 50 . , BTS MS. , :PR / = GT'Gr (/4 nfr)\(3.61) GthGr . () .. 3.13. BTS MS , , , . - , . : , , , ; , , , . 40 , 10 30 , , . MS . MS V2, 16,5 ( 900 ). MS, , V = 50 / -10 , V = 100 / ~ 5 . (30... 10) V-50 / 5...50 , , (30... 10) V = 50 / (0,2.. .2) . , (, , .), BTS MS. . (5... 10) , MS . MS, , . GSM , , . , , , , : , . . ( ) . , - (| = 1, er = 1, = 0), (omni, ) (, ), F(cp) = 1. . : . . ( ) : = P\/S = \142.(3.62), - = */2Z0 = iV4jtr2,(3.63) , Z0= 120 , : = (60Pi)1/2/r,(3.64) , , . , , , : = ^/2,(3.65) G\ = r\\Di , r\i Gx . (3.64) : = (60PxG^/r.(3.66) (3.66): = 245(P1G1)1/2/r,(3.67) Pi(kBt), (), (/)., () ( , ). :(3.68) F(Q,) . , , , :2 = G2X2/4k,(3.69) G2 . : :2 = 2 = (PiGi/4ttr2)(G2^2/4jt) = PxGxG2 2/(4 )2;(3.70) , : = 2-< = [Pfifi2X2 /(4)2 ] ",(3.71) . , 2 (Gx G2), , , . ( ), Zb = 120/()1/2(3.72) 2 ( ). : , W(t) = const. W , : Em = 245[(PlGl)V2/r]W,(3.73)2 = [P^G^^kv^W2.(3.74) 2, :Pi = + Gi + G2 + 20lgXi - 201(41) + W&.(3.75) Xi = , \ = /, = 0 = /, i 2 : 0= 1 1 ( = 101g /). . : \= , : "/0,8, G\ = G2 - 1,64, X = 33,3 , BTS MS - 10 , W** -20 , : "/ 0,8. . ^ (3.71) (3.72):P2R = [?22 /(4)2]^2",/,"2/2 = 1,2-"10, = -129,2 . /^ -12 ( 2R = -130 ), , (^ (3...6) ). , hg**6 , F2(6) = sin6 ( 6 = 30), Vmin=0,lMKB. . (3.54) (3.73):V2 = hg-Em2(F2(e)/y/2) = hg[60PiGi)1/2/r]WF(Q)- e"0'5(a^I+a^2) (1/2 ) = 106-"6 , V2 = 106 min = 0,1 , . , , , , . . 3.14. . 3.14 . 0 0 = kg, R3) ([hi]112 + [h2]112), (3.74) hi h2 ( ), kg, R3) , ( ) R3. , (>, R3) = 3,57. , , (>, R3) = 4,12. , , BTS hi = 20... 100 , hi- 40...400 , hi = (20...80) . ( 2 80 ). 1 3 . Pi, Gb hi : . 3.15 , : ) ; ) ( 2 = yi).. 3.15. , , . . 0 = 3,57 ([hi]1/2 + [h2]1/2), hi h2 , 0 , , :) (. 3.15):(3.74) R ; ; : 1 2 ( = [( + ) -]), (Pi , , X ). , , :(3.75), , R, . R , ( ) . : = ImhMr,(3.76) , ( ) h2 hi ( hi > h2), q = rl(2Rhi)m,(3.77)0,4 0,20 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 h,/h2 . 3.16. m(h2/h^, q) mQi^hi, q) . 3.16.0,8 0,6 (3.75), : (3.78) +F(R, ,)= . 1 + 7+2 cos , , F(R, , ) : cos += -1, F = +1 : cos| + : F = 1 + R, : F = 1 -R. , F F = 1 + R , R = 0,8 F = 1,8 > 1. F(r) += ip -1 , Wmax = 2;, 4/12X (2 - ) 2; , F , . , < rlmax F Fmax = 1 + R Fmin = 1 - R. F: 4nkh? ^ ^ : + = 2 , = 1, 2, 3, ...,rk = var;^ : + = (2 - 1), = 1, 2, 3, ..., = var.^min . = , R = 0,8, \ = 0,316 , hx = 72 , h2 = 2 . : :4\ 4/^2 1822,8/Jmax ~ 2-1) ~ 2-1) ~ (2-1)' , , : = 22 = 607,6 , = 3r3max = 364,56 , = 4r4max = = 260,4 , = 5r5max = 202,5 , = 6r6max = 165,7 , = 10 = 95,9 , ..; :2 \ 911,4 r"min " -1)~ ' , , : = 2r2min = 911,4 , = 3r3min = 455,7 , = 4r4min = 303,8 , = 10r10min = 101,26 . , (3.78) < rlmax , , F = 1 + R, -F=l-R. . . : BTS \ = 55 , BTS G\ = 11, (f= 950 ) X = 0,316 , BTS h\ = 72 ; h2 = 2 , ( = 4, = 0,001 /), , : rt = 100 ; 1 , 5 , 8 , 10 ( : , = (hi + h2)/r - (0,74; 0,074; 0,015; 0,00925; 0,0074). . : = 2hih2Jri = 2,88; 0,288; 0,0576; 0,036; 0,0288.1 2 + Y X 1 [3.1], = 4, = 0,001 / (3.79) R 1, , (3.74) : 245(3.80), /, =sm^ 2nmhlh2 (3.80) , 2nmhlh2 2nmhlh2 -= 0,= 1, sinsin 2mhlh2 = 1,2,3, rmax =4mhih2 _12 - , : rmaxl =2mhlh2 , : rminl = . = 1, h\ = 12 , h2 = 2 , = 0,316 : = 1822,8 , rlmin = 911,4 .