阅读理解能力提高专题 2

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Paragraph ideas

Passage

idea root

branches

leaves

Passage

main idea

paragraph ideas

detailed sentences

2005 51 题 56 题 60 题2006 44 题 56 题 60 题2007 44 题 55 题 60 题2008 51 题 60 题2009 44 题 56 题 57 题2010 44 题 52 题2011 45 题 55 题

浙江卷历年高考主旨大意题

一、题型特点

主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题、标题或目的设题。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度的概括或总结，属于高层次题。

二、题干表现形式： 1). 主题类主旨大意题 The main idea of the passage is… The passage is mainly about… What is mainly discussed in the passage? Which of the following best describes the main idea of the

passage?2). 目的类主旨大意题 What is the writer trying to tell us? The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to … The passage is meant to …. The purpose of this article is to …3). 标题类主旨大意题 The best title for the passage would be … Which of the following is the best title for the passage? The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is...

三、解题技巧

主旨大意题考查对一个段落或一篇文章的主题思想的理解。一个段落或一篇文章通常是围绕一个主题展开的。

理解一个段落的主题思想首先要学会寻找主题句。一般说来，在英语篇章中，主题句在段落中的位置是有规律可循的。

应试技巧 1 —— 寻找主题句

Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that

they haven't eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast--foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.

（ 1）文首找主题句 ,提炼文章标题 此类文章开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、 论证或发展主题思想。 在议论文，科技文和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。

Structure:

Topic sentence

detailed sentences

Sample 2

Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.

（ 2 ）文尾找主题句 , 提炼标题或归纳大意 .此类文章作者先阐述细节，然后归纳要点，得出结论，概括主题，本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现 ,它是此段内容的结论。

Structure:

detailed sentences

topic sentence

Sample 3 Just as I settle down to read or watch television, he

demands that I play with him. If I get a telephone call, he screams in the background or knocks something over. I always have to hang up to find out what's wrong with him. Baby-sitting with my little brother is no fun. He refuses to let me eat a snack in peace. Usually he wants half of whatever I have to eat. Then, when he finally grows tired, it takes about an hour for him to fall asleep.

（ 3）主题句在中间 当主题句被安排在文中间时 , 通常前面只提 出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出 , 而后又作进一步的解释 , 支撑或发展 .

Structure:

detailed sentences

topic sentence

detailed sentences

Sample 4

Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career. “ she said…

… “ The sad story touched me so much that I decided to

devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes. Shu said.

（ 4 ）首尾呼应展现主题句 , 瞻前顾后归纳大意 为了突出主题，作者在文章开头提出主题，接着进 行阐述或论证，在结尾时再次点出主题，进一步引 申或发展。

Structure:

topic sentence

detailed sentences

topic sentence

Sample 5 Today the problem of environment has become more and

more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.

Man has made great progress in environment protection. Governments of many countries have established laws to protect the forests and sea resources and waste water and poisonous gases have been also dealt with.

Still more measures should be taken to solve the problems. People should be further educated to realize the importance of the problem, to use modern methods of birth control and learn to recycle our natural resources. We are sure that we shall have a better and cleaned planet in the future.

.

（ 5）整合每一段的主题句 ,归纳大意　文章由段落组成，整合每一段的主题句，了解各段 逻辑关系，归纳文章大意

Sample 6 Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to

leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that ______.A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent education.

（ 6 ）没有主题句，从段落中归纳要点抓大意 .　有些文章或段落无明显的主题句 , 阅读这样的文章，要求 考生根据文章的细节来分析、概括推导出文章的主题。

detail

detail

detail

在开头 在结尾 在中间 中心贯穿全文

说明文( 新闻、科技文）

√

( 较常见 )

√

( 较少见 )

议论文 √ √ √

记叙文 √ √ √ √

( 较常见 )

1 < 70 words > Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your

health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smoker’s cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?

2 < 34 words >

For adults a cold is not that serious. However, this is not the case for children. Cold symptoms in children may be signs of more serious diseases and should be given prompt medical attention.