(3.81) , (3.74) (3.80) , , ,kh 0,8r0 > > 18(3.83) =-W(f), /, W(f) , (. 3.17) 1000 .X :(3.82)2X4mh]h2 , > 0, :W(f) 5-1 (*10"4 5-"5-5100 200 1034 , . 3.17. . (3.74) (3.80), :.(3.84) : P11,G1,hl,h2,r,k,R,, , : , , ( ):^ 2 1 2 ^^ 120;2ZB 2VEr , , /*2 = const. . : BTS P^i = 50 ; BTS h\ = 50 ; /= 900 ( = 0,333 ); BTS G\ = 1,64; hi = 2 ; : Fyp = sin0, : FHp = 1; BTS : = 0,1; 1,0; 10; 35 . . : rg = 5,3 . :r0 =3,57(V^ + V^) = 3,57(V50 + V2) = 30,24 . < 0,80, < 24 , (3.74) ( = 20 2; R = 0,8; = 160; = 0,11 ): = 4,82 /, 2 = = 0,03 /2.^/= 1000 204kh 4-50-2 ^ == 1201 = 1,2 , R 1, , (3.80): 0,333 =45,54 /. 2 =2,75 /2. hh 0,8r0 > > 18 , 24 > > 5,4 , - 10 : X=7,58 /. 2 =0,076 /2. = 100 > 35 : w = 0,07 /, 2 = 13-"12 /2= 13 /2. () 2 () : 21 ~ 50 BTS 35 > > 1 BTS : = (2...5) /, : 2 = (0,01...2,75) /2.3.6. :Gs - /,(3.86) : Gs = -min,(3.87) = 10 Ig ^, in = 10 Ig ^^. (3.81) ( ) Gs :Gs = 22 + 201g(r/r0) - 201g(Mo) + 0,436(1/1 + 2/2) - lOlgGi - 101gG2,(3.88) r0 = 1 , Kq = 1 , 2 , , / 1, /2 , Gx G2 . , (3.88) , (BER). BER BER = 3-10"2, BER = -6. , , (3.88) , , . . - 10 , G\ = G2= 1,64, = 0,333 , 1 = 2 = 0,1 /, /! = 10 , /2 = 1 , : Gs = 107,69 , = 50 , : - -60,69 . rmax ( , ) :PnPMuJPllPA = [Gl G2 k2/(4n rmax)2] -^1/1.2/2) e rmax = [! G2 ^/(47)2-/1]1/2- "0'5^'*'^2^ . - 50 , G\ = G2 = 1,64, = 0,333 , PnPMmin = -4 (-100 /), 1 = 2 = 0,1 /, /1 = 10 , /2 = 1 , : 18,6 . , (3.90) . , , , () [3.6]:(3.91).2 , Am(f,r) h\ = 200 h2 = 3 . Am(fyr) [3.9]: /= 900 : = 1 = 20 , = 10 = 30 , = 30 - 35 , /= 2000 : = 1 = 23 , = 10 = 33 , = 30 = 40 ; Hi(hb ) - h2 - 3 , ( ), , 900 , hi = 100 = 1 Hi > -10 ); KSi ( / = 900 K$i 10 , KSi = 10 ); KS2 , ^ 10 9 = lOYA^si ~ 2 /= 900 ; -, , ( / ^ 40% K\s~2 , >** ^ 80% K\s - 10 ); Kt ( Ah - (10...40) , Kt ~[0...(-10)] , Ah ~ 100 , Kt 20 ). , , , , , , , , . , , Hi, 2 , , , . . . /= 900 , Pi - 55 , Gx = 11,1, G2 = 1, = (0,1...35) , Am(f, ); = 1 Aw(900,l) = 20 , = 10 Aw(900,10) = 30 , = 35 (900,35) = 35 , : Hi(hBTS, ): Hi(100 , 10 ) = -15 , : tf2(/*MS, 0 = #2(3,1) = -2 , KS1 (900,1) = 10 , KS2 (900,10) ~ 2 , ~ 2 , Kt ~ -5 . .1 ' _ 0,42 11ms - 27 - 0 42'^() = 10 Ig= 101g101g(0,42-106/rt).1V ' 1/2(*) 128 = 10lg(0,42 106 / ^ ) - (900, ) + (+(-15) + (-2) -10 - 2 - 2 - 5) - = 10lg(0,42-106/2^)-(900,)-36. = 1 : nMS = 101g(0,42 106) - 20 - 36 = 0,23 //2. = 10 : nMS = 101g(0,42106/100) - 56 * -20 //2. , = 1 10 8 = -20 //2, . , Group Special Mobile, [3.4], / (. 3.18).R0ey(co'+(Po) 1. 3.18. , Group Special Mobile : , , . GSM 12 , , , () , (3.92)+ R,> (3.108)= l + (eF-l)/F, : ami -' yfe' VA12 +12 ' sinP^ arctg(Bx / )1, \ + - l)fF, = 8f ' /F : / = 1000 , 1 -1, ^ - 7, e"f - 0,7, fF = 0,02, 1 = -0,0207 / 1 - -0,18 /. L = 100 , : - amlL " ~18 -^3/f(3.111)1 + - - II (. 3.23) ( /^0,25).. 3.23. II , , [3.25]:f ~ 1 eF + 21(3.112) :2 +2 ^- W^aLz +l>2 sinl-larctg(B/A)--arctg(D/C)] }>, = e'F(l + 3fF) + (2-3fF); B = e"F(l + 3fF); = t'F +2;ftD = ef. : / =1000 , Ej = 1, t'F = 7, ; =0,7, fF =0,02, : 2 =-0,378 /, !, = 100 = 2 = -37,8 . (3.109) (3.111), / = 100 : 1(100) = -0,018 / ( I), 2(100) = -0,0378 / ( ), . /= 10 : awi(10) = -0,0018 /, aw2(10) = = -0,00378 /, . , , am(f), . () , , , , , , .. am(f). . 3.2 am(f), [ (3.109) (3.111)], ( ) , am(f), [3.18], am(f) am(f), , [3.9, 3.16, 3.18, 3.19, 3.24]. am(f) . 3.2 . / < 10 (am(f) ss -0,00378 /). 10 < / < 100 , 82 : 2 =-0,03 /, = -0,0525 / [3.22]. , [3.22] , . / =100 [3.21] a : : av =-0,06 /;(3.113) : ah = -0,03 /. 3.2. , am(f), /, I II-, /-am, /100,00180,00378820,014350,030,0525[3.22]1000,0180,0378av = 0,06; ah = 0,03[3.21]0,093[3.18]2000,0360,07562100,03780,0790,0785[3.9]3000,05450,1145[3.22]4500,0810,175000,090,1895400,09720,204 = 0,2; ah = 0,18[3.21]0,25[3.18]9000,1620,3410000,180,37812000,2160,4536av = ah = 0,35[3.21]18000,3240,6819000,3420,71820000,360,75630000,541,13432000,5761,21av = ah = 0,5[3.20]50000,91,8996001,7283,63100001,83,78150002,75,67300005,411,34 , , , () ( ), II ( (3.111) -0,06 / -0,03 /). [3.18], . / = 210 [3.9] , II, am(210) ss -0,079 /. /= 300 II -0,1 / [3.22], (3.111). 540 II , cxv= -0,2 / [3.25] av= -0,25 / [3.18]. aw = -0,25 /, -, [3.18] () , fF > 0,02. , [3.21] : av=-0,2 / = -0,18 / . , , . 100 540 . , L = 100 540 (540) = -aw(540) L = -0,2-100 = -20 , L = 1000 => (540) = -200 . , GSM 900/1800/1900, /= 1200 [3.21], av = = -0,35 /, , I II: = -0,335 /., , 900 < -[0,25...0,3] /, 1800 s -0,5 /, 1900 s -0,53 /. , ., /, = 100 900 (900) = -0,3 100 = -30 , 1800 (1800) = -0,5 100 = -50 ; L = 1000 (900) = -300 , (1800) = -500 . , 3200 , a -0,893 /, [3.20] av=ah = -0,5 /, (, L = 100 (3200) = -0,893 100 = -89,3 , L = 1000 (3200) = -893 ). ( 3000 10000 ) -0,837 -2,79 /, , ( 0,02). ( 10 30 ) -2,79 -8,37 /, : L = 10 (30 ) = -83,7 , L = 100 (30 ) = -837 , . . 3.24 aw(/): 1 I ( fF= 0,02, eF = 7(1 - 0,1/)); 2 //, fF eF ; am(f) . 3.2.. 3.24. : I; II; , V , am(f) (. 3.24) . , , , , . :) , , , ;) , . , , . hf/20 ^ X ^ 4hf (80 ^ X ^ 1 ) , : Ev av X ( ), , - ;-110"2 10"311Vjy|/!1(/ 110 2 103 4 5 /, GSM Eh , , , |av| > |ah|; ( ) -, , = Ev + Eh, , . . 3.2, : 100 [3.21] av = -0,06 /, ah = -0,03 /; 540 [3.21], , av = -0,2 /, = -0,18 /, av /, , , -, 900... 1000 , av ah. , /= 1200 av = /, = -0,35 / [3.21] /= 3200 av = ah = -0,5 / [3.20]. , , GSM, , . MS (. 3.25) BTS hi : 1, e_aLl ( cxi /) MS ( MS h2= (1,5...2) ) (t/in < UK); 2, ( 2), MS (. 3.25 3.26).. 3.25. . 3.26. 2 (. 