3 < 52 words >

Often no one looks more guilty than

the innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professi-

-onal criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to

hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to

try to judge a person only by his appearance

4 < 64 words >

People who live in countries with many doctors and modern hospitals are world’s healthiest people -- right ？ Not necessarily. Some groups of people who have no doctors or hospitals at all are among the world’s healthiest. For example ， people who live on small, faraway islands get very few diseases because there are no outsiders to bring in germs or new illness.

5 < 134words > Good manners are important in all countries ， but way

s of expressing good manners are different from country to country. Americans eat with knives and forks ； Japanese eat with chopsticks. Americans say “Hi” when they meet ； Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women ； Japanese men do not. On the surface ， it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan ， and in a way this is true. But in any country ， the manners that are important are those involving one person’s behavior toward another person. In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to.

It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country.

6 < 185 words > Magellan’s men were the first to make the trip around the

world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship. Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of

Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the trip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died.

Magellan’s voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.

Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage?

A. Magellan’s death B. Going Around The World C. The World Is Round D. Magellan’s Voyage

Magellan’s men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship.

Magellan’s voyage was the first trip around the world.

Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of

Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships an

d 240 men. After passing the tip of South America, they reach

ed the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year.

Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and t

hey suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. M

any of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live

on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippi

ne Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued th

eir voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest di

fficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time t

hey returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of ever

y eight men had died.

The process of Magellan’s long difficult voyage

Magellan’s voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.

Magellan’s voyage proved the earth is round.

Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage?

A. Magellan’s death

B. Going Around The World

C. The World Is Round

D. Magellan’s Voyage

(too narrow)

(too narrow)

(too broad)

任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词

应试技巧 2 —— 寻找高频词

When you throw a ball up into the air as fast as you can, the ball reahes a point where it seems to pause for a moment, and then it comes down. When a bullet ( 子弹 ) is shot straight up, it will travel much faster and higher than a ball, but it, too, will come down. Whatever goes up must go down. We have always thought this to be true. An airplane may climb to a height of seventeen miles and then travel far and long. Yet it does not stay up forever. Finally, like everything else, the plane must come down.

文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后 .

应试技巧 3 ——注意标志词

so, therefore, thus,in conclusion, in short,clearly, …

for example,first, to begin with,second, next, then, also, besides that, finally…

vsTopic sentence

detailed sentences

A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared

with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong.

In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes

man good at moving about movement of all living things of his

own size, because he can do so many different things with his

limbs. Man’s games show how he can control his own body. No

other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such

varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its

natural resistance to disease. Therefore ， man has a great

advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that

threaten him.

Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and

terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health

problems. For example, it can give one a “smoker’s cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to

catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is

harmful. Is it worth it?

应试技巧 4 ——选项分析

正确选项的特点 :1. 抽象性、概括性、归纳性2. 内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有

一个是正确选项3. 概括全文 , 内容全面 , 含义深刻 , 说明

道理的选项一般是答案项 , 而选项内容片面 , 单一的内容一般是错误选项 .

错误选项的特点：1. 以偏概全。干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分

内容，也就是文章的局部信息。 2. 主题扩大 ,过于笼统。干扰项所归纳、概

括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。

3. 断章取义。干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。

Tips ：(1) 段落中出现转折时，该句很可能是主题句(2) 作者有意识地反复重复的观点，通常是主旨；

反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。

(3) 首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。

(4) 提出文章主旨时常伴有文字提示有 therefore, thus, but, however, in fact, in short

等。因此，这些词后的内容很可能就是文章主旨。

掌握三种方法：1 ）正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，

揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。2 ）反面否定法：撇开原文，研究备选项 “ 如果是我写这个题目，我会怎样写 ?”

然后和原文对照，排除不当选项。3 ）研究备选项本身：文章的标题应该新颖

奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。

精精 语言精炼，能概括出文章的中心思想。

准准 要注意文章的内涵和外延 , 把作者的观点准确地表达出来。

全全 要排除掉那些片面的选项 , 选取包含文章的主要内容及作者观点的选项 , 范围不宜过大或过小。

新新 所选择的标题要新颖 , 对读者有吸引力 , 能激发读者的阅读兴趣。

Practice makes perfect!

Read the following passages given and choose the best answers.

Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal. Such a person is not really a thief. They are sick and cannot help themselves. All small children act naturally and as they grow up they normally learn to control their actions. People with kleptomania for certain medical reasons have failed to develop control over their desire to take things that do not belong to them. With medical help they may become normal citizens again. They things that a kleptomaniac steals are seldom of great value. They often give away what they have stolen or collect objects without using them.