3.26), EMS :12=-\(3.114) 2 ( 2); ; , [3.14]: = (s +1 / 2)/[/2 sin( + / 4)] ,(3.115) = {1 /tg\(s +1/ 2) /( +1/ 2)]} - / 4,(3.116) = Jcos[(jt/2)-v2]dv,(3.117)5= Jsin[(jt/2Vv2]dv,(3.118)(3.119)h=H-h2 ( hf ) MS h2, dx d2 BTS MS, . [3.14], Ems/E2 d2 , , . [3.20]:6 = 20 lg (EM$d/E2), ,(3.120) 2 2, EMSd MS (6 < 0 ). |6| > 12 6 :|| * 20lg [7^17/(0,36 )] , ,(3.121) d2 , ( 2) MS; h=H-h2;f ., /= 900 , d2= 20 , h2 = 2 , = 20 , h = 18 , |6| = 26,32 , d2 30 |6| = 28 . , [3.20] (3.121) , : BTS Ri d2 (Ri d2); MS h2 < ; , , 6 = 0, EM$d = 2 ( ); , 2 ( , ). . 3.3 . 3.27 6(f,d2) h = const. 3.3. ^/) h = const/, d2, 10203010013,7716,7818,5445020,323,325,0790023,326,3228,08180026,3229,3331,09190026,5629,5731,32. 3.27. 6 . 3.3 . 3.27 : MS , d2 2 5 3 , 2 = 30 - 20 = 10 , 5 = 1,76 ( 900 ). 900 23,3 28,0 2, .3) h2 MS, h=H-h2, 5 , , Edms 2. , . 3.28.. 3.28. 1 2 3, [3.21], , ( 29 ) Ev. . BTS BTS , :hls = (D/4,12)2 + 4,47yfD , , D BTS MS , , MS hi ^ 3 ., /? ^ 35 = Z)max, his - 98,6 - 100 . , , hi, , L, . :hi>hisnhi hf,(3.123) hf* 20 hi ss , hi hf.(3.124) :Pr^P&GrQiMD2)2, Pt , Gt Gr BTS MS, hi h2 BTS MS, D BTS MS. (3.124) , hi 2 4 ( 101g4 = 6 ). h2 . , h2^3 , hi D . . 3.29 , . . 3.29, , hi**hi=2hf= = 40 , . 3.29, hi = 5hf = 100 . BTS MS ( D), L" L[, , 0i < 02 , . : : h2 (2...3) , /, Prmin, , Pr(Dmax) BTS MS D, .(3.122) .(3.125)1) GSM (/? = > = 35 ) :Pr(D max ) = PtGtGr (/4 >max2)2, .(3.126)2) Pr(Dm2LX) 6 (6 ss 6 /)Pr(Dmax) Pr min Pr min + 6 (>),)h, = khf\ A 1 / I MS:-' -^ D). 3.29. BTS : a) h, = 2hf = 40 ; ) , = 5hf= 100 , MS , 6 = arctg (/*! - h2)/D * 5,(3.127), Lx = LcosO, cos 5 1.(3.128) , [(Prmm+ S)] * [] = /) Ll ],(3.129) lm*[Prmin+&]/[0, [-1 cos[cp(2n7;)l 0,-1 sinfcp[(2w-l)rjl 2). 2 GMSK. , CPU, ( ) . GMSK, , .4.7. , , . , (equalizing), , . ( 10, , , BTS MS ~ (1/4). kr GSM, /= 900 : = 2 kr= 76 0, = 20 kr= 760 0, = 30 = 1140 0, 2~2 . . 3 , BTS , . , , - , , [7.21]. . 0,3 1000 NARDA, 0,01 20 /2. () : (Zakusala) () 0,6 /2 (0,38...0,48) /2. ( ) () 0,28...0,38 /2. , , GSM, NMT 1 /2, ( ).188 10, 223 8, , . , , . (GSM 900 , GSM 900/1800 ) . - MS , - MS , . , ( GSM 900 DCS 1800) , . MS , , , . , . , , . , . - - , (, -, - , .), , . , , : ( , , ); ( , ).8.1. (handheld) (MTA) (130x60x25) 100...200 . ( ), , . 20 60 ( 50... 150 ) . () . ; ; ; .. ( ); ( ); (). SIM-. : 5 ; 20...50 . 1...6 . , , . , bluetooth. hands free ( ) ( ). GSM, -: (0,6...2) ; (2...6); PC card-; SIM-; /: 1/20... 10/100; 99 275 ; . , , , . :, ; ; ; ; , , , ( 250 ); ; ; ; DTMF (Dual Tone Multi Frequency) . GSM , (Nokia, Siemens, Ericsson, Motorola, Samsung, Philips .).8.2. . 2 GSM. (services) . , services : ( ); ( ); ( ). , . services , . : ; ; (SMS) . , , , GSM . , , . (SMS Short Message Service) : ( 160...250 ) , . MSC, . , . , , , . , . , , . , , , - -. , GSM.1. (call forwarding, call divert) , , , . , , , ( ) , ( MS ). , , . , , . (call hold) , . () ( ), . (call waiting) . : ; ; , , , . , , . (conference call) ( ) . , , , , . ( ) (call barring) , , , . , . (closed user group) , , / . , ; , . , , . , , , , . . , . , . ( ). / , . , , , - . - , , .8.3. (fraud , ) , . , . , , , ( ). , . , , [8.1-8.9]. [8.3]. (subscription fraud) . , ( ) , , ( ) . , . - , , - , ( ) ( ) . -, , , (, ) . : , MS ; - MS ; , , ; . (technical fraud) , . 60...70% . , .Turbing . . MS, MS , MSC , , , .Cloning ( ) , MSi MS2, MS2 (, MSi), MSb MS2 MSi. - . ( ), ( ). , , . MS, , , . : - - MS2 - ;- - MS2 , : - , ( MS), - MS2. - , MSi. (thefts) , - -, MS . , , MS . MS , . . 8.1 , . 1996 . 5% ( 1,080 ., 21 . )./, .. 8.1. [8.3] (, Yankee Group) - , , , , , . MS , , GSM. , , . RF (Radio Frequency) finger-printing, ( ) , .. , . MS, .. MS, . - , , . GSM MoU Association , , 36 . MS. GSM EIR, - GSM MoU () CEIR {Central EIR). - , , , . 18 (USC United State Code) , : 1028 ; 1029 ; 1030 . 1029 . / 10...20 , , , , , . GSM MoU .8.4. (security), , . , , . , , . , . 8.3, - , : ; ( , ); . , MS, , MS, . . GSM [8.10, 8.11]. 2 , . 2 (. 4). 2 , () (. 8.2). 100101101000110 .. ()010010110011100... 110111011011010... 0100100110011100... 100101101000110.... 8.2. GSM : S1 BTS MS (. 8.3, ), S2 (. 8.3, ). Air- Air- BTSBTS)). 8.3. GSM 51 S2 5 . 8 ( ) Kt ( ) R ( ). A3 S , . , GSM , , S1 S2 . , 5 . GSM, GSM GSM MoU Association. , : , (scrambling , ), , . GSM233 GSM233 9 GSM9.1. GSM (Operation and Maintenance Center) (. 9.1).WSF) 9RP - ()q - OS, NE ; f - ( GSM); - (MMI); - , TMN; - ; t - FB - WSF - ;OSF - ;MF - ;DCF - GSM, ;QAF - Q-;SEF - () ;MEF - ;NEF - . 9.1. GSM , (GSM NM) [9.1-9.3]. GSM NM . GSM NM , (PLMN), . GSM NM , PLMN, . GSM NM , , , . GSM NM , . GSM NM , , , . GSM NM , , . GSM (OSI) (ISO), , , .9.2. (TMN) GSM CCITT [9.1, 9.2], . GSM TMN ( TMN) ( PLMN) . TMN , PLMN . TMN PLMN (, SS 7, - ISDN). , GSM TMN , PLMN . TMN , PLMN. . 9.1, GSM TMN PLMN OSF (OS), MF DSF. TMN, . TMN PLMN (NEF), (WSF). TMN . , . 9.1, . , [9.3].8 - 632 GSM2358*188 10 GSM TMN PLMN ( ) , . , , .9.3. TMN , , : ; ; ; ; . GSM TMN , ( TMN OS), ( ) OS. , / , (NE) . : 1) ; 2) ; 3) () ; 4) ; 5) . , . GSM TMN (DCF) GSM TMN (DCN) (LCN).DCN GSM TMN OSI [9.2]. . , , CCITT [9.3] Q3 . TMN. , CCITT SS 7 Q3. , .25 (PS PDN). PLMN TMN CCITT Q2 A-bis. GSM (NE) PLMN, , MSC, HLR, BSS . : (MEF), ; (ME) MEF; (SEF), . SEF , , , . (SE) SEF.9.4. , . , . , . TMN GSM TMN . 9.2. , , , CCITT SS 7 .25. SS 7 CCITT ( ), Q.795 [9.4]. .25 . SPS 6 GSM 09.02 [11.5], SS 7 : MSC HLR PLMN; ; ; .BSSBTSA bisMNAPBTSBTS TMNMNAP TMN. 9.2. GSM TMN: SS 7 - .25, PS PDN .25, - GSM MNAP - SP- SS 7 - . 188 10 GSM233 TMN PLMN TMN SS 7, PLMN, .25 CCITT ( ) Q.513 [9.6]. .25 (.25 SS 7). BSS MSC (-- , . 9.3) SS 7.. 9.3. BSS MSC SCCP 2 .224 2, SCCP 3 .224 0. GSM, .25 -. BTS BSC ( GSM A-bis) LAPD . PLMN, BTS, .25. TMN 3 , PS PDN. PLMN TMN / 02-11 [9.7]. GSM, . 