A

Q:What is the topic of the text?

A. Young Thieves. B. An Unusual Illness. C. Reasons for Stealing D. A Normal Child’s Actions.

Topic Sentence: Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal.

Boston---Thieves dressed as police entered a museum early Sunday and stole 11 paintings, including major works by Rembrandt, Dagas, Manet and Vermerr, FBI (美国联邦调查局 ) and the museum officials said. The first judgment placed value of at least $100 million on the works stolen from the Isabella Gardener Museum, said Boston police spokes-man Jim Tordan ……William Bobinson, of Hardvard Univercity’s Foggel Museum, called the objects stolen “major works.”

B

Q: What is the best headline for this newspaper article ?

A. A Theft Took Place in Boston B. Artworks stolen by Thieves C. Major Works D. Investigation into the theft

Topic Sentence: Thieves dressed as police entered a museum early Sunday and stole 11 paintings

In America we have Halloween. In Mexico they have Todos Santos, which means “ All Saints”. This is the day in which people remember family and friends who have died. They visit the cemetery instead of going out to trick-or-treat. But they do have pictures of skeletons and ghosts hanging around. They also have many candy skulls to eat.

C

Q: What does the story mainly tells ?

A. What holidays are like B. What Halloween is like in Mexico C. What happens during Todos Santos D. What we do on Halloween

E If you were planning to buy a television set, the follo

wing advertisement would certainly attract your attention: "Color TV, only $79. Two-day sale. Hurry." However, when you go to the store ready to buy, you may discover that the advertised sets are sold out. But the salesman is quick to reassure you that he has another model, a more reliable set which is "just right for you." It costs $359. This sales tactic is called "bait and switch." Buyers are baited with a sales offer, and then they are switched to another more costly item. Buying items on sale requires careful consideration of the merchandise （商品） and the reasons for the sale.

Q: Which sentence best expresses the main idea?

A. The customer must be on his guard when purchasing items on sale.

B. Color television sets which sell for $79 are sold out quickly.

C. Many stores use the "bait and switch" technique to attract customers.

D. Anyone planning to buy a television set should look for a sale.

In the 1930s, a lot of people in the USA were out of work. Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts. He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called “Lexico”. However, he was not completely satisfied with the game, so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “ Lexico” to “Alph” and then to “Criss Cross”. He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didn’t have any real commercial(商业性的 )success.

F

Q: The text is mainly about________. A. Lexico B. Three men C. A word game D. Alfred Butts

Eg.9A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system. It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city.As part of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, one for traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the south. The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction.

In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point. There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals. They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers. The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining.

Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. The surface of the road lies on the base, which is made of concrete and steel. The drainage system, just below the road surface on one side, removes any extra liquid, particularly water. In the event of fire, the fire main, which is made of steel, pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface. Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones.

75. The passage is mainly about _____.

A. the construction of a road B. the design of a road

C. the construction of two tunnels D.the design of two tunnels

练习 2 If you were planning to buy a television set, the

following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only ＄ 79. Two days sale. Hu-

-rry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy, you may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs ＄395. This sales method is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale. (2.5 分钟 )

The paragraph could be entitled _________. A. Buying A TV Set B. A Selling Method C. Buyer Beware( 当心） D. TV On Sale

This sales method is called “bait and switch”.

(detail)

(detail)(detail)

诱售法

②Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the tip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died.

1. time2. ships and

people

3. route

4. Sufferings

& difficulties: a. Lack of

food and

freshwater

b. Hunger

and diseases

c. Deaths

The process of Magellan’s long difficult voyage

5. success

Passage

idea

Paragraph 1:

Magellan’s voyage was the first trip around the world.

Paragraph 2:The process of Magellan’s long difficult voyage

Paragraph 3:

Magellan’s voyage proved the earth is round.

Magellan’s voyage

details

paragraph ideas

归纳： 寻找主题句是解题的关键，主题句通常在

文首、文末或首尾呼应，有时在文中，也有可能没有主题句，这时需根据文章所述内容进行归纳。寻找主题句有以下四个小窍门：