9.3. , GSM TMN ( 3) , ( ) CCITT Q.795 ISO (CMIS) (FTAM), . 9.3 [9.8, 9.9]. GSM TMN, , SS 7 .25. , , PLMN, . 10.1. 2- 2- 90- , : - (TDMA) (CDMA) (FDMA), ; . . 10.1 2- , 4 : 0,5 35 (TDMA - FDD - [GSM, D-AMPS (IS-136), PDC]); 2 50 (FDMA - FDD - [, Tetrapol, Digistar], TDMA - FDD - [TETRA, IDEN]); 0,3 (FDMA - TDD - 2, TDMA - TDD - [DECT, PHS]); 400...800 3000...8000 (FDMA - FDD - INMARSAT-M, TDMA - FDD - [ICO, AceS, Thuraya], TDMA - TDD - IRIDIUM, CDMA - FDD - [GLOBALSTAR, ELIPSO]). 2- : : , ; ( 1 ), ( 0,3 ); : : 1) , 2) ; , ; : 10000 /2, 1...2 /2; : , , ; 100 ; 100 500 ; , , 30...35 ; , ( 400...800 ) ; . 10.1 2- . : , , PSTN ISDN, , , , ..10.1. 2- : TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access); FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access); FDD (Frequency Division Duplex); TDD (Time Division Duplex);D-AMPS TDMA (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service) 10.1. 2- GSMTDMA (IS- 136)CDMA (IS-95)PDCCT2DECTTETRAAPCOTetrapol , 890...915/ 1710...1785 935...960/ 1805... 1880824...849 869...894824...849 869...894810...826 940...956 1429...1453 1477...1501864...8681880...1900380...400 410...430 450...470138...174 406...512 746...86970...520 , 25252525242020h/o5 , 45/95454548(130)10h/o10 , 20030125025(50)10017282512,5/6,2512,5/10 124832206404010//400 TDMATDMACDMATDMAFDMATDMATDMAFDMAFDMA FDDFDDFDDFDDTDDTDDFDDFDDFDD 8 163(6)553(6)112411 GMSK/4 DQPSKQPSK () OQPSK ()/4 DQPSKGFSKGFSK/4 DQPSKC4FM CQPSKGMSK , /270,848,6128842721152369,68 RPE-LTRVSELPQCELPVSELPADPCMADPCMACELPIMBERPCELP , /13 6,57,9513 8,56,732324,54,46 = 1/2,: = 5 = 1/2R = 1/3, R = V2R= 1/2/CRCR = 2/3R = 1/2, Goley/ , 4,64020202105718020 , ()GSM-900 2,5(20), 8(1), (0,6), 2(0,25), 0,1(0,8) GSM- 1800 1(0,125), 0,25(0,03)3,0(9), 1,6(4,8), 1,6(1,8)0,6(6,3)2,5 1,00,66(2)0,005 (0,01)0,01(0,25)2,5(10)0,75(3) 1(0,25)h/o10 () /No9166-717201219h/o/ ()h/o/: / ; / 188 10 243 . 10.1 : , , , , , / .; , , ; GSM 900, DCS 1800 D-AMPS/1900 GSM 900/1800/1900, 2- . [10.7] , 1998/1999 (. 10.2): GSM (44%) ( GSM 900 , GSM 1800 , a GSM 1900 ), (30%), D-AMPS ( ), PDC ( ), CDMA ( ). 10.2. 2- , , GSM183,37,6120284TDMA24,31,436104PDC41,30,61 ()30CDMA31,51,51231 2- , . FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunications System).10.2. GSM 3- GSM , GSM. GSM UMTS/IMT-2000 : : DECT, DCS1800, PSC1900, /; GSM 900/GSM 1800 GSM 400; , : GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), .25, IP ATM, PSTN, ISDN; HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data); EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution), GSM 3G; GSM 400 ; (, -, , .); GSM , 3- ., GSM UMTS . . HSCSD, . GSM, GPRS EDGE, , UMTS. 2G +, 2,5G (. 10.2).. 10.2. ETSI GSM 3- . 10.2 , ETSI GSM 3- . . 10.2, GSM UMTS TDMA ( EDGE), TCP/IP ATM. GPRS EDGE TDMA, TDMA : 200 ; , 62 /; EDGE- 520 /; GPRS GSM , / .25 IP; , GPRS, .25 IP web- . GSM , . 2- , , 2,048 / .10.3. FPLMTS , , , , , [10.1-10.13]. 20% ., 21- . , 1996 . IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000). FPLMTS , land (), , , ( 2000 ) , 2000 . , IMT-2000 , , , . IMT-2000 ITU-T, FPLMTS GMPCS (Global Mobile Personal Communications by Satellite). IMT-2000 , , . . IMT-2000 : 2 , 2,048 /, , . , , , , ( ). , IRIDIUM Globalstar ICO, . , , , . , . (, , ). , . , ITU IMT-2000, : , - ( ) - ( PSTN), . 3- G3 , . . ITU IMT-2000 , . - 3- . 16 , , . (10 ) (6 ) . 3- , , TDMA CDMA , . , : - . 3- . 1980...2100 2170...2200 . - . , , . TDMA CDMA 5-6 . , , ( ), , , , . , . 3- . , 3- IMT-2000, , . , - , . 10- , , 2010-2012 . - - , , . IMT-2000 IMT-2000 3- [10.6]. (anytime, anywhere) IMT-2000 , . , , , . (. 10.3).ITU , IMT-2000 - , , . 3- UPT (Universal Personal Telecommunication). UPT , , , . UPT , , , / . UPT / , Web- .. 10.3. IMT-2000 . 2,048 /. . , . , . . Web- . Web- - , . , , , ( , , .). IMT-2000 3- 230 . , , , , , . , , , 3- . IMT-2000 230 2 , , . , IMT-2000, , (FDD) (TDD). FDD TDD , . , FDD . TDD, , - , , . TDD , . 3- , , , , . , , . , . 3- . 3- , , . , . , . ( ) , . IMT-2000 , . . . , . (, ) FMC (Fixed/Mobile Convergence), . , , . , , . , , . . - . . , GSM \ , . . , . , . FMC- : . , (prepaid) , . , : . , . 3- , . ITU , (bridge the telecommunications cap) : . , . GSM 90- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Unit) 3- . 1994 . . Green Paper on Mobile and Personal Communications , 3- . , .. ACTS (Advanced Communications Technologies and Services). UMTS. 1996 . UMTS Forum [10.8] , . UMTS . UMTS IMT-2000 , UMTS . UMTS /, - (Nokia, Ericsson, Alcatel, Siemens, Italtel).UMTS , , . UMTS . GSM 2- UMTS , , . UMTS GSM (GPRS, EDGE .), . , UMTS , . UMTS :FMA1 (Frames Multiple Access) TDMA (FMA1 NS);FMA1 (FMA1 S);FMA2 CDMA. FMA1 FMA2 FRAMES ( ACTS). . 10.3. 10.3. FMA1 FMA2FMA1 NSFMA1SFMA2 TDMATDMA/CDMAWCDMA FDD TDDFDD , 1,61,65,10 20 / (FMA1), / (FMA2)2,6 5,22,1674,096/8,192/16,384 , 4,6154,61510 16 648x0,577- BOQAM/ QOQAMQPSK/16QAMOQPSK () QPSK () GMSK/ QPSK, 4- , /2,6-4,096 0,35 GMSK0,22 ETSI 5 3- : - (WB-CDMA), FMA2 , - (OFDMA), - (WB-CDMA), FMA1 , 6- (WB-TD-CDMA), FMA1 , - (ODMA). , , UTRA 3- , ITU (. 10.4). 10.4. UMTSWB-CDMA OFDMA WB-TDMA WB-TD-CDMA ODMA CDMASFH-TDMA OFDMTDMATDMA/CDMACDMA/EDMA 4,2...5,2 ( 200 )100 24 1,6 1,6 1 4 /, /4,096 /4,17 / 2,6 /2,1667 /0,8125 / 3,25 /UTRA UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access , UMTS. UMTS 2002 , , . 10.4, UTRA 2 /. . 9,6 / 144 / 384 /. , ( ) UMTS 2005 . GSM. , . UMTS , 155 /. UMTS , , , . (IP), .UMTS , , , GSM-DCS. . , UMTS - UTRA, .UMTS , , , , ( ), . , . UMTS, 2002 . , , . , UMTS, , . : , ; ; ; , ; UMTS . UMTS . , ETSI UMTS IMT-DS (IMT-DS IMT-2000 Direct Spread (DS-CDMA) (FDD) ( WCDMA UTRA FDD) IMT-TC (IMT-TC IMT-2000 Time Code TDMA/CDMA (TDD) ( UTRA TDD SCDMA)). . , IMT-2000 . , GSM/DCS, DECT. IMT-2000 , , . . UMTS . , UMTS IP- , . , GSM / UMTS, . API, , , , . , UMTS, , . . UMTS . . IMT-2000. . , , , . (UIM) - , , . UIM- SIM SIM/IMSI.- . 3- (VHP). UIM , . UMTS , . UMTS , . , , ; , . UMTS.10.4. 3- . UMTS 2010 . 1730 (. 10.5). 10.5. , 2000 .2005 .2010 .113200260 4269401730 200 3- (3G) 2005 . 16%, 32 , 60%. , , . . , 2005 . (. 10.4), 2015 . 3 .. 10.4. 3- , GSM, TDMA, cdmaOne PDC. 3G , 2G. 2G , . 3G IMT-2000 2G. , . 3- 2G 3G. , XXI , 4GW (4th General Wireless Infrastructures) 4G. , . 4G ( 3G ), 5 60 , , (-, , ), . , , IMT-2000 , , , , , . , , : 2,048 / ( 3 /), 384 / ( 3 12 /) ; 144 / ( 12 120 /) ; 64 (144) / ( ). , , . , . 3- , : ( , , ) ( ). , 3- ( ), -, . . (/) (/ ..). ( , ). , . , 1:4 1:40 (384 /) 1:200 (2,048 /). 3- . , , . ( ) ISDN, 144 / (1 BRI) 384 / (3 BRI). , ( ) . , IMT-2000. . . 100 . 62 1996 . 170 1999 ., 2005 . 1 . , , , . 3- , (Virtual Environment). VHE [10.7]: , , ; ; (PSTN, ); , , . . , , . IMT-2000 , , , () . VHE : , PSTN . VHE, , CAMEL, INAP, WAP . VHE (VHE ETSI, 1999) IMT-2000. , VHE, , , , . . / ( , ) , GPS . . , , . . , , , , , . , , , - , . , , .. . , GPS, . . , . , . , . , ( ). , , , - . . , . . , Motorola (VoxML) . . , . . 3- . . , . - - , ( -, , , ) , , , . , - , , . 2- . 2005-2010 , , , . , , . , , 2G, . , 3- . , - . 3- [10.2, 10.6, 10.7, 10.14].10.5. 21- 3- , UMTS IMT-2000. , , 2015 . 3G , : ; - , 2 /;- , 15...20% , 1...1,2 . 21- 4- 4GW. 4GW 15...25 , 2025 ., , - , . , 15...25 . , 4- . . , , (, ) 4GW: ) Anything Goes ; ) Pocket Computing ; ) Integrity . : .. . - 1995 . Ericsson 2005 Ericsson Entering the 21st Century (Ericsson 21- ). , . , , 1998 . NFS () 44,736 /. [10.7]. 4G NFS 4G , 2G 4G 0,01 100 /. 4G , (ANSI) . : 1 1,544 /, 2 3,152 /, _ 44,736 /, 4 274,760 /. 672 , 64 / , 672 - ISDN. , , , ISDN, ATM, SDH, MPEG .. . 10.6 . 10.6. 1G2G3G4G9,6 /115 /2 /44 / NMT-450, AMPS .1CDMA, GSM, GPRS IS-136, EDGEIMT-2000 , . , 15-20 . , : QoS, , , . , 4- . NFS . ( , , ). , , .. , . , () (GPS). , , . , , .. , , . , , , . , , . , , .. : , , Web-, ., 4G NFS . : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; . -: ; ; ; ; ., : ( , , ); - ; ( , , ); ( ); ; ( -, --, ); ; ( , , ); , (, ). 4G 4G . , . . , . , -, . , . . , , , , , , . . . . : , , . . . , , Web- ( ). : , , , .IP- . , , IP- . , IP. , (, , .). . ( , , IP-) . , . .. 3G . : 10 / 100 / . 5 60 . . . , . 5, 20, 40 60 : , , , , , . . , , , , 4G. , , , .266 1 265 1 .1.1. , , . , X . , , . , , E(r, t). . .1 E(t) () , .(). .1. . . . , , , E(t) { (>)}, , ((E))..1.2. W(X) X X + :, ( + ) dP W(x)= lim ,(.1.1)v ' *- dX ( + ) X + , X. W(X) . X ( , X ), (. . 1.2).W(x)^min *. .1.2. X W(X) (.1.1) (. . 1.3). W(X) , X9 632 W(X), , (. . 1.2). W(X) , ( X) W(X) . W(X) (\ < < 2) X \